Principle of surveying is to work whole to part.

The curvature of earths surface is taken into account only if the extent of survey is
more than 260 sq. km
Geodetic survey is different from plane surveying because of the consideration of
curvature of earth.
Hydrographic survey deal with the mapping of a large water bodies////canal
system?????
A scale representing either three units or only one unit and the fractions upto
second place of decimal point is diagonal scale////////
if the smallest division of a vernier is longer than the smallest division of its primary
scale, the verneir is k/a retrograde vernier.
The scale used to measure and to set out the angles is scale of chords.
LC = s/n where s= value of one smallest division on main scale, v = value of one
smallest division on the vernier and n = number of divisions on the vernier
A discrepancy is the difference between two measured value and actual value.
The designation of scale recommended by IS: 1491 1959 is A to F
LC = p v or v p
Compensating errors in chaining or other survey are proportional to square
root of the length of line.
The errors which are not possible to correct is compensating error.
Negative errors are caused in chain, when its length is more than the
standard length.
Theory of probability is applied to accidential errors.
The most probable value of an observed quantity available from a given set of
observation is the one for which the sum of the square of errors is a minimum. This
statement is called as the principle of least square.
The difference between the most probable value of a quantity and its
observed value is residual error[also check conditional error; true error;
safe error]
The types of error which are of cumulative nature and can be corrected is k/a
systematic error.

accidential errors: sq. root of n where n = observations

Cadastral map is a map having large scale
An offset scale[smallest measurement from chain line] always has the zero
mark at its either middle or at the end.
Short offsets are measured with an ordinary chain.
Butt rods are used for measuring offset distance
A 30 m chain was found to be 20 cm too long after chaining 1500m. The correct
length of the total distance chained will be 1505m????
If a chain is found too short on testing, it can be adjusted by
i.
ii.
iii.

straightening the links

inserting additional circular rings
flattening the circular rings

no. of links in a 30m metric chain is 150

The distance between two neighbouring brass rings are 1m.
offsets in chain survey is metallic tape
A chain 33 long and consisting of 16 links each 2 1/16 feet long is Revenue
chain[5mm dia chain]
Ranging is the process of making intermediate points in st. line joining
two ends points in the field.[so accurate changing isnot possible without
ranging]
min. direct ranging=3///min. indirect rangin=4
imp. points selected at the ends of the chain lines to command the boundaries of
the curvey are k/a main stations[ check out tie/ subsidiary stations]
Longest chain line passing through the centre of the area is base line[ also check
check line/tieline=to take offsets for detailed surveying]
1:250=permissible limit of error in chaining measurement of rough or hilly
ground
During chaining along a st. line, the leader of the survey party has three
arroews and while the follower has five arrows. the distance of the
follower from the starting point will be 5 chains
Invar tapes=nickel + steels//////metallic tapes=cloth + wires

Chain survey=small areas in open ground

For accurate work, in comparison to chain, the steel band is used because
it is practically inextensible
Engineers chain=100
Stepping method i==down hill not up hill
sag correction of chain = LW2/P
If 30 m chain is used to measure on a inclined surface. The measured
length is one chain and difference in level between them is D then slope
correction is D2/60.
Gunter chain=100 div.
Plumb bob=transferring points
Line ranger=ranging
Drop arrow=measurements by methods of steeping
Normal tension=neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag
Slope correction=2lsin2/2.=angle of slope//L = length of slope//H = difference in
elevation between two ends of line
Limiting length of offset depends upon accuracy desired/scale of plotting/nature of
ground