Need for protection of electrical equipment

All the electrical equipment must be protected against internal and external
faults, a well a abnormal conditions which may endanger the equipment or
the system. Appropriate relays and devices have to be provided, to detect the
fault and potentially dangerous conditions and to isolate the concern
equipment at the earliest in order to minimize the damage.
The basic requirements of sensitivity, selectivity and speed
have to be met by provision of carefully selected relays and relaying
schemes. Since failure of a protection to operate cannot be ruled out, and it
can lead to damage of costly equipment, it is necessary to provide back ups
in the form of redundancy of relays, local or upstream back up relay etc.
However, continuity of power generation is also of utmost importance, and it
dictates that the risk of tripping (due to maloperation of the protection) when
a tripping is not really necessary, be minimized. This risk is related directly
to te number of relays and other elements in the protection scheme and its
complexity. Therefore, superfluous relays and devices must not to be
provided, and the protection schemes must be made as simple as possible.
Redundancy and back ups must also be minimized and tendency of overprotection checked.
The protection relays must be connected to automatically isolate the
endangered equipment if the damage is imminent or short circuit has already
occurred. However, in cases where the equipment or system is not
immediately endangered and can continue in service for some more time, the
protective devices should be connected to initiate only an alarm. This would
enable the plant operator to take the corrective steps and prevent a tripping,
or to prepare for outage of equipment (by changing over to standby
provisions or bringing down the unit load).
It is also important that the control room operator is not burdened
or confused with too many alarms. The alarm fascia on the UCB is therefore
to be used for annunciating only those abnormal conditions for which the
UCB operator has to take some distinct preventive or restorative action.
While tripping of all main equipment has to be annunciated in UCB, the
cause of tripping need not to be annunciated unless the UCB operator must
know it immediately to decide his future course of action. It is generally
adequate to register the cause of DAS printout, CRT display and / or with

hand reset flags on protective and auxiliary relays in relay panels or

switchgear.

INTRODUCTION TO MOTORS:
In present there is wide range of motors and its
characteristics are taken into existence. The present day tendency is to
employ motors to limit their thermal margins and characteristics of motor
starting current to flow for time in excess of motor starting time.
Usually in most of applications we use induction motor due
to its inherent good characteristics, easy speed control and good protection
scheme. The three phase induction motor principle is that the three phase
voltage produces current in the stator windings which sets up a rotating
magnetic field. The field flux cuts the short circuited rotor conductor and
induces a current in it. The interaction of flux and current produces torque
which causes rotation. A torque increase until it reaches maximum value, the
value at this point is known as full load torque. A further increase in speed
causes the torque to decrease until it would become zero if 100% speed
could be reached. At zero speed the torque is in excess of that demanded by
the fan and hence the motor accelerates. The speed increases studily as the
excess torque is roughly the same value up to 30% speed. After 40% speed
there is a large excess of torque so that the machine accelerates quickly until
it delivers the amount of torque required by the fan. If the fan dampers were
closed then the required torque is far less, the excess torque and therefore the
acceleration is greater and the machine runs up to speed quickly and delivers
the amount of the torque required by the fan.
The squirrel cage induction motor operation is simple to
understand as well as the speed and torque variation is simple.
The protection of motor will be so far simple. While
applying protection motor characteristics should be carefully considered.
The conditions for which motor protection is required can be divided into
two categories.
1. External conditions
2. Internal faults
Unbalanced supply voltages
Under voltage
Single phasing

These are some of the external conditions due to which fault

occurs.
Internal faults occurs due to
Bearing failures
Internal fault
Earth faults
The motor should develop the protection against all the faults. The
protection applied for a particular machine depends on its size and the nature
of load to which it is connected. However, all the motors should be provided
with over load and unbalanced voltage protection. This can often be
provided in a single relay.
There are various types and sizes of motors used in a power station.
These are used for various purposes as prime mover. Apart from the simple
motors used in different areas, there are HT motors used in conjunction with
various heavy duty equipments. These are FD, PA & other fans, boiler feed
pumps, CW pumps etc..These motors have certain special features like
cooling, auto starting, inter locking & controlling.
The basic principles underlying the operation of these fans are by
and large as explained in the previous sections. But the more important
factors that need attention is the start up these motors, lubrication etc.
Fans are used to produce the draught in the furnace or to handle
the pulverized fuel or to recirculate the flue gases or to provide cooling air
for various equipments.
The forced draught fan (FD) provides atmospheric air for
combustion and the induced draught fan (ID) handles the products of
combustion. Primary air fan (PA) handles cold atmospheric or hot air to
carry the pulverized fuel. Mill fans are used to produce draught in the
milling system.

29

MF4

28

TIE2A

27

MF4

26

MF4

Mill-7E
TO ash slurry
SWBD#OCB

INCOMER
FROM
UAT

Tie to stn.
Swbd OCA

6.6KV switchgear

MILL
25

MF4

24

MF4

23

MF5

22

MF2

21

TRF1

20

TFR1

19

MF1A

VFD TRFR (ID

FAN) CH2
VFD TRFR (ID
FAN) CH1
PA FAN

18

MF6

BCW pump

17

MF9

ECW pump (SG)

15

TRF3

ECW pump (TG)

14

TRF3

ESP ser. Tran 1

13

TRF3

11

MF3

10
9
8

MFE
TIE1A
TRF2

BPT1

MF2

TRF3

MF1D

TRF2

FPT1

1FI

Coal conveyor
FD fan

ESP ser. Tran 2

CEP
CEP
Spare Tran
feeder
BUS PT
Spare motor
feeder(1200KW)
CT service tran
CW pump
UST
FEEDER PT

DISCRIPTION OF SWITCH BOARD:

The given single line diagram illustrates the power distribution from
6.6 KV feeder to various sub feeders. The power generated at 6.6 KV and
step down to the 6.6 KV and from 6.6 KV feeder power distributed to 29
panels. In that many companies of ESP service transformer, ECW pump,
VFD transformer (ID fan), FD fan, coal conveyer, ash slurry switch board
and mill.
To the 6.6 KV bus there will be two supplies connected to the
vaccum circuit breakers. The switchgear is fed from a UAT(unit auxiliary
transformer ) rated 21KV/6.9KV,25MVA.The board is having an alternate
supply from station transformer source so that failure of any transformer
does not hamper the starting up/ shutting down, or normal operation of the
plant.
A proper protection is provided by using CTs shown in single line
diagram for the incomer. From the 6.6 KV bus all the equipments are
supplied through vaccum circuit breakers. Each having the protective relays
of over current, over load and the earth fault protections. CTs are connected
so that the current in main supply is stepped down according to protective
relay magnitude so that we can give suitable protection. Economically in the
single line diagram as shown motors in pumps and mills are effectively
grounded through impedance to limit the fault current.
In ash slurry again this 6.6 KV stepped down to 433V and this
433V supply 2 degrees given to various motors. There will be five motors
which will feed the ash and water to the ash pot which located 2 to 3 Km out
of plant. In the switch gear we also have a spare motor feeder and a spare
transformer feeder so that if there is failure of supply from UAT then it will
be fed from spare motor and transformer.
UAT RATINGS:
Rated voltage
: 25MVA
No load voltage :
HV side
: 21KV
LV side
: 6.9KV
Line current
HV side
: 688.1A
LV side
: 2094.3A

TECHNICAL DATA OF MOTORS USED:

parameters
Rating(KW)

FD fan
1280

PA Fan
2940

CEP
962

MILL
583

Derated rating for

50C
Rated voltage(V)

1200

2750

900

525

6000

6600

6600

6600

Frequency(Hz)

50

50

50

50

+/-10.0
+/-3to5

+/-10.0
+/-3to5

+/-10.0
+/-3to5

+/-10.0
+/-3to5

80

80

85

90

995

1493

1486

589

126.5
42.0

273.0
59.0

96.5
31.0

68.0
33.0

0.86
0.83
0.76
0.04
0.13

0.97
0.9
0.87
0.05
0.11

0.85
0.82
0.74
0.017
0.208

0.72
0.66
0.54
0.0179
0.356

600
460at80%@
RV

600
460at80%
@RV

600
498at85%
@RV

450
405at90%
@RV

96.6
96.6
96.0

96.8
96.8
96.4

95.8
95.8
95.2

94.1
94.1
93.2

150/1A

315/1A

125/1A

75/1A

Permissible
variation of
Voltage %
Freq %
Min perms starting
voltage %
Rated speed(RPM)
At Rated volt & freq
Full load current
(A)
No load current
p. f. at load
100%
75%
50%
no load
starting
Starting current (%)
at
100% voltage
min stating voltage
Efficiency at rated
volta
100%
75%
50%
CT Ratio

LISTING OF PROTECTION RELAYS OF MOTORS:

FD FAN :

Definite time over current alarm relay CTU 32

Inverse time over load relay CDGM 12
Instantaneous over current relay CAG 37
Sensitive earth fault relay CTUM 13

PA FAN:
Definite time over current alarm relay CTU 32
Inverse time over load relay CDGM 12
Sensitive earth fault relay CTUM 13
CEP:

Definite time over current alarm relay CTU 32

Inverse time over load relay CDGM 12
Instantaneous over current relay CAG 37
Sensitive earth fault relay CTUM 13

MILL:
Definite time over current alarm relay CTU 32
Inverse time over load relay CDGM 12
Instantaneous over current relay CAG 37
Sensitive earth fault relay CTUM 13

ABBRIVATION:
FIRST LETTER OPERATING QUANTITY:
A- Phase angle comparison.
B- Balanced currents
C- Currents (amps)
D - Differential
E -Direction
F -Frequency
I - Directional current
K Rate of rise of current
M - Manual
O Oil pressure
P Poly phase VA
R Reactive VA
S Slip frequency
T Temperature
V Potential (volts)
W Watts (power)
X Reactance
Y Admittance
Z Impedance

SECOND LETTER MOVEMENT:

A Attracted armature
B Buchholz
C Induction cup
D Induction disc
G Galvanometer (moving coil)
I Transactor
J Mixed types
M Magnate (polarized)
P Plug
R Rectifier
S Synchronous motor
T Transistor
W Weight

THIRD LETTER APPLICATION:

A Auxiliary
B Testing
C Carrier or counting
D Directional
E Earth (ground)
F Flag and alarm indicator
G General or generator
H Harmonic restraint
I Inter locked
J Tripping
JE Tripping (elect reset)
JH Tripping (hand reset)
JS Tripping (self reset)
JC Control
K Check alarm
L Load limiting
M Semaphore or motor
N Negative sequence
O Out of step
P Potential
Q Alarm
R Reclosing
S Synchronizing
T Timer or transformer
U Definite time
V Voltage restraint
W Pilot wire
WA Interposing
WJ Inter Tripping
X Supervisory
Y Flash back (back fire)
Z Special application
ZS Zero sequence

FOURTH LETTER:
M Special variations
First Figure: Indicates the number of units in the relay essential to its
operation not including seal in auxiliary units.
Second Figure: Indicates particular characteristics of one of a group of
similar relay e.g. CDG 11, CDG 12, CDG 13 and CDG 14 are all inverse
time over current relays but with different characteristic curves.
For example
CDG
C-currents
D- Induction disc
G- General or Generator
CTUM
C-current
T-Transistor
U-Definite time
M-special variations

RELAYS:
A relay is a device which detects the fault and supplies information to
the breaker for circuit interruption. A typical relay circuit can be divided into
in to three parts.
1. The primary winding of a current transformer which is connected in
series with circuit to be protected. The primary winding often
consists of main conductor itself.
2. Second circuit is secondary winding of CT connected to relay
operating coil.
3. The third circuit is tripping circuit, which consists of source of
supply, trip coil of circuit breaker and the relay stationary contacts.
Under normal load conditions, the emf of secondary winding of CT
is closed to relay contacts. This keeps the trip coil of circuit breaker

unenergized. Consequently, the contacts of breaker remain closed

and it carries the normal load current.
When fault occurs, a large current flows through motors
Overload protection
Over current protection
Earth fault protection
Differential protection(for HT Motors)
Locked rotor protection(for special motors)
The job of relay is to discriminate between a fault within its zone of
protection and all other system conditions. It must act energize the trip coil
of its associated circuit breaker and provide security against fault tripping for
fault outside zones. A relay is made secure and dependable by designing into
it a logical decision making capability such that it produce correct output.
When a fault occurs in a system results sudden rise in current towards
the fault associated with reduction of voltage and system. These power
signals are very high and are converted into lower level by instrument
transformer and fed to relays.
These relays decide depending on the logic built in energize trip coil
of circuit breaker whose contacts are series with faulty line, which move
apart very rapidly. As current through breaker passes through zero, the space
between contacts become a dielectric and disconnects the faulty section from
rest of the system. The entire process from time of initiation of fault through
its final clearance takes between 30 to100ms depending on protection
system used.
The common protective relays are Inverse time Overcurrent relay
usually fed from protective type CT. The most frequent type of fault is an
Earth fault through which phase connected. Over current relay with detect
earth fault current above relay setting. The earth fault current may be limited
in magnitude by neutral Earthing impedance or by earth connected
resistance.

ABOUT THE RELAYS USED:

1. INSTANTANEOUS OVER CURRENT RELAY (CAG 37):
Features:
Continuously variable current setting
High drop off/ pickup ratio
Low transient over-reach

Application:
The type CAG 37 is a highest instantaneous
Overcurrent unit with low transient over reach and a high drop off /
pick up ratio.
Because of its infinitely variable settings and immunity
to offset transients, this relay has special advantages for protection
of feeders connected to high MV sources. Where lines are fed from
high MV sources, the impedance of the line causes a sharp
reduction in the fault current as the distance between the fault and
source increases.
Conventional instantaneous over current protection gives
good discrimination an economy on these lines, but a relay set to
detect symmetrical faults at the far end will over reach and cause
tripping for off set faults which are out side the protective zone.
The over current setting must, therefore, be raised in proportion to
the reach of the relay, with consequent loss of coverage for
symmetrical faults at the far end of the line.
General description:
The relay comprises of a standard DC hinged armature
unit fed via a single phase transformer and full wave bridge
rectifier. A residual screw is fitted with armature of the relay to
achieve a high drop off / pick up ratio. A potentiometer is
connected in parallel to the relay coil and adjustment of this varies

the effective operating current of the relay over a range of 1 to 2.

The transformer primary winding is center tapped to give a further
1 to 2 adjustment of the relay operating current and together with
potentiometer give an over all adjustment of current setting of 1:4
ratio. Selection of transformer primary tapping is by means of link
provided at the rare of the relay cradle. A surge diverter is
connected across the secondary winding of the transformer to limit
the secondary voltage.

OVER CURRENT RELAY

R
Y
B

ALARM

TRIP

TECHNICAL DATA:
Current ratings:
Settings

1A or 5A
200 800 %, } continuously
500 2000 %} adjustable

Operating time:

See Fig 1

Drop off / pick up ratio:

Not less than 80% of setting current

Thermal rating
Continuous:
o
Short time:

Min setting current subject to max of

20A
Max setting time for 15 sec

Burden:

200 800 %
Version
200%
800%

500 2000 %
Version
500%
2000%

At Rated current
At setting current

0.22VA 0.054VA
1.0 VA
3.5 VA

0.03VA
1VA

0.011
5VA

2. INVERSE TIME OVER LOAD RELAY (CDG 12):

Features:

Two tabs with identical time / current characteristics

High torque, ensuring consistent timing even under adverse condition
Very low over shoot
Simple construction, easily accessible
Comprehensive range of auxiliary unit ratings
Dust tight draw out case and tropicalised finish.

Application:
Stand by earth fault protection of neutral Earthing resistance and other
applications requiring long line delay.
General Description:
A non directional heavily damped induction relay which has an
adjustable long inverse definite minimum time / current characteristics. The
relay has a high torque moment combined with low over shoot. The relay
disc is so shaped that, as it rotates, the driving torque increases an off sets
the changing restraining torque of the control spring. This feature combine
with the high torque of the relay induces good contact pressure given at
currents near pick up. Damping of the disc moment is by a removable high
retentivity permanent magnate.

R
Y
B
GND

ALARM

TR I P

One unique method of winding the operating coil ensures that the time /
current characteristics are identical on each of the two current taps. Selection
of the required current setting is by means of a plug setting bridge which has
a single insulated plug. The higher current tap is automatically connected

when the plug is with drawn from the plug, allowing the setting to be
changed while in service without risk of open circuiting the current
transformers.
The relay operating time can be adjusted by the moment of the disc
back stop which is controlled by rotating a knurled Moulded disc at the base
of graduated time multiplier scale.
Type CDG 12 is a single pole relay and is available in this version.

TECHNICAL DATA:
Current ratings:

the operating coil can be supplied suitable for

Operation from 1A & 5A.

Settings:

CT secondaries and the current setting available

Are 15 % and 20 % of rated current.

Starting current:

85 to 105 % of current settings.

Closing currents:

85 to 105 % of current settings.

Resetting current:

The disc will completely reset at 80% or more of

Time / current characteristics given in fig.

Resetting time
with time multiplier set at 1.0, the resetting
Time is 40 sec
Burden:
Thermal rating:

6.0 VA at current setting

the relay will with stand twice the current setting
Continuously for 60 degree centigrade rise in coil
Temperature & 50 time the current setting for the
Operating time of the relay.

3.DEFINITE TIME OVER CURRENT RELAY (CTU 32):

Features:
Consistent accuracy
Reliability
Low burden
Reduced maintenance
Long life
Immunity to transience and surges
Fast reset
Exceptionally low over shoot
Application:
Type CTU relay can be used for definite time over current
protection against phase and earth fault on medium and low voltage
distributions.
These relays are particularly suitable on systems where there is a
wide variation in source impedance.
Another important protection of CTU relay is the field of stalling
protection of motors. When thermal over load relay does not provide
protection against stalling, separate definite time over current relay like CTU
can be used to provide the same.

General Description:
The operation is illustrated by block diagram shown in figure
When the positive peak of the input signal exceeds the reference
level the time delay circuit starts and after a preset time drives the output
relay.

DEFINITE TIME OVER CURRENT RELAY

TIME CONST

INPUT
TRANSFORMER

LEVEL
DETECTOR

HIGHSET LEVEL
DETECTOR

HIGHSET OUTPUT

Instantaneous high set unit, when fitted, uses alternate half cycle for
measurement and through a separate level detector drives a separate output
relay. The static circuitry is fully protected against high transient voltages.

TECHNICAL DATA:
A. C. Burden:

0.15 VA per phase at lowest setting.

2.0 VA per phase at highest setting.

TRANSIENT SUPPRESSOR

CURRENT
SETTING

OUTPUT

POWER CIRCUIT FOR FD Fan & CEP

6.6KV 3Ph
R
Y
B

51I1
50
50L

50

51i2
TO DDCMIS

SPARE

R
Y
B

GN

SURGE
ARRESTE

CT

50N
2

6.6KV 3Ph
R
Y
B

51i1
50

V
C

50

51i2

B
TO DDCMIS

SPARE

C
T

R
Y
B

GN

87M

50N
2

POWER CIRCUIT FOR MILL

6.6KV 3Ph
R
Y
B

51I1
50

50

51i2
TO DDCMIS

SPARE

R
Y
B

GN

SURGE
ARRESTE

CT

50N
2

Tripping circuit for FD FAN, CEP & MILL

50
51i1

Cs
C N T

51i2

86

50N2

43SS

52a

51i1

51i1

86
52Tc

Tripping circuit for PA FAN

51I1

Cs
C N T

51i2

86

87
M

50N2

43SS

52a

51i1

51i1

86
52Tc

TRIPPING CIRCUIT