IBO 2008

INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

Student Code: ____________

Country:
___________________

19th INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGY OLYMPIAD

13th 20th July, 2008
Mumbai, INDIA

THEORETICAL TEST PART A

Write all answers in the ANSWER SHEET.

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

Dear Participants

You have a total of 2 hours for

answering Part A.
The questions in Part A have only
one correct answer. Mark the correct
answer with X on the Answer Sheet,
which is provided separately. The
correct way of marking the cross is
shown below. Use a dark pencil to
mark your answers.

Waktu untuk Soal Tes Bagian A adalah 2 jam

Untuk Bagian A, tiap pertanyaan hanya memiliki
satu jawaban yang benar. Beri tanda silang X
pada LEMBAR JAWABAN dengan menggunakan
pensil seperti berikut.

Q.
NO.

20

The answers written in the Question

Q.
a b c d e
NO.
20

Paper will not be evaluated.

Mark your answers clearly with pencil.
Erase if wrong in the Answer Sheet.
NOTE: Some of the questions may be
marked Skipped / Deleted. DO
NOT attempt these questions. Also,
read the question completely before
attempting it as some questions may
continue from one page to the next.
The maximum number of points is 61.
Your Answer Sheets will be collected
at the end of the examination.

Jawaban di lembar soal tidak akan dikoreksi.

Tulis jawaban dengan jelas menggunakan pensil.
Hapus dengan bersih jika anda mengganti jawaban
di LEMBAR JAWABAN
CATATAN: Beberapa soal akan diberi tanda
Skipped / Deleted. JANGAN mengerjakan soal
tersebut! Bacalah soal dengan seksama.
Nilai maksimum untuk bagian ini adalah 61.
LEMBAR JAWABAN akan dikumpulkan di akhir
tes.

Good Luck!!
Country: ___________________________________
First name: _________________________________
Middle name: _______________________________
Family name: ________________________________
Student Code: _______________________________

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

PART A
CELL BIOLOGY (13 points)
1. (1 point) The central dogma originally
proposed by Francis Crick has seen
changes reflecting new insights
obtained from time to time.

1.

Gambar mana di bawah ini yang

menunjukkan pengertian sekarang
tentang replikasi bahan genetik dan
aliran informasi genetik pada berbagai
sistem biologi.

Which one of the following schematics

correctly depicts our current
understanding of the replication of
genetic material and the flow of
information in biological systems?

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

2. Mencit-mencit disuntik dengan [14C]

glukosa. 14C akan berada pada
molekul di bawah ini dalam tubuh
mencit:

2. (1 point) In an experiment, mice were

injected intravenously with uniformly
labeled [14C] glucose. The molecules
in the body where the 14C would be
found are:

a. asam amino esensial dan protein.

a. essential amino acids and proteins.

b. lipid dan semua vitamin.

b. lipids and all vitamins.

c. protein dan lipid.

c. proteins and lipids.

d. protein dan semua vitamin.

d. proteins and all vitamins.

3. (1 point) The following schematics depict
the orientation of F1FO-ATPase along with
the direction of H+-transport and ATP
synthesis/hydrolysis.

3. Gambar di bawah menunjukkan

letak F1FO-ATPase dan arah
transport H+ dan sintesis/hidrolisis
ATP

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

Of the above schematics,

Dari gambar di atas,

a. Only I is correct.

a. Hanya I yg benar.

b. Only II is correct.

b. Hanya II yg benar

c. Only III is correct.

c. Hanya III yg benar

d. Both I and III are correct.

d. I dan III benar

4. (1 point) A given DNA sample has 60%

purines. The source of this DNA is
most likely to be:

4. Suatu DNA mempunyai 60% purin.

DNA ini berasal dari:
a. sel eukariot.

a. a eukaryotic cell.

b. sel bakteri.

b. a bacterial cell.

c. bakteriofag dengan DNA untai

ganda.

c. a bacteriophage with doublestranded DNA.

d. bakteriofag dengan DNA untai

tunggal.

d. a bacteriophage with singlestranded DNA.

5. (1 point) The stage of cell division
shown in the figure below represents:

5. Gambar di bawah merupakan gambar:

a. Meiotic metaphase I with n = 4

b. Meiotic metaphase II with n = 4
c. Meiotic metaphase II with n = 8
d. Meiotic metaphase I with n = 2

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

6. (1 point) Polymerase Chain Reaction

(PCR) is a technique for rapid
amplification of DNA segments. I

6.

If you are given double-stranded DNA

with appropriate forward and reverse
primers as shown in the figure below,
the minimum number of cycles you will
require to obtain at least one copy of
the desired fragment PQ as dsDNA
without overhangs will be:

Saudara diberi DNA untai ganda dan

primer forward dan reverse seperti pada
gambar di bawah.
Untuk memperoleh fragmen DNA PQ untai
ganda yang dibatasi sepasang primer di
atas, paling sedikit diperlukan berapa
siklus PCR?

5
a. 1
b. 3
c. 4
d. 40

7. (1 point) Which of the primer pairs is

the correct one to amplify the gene
sequence below with PCR?

7. Pasangan primer mana yang dapat

mengamplifikasi gen di bawah ini dgn
PCR?

5-GCGTTGACGGTATCAAAACGTTAT TTTACCTGGTGGGCTGTTCTAATC-3

a. 5-GCGTTGACGGTATCA-3 and 5-TGGGCTGTTCTAATC-3

b. 5-CGCAACTGCCATAGT-3 and 5-TGGGCTGTTCTAATC-3
c. 5-GCGTTGACGGTATCA-3 and 5-GATTAGAACAGCCCA-3
d. 5-TGATACCGTCAACGC-3 and 5-GATTAGAACAGCCCA-3

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

8. (1 point) Equimolar concentrations of

urea, ethyl urea, and dimethyl urea
were separately added to a suspension
of red blood cells (RBC). The relative
rates of diffusion of these molecules
into RBCs will be:

8. Konsentrasi yang sama (dalam Molar)

dari urea, etil urea dan dimetil urea
ditambahkan secara terpisah ke dalam
suspensi sel darah merah. Kecepatan
difusi masing-masing molekul ini ke
dalam sel darah merah:

a. 1 > 2 > 3
b. 1 > 2 = 3
c. 3 > 2 > 1
d. 3 = 2 > 1

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

9. (1 point) A region of a double-stranded

DNA is represented in the following
schematic and the hyphens denote
sequences of unspecified lengths:

9. Di bawah ditunjukkan suatu DNA untai

ganda.

Bila bagian yang ada dalam kotak

mengalami inversi, hasilnya adalah:

The region of DNA enclosed within the

box undergoes inversion. Which one of
the following correctly depicts the above
DNA after inversion?

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

10. (1 point) A rare genetic disease is

characterized by immuno-deficiency,
developmental and growth delay, and
microcephaly.

10.

Apabila DNA dari pasien dengan penyakit

genetik diisolasi, dan ditemukan DNA
panjang yang sama banyak dengan DNA
pendek, enzim yang mana yang tidak
berfungsi?

Suppose you extract DNA from a patient

with this syndrome and find almost equal
quantities of long and very short DNA
strands, which enzyme is likely to be
defective in this patient?

a. DNA ligase
b. Topoisomerase
c. DNA polymerase
d. Helicase

11. (1 point) A scientist has suggested

that a homolactic fermenting
organism grows anaerobically on
glycerol 3-phosphate as the sole
source of carbon, exclusively using
the following pathway:

11. Seorang peneliti mengusulkan bahwa

organisme yang melakukan fermentasi
homolaktik tumbuh secara anaerob
pada gliserol 3-fosfat sebagai satusatunya sumber karbon, menggunakan
jalur berikut:

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

However, the scientific community rejected

this suggestion because:

Tetapi ada yg menentang pendapat

tersebut karena:

a. the number of ATP molecules produced

is insufficient to support growth.

a. Jumlah ATP tidak mencukupi untuk

pertumbuhan.

b. the number of NAD+ that are reduced is

not same as the number of NADH that
are oxidized in the pathway.

b. Pada jalur terbut, jumlah NAD+ yg

direduksi tidak sama dgn jumlah
NADH yg teroksidasi.

c. the carbon source is not as reduced as

glucose and hence, cannot support
growth.

c. Sumber karbon tidak tereduksi

sebanyak glukosa, sehingga tidak
dapat mendukung pertumbuhan.

d. the number of negative charges on lactic

acid (which is being produced) is not the
same as that on glycerol 3-phosphate
(which is being consumed).

d. Jumlah muatan negatif pada asam

laktat (yang dihasilkan) tidak sama
dengan gliserol 3-fosfat (yang
digunakan).

12. (1 point) The growth curve of a

bacterial culture grown in a rich
medium at 37C is shown in Figure A.
The same organism when exposed to
45C for 30 min and then inoculated
into a rich medium at 37C, exhibited a
growth curve shown in Figure B.

12. Kurva tumbuh kultur bakteri pada

medium kaya pada 37C ditunjukkan
pada gambar A. Gambar B
menunjukkan bakteri yg sama yg
diinkubasi pada 45C selama 30 menit,
diinokulasi ke medium kaya pada 37C,
lalu dibuat kurva tumbuhnya,

Time (hours)

Time (hours)

Turbidity
OD600

10

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

Which of the following statements is most Penjelasan bagi pola pertumbuhan B:

likely to explain the growth pattern in
a. Panas mematikan populasi bakteri
Figure B?
semula. Pola pertumbuhan yang
a. Heat kills the original bacterial
muncul diakibatkan oleh kontaminasi
population and the growth pattern
bakteri lain.
observed is due to a contaminating
b. Panas menghambat pertumbuhan
bacterial strain.
pada tahap tertentu, sehingga terjadi
b. Heat causes growth arrest at a
sinkronisasi dan sel-sel membelah
particular stage, thereby synchronizing
pada saat yang sama.
cells and resulting in all cells dividing at
c. Panas mengubah sifat permukaan sel
the same time.
sehingga terjadi kesalahan dalam
pengukuran kekeruhan.
c. Heat exposure alters surface properties
of cells causing errors in turbidity
d. Peningkatan kekeruhan tidak
measurements.
diakibatkan oleh pertumbuhan, tetapi
akibat lisis sel.
d. The increase in turbidity is not due to
growth but caused by increasing lysis
of heat-treated cells with time

13. (1 point) Absorption of a drug in the

gastro-intestinal tract depends on a
number of factors.
Penicillin V, whose structure is shown
below, is a weak acid (pKa = 2.7). The
pH in stomach is about 2.0 and that in
the intestine is 7.5. Most of the drug is
absorbed in the intestine.

13.
Penisilin V (struktur di bawah) merupakan
asam yg lemah (pKa = 2.7). pH lambung
= 2,0 dan pH usus = 7,5. Sebagian besar
obat ini diabsorbsi melalui usus.

11

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

Choose the most likely reason for this from

the following statements:

Penjelasan bagi pernyataan di atas

adalah:

a. The drug being hydrophobic, passes

through gastric and intestinal membranes
to a very small extent. However, because
of the much greater surface area in the
intestine, the major quantity of the drug is
absorbed here.

a. karena obat ini bersifat hidrofobik,

dia bisa melalui membran lambung
dan usus dengan sulit. Tetapi
karena luas permukaan usus jauh
lebih besar, sebagian besar obat
ini diserap usus.

b. The un-ionized form of the drug prevails in

stomach, which slows down its absorption.
Hence, the drug gets preferentially
absorbed in the intestine.

b. Bentuk tidak terionisasi obat ini

terdapat di lambung, yg
memperlambt absorbsi, Karena ini
absorbsi terjadi di usus.

c. The ionized form of the drug prevails in the

intestine which hinders/slows down its
absorption. However, owing to the large
surface area available in the intestine, the
drug is absorbed mainly here.

c. Bentuk terionisasi obat ini terdapat

di usus, yg memperlambt absorbsi.
Tetapi karena luas permukaan
usus jauh lebih besar, sebagian
besar obat ini diserap usus

d. Due to rapid churning movement and the

low pH in the stomach, the drug is
completely broken down into smaller
fragments, which are subsequently
absorbed in the intestine.

d. Akibat pengadukan cepat dan pH

rendah dalam lambung, obat ini
dihancurkan lalu diserap usus.

12

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

PLANT SCIENCES (9 points)

14. (1 point) Which of the following will

14. (Nilai 1) Manakah perlakuan berikut yang paling

harm a dicotyledonous plant the

mematikan bagi tumbuhan dikotil?

most?

a. Empulurnya dihilangkan

a. Removal of the central pith

b. Jaringan gabusnya dihilangkan

b. Removal of the cork

c. Kulit kayunya dilepaskan

c. Removal of the bark

d. Kambium gabusnya dihilangkan

d. Removal of the cork cambium

15. (1 point) The transverse sections of

15. (Nilai 1) Sayatan melintang daun A dan B yang

the leaves A and B given below

diperlihatkan pada gambar di bawah ini ,masing-

represent, respectively:

masing menunjukkan tumbuhan:

a. a xerophyte and a mesophyte.

b. a xerophyte and a floating
hydrophyte.

a. Xerofit dan mesofit

b. Xerofit dan hidrofit terapung

c. a floating hydrophyte and a

submerged hydrophyte.

c. Hidrofit terapung dan hidrofit tenggelam

d. hidrofit tenggelam dan xerofit

d. a submerged hydrophyte and a

xerophyte.

13

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

16. (1 point) Certain plant species such

16. (Nilai 1) Red Oak (Quercus rubra), sejenis

as Red Oak (Quercus rubra) can

tumbuhan berkayu dapat tetap bertahan

tolerate severe drought over a long

hidup dalam kondisi kekeringan dalam jangka

period of time without affecting its

waktu lama tanpa mempengaruhi

photosynthesis. Which of the

fotosintesisnya. Jenis adaptasi yang

following adaptations is likely to

mendukung hal tersebut adalah:

contribute to this ability?

a. Penutupan stomata

a. Stomatal closure

b. Potensial air yang sangat negatif pada daun

b. Large negative leaf water potential

c. Seludang pembuluh berkloroplas (Anatomi

c. Bundle sheath with kloroplast (Kranz

leaf anatomy)

Kranz pada daun)

d. Sistem akar serabut meningkatkan luar

d. Fibrous root system that increases

permukaan akar

root surface area

17. (1 point) The net assimilation of CO2

17. (Nilai 1) Misalkan jumlah CO2 yang difiksasi

of a plant is 0.5 moles when

oleh tumbuhan ketika mendapatkan

illuminated during the day. The net

penyinaran adalah 0,5 mol, sedangkan

consumption of O2 is 0.12 moles

jumlah O2 yang dikonsumsi pada malam hari

during the night. Assuming that all

adalah 0,12 mol. Asumsikan bahwa semua

the gas exchange is due to

pertukaran gas terjadi karena fotosintesis dan

photosynthesis and respiration of the

respirasi biomassa (berat molekul biomassa

biomass (equivalent molecular mass

tersebut adalah 30) Hitung berat bersih

of 30), what is the net production or

biomassa dalam gram yang terbentuk setelah

consumption of biomass in grams

dikurangi dengan jumlah yang dikonsumsi

during a complete 12 h day:12 h

selama satu hari siklus diurnal = 12 jam

night diurnal cycle?

siang:12 jam malam?

a. 3.6 g

a. 3.6 g

b. 7.8 g

b. 7.8 g

c. 11.4 g

c. 11.4 g

d. 15.0 g

d. 15.0 g

14

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

18. (1 point) Choose the figure that

18. (Nilai 1) Gambar manakah yang paling sesuai

correctly represents the

menggambarkan efisiensi fotosintesis pada

photosynthetic efficiencies of C3 and

tumbuhan C3 dan C4?

C4 plants

b.

a.

C4

Rate of photosynthesis
per unit leaf area

Rate of photosynthesis
per unit leaf area

C4

C3

C3

1%
100%

50%

1%
100%

50%

0C

25C

0C

25C

c.

d.
C3
Rate of photosynthesis
per unit leaf area

Rate of photosynthesis
per unit leaf area

C4

C3

1%
100%
0C

19.

C4

50%

1%
100%

50%

25C

0C

25C

15

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

19. (Nilai 1) Kloroplas tumbuhan dipercaya telah

19. (1 point) Plant chloroplasts are believed

to have evolved from cyanobacteria-like

mengalami proses evolusi (endosimbiosis)

progenitors through endosymbiosis.

dari organisme yang mirip cyanobacteria. Pilih

Which of the following statements

pernyataan yang hanya mendukung

support this hypothesis?

hipotesis proses endosimbiosis kloroplas!

I.

I.

II.

Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria share

Kloroplas

dan

cyanobacteria

memiliki

similar photosynthetic pigments and

pigmen fotosintetik dan membran tilakoid

thylakoid membranes.

yag sama.

Cyanobacteria exhibit an oxygenic

II.

Cyanobacteria menunjukkan fotosintesis

oksigenik.

photosynthesis.
III. Chloroplasts are maternally inherited.

III. Kloroplas diturunkan dari induk maternal.

IV. Chloroplasts have their own DNA and

IV. Kloroplas memiliki DNA dan ribosom

sendiri

ribosomes.
V. Viable chloroplasts can be isolated
from cells but cannot be cultured in

V. Kloroplas viabel dapat diisolasi dari sel

tetapi tidak dapat dikultur secara in vitro.
VI. Pada

vitro.
VI. Prokaryotic genes express well in

kloroplas,

terekspresi dengan baik.

chloroplasts.
a. I, III, IV dan V
a. I, III, IV and V

b. I, II, IV dan VI

b. I, II, IV and VI

c. I, II, III dan V

c. I, II, III and V

d. II, IV, V dan VI

d. II, IV, V and VI

16

gen-gen

prokariot

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

20. (Nilai 1) Powdery mildew adalah penyakit

20. (1 point) Powdery mildew is a plant

disease caused by an ectoparasitic

tumbuhan yang disebabkan oleh jamur

fungus. The fungal infection can spread to

Ektoparasit. Mekanisme infeksi jamur tersebut

neighboring host cells in the following

diperlihatkan pada gambar di bawah.

ways:

Tingkatan ploidi dari struktur Q, R, dan S

The ploidy levels of the structures Q,

masing-masing adalah:

R and S are, respectively:

a.

2n, n, n

a.

2n, n, n

b.

n, n, n

b.

n, n, n

c. 2n, n, 2n
d. n, n, 2n

c. 2n, n, 2n
d. n, n, 2n

Conidiophore
Konidiofor
(ujung hifa)

Conidia
(spora
aseksual)

Germination
(Perkecambahan)

Hifa

Germ tube

Ascospore - Askospora Q

Antheridia dan
Ascogonia

Ascus
Plasmogamy
Karyogamy

17

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

21. (1 point) A few characteristics of

21. (Nilai 1) Beberapa karakteristik dari organisme

photoautotrophs are tabulated below.

fotoautotrof ditunjukkan pada tabel berikut.

Light compensation point (klux

Light saturation point

CO2 compensation

units)

(klux units)

point (ppm)

13

> 80

II

12

50 80

> 40

III

0.2 0.5

5 10

> 40

IV

Data not available

12

Data not available

Group

The four groups (I IV) represent,

Kelompok (I IV) masing-masing adalah:

respectively:
a. I: C4 plants

a. I: Tumbuhan C4

II: Sun-loving C3 plants

II: Tumbuhan C3 terdedah cahaya

III: Shade-loving C3 plants

III: Tumbuhan C3 ternaungi

IV: Deep-sea algae

IV: Alga laut dalam

b. I: Sun-loving C3 plants

b. I: Tumbuhan C3 terdedah cahaya

II: Shade-loving C3 plants

II: Tumbuhan C3 ternaungi

III: C4 plants

III: Tumbuhan C4

IV: Bryophytes

IV: Bryophita (lumut)

c. I: C4 plants

c. I: Tumbuhan C4

II: Bryophytes

II: Bryophita (lumut)

III: Sun-loving C3 plants

III: Tumbuhan C3 terdedah cahaya

IV: Shade-loving C3 plants

IV: Tumbuhan C3 ternaungi

d. I: C4 plants

d. I: Tumbuhan C4

II: Sun-loving C3 plants

II: Tumbuhan C3 terdedah cahaya

III: Deep-sea algae

III: Alga laut dalam

IV: Bryophytes

IV: Bryophita (lumut)

18

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

22. (1 point) The stem of a lily plant was

22. (Nilai 1) Untuk mengamati pergerakan air,

placed in water tinted with red ink to

Sebuah batang tumbuhan Lili diletakkan di

monitor the movement of water

dalam air yang mengandung tinta merah.

through it. Two transverse sections of

Berikut ini diberikan dua sayatan dari batang

stems are given below. In which of the

tersebut. Pada struktur manakah anda akan

labeled structures would you expect

menemukan warna merah tersebut?

the red color?

a. A

a. A

b. B

b. B

c. C

c. C

d. D

d. D

e. E

e. E

19

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

ANIMAL SCIENCES (11 points)

23. (1 point)

23.

A few intact skeletons of birds were found

Sternum yang tidak memiliki tulang lunas (keel

during a field trip to the Pampas in Argentina.

bone) adalah ciri dari rangka kebanyakan burung :

In all the skeletons examined, the sternum

a. burung-burung terrestrial yang dapat terbang

lacked a keel bone. These skeletons most

dekat dan cepat.

likely belonged to:

b. Burung-burung akuatik yang tak dapat terbang.

a. terrestrial birds capable of short and

c. Burung-burung terbang pemakan serangga.

powerful flight.

d. burung-burung terrestrial yang tak dapat

b. flightless aquatic birds.

terbang.

c. insectivorous flying birds.

d. flightless terrestrial birds.
24. (1 point) Which one of the following is a
feature of a heterothermic endotherm?
a. Its body temperature can vary, but it

24.
Pernyataan mana yang menunjukkan
heterothermic endotherm?

produces heat from its own tissues.

a. Temperature tubuhnya bervariasi, tapi

b. Its body temperature varies because it

memproduksi panas dari jaringan2nya sendiri.

gains most of the heat from sources

b. Temperature tubuhnya bervariasi karena

outside its body.

kebanyakan panas didapat dari luar tubuhnya.

c. Its body temperature does not vary

c. Temperature tubuhnya tidak bervariasi

because it produces heat from its own

walaupun memproduksi panas dari

tissues.

jaringan2nya sendiri.

d. Its body temperature does not vary even

d. Temperatur tubuhnya tidak bervariasi

though it gains heat from sources outside

walaupun kebanyakan panas didapat dari luar

its body.

tubuhnya

20

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

25. (1 point) Which of the following will be an

I.

25.

advantage of breathing in air over

Bernafas di udara lebih menguntungkan daripada

breathing in water?

di air, karena :

As air is less dense than water, less

I.

Udara kurang padat daripada air, hanya

energy is required to move air over

diperlukan sedikit energi untuk memindahkan

respiratory surfaces.

udara ke permukaan respirasi.

II. Oxygen diffuses faster through air than it

II. Oksigen berdifusi lebih cepat di udara daripada

does through water.

di air

III. The oxygen content of air is greater than

III. Oksigen di udara lebih besar daripada

that of an equal volume of water.

volume aii.

a. Only I and II

c. Only II and III

b. Only I and III

d. I, II and III

26. (1 point) Which characteristics would allow

26.

you to declare an organism found on a

Ciri Echinodermata di pantai ?

beach as an echinoderm?

a. Dewasanya simetri radial memiliki duri-duri

a. Radially symmetric adults with presence of

dan kaki tabung.

spines and tube feet.

b. Radially symmetric adults with dorsal hollow

b. Radially symmetric adults with dorsal hollow

notochord.

notochord.
c. Exoskeleton with pharyngeal gill-slits and

c. Exoskeleton with pharyngeal gill-slits and

tube feet.

tube feet.

d. Radially symmetric adults with mantle cavity.

d. Radially symmetric adults with mantle cavity.

21

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

27.

27. (1 point)
In an individual X, the pituitary gland was

Pada individu X, kelenjar pituitary ditemukan

found to function normally while the adrenal

berfungsi normal ketika kelejar adrenal

glands were atrophied. In another individual

mengecil (atrofi). Pada individu lain, Y kedua

Y, both the pituitary and adrenal glands were

kelenjar tersebut ditemukan tidak

found to be underdeveloped. If

berkembang. Apabila hormon

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is

adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) diberikan

administered to these individuals as a

sebagai obat ke kedua individu tersebut,

remedial measure, it will be effective in:

maka hal ini akan efektif bagi:

a. individual X alone.

a. individual X alone.

b. individual Y alone.

b. individual Y alone.

c. both X and Y.

c. both X and Y.

d. neither X nor Y.

d. neither X nor Y.

28. (1 point)

28.
Pernyataan manakah yang berhubungan dengan

Which of the following are associated with

penglihatan stereoskopi?

stereoscopic vision?

I.

I. Effect of the blind spot of one eye is

Pengaruh bintik buta dari mata yang satu

dihilangkan oleh mata yang lain.

cancelled by the other eye.

II.

II. Total visual field of 360 and frontal visual

Total medan pandang 360 dan medan

pandang ke depan 30.

field of 30.
III.

III. More likely to be observed in predatory

Banyak ditemukan di burung-burung

predator.

birds.
IV.

IV. Centrally situated fovea that gives good

Fovea terletak di tengah memberi

visualisasi yang baik.

visual acuity.

a. I, II and IV

a. I, II and IV
b.

I, II and III

c.

II, III and IV

d.

I, III and IV

22

b.

I, II and III

c.

II, III and IV

d.

I, III and IV

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

29. (1 point)

29. (1 point)

The glycoside Phloridzin present in apple

Glikosida Phloridzin terdapat pada kulit apel

peel can block the normal reabsorption of

dapat menghambat reabsorpsi glukosa

glucose from kidney tubules. As a result,

secara normal dari tubulus ginjal. Akibatnya,

sugar is almost completely excreted through

kebanyakan gula dieksresikan lewat urin.

the urine. A mouse fed with Phloridzin along

Mencit yang diberi Phloridzin + Na-suksinat

with sodium succinate will develop:

akan berakibat:

a. hypoglycemia and no sugar will be detected

in the urine sample.

a. Hypoglycemia dan tidak akan ada gula di

urinnya.

b. hyperglycemia and urine test for sugar will be

positive.

b. hyperglycemia dan gula ditemukan di

urinnya.

c. hyperglycemia and no sugar will be detected

in the urine sample.

c. hyperglycemia dan tidak akan ada gula di

urinnya..

d. hypoglycemia and urine test for sugar will be

d. hypoglycemia dan gula ditemukan di urinnya.

positive.
30. (1 point)

30. (1 point)

Cardiac output is defined as the amount of blood

Cardiac output didefinisikan sebagai jumlaj darah

pumped by each ventricle. It is determined by

yang dipompa oleh tiap ventrikel. Hal ini

multiplying the heart rate and the stroke volume.

ditentukan oleh penggandaan laju denyut jantung

The stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected

stroke volume. Stroke volume adalah jumlah

by each ventricle with each beat. If the heart of a

darah yang dikeluarkan oleh tiap ventrikel tiap

woman beats 56 times in a minute, the volume of

denyut. Bila denyut jantung wanita 56 /menit,

blood in her heart is 120 ml at the end of diastole

volume darah di dalam jantung 120 ml di akhir

and 76 ml at the end of systole, what would be

diastol, dan 76 ml di akhir sistole, berapa cardiac

her cardiac output?

output-nya?

a. 10.976 L/min

a. 10.976 L/min

b. 2.464 L/min

b. 2.464 L/min

c. 6.720 L/min

c. 6.720 L/min

d. 4.256 L/min

d. 4.256 L/min

23

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

31. (1 point)

31. (1 point)

A drinking water consumed by a population with

Suatu populasi yang mengkonsumsi air yang

a modified bisphenol-A, which is not degraded in

mengandung modifikasi bisphenol-A ( tidak

the body. As a result, there are measurable

terurai dalam tubuh, dapat diukur dalam darah).

levels of this compound in the blood. Which of

Apakah yang akan terjadi jika senyawa tersebut

the following would result if the modified

meniru kerja dari estrogen?

bisphenol-A were an estrogen-mimicking

a. Menurunnya produksi sperma.

compound?

b. Males would have elevated levels of follicle-

a. Males would have decreased sperm

stimulating hormone.

production.

c. Females would have elevated levels of

b. Males would have elevated levels of follicle-

gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

stimulating hormone.

d. Males would have elevated levels of blood

c. Females would have elevated levels of

testosterone.

gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

e. Follicle stimulation would increase in females.

d. Males would have elevated levels of blood

testosterone.
e. Follicle stimulation would increase in females.
32. (1 point)

32. (1 point)

If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the

CO2 yang dilepas ke dalam darah akan melewati

blood in your left foot travels out of your nose, it

semua bagian di bawah ini, kecuali:

must pass through all of the following structures

a. right atrium

except the:

b. pulmonary vein

a. right atrium

c. alveolus

b. pulmonary vein

d. bronchus

c. alveolus

e. pulmonary artery

d. bronchus
e. pulmonary artery

24

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

33. (1 point)

33. (1 point)

The process of artificial kidney dialysis is shown

Di bawah ini skema proses dialisis ginjal buatan:

schematically using the following symbols:

: erythrocyte

: salts

: urea

: proteins

: semi-permeable membrane

Which of the following correctly depicts the process? (Skema proses yang benar?)

a.

b.

c.

d.

25

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

GENETICS AND EVOLUTION (17 points)

34. (1 point) A mutation results in the absence 34. Suatu mutasi menyebabkan tidak adanya
of sweat glands, a disease called

kelenjar keringat. Wanita yg menderita

anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. A woman

penyakit genetik ini mempunyai bagian

suffering from this disease has a mosaic

kulit yg berkelenjar keringat dan bagian yg

of skin patches lacking sweat glands. The

tidak berkelenjar keringat. Wanita

woman is likely to be:

tersebut:

a. homozygous for an autosomal recessive

mutation.

a. homozigot untuk mutasi autosomal

resesif.

b. heterozygous for an autosomal dominant

mutation.

b. heterozigot untuk mutasi autosomal

dominan.

c. homozygous for a X-linked recessive

c. homozigot untuk mutasi resesif pada

mutation.

kromosom X.

d. heterozygous for a X-linked recessive

d. heterozigot untuk mutasi resesif pada

mutation.

kromosom X.

35. (1 point) A mink breeder allows random

35. Peternak bajing membiarkan bajing-

mating among his minks. He discovers that,

bajingnya kawin secara acak. Ternyata

on an average, 9% of his minks have rough

9% bajing mempunyai bulu kasar yg

fur that fetches less money when sold. So

harganya lebih murah. Karena itu hanya

he decides to focus upon smooth fur and

bajing dgn bulu halus yg boleh kawin.

does not allow minks with rough fur to mate.

Bulu kasar diatur oleh alel resesif

Rough fur is linked to an autosomal

autosomal. Berapa % bajing mempunyai

recessive allele. What is the theoretical

bulu kasar pada generasi berikutnya?

percentage of minks with rough fur that he

will obtain in the next generation?

a. 7.3
b. 5.3
c. 2.5
d. 1.2

26

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

36. (1 point) In a breed of rabbits, multiple alleles

with the following dominance relationships
control coat coloration:

36. Tingkat dominansi alel warna bulu

kelinci:
C (agouti) > cch (chinchilla) > ch

C (agouti) > cch (chinchilla) > ch (Himalayan) >

c (albino).

(Himalayan) > c (albino).

Persilangan antara bulu agouti dengan

An experimental cross between agouti and

Himalayan menghasilkan 50% agouti

Himalayan produced 50% agouti and 50%

dan 50% Himalayan. Persilangan yg

Himalayan progeny. Which of the following

mana yg menghasilkan rasio di atas?

crosses could produce this result?

I. Cch X chch
II. Cc X chc
III. Cch X chc
IV. Cc X chch
a. I, II and III
b. II, III and IV
c. I, III and IV
d. I, II and IV

27

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

37. (1 point) Alleles IA and IB present on

37. Alel IA dan IB terdapat pada kromosom

chromosome 9 are responsible for blood

9, menyebabkan golongan darah A

groups A and B, respectively. Blood group O

dan B. Golongan darah O muncul bila

results when these alleles are either absent

kedua alel tidak ada atau tidak

or not expressed. The alleles I and I are

diekspresi. Alel IA dan IB hanya

expressed only if the H allele is present on

diekspresi bila alel H terdapat pada

chromosome 19, either in the homozygous or

kromosom 19, bisa homozigot atau

heterozygous condition, where h stands for

heterozigot. Alel h resesif.

the recessive allele.

Gilbert belongs to the AB blood group. His

AB. Adiknya mempunyai golongan

sister Helen belongs to the A group while

darah A, sedangkan bapaknya

their father belongs to the O group. Identify

golongan darah O. Tentukan

the maternal and paternal genotypes.

genotipe ibu dan bapaknya.

Mother

Father

a. H/H, IA/IB

H/h, IO/IO

b. H/h, IB/IO

h/h, IA/IO

h/h, IO/IO

h/h, IA/IO

d. H/H, IA/IO

H/h, IB/IO

e. h/h, IB/IO

H/h, IO/IO

c.

Gilbert mempunyai golongan darah

28

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

38. Fenotipe tiga populasi eksperimental

38. (1 point) The phenotypes of three

bawah.

Relative frequency

shown in the following graphs.

Relative frequency

tanaman ditunjukkan dalam grafik di

Relative frequency

experimental populations of plants are

Height
X

The three populations X, Y and Z represent,

respectively:

Height

Height

Populasi X, Y dan Z adalah:

a. Generasi F1, F2 and F3

a. F1, F2 and F3 generations

b. Generasi P, F1 and F2

b. P, F1 and F2 generations

c. Generasi F2, P and F1

c. F2, P and F1 generations

d. Generasi F3, F1 and F2

d. F3, F1 and F2 generations

39. (1 point) In a population of mice, 40% of

39. Pada populasi mencit, 40% jantan

males showed a dominant X-linked trait.

menunjukkan sifat dominan terikat kromosom

Assuming random mating, the most

X. Pada perkawinan acak, perkawinan paling

frequent mating is expected between the

sering terjadi antara genotipe:

genotypes:

a. XBXb dan XbY

a. XBXb and XbY

b. XBXB dan XbY

b. XBXB and XbY

c. XBXb dan XBY

c. XBXb and XBY

d. XbXb dan XbY

d. XbXb and XbY

29

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

40. (1 point) Hunting of Northern elephant seals

40. Perburuan anjing laut di Utara

reduced their population size to as few as 20

menurunkan populasinya menjadi 20

individuals at the end of the 19th century.

ekor pada akhir abad ke 19.

Their population has since rebounded to

Populasinya sudah meningkat menjadi

over 30,000. But their genomes still carry the

30000 ekor. Akibat dari penurunan

marks of this bottleneck when compared to

populasi tersebut menyebabkan

the population of Southern elephant seals

perbedaan dgn populasi di Selatan,

that was not so intensely hunted. Such

yang terlihat pada:

bottlenecks are manifested in the form of:

I. abundance of unique mutations.

I.

Banyaknya mutasi unik.

II. Peningkatan frekuensi alel

II. increased frequency of lethal recessive

alleles.

resesif yg letal.
III. Penurunan variasi genetik.

III. reduced genetic variation.

IV. Peningkatan ukuran populasi.

IV. increased population size.

a. Hanya I and II

a. Only I and II

b. Hanya III

b. Only III

c. I, II and IV

c. I, II and IV

d. II and III

d. II and III

30

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

41. (1 point) What is true for both genetic drift

41. Apa yang benar tentang pergerakan

and natural selection?

genetik maupun seleksi alam?

I.

I.

Sama-sama mekanisme evolusi.

II. They are entirely random processes.

II.

Sama-sama proses acak

III. They usually result in adaptations.

III. Sama-sama menyebabkan adaptasi.

IV. They affect the genetic make-up of the

IV. Sama-sama mempengaruhi genotipe

They are mechanisms of evolution.

population.

populasi. .

a. I and II

a. I dan II

b. I and III

b. I dan III

c. II and III

c. II dan III

d. I and IV

d. I and IV

42. (1 point) The frequencies of two

codominant alleles with similar fitness
values in a laboratory population of mice
were 0.55 and 0.45. After 5 generations,
the values changed to 0.35 and 0.65,
respectively. Which two of the following
mechanisms are most likely to be
responsible for this observation?
I.

42. Frekuensi alel ko-dominan dengan nilai

fitness yang sama dalam populasi mencit
di lab adalah 0,55 dan 0,45. Setelah 5
generasi, nilainya berubah menjadi 0,35
dan 0,65. Mekanisme apa yang
menyebabkan hal tersebut?
I. mutasi titik
II. perkawinan tidak acak.

Point mutation

V. Pergerakan genetik,

II. Nonrandom mating

VI. tekanan seleksi

III. Genetic drift

IV. Selection pressure

a. I dan IV

a. I and IV

b. II dan IV
b. II and IV

c. I dan III

c. I and III

d. II dan III

d. II and II

31

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

43. (1 point) In pea plants, the allele for green

43. Pada ercis, alel biji hijau (Y)

color of seeds (Y) is dominant over that for

dominan erhadap kuning (y),

yellow color (y) while the allele for round

sedangkan alel biji bulat (R)

seeds (R) is dominant over that for

dominan terhadap keriput (r).

wrinkled seed (r). The results of an

Hasil suatu persilangan terdapat

experimental cross with such garden pea

pada tabel di bawah.

plants are tabulated below

Seed phenotype

Number

Green and round

32

Green and wrinkled

28

Yellow and round

12

Yellow and wrinkled

The parental genotypes are likely to be:

Genotipe parental:

a. YyRr and Ggrr

b. Yyrr and GgRR
c. YyRr and GgRr
d. YyRR and ggRr

44. (1 point)

44. (1 point)

A population has 6 times as many

Suatu populasi memiliki individu heterozigot 6 kali

heterozygous as homozygous recessive

dari homozigot resesifnya. Frekuensi alel resesif

individuals. The frequency of the recessive

tersebut adalah:

allele will be:

a. 1/3

a. 1/3

b. 1/4

b. 1/4

c. 1/2

c. 1/2

d. 1/6

d. 1/6

32

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

45. (1 point)

45. (1 point)

If you have data on genotypic frequencies

Jika anda memiliki data frekuensi genotip untuk

for several generations of a population and

beberapa generasi pada suatu populasi,

if you apply the Hardy-Weinberg equation

kesimpulan apakah yang mendukung persamaan

to it, which of the following can be

Hardy-Weinberg adalah?

deduced?

I. Whether evolution has occurred in the

population.

I. Terjadinya evolusi dalam populasi

II. Arah evolusi, jika terjadi
III. Penyebab evolusi, jika terjadi

II. The direction of evolution, if it has

occurred.

III. The cause of evolution, if it has

occurred.
a. Only I and II

a. Only I and II
b. Only I and III
c. Only II and III
d. I, II and III

b. Only I and III

c. Only II and III
d. I, II and III

33

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

46. (1 point)

46. (1 point)

The residues of mines often contain such

Banyak tumbuhan tidak dapat tumbuh di tempat

high concentrations of toxic metals (e.g.,

buangan hasil tambang yang mengandung logam

copper, lead) that most plants are unable to

toksik (tembaga, timah) konsentrasi tinggi.

grow on them. However, in a particular

Ditemukan beberapa rumput yang tumbuh di

study, certain grasses were found to spread

tempat tersebut dan berasal dari tempat

from the surrounding uncontaminated soil

sekitarnya yang tidak terkotaminasi. Rumput

onto such waste heaps. These plants

tersebut mengembangkan kemampuan resistensi

developed resistance to the toxic metals

terhadap logam toksik, sementara kemampuan

while their ability to grow on

untuk tumbuh di tempat yang tidak terkontaminasi

uncontaminated soil decreased. As grasses

menjadi berkurang. Polinasi dengan bantuan

are wind-pollinated, breeding between the

angin memungkinkan terjadinya perkawinan

resistant and non-resistant populations

antara populasi yang resisten dan tidak resisten.

went on. But eventually, the less resistant

Pada akhirnya, rumput yang kurang resisten

plants growing on contaminated soil and

tumbuh di tempat yang terkontaminasi,

the more resistant plants growing on

sedangkan yang lebih resisten menjadi mati di

uncontaminated soil died out. This process

tempat yang tidak terkontaminasi. Proses ini

is indicative of:

adalah:

a. Directional selection.

a. Directional selection.

b. bottleneck effect.

b. bottleneck effect.

c. Sympatric speciation.

c. Spesiasi simpatrik

d. Disruptive (difersifying) selection.

d. Seleksi terbalik

34

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

47. (1 point)

47. (1 point)

A genetic disease is caused by an

Kelainan genetis disebabkan oleh alel resesif

autosomal recessive allele. Individual 2 in

autosom. Individu 2 adalah carrier sifat tersebut.

the following pedigree is a carrier for this

Asumsikan bahwa individu 3 dan 4 adalah normal

trait. Assuming that individuals 3 and 4 are

homozigot, berapa peluang individu 6 memiliki

normal homozygous, what is the probability

kelainan tersebut.?

that individual 6 will have the disease?

a. 1/16
b. 1/32
c. 1/64
d. 1/128

2
: Male

AA

Aa

35

: Female

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

48. (1 point) Note the following genotypes and corresponding phenotypes:

Perhatikan genotip dan fenotip di bawah ini!
AB

Agouti

Abb

Albino

aaB

Black

aabb

Albino

The biochemical process that can explain the above pattern is:
Proses biokimia berikut yang dapat menjelaskan pola genotip dan fenotip di
atas adalah:
a.

product of B gene
Colorless precursor

b.

product of A gene

agouti pigment

product of B gene
Colorless precursor

black pigment

product of A gene

black pigment

agouti pigment

c.

product of A gene

Colorless precursor

product of B gene

agouti pigment

d.

product of B gene
Colorless precursor

black pigment

product of A gene
agouti pigment

36

black pigment

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

49. (1 point) In a population, 90% of the

49. (1 point)

alleles at the Rh locus are R. Another

Pada suatu populasi, 90% alel Rh terdapat dalam

alternative form of this allele is r. Forty

lokus R dan alel pasangannya dalam bentuk r.

children from this population go to a

40 anak masuk satu sekolah. Berapa peluang

particular play school. The probability

ditemukannya Rh positif pada semua anak?

that all are Rh positive is:

a. 400.81
b. 0.9940
c. 400.75
d. 1-0.8140
50. (1 point) Study the pedigree and answer the following question.

3
1

2
: Male

: Female

: Dizygotic twins

The genetic relatedness between individuals 1 and 2 and between individuals 5 and 6,
respectively, is:
Hubungan genetis antara individu 1 dan 2 dan antara 5 dan 6, masing-masing
adalah:
a. 0.5 and 0.25
b. 0.25 and 0.5
c. 1.0 and 0.5
d. 1.0 and 0.25

37

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

ECOLOGY (7 points)
51. (1 point) A typical biomass pyramid is

51. (Nilai 1) Gambar dibawah ini menunjukan

represented in the figure below.

piramida biomasa.

D
E

C
B
A

If A represents a primary producer, then E

Bila A produsen primer, maka E adalah:

is likely to be a:

a. photo-litho-heterotroph.

a. photo-litho-heterotroph.

b. chemo-organo-heterotroph.

b. chemo-organo-heterotroph.

c.

c. chemo-litho-autotroph.

d. photo-organo-heterotroph.

chemo-litho-autotroph.

d. photo-organo-heterotroph.
52. (1 point) Comparative sensitivity of three

52. (Nilai 1) Perbandingan sensitivitas dari 3

groups of organisms to single large doses

kelompok organisme terhadap besarnya

of x-or -rays delivered at short intervals is

dosis tunggal sinar x- atau - yang

shown in the figure below

dipancarkan dalam interval singkat

diperlihatkan pada gambar dibawah ini

P
Q
R

102

103

104
105
Dose in rads

38

106

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

The three groups P, Q, R respectively are:

Ketiga kelompok P, Q, R berturut-turut

a. insects, mammals and bacteria

adalah:

b. mammals, bacteria and insects

a. serangga, mamalia dan bakteri

c.

b. mamalia, bakteria dan serangga

bacteria, mammals and insects

d. mammals, insects and bacteria

c.

bakteri, mamalia dan serangga

d. mamalia, serangga
dan bakteri

53. (1 point) Hay is boiled in water and cooled.

53. (Nilai 1) Jerami dididihkan kemudian

Some pond water, containing only

didinginkan. Kedalamnya ditambahkan air

heterotrophic protozoa, is added to it and

kolam yang mengandung protozoa heterotrofik,

kept in the dark for a long time. Which of

dibiarkan dalam gelap untuk waktu yang lama.

the following are true?

Manakah pernyataan yang betul?

I. Heterotrophic succession of protozoa will

I. Suksesi protozoa heterotrofik akan terjadi

occur with increase in total biomass.

dengan meningkatnya biomasa total.

II. The energy of the system is maximum at

the beginning.

II. Energi dalam system pada awalnya, maximum.

III. Suksesi akan terjadi, pada akhirnya mencapai

III. Succession will occur, eventually reaching

keseimbangan dengan mempertahankan aliran

energi.

a steady state in which energy flow is

maintained.

IV. Ekosistem akan menjalani suksesi tetapi

IV. The ecosystem may undergo succession

akhirnya seluruh organisme akan mati atau

but finally all organisms will die or go into

resting stages.

menuju tahap istirahat.

a. I dan III

a. I and III

b. II dan IV

b. II and IV

c.

c.

d. I dan IV

II and III

d. I and IV

39

II dan III

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

54. (1 point) An ecologist is comparing the

54. (Nilai 1) Ekolog membandingkan pertumbuhan

growth of a herbaceous plant species

herba yang tumbuh di dua tempat yang berbeda

growing in two different sites A and B. To

(A dan B). Untuk membandingkan populasi, dari

compare the populations from the two

tiap tempat dipanen 30 individu, tiap individu

sites, she has harvested 30 individuals

diukur panjang akar, biomasa akar dan

from each site, then measured the root

biomasa tunas. Hasil pengukuran :

length, root biomass, and shoot biomass of

each individual. A summary of those
measurements are as follows:

Lokasi

Panjang akar rata2

Biomasa akar rata2

Biomasa tunas rata2

(cm)

(g)

(g)

Tempat A

27.2 + 0.2

348.7 + 0.5

680.7 + 0.1

Tempat B

13.4 + 0.3

322.4 + 0.6

708.9 + 0.2

Based on the data presented, which of the

Berdasarkan data, manakah pernyataan yang

following statements is likely to be true?

BENAR?

a. Soil water availability is lower in Site B than

a. Ketersediaan air tanah di B lebih rendah

in Site A.
b. Plant productivity is higher in Site A than in

dari di A.
b. Produktivitas tumbuhan di A lebih tinggi

Site B.
c.

Soil water availability is lower in Site A than

dari di B.
c.

in Site B.
d.

Soil nutrient availability is lower in Site B

Ketersediaan air tanah di A lebih rendah

dari di B.

d. Ketersediaan nutrisi tanah di B lebih

than in Site A.

rendah dari A.

40

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

55. (1 point) In an aquatic ecosystem, the total dry

55. (Nilai 1 point) Pada ekosistem perairan, the

biomass of each of three groups of organisms

biomasa kering total dari tiap kelompok

is as follows:

organisme sbb:

I. Ciliates: 1.1062 g

V.

II. Midge larvae: 0.9623 g

VI. Larva: 0.9623 g

III. Oligochaetes: 1.005 g

VII. Oligochaeta: 1.005 g

Ciliata: 1.1062 g

The most likely food chain that they represent is:

Rantai makanan yang tepat:

a. I  II  III

a. I  II  III

b. II  I  III

b. II  I  III

c. I  III  II

c. I  III  II

d. III  II  I

d. III  II  I

e. II  III  I

e. II  III  I

56. (1 point) The reproductive effort of a plant is

56. (Nilai 1) Upaya reproduksi dari suatu tumbuhan

defined as the ratio of the dry weight of its

didefinisikan sebagai perbandingan berat kering

reproductive organs to that of its above-

dari organ reproduktifnya terhadap jaringan diatas

ground tissues. The reproductive effort of two

tanah. Upaya reproduksi dari dua tumbuhan M

purely reproducing plant species M and N, as

dan N, dibandingkan dengan biomasa relatif

compared to their relative leaf biomass is

daunnya digambarkan sbb:

Upaya reproductive

plotted in the graph below

0.5
M

0.1
0

0.1
0.5
Biomasa daun / biomasa total

41

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________
Choose the correct interpretation.
a. M is a r-strategist adapted to a highly disturbed

Pilih jawaban yang betul.

a. M : strategi r , teradaptasi terhadap habitat yang

habitat.
b. N is a k-strategist adapted to a highly disturbed

sangat terganggu.
b. N : strategi k, teradaptasi terhadap habitat yang

habitat.
c.

N is a r-strategist growing under favorable

sangat terganggu
c.

environmental conditions.
d. M is a k-strategist growing under favorable

yang cocok.
d. M : strategi k, tumbuh pd kondisi lingkungan

environmental condition

57. (1 point) Prey-predator relationships are often

I.

N : strategi r, tumbuh pd kondisi lingkungan

yang cocok

57. Hubungan mangsa pemangsa sering dianggap

considered analogous to a life-dinner

analog (serupa) dengan hubungan makan dalam

relationship in behavioral ecology. Which of the

ekologi perilaku. Pernyataan mana yang paling

following statements best describe this analogy

betul untuk menganalogikan hal tersebut dan laju

and the relative evolutionary rates of the prey

evolusi relative spesies mangsa-pemangsa dalam

and predator species in a population?

satu populasi?

This analogy indicates the fact that the prey

I.

Analoginya : spesies mangsa adalah makanan

species serves as the dinner for the predator

bagi predatornya, kehidupannya tergantung dari

species, the life of which depends on the

mangsa.

former.

II. Analoginya: satu spesies mangsa yang ditangkap

II. This analogy indicates that a prey species

oleh satu predator kehilangan hidupnya,

caught by a predator loses its life while a

sementara pemangsa yang gagal memangsa

predator that fails to catch a prey only loses a

hanya kehilangan satu makannannya.

dinner.

III. Spesies mangsa biasanya mengalami tekanan

III. The prey species is usually under greater

seleksi dari predatornya dan cenderung

selection pressure from its predators and tends

to evolve faster than does a predator species.

berevolusi lebih cepat dari spesies predatornya.

IV. Spesies predator biasanya mengalami tekanan

IV. The predator species is usually under greater

seleksi yang kuat karena untuk makanannya

selection pressure because of its dependence

sangat tergantung pada satu spesies mangsa

on a prey species for food and tends to evolve

yang cenderung cepat berubah dibandingkan

faster than does a prey species.

dengan spesies mangsa.

a. I and III

a. I dan III

b. I and IV

b. I dan IV

c.

II and III

d. II and IV

c.

II dan III

d. II dan IV

42

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

ETHOLOGY (4 points)

58.
(1 point) Animals can use their circadian clocks

(Nilai 1) Hewan menggunakan jam harian

to determine direction from the position of the

untuk menentukan arah terhadap posisi

sun. In a particular experiment conducted in

matahari. Seekor burung dalam sangkar dilatih

Iceland, a bird, kept in a cage open to the sky,

untuk mencari makan di tempat terbuka di sisi

was trained to seek food on the western side.

barat. Ritme hariannya ditunda 6jam dan

Its circadian rhythm was then phase-delayed

setelah itu, burung kembali lagi ke sangkar

by 6 hours and after phase shifting, the bird

pada jam 12.00 siang. Pengamatan mencari

was returned to its open cage at 12.00 noon

makan dilakukan di:

real time. It was observed to seek food in the:

a. utara.
b. selatan.
c.

timur.

d. barat.

59.
(1 point) Coho Salmon is a fish found in the

(Nilai 1) Ikan Salmon hidup di sungai di

freshwater streams of North America. The

Amerika Utara. Jantannya punya 2 strategi

males of this species have two reproductive

reproduksi untuk memfertilisasi telur-telkur

strategies to fertilize the eggs laid by females.

yang diletakan betinanya. Jantan besar

Larger males are able to fight with each other

mambu berkelahi dan menang, tetapi jantan

successfully but smaller males are unable to do

kecil tak mampu. Jantan kecil menggunakan

so. The latter adopt another strategy, that of

strategi lain, yaitu dengan bersembunyi

sneaking, in which they hide behind rocks and

dibelakang batu dan segera mendekati

quickly approach females to fertilize the eggs

betinanya untuk membuahi telur sebelum

before the larger males are able to do so.

dilakukan oleh jantan besar. Grafik mana yang

Which of the following graphs depicts the

menggambarkan strategi yang paling tepat?

correct strategies?

43

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

a.

Fighting

Sembunyi

Proximity to female

Male body size

b.

Jarak ke betina

Sembunyi

Fighting

Ukuran tubuh jantan

c.

Sembunyi

Fighting

Proximity to female

Male body size

d.

Proximity to female

Fighting

Sembunyi

Ukuran tubuh jantan

44

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

60.
(1 point) Young laughing gull chicks peck at the

(Nilai 1) Burung camar muda mematuk ujung paruh

tip of the parents beak which, in turn, induces

induknya, hal itu akan menginduksi induk camar

the adult gull to regurgitate food. Experiments

memuntahkan makanannya. Eksperimen dilakukan

were conducted with one-day old and three-

dengan anak berumur satu & 3 hari (yang terahir

day old chicks, the latter being reared with their

dipelihara induksnya). Kedua anak ini digambarkan

parents. These chicks were presented with the

dengan model kepala induk mengikuti respons yang

following models of the parent head and the

diperolehnya :

following responses were obtained:

Model

Jumlah rata2 patukan / 30 sec

0
5
10
15
Umur satu hari

Parental
Pengalaman

II

III

IV

45

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________
Choose the correct interpretation of the

Pilih interpretasi yang paling betul

experiment

a. Perilaku mematuk adalah FAP, dimana objek

a. Pecking behavior is a fixed action pattern

yang dipatuk terus-terusan bertindak sebagai

stimulus efektif.

where any long pointed object acts as an

equally effective stimulus.

b. Laju mematuk dari camar muda bertambah

b. The pecking rate of laughing gull chicks

increases with age.
c.

sejalan dengan umur.

c.

tegas/nyata bila model lebih dekat ke induk.

The response of one-day old chicks is

more pronounced when the model is closer

Respons dari anak camar umur sehari lebih

d. Tindakan mematuk adalah innate behavior

to that of the parent.

sementara kapasitas membedakan dari anak

d. Act of pecking is an innate behavior

adalah hasil dari learning.

while the discriminatory capacity of the

chicks is a result of learning.

46

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

61
(1 point) While studying the frogs of a certain species

(Nilai 1) Saat studi beberapa spesies katak di

in their natural habitat in the night time during the

alam, pada malam hari selama periode kawin,

mating season, you observe a chorus of male frogs in

dari observasi, beberapa katak jantan

which some individuals are calling while others

melakukan perilaku memanggil. Dari observasi

remain silent. On further observation, you see the

berikutnya, katak yang diam duduk dekat katak

silent frogs are sitting closer to those that are calling.

yang memanggil.

Which of the following is most likely to explain the

Pernyataan yang menjelaskan perilaku katak-

behavior of this chorus of frogs?

katak memanggil?

a. The individuals who are not calling are alternating

a. Katak yang diam akan bergantian dengan

their calls with those of the others and are likely

katak yang memanggil dan akan

to call later in the season after the latter have

memanggil pada musim berikutnya.

b. Katak yang diam punya hubungan genetis,

finished mating.

tetapi tidak menggunakan energi untuk

b. The silent frogs are close genetic relatives of the

memanggil dan kawin.

calling individuals and do not expend valuable

energy in calling the offsprings from the matings

c.

Katak yang diam merasa bahwa

that the latter will receive would provide adequate

panggilannya tidak cukup untuk menarik

indirect fitness to them.

betina, dan sembunyi sambil menunggu

c. The silent frogs have evaluated that their calls

untuk dapat kawin dengan bertina yang

mendekat ke katak yang memanggil.

are inadequate in attracting females, as

compared to those of the calling individuals, and
lie in wait to sneak matings with the females that
approach the calling males.

d. The silent frogs do not expend energy in

themselves calling as the female frogs that are
attracted to the calls of the others are anyway
likely to visually inspect the closely-spaced males
and then choose their mating partners.

47

d. Katak yang diam tidak mau mengeluarkan

energinya untuk menarik betina

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

BIOSYSTEMATICS (2 points)

62.
(1 point) Although Echidna lays eggs, it has

(Nilai 1) Karakter Echidna manakah yang

been classified as a mammal due to the

mendukung dimasukan dalam kelas

presence of mammary glands. Which of the

Mammalia?

following additional features of Echidna are

also unique to the class Mammalia?

Echidna
I. Hair over parts of the body.

I.

II. Presence of pituitary and thyroid gland.

II. Adanya kelenjar pituitari dan tiroid

III. Complete separation of pulmonary and

III. Pemisahan paru-paru sempurna dan

jantung ber-ruang empat

systemic circulation in a 4 -chambered

IV. Diafragma pemisah rongga dada dan

heart.

perut

IV. A diaphragm separating thoracic and

V. Regulasi suhu tubuh tak bergantung suhu

abdominal cavities.

ambient (lingkungan)

V. Regulation of body temperature

VI. sel darah merah tidak memiliki inti

irrespective of ambient temperature.

VI. Enucleated red blood cells.

a. III and VI
b. I, IV and V
c.

Only I and IV

d. I and II

Rambut menutupi tubuh

a. III dan VI
b. I, IV dan V
c.

Hanya I dan IV

d. I dan II
e. I, IV dan VI

e. I, IV and VI

48

IBO 2008
INDIA
THEORETICAL TEST PART A
_______________________________________________________________________

63.
(1 point) Study the adjoining schematically

(Nilai 1) Study silsilah secara evolusioner

drawn evolutionary lineage. The derived

sejalan dengan waktu digambarkan dengan

characters A, B and C represent, respectively:

diagram di bawah ini. A. B dan C berturut-turut

menunjukan karakter yang diturunkan, karakter

Mammalia

Aves

Reptilia

Amphibia

Pisces

Agnatha

Protochordata

Invertebrates

tersebut adalah :

TIME

a. vertebral column and cranium, jaw,

a. Tulang belakang dan tengkorak; rahang;

pentadactyl limbs.

berkaki.

b. tail, heart, teeth.

b. Ekor; jantung; gigi;

c. heart, gill, cranium.

c. Jantung; insang; tengkorak.

d. cranium, cloaca, hepatic portal system.

d. Tengkorak; kloaka; system portal hepatika.

49