RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN

(RPP)
BAHASA INGGRIS
(KELAS XI MIA 5-6, XI IIS 1-2)

NAMA
NPM

: SUKMA DWI ESGARIKA

: 1111040006

SMA NEGERI 2 BANDAR LAMPUNG

2014

What are modal verbs?

Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special
verbs which behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like
"work, play, visit..." They are used to indicate modality. They give additional information
about the function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great variety
of communicative functions.
Use of modal verbs:
Modal verbs are used to express functions such as:
1. Permission
2. Ability
3. Obligation
4. Prohibition
5. Lack of necessity
6. Advice
7. possibility
8. probability
Remember
Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to"
Examples:
You must stop when the traffic lights turn red
You should see to the doctor
There are a lot of tomatoes in the fridge. You need not buy any.
Exception:
You ought to go to the doctor
Modal Verb

Meaning
To have to

Expressing
100 % obligation

Example
I must stop when the traffic lights
turn red.
Must
to be very probable
logical conclusion
He must be very tired after such
(deduction)
enormous work
not to be allowed to
prohibition
You must not smoke in the
must not
hospital.
to be able to
Ability
I can swim
Can
to be allowed to
permission
Can I use your phone please?
it is possible
possibility
Smoking can cause cancer !
to be able to
ability in the past
When I was younger I could stay
up all night and not get tired..
Could
to be allowed to
more polite permission Excuse me, could I just say
something?
it is possible
possibility
It could rain tomorrow!
to be allowed to
Permission
May I use your phone please?
May
it is possible, probable possibility, probability It may rain tomorrow!
to be allowed to
more polite permission Might I use your phone please?
it is possible, probable weak possibility,
I might come and visit you in
Might
probability
America next year, if I can save
enough money.
Need
Necessary
Necessity
Need I say more?
not necessary
lack of
I need not buy any tomatoes.
need not
necessity/absence of
There are plenty in the fridge.
obligation
should/ought used to say or ask what 50 % obligation
I should / ought to see a doctor. I
to
is the correct or best
have a terrible headache.
thing to do

to suggest an action or
to show that it is
necessary
to be very probable
had better

to suggest an action or
to show that it is
necessary

Advice

You should / ought to revise your

lessons

logical conclusion
(deduction)
Advice

He should / ought to be very tired

after such enormous work
You 'd better revise your lessons

The modal verbs are:CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT / MUST / SHALL / SHOULD /
OUGHT TO / WILL / WOULD
Modal
Can

Example
They can control their own budgets.
We cant fix it.

Uses
Ability / Possibility
Inability / Impossibility

Can I smoke here?

Asking for permission
Can you help me?
Request
Could
Could I borrow your dictionary?
Asking for permission.
Could you say it again more slowly?
Request
We could try to fix it ourselves.
Suggestion
I think we could have another Gulf War.
Future possibility
He gave up his old job so he could work for us.
Ability in the past
May
May I have another cup of coffee?
Asking for permission
China may become a major economic power.
Future possibility
Might
We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating theirPresent possibility
dinner now.
They might give us a 10% discount.
Future possibility
Must
We must say good-bye now.
Necessity / Obligation
They mustnt disrupt the work more than necessary.
Prohibition
Ought to We ought to employ a professional writer.
Saying whats right or
correct
Shall
Shall I help you with your luggage?
Offer
(More
Shall we say 2.30 then?
Suggestion
common in Shall I do that or will you?
Asking what to do
the UK than
the US)
Should We should sort out this problem at once.
Saying whats right or
I think we should check everything again.
correct
Profits should increase next year.
Recommending action
Uncertain prediction
Will
I cant see any taxis so Ill walk.
Instant decisions
I'll do that for you if you like.
Offer
Ill get back to you first thing on Monday.
Promise
Profits will increase next year.
Certain prediction
Would
Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me?
Asking for permission
Would you pass the salt please?
Request
Would you mind waiting a moment?
Request
"Would three o`clock suit you?" - "Thatd be fine."
Making arrangements
Would you like to play golf this Friday?
Invitation
"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "Id like tea Preferences
please."
!Note The modal auxiliary verbs are always followed by the base form.
The verb used to, which is explained here, can also be used like a modal verb.

Exercise 1: Use an appropriate modal verb to compete each sentence

1. Owen _______( not) do his homework because tomorrow is Saturday.
2. ________ you make a copy for me?
3. We ___________ leave now or we will be late.

4. A: ___________I use your laptop computer? B: Of course you _______.

5. I _____________rather cook tonight.
6. _________ I go to the restroom, Miss Chang?
7. __________ you prefer chicken or steak for dinner?
8. I __________ catch the bus this morning. My father drove me to school.
9. ____________ you answer the phone?
10. When I was young, I _____________speak better English than now.
11. You look pale. You _____________ go to a doctor.
12. You have been driving for ten hours. You ____________ be exhausted.
13. John has travelled a lot. He _________ speak four languages.
14. Tom _________ drive but he hasnt got a car.
15. I cant sing now but I ______________very well when I was a child.
16. My grandfather was very clever. He __________ speak five languages.
17. I looked everywhere for the book but I _____________ find it.
18. You __________ the sea from our bedroom window.
19. Im afraid ______________ to you party next Friday.
20. _________________ any foreign languages?
Exercise 2 : Use an appropriate modal verb to compete each sentence
1. A person __________________ eat in order to live.
2. A person __________________ eat a balanced diet.
3. If you want to become a doctor, you ____________ go to medical school for many years.
4. We _________ go to Colorado for our vacation.
5. According to my academic advisor, I ______________take another English course.
6. I __________write to my folks tonight, but I think Ill wait and do it tomorrow.
7. You _________ have a passport if you want to travel abroad.
8. Everyone __________ have certain goals in life.
9. Rice _________ have water in order to grow.
10. I ___________ go to class, but I dont feel good. I think Id better stay home.
11. If a door is locked, you ___________ use a key to open it.
12. I dont have enough money to take the bus, so I __________ walk home.
13. If you dont know how to spell a word, you __________ look it up in the dictionary.
14. This pie is very good. You ____________ try a piece.
15. This pie is excellent. You _____________ try a piece.
Exercise 3 : Ask polite questions in the following situations. Use any appropriate modal
(may,could, would, etc)
1. Your plane leaves at 6 p.m. tomorrow. You want your friend to take you to the airport.
2. Youre sitting at your friends house. A bowl of fruit is sitting on the table. You want an
apple.
3. Youre in class. Youre hot. The window is closed.
4. Yiure in a car. Your friend is driving. You want her to stop at the next mailbox so you
can mail a letter.
5. Youre trying to study. Your roommate is playing his music tapes very loudly, and this is
bothering you.
6. You call your friend. Someone else answers and tells you that hes out. You want to leave
a message.
7. You want your pen. You cant reach it, but your fried can. You want her to hand it to you.
8. Youre at a restaurant. You want some more coffee.
9. Youre at your friends house. You want to help her set the dinner table.
10. Youre the teacher you want a student to shut the door.

11. You want to make a telephone call. Youre in a store and have to use a pay phone but you
dont have any change. All you have is Rp. 5,000, you ask a clerk for a change.
12. Youre at a restaurant. Youve finished your meal and are ready to leave. You ask the
writer for the check.
13. You call you bosss house. His name is Mr. Smith. You want to talk to him. His wife
answers the phone.
14. Youre giving a dinner party. Your guests have just arrived. You want to get them
something to drink.
15. Your guests have arrived. You want them to sit down.
16. youre in the middle of the city. Youre lost. Youre trying to find the bust station. You
stop someone on the street to ask for directions.
17. You call the airport. You want to know what ime Flight 62 arrives.
18. Youre in the department store. You find a sweater that you like but you cant find the
price tag. You ask the clerk to tell you how it costs.

Exercise 4 : Answer the following questions

1. Your glass is empty. . I get you some more fresh water?
A. shall
B. will
C. can
D. should
E. Shall have
2. We . like to visit that new store some day.
A. shall
B. will
C. can
D. would
E. Shall have
3. You are sick, but you dont come hospital to see a doctor. You . visit him soon.
A. would
B. could
C. should
D. will
E. can
4. I really dont know why Tony didnt come to the meeting.
There .. something wrong with him.
A. might be
B. could be
C. will be
D. should have been
E. must have been
5. Rini is old enough. She . know better than the others about it.
A. will
B. could

C. must
D. may be
E. can

Find the fact of the following sentences!

1.

I wish it had not rained yesterday.

2.

She wishes she went to a cinema with John.

3.

He wishes he had met his girl friend here yesterday.

4.

The students wish their teacher had come on time two days ago.

5.

I wish I had not heard that bad news.

6.

Wati wishes she could speak fluently.

7.

Tono wishes he had not been late to attend the class yesterday.

8.

We wish we could do the test well.

9.

She wishes her husband had not drunk whiskey two days ago.

10.

The police wish we drove our cars carefully.

11.

My teacher wishes I studied regularly.

12.

I wish Tina was here right now.

13.

My teacher wishes I had done the assignment by myself.

14.

I wish my wife had not come home late.

15.

He wishes he found his stolen car.

16.

I wish I had not made a lot of mistakes.

17.

I wish the two boys had not fought in the street.

18.

I wish I could swim across Madura straight.

19.

My mother wishes I were a doctor.

20.

I wish I knew your address.

21.

She wishes she became a teacher.

22.

I wish the cakes tasted delicious.

23.

I wish my sons had studied hard last year.

24.

My brother wished I had finished my study on time.

25.

My sister wishes I could help her.

26.

I wish my friend had invited me to his wedding party.

27.

I wished you had not smoked in the class.

28.

My teacher wishes I had not copied my friends assignment.

29.

My sister wishes I had telephoned her yesterday.

30.

Mr. Supri wishes I had not parked my motor cycle here yesterday.

1. I am not happy because she doesnt love me. But, .

a)
b)
c)
d)

I will be very happy if she loves me.

I will be happy if she loved me.
I would be very happy if she loved me.
I would have been very happy if she had loved me.

2. Sorry bro. I was sick last night therefore I didnt come to your party.
a)
b)
c)
d)

If I wasnt sick last night, I came to your party.

If I had been sick last night, I wouldnt come to your party.
If I hadnt been sick last night, I would come to your party.
If I hadnt been sick last night, I would have come to your party.

3. Tommy and Tono couldnt play football because they had an exam.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Tommy and Tono couldnt play football as if they had had an exam.
Tommy and Tono could have played football if they didnt have an exam.
Tommy and Tono could play football if they didnt have an exam.
Tommy and Tono could have played football if they hadnt had an exam.

4. The sun always rises in the east.

a)
b)
c)
d)

What would happen if the sun rises in the west?

What will happen if the sun rises in the west?
What would happen if the sun rose in the west?
What would have happened if the sun had risen in the west?

5. She didnt love him because he was a jerk.

a)
b)
c)
d)

If he hadnt been a jerk, she would have loved him.

If he werent a jerk, she would love him.
If he hadnt been a jerk, she would love him.
She would have loved him even though he had been a jerk.

6 . I cannot finish this work unless you me

a) helped
b) dont help

c) help
d) didnt help

7. If you try again, you it well

a. will do
b. could do

c. has done
d. would do

8. If the man carelessly, he would get an accident

a. drives
b. didnt drive

c. doesnt drive
d. drove

9. She would have returned the book

a. if you asked her
b. unless you asked her

c. if you had asked her

d. unless you had asked her

10. We will miss the first train, unless we early

a. get up
b. got up

c. had got up
d. dont get up

11. Will you tell Mary about it?

a. if i met her
b. if i dont meet her

c. if i meet her
d. if i didnt meet her

12. If you hurt him, I something you

a. I would have done
b. I should have done

c. I might have done

d. I would done

13. If I pass my final test, what ?

a. you will buy for me
b. will you buy for me

c. would you buy for me

d. you would buy for me

14. Unless I know the answer, I the question

a. will answer
b. wont answer

c. would answer
d. wouldnt answer

15. Would you repair this radio if you .... tools?

a. get
b. got

c. will get
d. had got

16. If I lived in the country I .... a lot of animals.

a. will have
b. had had

c. would have

17. What .... if he had met an alien?

a. would happen
b. had happened
c. would have happened
18. If I .... a house on fire, I'd call the fire station.
a. see
b. would see
c. saw
19. I .... a taxi if I had known it was such a long way.
a.had taken
b.would have taken
c.would take
20. If it .... I would have gone for a walk.
a. had not rained
b.did not rained
c.have not rained
21. If I .... the question, I would answer.
a.understood
b.have understood
c.understand
22. They .... a new car if they had more money.
a. had bought
b.would buy
c.will buy

23. If they .... machines, they would have finished much sooner.
a.used
b.have used
c.had used
24. Would you be surprised if it .... next summer?
a.snowed
b.had snowed
c.snows
25. If I .... him, I would start having driving lessons.
a.had been
b. were
c.have been
26. If we.... to Dresden, it will be a fantastic trip.
a. cycle b. cycles c. cycled
27. I .... the school bus if I don't get up early.
a. will miss b. would miss
28. Harriet would stay longer in Vienna if she .... more time.
a. has b. had
29. She .... the people in Peru if she bought her coffee beans in this shop.
a. will support b. would support
30. If I don't see Claire today, I .... her this evening.
a. will phone b. would phone
31. If Carlos .... sailing, he'll need a life-jacket.
a. go b. goes c. would go
32. If my brother .... his car here, the traffic warden would give him a ticket.
a. park b. parks c. parked
33. You'll catch a cold if you .... a pullover.
a. dont wear b. doesnt wear c. didnt wear
34. If you drink more of this sweet lemonade, you .... sick.
a. will get b.would get
35. If Marcus sings under the shower, I .... the radio up to full volume.
a. will turn up b. would turn up
36. If I .... to Leipzig, I'll visit the zoo.
a. go
b. went
c. had gone
37. If it .... , we'd be in the garden.
a. doesnt rain b. didnt rain c. hadnt rain
38. If you .... a lighter jacket, the car driver would have seen you earlier.
a. wear b. worn c. had worn
39. We ....TV tonight if Peter hadn't bought the theatre tickets.
a. will watch b. would watch c. would have watched
40. She wouldn't have had two laptops if she .... the contract.
a. does not sign b. did not sign c. had not sign
41. If I was/were a millionaire, I .... in Beverly Hills.
a. will live b. would live. c. would have lived
42. You would save energy if you .... the lights more often.
a. switch off b. switched off c. had switched off
43. If we had read the book, we .... the film.
a. will understood b. would understood c. would have understood
44. My sister could score better on the test if the teacher .... the grammar once more.
a. explain b. explained c. would have explained
45. They .... on time if they hadn't missed the train.

a. arrive b. arrived c. would have arrived

Change into passive voice

1. Mike opens the door
2. Mike is opening the door
3. Mike has opened the door
4. Mike opened the door
5. Mike was opening the door
Answer
1. The door is opened by Mike
2. The door is being opened by Mike
3. The door has been opened by Mike
4. The door was opened by Mike
5. The door was being opened by Mike

Make this sentences into passive!

1. Julia has recued three cats.
2. The students will receive the reports.
3. Maria drove the blue car.
4. Alex learned the poem.
5. Steven has forgotten the book.
6. the maid has not wined the windows.
7. Theya are playing smackball.
8. Sue puts the rudsack on the floor.
9. The girl has lost her keys.
10. The teacher is not going to open the window.

11. Mr. Jones watches the film.

12. The people speak English.
13. He was reading some comics.
14. We play volleyball.
15. They are singing the song.
16. I take the photos.
17. She does the housework.
18. The policeman help the children.
19. He writes text messages.
20. Mother is watering the flowers.
21. She bought four apples.
22. We joined the match last month.
23. The man stole the red car.
24. The polices have arrested the thieves.
25. Jack will sweep the floor.
26. The dog bit the old lady.
27. tom and Max ate five hamburgers.
28. Oliver taught the childrenn.
29. Victoria was riding the brown horse.
30. Grandmother told good stories.
31. They don't speak English in this shop.
32. Maria asked Dennis a question.
33. somebody willl build the house next year.
34. Jenice gives us a bar of chocolate.
35. We must look after her.
36. the servant brought me a glass of milk.
37. Somebody entered our house last Friday.
38. The teacher told us a spooky story.

39. We will meet Gllian at the airport.

40. Tiffany hs not sent me an email.
Kunci Jawaban Passive Voice
1. Three cats have been rescued by Julia.
2. The reports will be received by the students.
3. The blue car was driven by Maria.
4. The poem was learned by Alex.
5. The book has been forgotten by Steven.
6. The windows have not been wined by the maid.
7. Smackball is being played by them.
8. The rudsack is put by Sue.
9. The keys have been lost by the girl.
10. The window is not going to be opened by the teacher.
11. The film is watched by Mr. Jones.
12. English is spoken by the people.
13. Some comics were being read by them.
14. Voleyball is played by us.
15. The song is being sung by them.
16. The photos are taken by me.
17. The housework is done by her.
18. The children are helped by the policemen.
19. Text messages are written by him.
20. The flowers are being watched by mother.
21. Four apples were bought by her.
22. The matches was joined by us last month.
23. The blue car was stolen by the man.
24. The thieves have been arrested by the police.
25. The floor will be swept by Jack.
26. The old lady was bitten by the dog.

27. Five hamburgers were eaten by Tom and Max.

28. The children were taught by Oliver.
29. The brown horse was being ridden by Victoria.
30. Good stories were told by grandmother.
31. In this shop, English is not spoken by them.
32. A question was asked to Dennis by KEvin.
33. The house will be built by somebody next year.
34. A bar of chocolate is given to us by Janice.
35. She must be looked after by us.
36. A glass of milk is brought to me by the servant.
37. Our house was entered by somebody last Friday.
38. A spooky story was told to us by the teacher.
39. Gillian will be met by us at the airport.
40. An email has not been sent to me by Tiffany.

Soal Soal Latihan Kompetensi Passive Voice

1.

A well-known architect is designing our new office. The passive form of the above
sentence is our new office..........by a well-known architect.

A. Designs
B.

Designed

C.

Be Designing

D. Is

Designed .

E. Is being Designed

2.

The stewardess is now serving coffee to the passengers. The passive form of the
above sentence is.............

A.

The pessengers are serving are serving coffee now.

B.

The pessengers are now served coffee.

C.

Coffee is now served by the pessengers.

D. Coffee is now being served to the pessengers.

E.

Coffee is now served to the pessengers.

3.

They think he is wealthy. The passive form of the above sentence is.....

A. He is thought a wealthy man

B.

They are considered a wealthy man.

C.

They are thought he is a wealthy man.

D. He is thought to be a wealthy man.

E.

He is thought being a wealthy man..

4.

Every body believed that Gods brought them happiness. We can also say:

A. It is belived that the gods brought them happiness.

B.

The gods were belived to have brought them happiness.

C.

That The Gods brought them happiness were belived by everybody.

D. The Gods were belived to bring them happiness.

E.

It was belived that the Gods have brought them happiness.

5.

Have you been informed about the exact number of victims of the airplane crash?
Yes .........to the headquarters of Garuda.

A. They are faxed

D. It has been faxed.

B.

Has faxed

E. We fax it.

C.

The victims fax

6.

You seem to waiting for something these days. Thats true Im waiting ..........for
an interview.

A. Called

C. Be called

B.

To call

D. Calling

7.

I am still waiting .....for an interview.

A. To be called.

C. Be Calling

E. To be called.

E. Called

B.

Be called

D. To call

8.

Why does the baby next-door keep crying?

As usual, it ...............by the baby sister.

A. Is neglecting

D. Is to be neglected

B.

Is neglected

E. Is to neglect

C.

Neglects

9.

We called the committee to ask whether the competition ......to begin that
afternoon.

A. Was scheduled

D. To be scheduled

B.

To scheduled

E. Was to schedule

C.

Was scheduling.

10. Bambang looks very happy today. Dont you know he ..........to general manager?
A. Has promoted

C.Has To Promote

B.

D. Has Been Promoted

To Be Promoted

Soal Soal Latihan Kompetensi

Question Tag
1.

He never comes late

A. Hasnt he

C.Didnt he

B. Does he

D. Wont he

2.

Without his glasses he can hardly see us, he ?

A. Cant
B. Can
3.

D. Could

Your sister always gets up late on Sunday

A. Isnt it
B. Will she
4.

C. Does

C. Should she
D. Doesnt she

He works hard. He seldom has time to go to parties..

A. Doesnt he

C. Doesnt he

B. Hasnt he

D. Isnt she

5.

Lets visit the Amir tomorrow..

A. Wont we
B. Do We
6.

C. Shall We
D. Arent We

The proposal sounds promising.

A. Doesnt it
B. Was it not
7.

D. is it

You seldom has your hair cut..

A. Do you
B. Dont you
8.

C. it doesnt

C. Did you
D. Didnt you

There was never any talk of such thing..

A. Was it
B. Was it not
C. Was there
D. Was not there
9.

Your uncle said that he would do his best to help you..

A. Didnt you
B. Wouldnt you
C. Would he
D. Wouldnt he
10. She never seems to care
A. Is she
B. Doesnt she
C. Has she
D. Does she.

QUESTION TAG

Question tag adalah merupakan bentuk pernyataan berekor yang fungsinya untuk
mempertegas suatu pernyataan.
Syarat utama dalam question tag adalah
1.

Apa bila pernyataan positif, maka tag-nya negative.

Contoh: we shall be late, shant we ?

2.

Apabila pernyataannya negative, maka tag-nya positive.

Contoh: Amir cant swim, can he ?

3.

Subject yang di gunakan dalam question tag hanyalah : I , You, She, He, It, We, They,
There.
It biasanya dalam question tags untuk menunjukkan pada kata-kata berikut: everything,
nothing, anyting, this., that
They biasanya di gunakan dalam question tags untuk menunjukan pada kata-kata berikut:
everyone, someone, somebody, no one, nobody, people, these/ those.
Contoh:
This is not my book, is it ?

4.

Dalam kalimat verbal yang terbentuk simple present dan past tense, tambahkanlah do,
does dan did untuk membuat question tagsnya.
Contoh: He likes fishing, doesnt he?

5.

Dalam pertanyaan: I am -> Q-tagnya arent I bukan am not I ?

6.

Kata- kata yang mengandung arti negative , questionnya selalu positif.

Bebrapa di antaranya ialah : seldom, never, hardly ever, by no mean, few/little, no/none.
Contoh: He has been in Bali, has he?

7.

perintah baik positif/ negative ( melarang ) question tagsnya, will you?

Contoh: stop that noise, will you?
-ajakan dengan : lets question tag-nya adalah shall we ?
Contoh: lets sing together, shall we ?

8.

Untuk kalimat majemuk, question tagnya di buat berdasarkan kalimat utama.

Contoh: I belive He will come here, wont he

Causative

Causative adalah suatu pola kalimat yang menyatakan bahwa seseorang / subject
menyebabkan orang lain melakukan sesuatu atau menyebabkan sesuatu di kerjakan
untuknya oleh orang lain.
1.

Active causative
Subject menyuruh atau menyebabkan bahwa seseorang / subject menyebabkan orang lain
melakukan sesuatu di kerjakan untuknya oleh orang lain.
Pola:
Subject + Have/Make/Let/Help + Object
+ V-1

Contoh:
Sasa had Amir Wash the car. ( Sasa menyuru amir menyuci mobil= Amir lah yang menyuci
mobil).
Pola di atas mempunyai makna yang sama dengan pola:
Subject + Ask/Get/Permit/Allow/Help+Object +
To V-1

Sasa got Amir to wash the car.

2.

Passive causative
Apabilah object dalam causative berupa benda (mati). Passive causative di gunakan
dimana subject menginginkan sesuatu ( object ) di kerjakan oleh orang lain.
Pola:
Subject + Have / Get + Object ( Benda )+ V-3

Contoh:
Sasa got her car washed.
Bila causative memakai have, have di sini berfungsi sebagai kata kerja penuh, oleh
karenanya bentuk negative atau interrogative nya mengunakan do/does/did.
Contoh:
You have the flowers delivered
Do you have the flowers delivered ?
You dont have the flowers delivered.

Soal soal kompetensi

Modal
1.

I need more data about this topic. Rawina might be able to help you. The underline
sentence means.............

A. Perhaps rawina can help you.

B. Rawina can help you right now.
C. I am sure Rawina will be able to help you.
D. Rawina will certainly be able to help you.
E. Rawina was able to help you.
2.

All her friends belive that she can do her job well. It means she .....do her job well.

A. May

C. Could

B. Is able to

D. Might

3.

E. Will

It is possible that there will be another rise in the prise of petrol soon. We can also say,
there .another rise in the prise of petrol soon.

A. Must be

C. Could

B. May be

D. Might

4.

E. Will

I may have to go to Malang next week. Means ..

A. Perhaps Ill have to Malang next week.

B. I am sure Ill have to Malang next week.
C. It is possible that Ill have to Malang next week.
D. I know Ill have to Malang next week.
5.

Aswin did not keep his promiceto write us soon. He might have been very busy. The
underlined word means

A. Aswim will be very busy

B. Aswim was certainly busy

D. Aswim would be very busy.

E. Aswim was perhaps very busy.

C. Aswim is expected to be very busy.

6.

When I called Jane at home there was no answer. She might have gone to school. The
underlined word means

A. It is clear that she went to school.

B. I am sure that she has gone to school.
C. It is not likely that she will go to school.
D. It is possible that she has gone to school.
E. I dont think that she has gone to school.
7.

We could have eaten ice cream yesterday, means..

A. We didint eat ice cream

B. We have eaten ice crem
C. We had to eat ice cream
D. We should eat the ice cram
E. We would eat the ice cream
8.

I coud have somebody else to carry that box. Means

A. I carried the box

D. I would somebody to carry the box

B. Somebody carry the box

E. I dont want to carry the box

C. I asked somebody to carry that box.

9.

I could have asked my sister to go shoping alone. It means.

A. My sister didnt go shopping with me

D. I went shopping

B. My sister asked me to go shopping with me

E. I didnt go shopping

C. My sister went shopping with me

Modals
Modals adalah bagian dari auxiliary, merupakan sekolompok kata bantu yang memberikan
arti tambahan pada suatu kalimat dalam mempertajam makna. Yang harus di ingat adalah
modal selamanya harus di ikuti bare infinitif ( V-1 / Be).
Bentuk Modal
MODAL PRESENT

MODAL PAST

Can

Could

May

Might

Must

Had to

Will

Would

Shall

Should

Should

Ada sekelompok kata yang memiliki makna / arti sama dengan modal di atas:
Can / could: be able to, manage to
May / might: probable, possible, presumable, perhaps
Must

: have to, need to

Will / shall: be going to, be about to

Should

: had better, ought to, be supposed to

Makna dan arti dari modal

A. Modal + simple form
Can / could
Can dan could digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan ( ability ). Could merupakan
bentuk lampau dari can.
Contoh:
When I was a child I couldnt take a bath alone , but now I can.
Could sering di gunakan sebagai ungkapan halus ( polite remark ) dalam kalimat perintah
dan atau permintaan ( request ).
Contoh:
Could you do me a favor? ( lebih halus dari pada ) can you do me a favor ?
Walaupun modal can / could di gunakan dalam conditional / pengandaian selain untuk
menyatakan kemampuan (ability ), could bisa juga di gunakan untuk menyatakan suatu
kemungkinan. Dalam hal inicould semakna dengan may atau might, pembicara tidak yakin
akan sesuatu saat dia mengunakan modal ini.
It might / may / could rain tomorrow = it will possible rain tomorrow/ may be it will rain
tomorrow.

May / Might
Might , yang di gunakan untuk menyatakan izin ( permission ), merupakan bentuk lampau
dari may.

Contoh:
Sir, why may I not to go home early now whereas yesterday I might do it ?
Tatkala may dan might bermakna mungkin keduanya berujuk pada waktu kini atau
mendatang. Pebedaanya adalah nilai kemungkinan dengan might lebih kecil dari pada may.
Contoh: She may come late because of the trafict jam.
Should

Modal ini di gunakan untuk menyatakan :

1.

Saran / anjuran , pendapat / keharusan / kewajiban.

Contoh:
Hamid should study tonight= it is good idea if hamid studies tonight.

2.

Harapan
Contoh:
My check should arrive next week=I hope that the check will arrive next week.
Must
Modal ini di gunakan untuk menyatakan :

1.

Keharusan mutlak
Dalam hal ini must maknanya lebih kuat ketimbang should. Dengan mengunakan should
orang mempunyai pilihan melakukan atau tidak, tetapi dengan must orang tidak mempunyai
pilihan.
Contoh:
Amir must call his insurance today= it is necessary for Amir to call the insurance today.

2.

Kesimpulan logis
Must digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa si pembicara menganggap sesuatu itu benar
adanya berdasarkan fakta yang ada tapi kebenaran ini tidak harus mutlak.
Contoh:
The grass is wet. It must be raining.
Will / shall
Lihat bahasan future pada bab tenses

B. MODAL + PERFECTIVE
Modal + pervective biasanya di gunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu lampau.
Modal + Have + V-3 /
Been

Harus di ingat bahwa modal selalu di ikuti V-1/Be ( simple form/ bare infinitive ) jadi have
tak perna berubah menjadi has ataupun had.
Could + Have V-3 / Been
Bentuk ini di gunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu hal sebenarnya bisa terjadi di waktu
lampau.
Contoh:
He could have eaten ice cream.= dia sebenarnya bisa makan ice cream, ini berarti dia pada
kenyataannya tidaklah makan ice cream ( he didnt eat ice cream ).
Might + Have V-3 / Been
Bentuk ini di gunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kemungkinan / praduga dari apa yang
sudah terjadi di waktu lampau.
Contoh:
His room was dirty. He might forgotten yo clean it. ( karena kamarnya kotor, mungkin saja
dia lupa membersihkannya atau bisa karena penyebab lain ).
Should + Have V-3 / Been
Bentuk ini di gunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya sudah terjadi di waktu
lampau, tapi karena 1 dan lain hal, hal itu tidak terjadi.
Contoh:
Setiawan should have gone to his office this morning. ( setiawan seharusnya sudah pergi ke
kantornya tadi pagi ).
Must + Have V-3 / Been
Bentuk ini di gunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kesimpulan logis dari apa yang terjadi di
waktu lampau.
Harus di ingat bahwa untuk menyatakan ke harusan di waktu lampau hanya di gunakan had
to atau should have v-3/ been.
Contoh:
The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.

Soalsoal latihan kompetensi

subjunctive
1.

Is Ratu still sick? Yes, I wish she .here now to help me type the report.

A. Is

C. Were

B. Will be

D. Had been

2.

E. Would be

I am planning to go to the party tonight, but its raining very hard now. I wish.

A. It stops

C. It would stop

B. It will stop

D. It stopped

3.

E. It had stopped

I wish ( now ) to watch our play.

A. He is here.

C. He were here

E. He will be here

B. He has been here. D.He be here

4.

I wish you tomorrow.

A. Have gone

C. Will go

B. Are going to go

D. Shall go

5.

Lets Go Swimming, I wish I we have a test tomorrow and still have to study.

A. Am able

C. Could

B. could be

D. Will be able

6.

E. Would Go

E. I had been able

you look tired, why dont you take a rest? I wish I still have to finish this report.

A. I would be able
B. I can

D. I could
E. I had been able

C. I will be able
7.

Sasa are you going to see the dentist this afternoon? I wish I didnt have to. We may
concluded that to the dentist.

A. She doesnt have to go

B. She needs to go

D. She is willing to go
E. She has gone

C. She is not going this afternoon .

8.

He orders people around as if he were the owner of the restorant.

From the above statement we may conclude that

A. He has worked hard to own the restaurant

B. He has been the owner for years

C. He is very proud of his restaurant
D. He is just ordinary employee
E. He is successful businessman
9.

Bill has been working for this book store for many years, and now he acts as if he were the
owner.From this sentence we may conclude that.

A. Bill is honest man

D. Bill Is A Share Holder

B. Bill Has Become A Rich Man

E. Bill Is The One Whom The Owner Trust

C. Bill is not the owner of the store

10. Setiawan has won a medal for swimming. I wish .........as good as he is.
A. Were

C. Will be

B. Should be

D. Should be

E. Am

Subjunctive
Subjunctive atau angan-angan adalah di gunakan untuk menyatakan / mengungkapkan
kejadian, keinginan ataupun kenyataan yang bertentangan dengan apa yang sesunggunya
ada atau sesunggunya terjadi
1.

Subjunctive Wish.
Future:
Rumus:
Subject 1 + wish ( that ) + subject 2 +( could/ would + v-1) /
were +v- ing

Contoh:
We wish that you could come to the party tonight.
( kepinginnya sih kamu bisa dating ke pesta nanti malam)
Present :
Rumus :
a)
Subject 1 + wish ( that ) + subject 2+ v-

2 / were

They wish they didnt have to go to class today.

( mereka pinginnya tidak usa pergi ke sekolah )

B
Rumus :
Subject 1 + wish ( that ) + subject 2 + could have v3 /had v-3

I wish that you had come here yesterday.

Past
Rumus :
Subject + wished ( that ) + subject 2 + had v-3 / could have
v-3

She wished that she had had more time last night.
2.

Subjunctive as if / as though
Present:
Subject 1 + verb ( present ) + as if/ as though + subject 2 +
verb past / were

The old lady dresses as if it were winter now even in summer.

Past :
Subject 1 + verb ( past ) + as if/ as though + subject 2
+had v-3 / been

jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost.

3.

Subjunctive would rather

Present :
Subject 1 + would rather + subject 2 + v-2 / were + ket. Waktu kini

Ratu would rather it were winter now.

Past :
Subject 1 + would rather + subject 2 + had v-3 / been + ket. Waktu
lampau

Jim would rather than john had gone to class yesterday.

Note:
# bentuk past dari tobe dalam subjunctive selamanya dalam were untuk semua
subject.
#would rather yang tidak di ikuti subject 2 mengharuskan pengikutnya dalam verb 1
untuk menyatakan pilihan kesukaan ( preference ).

Exercise :
Rubahlah kata kerja yang di dalam kurung ke dalam bentuk yang benar.
1.

We would rather .( stay ) home tonight.

2.

Mr. john would rather..(stay ) home last night.

3.

The police would rather .. ( work ) on Saturday than on Sunday.

4.

Maria would rather that we .( study ) more than we do.

5.

The photographer would rather that we ( stand ) closer together than we are standing.

6.

She would rather you .( not arrive ) last night.

7.

Ratu walks as though she .( study ) modeling.

8.

He looked as though he( run ) ten miles.

9.

I wish they .( stop ) making so much noise that I could concerate.

10. We wish that we ..( have ) time last night.

Soal-Soal Latihan Kompetensi

Conditional
1.

If all the student pass their final examination, the teacher will give a party for them at the
house. This means that ..............at the teachers house.

A. There will possibly a party.

B. There has been a party.
C. There is no party.

D. There was a party.

E. There has to be a party.

2.

Will you come to the meeting? If you come, I ..

A. Come

C. Do

B. Will
3.

D. Am

If you use a city map, you .your way.

A. Are not losing.

B. Will Not Lose
4.

C. Did Not Lose

If you took the clothes to the laundry now, they

C. Will be washed

B. Has been washed

If he prepared his lessons, he his examination.

C. Would be passed

B. Would have passed

D. Would Pass

C. Had had

B. Had

D. Will have had

He ..if I had not reminded him.

A. May forget
B. Should forget
C. Might have forgotten
D. May Forget
E. Must forget
8.

If I

A. Make a mistake , II apologize

B. Made mistake Id apologize.
C. Had made a mistake , Id have apologized.
D. Have made a mistake, Id apologize.
9.

E. Had passed

Your drawing was very good. I could have done better if I More time.

A. Have had

7.

E. Would be washed.

D. Will wash

A. Passed

6.

E. Would Not Lose.

D. Have Not Lost

A. Had washed

5.

E. Too

If you .I shall be very happy.

A. Werent going
B. Dont go

.
.

E. Would have

C. Hadnt gone
D. Hadnt been going
E. Didnt go.
10. He ..if I had not invite him.
A. May not come
B. Should not come
C. Might not have come
D. May not come
E. Must not come.

Conditional
pola conditional merupakan bentuk kalimat pengandaian dengan ciri hadirnya
kata jika / apabila, yang umumnya dinyatakan dengan kata if. Terdapat 2 kategori
besar pola pengandaian yakni : the real (factual dan habitual ) unreal( contrary of
the fact).
The real conditional, yang lebih di kenal istilah future conditional, merupakan
pola lamunan yang menyatakan sesuatu memiliki peluang untuk terjadi bila syarat
tertentu terpenuhi selanjutnya di sebut conditional sentence type 1.
The unreal conditional merupakan pola lamunan yang merupakan pengingkaran
dari fakta yang sebenarnya akan sedang atau telah terjadi, yang di bicarakan
sebenarnya tidak atau tidak akan terjadi. Unreal conditional ini memiliki 2 varian
yakni pertama lamunan yang berkontradiksi dengan apa yang sebenarnya akan
terjadi atau sedang terjadi sekarang, yang lebih di kenal dengan present
conditional atau conditional type 2 dan kedua lamunan yang berkontradiksi
dengan

apa

yang

sebenarnya

sudah

terjadi

yang

lebih

di

kenal

dengan past conditional atau conditional type 3.

1. Future Conditional ( Conditional Type 1 )

Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu mungkin terjadi di waktu mendatang ataupun
sekarang jika syarat atau kondisi terpenuhi. Conditional type 1 di bentuk oleh
rangkaian simple present sebagai sub clause dan simple future sebagai main
clause.

Rumus:

If + Subject + Present + Subject 2 + (Will,Can,May,Must) + V-1 ( Simple

Form)

Contoh:
If you come with me for joyride tonight, you will have a great fun.
If you dont have any money, you may borrow for me.

# if pada pola di atas dapat di lesapka / di hilangkan tanpa mengubah structure

polanya kedalam bentuk inversi:

Should + Subject + Simple Form + Subject 2 + ( Will,Can,May, Must ) + V-1

(Simple Form)

Contoh:
1.

If you come with me for joyride tonight, you will have a great fun =should
you come with me for joyride tonight, you will have a great fun

# untuk menyataka kebiasaan ( habitual ), pengunaan pola berikut :

If + Subject + Simple Present Tense.........+ Simpel
Present Tense

Contoh:
If The Doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in the
afternoon.

Untuk membuat kalimat perintah ( command ) pengunaan pola berikut :

If + Subject + Simple Present Tense.......+ Command
Form..

Contoh:
If you go the post office, please mail this letter for me.

2. Present Conditional ( Conditional Type 2 )

Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang ada /
terjadi sekarang atau belakangan ini.

Rumus:
If + Subject 1 + Simpel Past + Subject 2 + ( Would,Could,Might) +
V-1/Be

Contoh:
If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.

# if dengan mengunakan tobe were pada pola di atas dapat di lesapkan / di

hilangkan tanpa mengubah makna dengan mengubah structure polanya kedalam
bentuk inversi:
Were + Subject 1 + Adjecive, Adverb,Noun + Subject 2+Would,Could,Might +V1

Contoh:
He would tell you about it if he were here = were he here, he would tell you
about it.

3.

Past Conditional ( Conditional Type 3 )

Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang terjadi/
sesuatu yang sudah berlalu.

Rumus:
If + Subject 1 +Past Perfect + Subject 2 + Would,Could,Might+ Have
V3/ Been

Contoh:if
If I had known you were there, I would have written you a lettter.

# bentuk inversi ( pola tanpa if) untuk type ini adalah :

Had + Subject 1 + V-3/ Been + Subject 2 + Would,Could,Might + Have V3/Been

Contoh:
If I had known you were there,I would have written you a lettter.= Had I
known you were there, Iwould have written you a lettter.

Exercise I
Rubahlah kata kerja dalam kurung kedalam bentuk yang benar sesuai dengan
konteks atau pola conditional yang di berikan.
1.

If I were offered the job, I ..............( take )

2.

Im sure Tom lend you some money, I would be surprised if he ..........( refuse)

3.

Many people would be out of work if that factory .............( close ) down.

4.

They are expecting us. They will be disappointed if we ......( not come )

5.

Will Prabu be angry if I...............( take ) his bicycle withot asking.

Rubahlah conditional di bawah ini ke dalam bentuk inversinya.

1.

If you should see tom this afternoon, can you tell him to phone me?

2.

You would not be punished if you were honest.

3.

I would have been very grateful if you had sent me your brochure and price list
before yesterday.

4.

What will you do if you win a million pounds ?

5.

If I were her I would not lend any money to you.

Soal Soal Latihan Kompetensi Passive Voice

1.

A well-known architect is designing our new office.The passive form of the above
sentence is our new office..........by a well-known architect.

A. Designs

D. Is

Designed .

B.

Designed

E. Is being Designed

C.

Be Designing

2.

The stewardess is now serving coffee to the passengers. The passive form of the
above sentence is.............

A.

The pessengers are serving are serving coffee now.

B.

The pessengers are now served coffee.

C.

Coffee is now served by the pessengers.

D. Coffee is now being served to the pessengers.

E.

Coffee is now served to the pessengers.

3.

They think he is wealthy.

The passive form of the above sentence is.....

A. He is thought a wealthy man

B.

They are considered a wealthy man.

C.

They are thought he is a wealthy man.

D. He is thought to be a wealthy man.

E.

He is thought being a wealthy man..

4.

Every body belived that Gods brought them happiness.

We can also say:

A. It is belived that the gods brought them happiness.

B.

The gods were belived to have brought them happiness.

C.

That The Gods brought them happiness were belived by everybody.

D. The Gods were belived to bring them happiness.

E.

It was belived that the Gods have brought them happiness.

5.

Have you been informed about the exact number of victims of the airplane crash?
Yes .........to the headquarters of Garuda.

A. They are faxed

D. It has been faxed.

B.

Has faxed

E. We fax it.

C.

The victims fax

6.

You seem to waiting for something these days. Thats true Im waiting ..........for
an interview.

A. Called

C. Be called

B.

To call

D. Calling

7.

I am still waiting .....for an interview.

E. To be called.

A. To be called.

C. Be Calling

E. Called

B.

Be called

D. To call

8.

Why does the baby next-door keep crying?

As usual, it ...............by the baby sister.

A. Is necleting

D. Is to be necleted

B.

Is necleted

E. Is to neclet

C.

Neclets

9.

We called the committee to ask whether the copetation ......to begin that
afternoon.

A. Was scheduled

D. To be scheduled

B.

To scheduled

E. Was to schedul

C.

Was scheduling.

10. Bambang looks very happy today. Dont you know he ..........to general manager?
A. Has promoted

C.Has To Promote

B.

D. Has Been Promoted

To Be Promoted

keterangan- passive voice

Perhatikan proses cara merubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif.

1.

Simple present
Active: My Mother cooks the meal every day

Passive: The meal is cooked by My Mother.

2.

Present continuous
Active: My Mother is cooking the meal at the moment.

Passive: The meal is being cooked by Mother at the moment.

3.

Present perfect
Active: My mother has cooked the meal

Passive: The meal has been cooked by mother.

4.

Present perfect continuous

Active: My mother has been cooking The meal since I arrived.

Passive: The meal has been being cooked by mother since I arrived.
5.

Simple past
Active: My mother cooked The meal yesterday.

Passive: The meal

6.

was cooked by mother yesterday.

Past continuous
Active: My mother was cooking The meal when I arrived.

Passive: The meal

7.

was being cooked by mother when I arrived.

Past Perfect
Active: My mother had cooked The meal before the children came home from
school

Passive: The meal had been cooked by mother before the children came home
from school.
8.

Past Perfect continuous

Active: My mother had been cooking

The meal for an hour when father came

home from work.

Passive: The meal had been being cooked by mother for an hour when father
came home from work.
9.

Simple future
Active: My mother will cook The meal this afternoon.
Passive: The meal will be cooked by mother this afternoon.

10. Future continuous

Active: My mother will be cooking The meal at 4 this aftenoon.

Passive: The meal will be being cooked by mother at 4 this aftenoon.

11. Future Perfect.
Active: My mother will have cooked The meal when the children come home from
school this aftenoon.
Passive: The meal will have been cooked by mother the children come home
from school this aftenoon.
12. Future Perfect continuous.
Active: My mother will have been cooking for an hour when father comes home
from work this afternoon.
Passive: The meal will have been being cooked by My mother an hour when
father comes home from work this afternoon.

# Meskipun pasif future continuous ( will be being v-3 ) dan pasif present / past /
future perfect continuous ( have / has been being V-3/ will have been being V3, had
been being V3, / will have been being V-3) secara structural dapat di bentuk, namun
pengunaan ( language use ) teramat langkah.

Kalimat yang mengunakan modal

Active: we can solve the problem

Passive: The problem can be solved.

Kalimat dengan complement atau sub-clause.

Active: it is said that He is 108 years old.
Passive: He is said to be 108 years old.

Exercise :
Rubahlah kalimat berikut kedalam bentuk pasif.
1.

It said that many people are homeless after floods.

2.

It is known that the prime minister is in favor of the new law.

3.

It is expected that the goverment will lose the election.

4.

It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall.

5.

It is belive that the thives got the through the kitchen window.

6.

People say that arthur is very rich.

7.

People say that he has 22 children.

8.

The bill includes the service.

9.

People dont use this road very often.

10. The cancelled all the fights because of the fog.

PASSIVE VOICE

Kalimat passif adalah suatu kalimat di mana subject di kenakan tindakan /

pekerjaan / perbuatan, berbeda dengan kalimat aktif di mana subjectlah yang
melakukan perbuatan / pekerjaan / tindakkan.

Pola umum

To be + verb 3 (past
participle )

Secara umum kalimat pasif di bentuk oleh tobe yang di ikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk
ke 3. Perubahan dalam kalimat aktif menjadi pasif tidak mengubah tenses yang di
gunakan kalimat tersebut. Dengan kata lain tenses kalimat pasif akan mengikuti
pola pada kalimat aktifnya.
Terdapat beberapa hal yang harus di indahkan dalam mengubah pola aktif ke dalam
pasif antara lain:
Subject dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari object kalimat aktif.
Be....ing dalam kalimat aktif, menjadi being dalam bentuk pasifnya.
Tenses pada kalimat pasif mengikuti bentuk kalimat aktifnya.
Verb 3 pada kalimat pasif di bentuk verb pada kalimat aktifnya.
Hanya kalimat transitif- kalimat yang mengandung object yang bisa di rubah ke
dalam bentuk pasif dan atau kalimat pasif hanya berlaku bagi kata kerja transitif.
Kalimat pasif di gunakan tatkala ingin menonjol hasil tindakan dari pada pelaku
tindakan tersebut.

Rumus- rumus pola aktif pasif semua tense:

Present

Active

Passive

Simple

S + V-1 + O

S + Is , Am, Are + V-3

Sasa Writes A Letter

A Letter Is Written By Sasa

S+ Is, Am, Are+V-Ing

S+ Is, Am, Are+Being+ V-3

Sasa is writing a letter

A letter is being written by

Continuous

Sasa
Perfect

S+Have/Has+V-3
Sasa has written a letter

S + Have / Has + Been + V3

A letter has been written by
Sasa

Perfect Continuous

S + Have/Has+ been+V-Ing
Sasa has been writing a letter

S+Have/Has+Been+Being+V
-3
A

letter

has

been

being

written by Sasa

Past

Active

Passive

Simple

S+V-2+O

S+was/were+v-3

Sasa wrote a letter.

A letter was Written By Sasa

S+Was/Were+V-Ing

S+ Was/Were+Being+ V-3

Sasa was writing a letter.

A letter was being written by

Continuous

Sasa
Perfect

S+Had+V-3

S + Had+ Been + V-3

Sasa had written a letter

A letter had been written by

Sasa

Perfect Continuous

S + Had+been+V-Ing

S+Had+Been+Being+V-3

Sasa had been writing a letter

letter

had

been

being

written by Sasa

Future

Active

Passive

Simple

S+Will+V-1+O

S+Will+Be+V-3

Sasa will write a letter

A letter will be written by

sasa

Continuous

Perfect

S+Will+Be+V-Ing

S+Will+Be+Being+V-3

Sasa will be writing a

A letter will be written by

letter

Sasa

S+Will+Have+V-3

S+Will+Have+Been+V-3

Sasa will have written a A letter will have been

Perfect Continuous

letter

written by Sasa

S+Will+Have+Been+V-

S+Will+Have+Been+Bein

Ing

g+V-3

Sasa

will

have

been

writing a letter

A leter will have been

being written by Sasa

Past Future

Active

Passive

Past Future

S+Would+V-1+O

S+Would+Be+V-3

Sasa

Past Future Continuous

would

write

a A

letter

would

be

letter.

written by Sasa

S+Would+Be+V-Ing

S+Would+Be+Being+

Sasa would be writing

a letter.

V-3
A letter would be being
written by Sasa

Past Future Perfect

S+Would+Have+V-3
Sasa

would

have

written a letter

S+Would+Have+Been
+V-3
A letter would have
been written by Sasa.

Past

future

continuous

perfect S+Would
Have+Been+V-Ing
Sasa would have been
writting a letter.

S+Would
Have+Been+Being+V3
A letter would have
been being written by
Sasa

Soal- Soal Latihan Kompetensi Tenses

1.

I did not meet seanu when i visited him yesterday

Oh, he .........for singapore to see his parents.

A. Will leave

D. Had left

B.

Had left

E. Would leave

C.

Is leaving

2.

When did you take the academic writing course ?

Last year, after....................composition II.

A. Complete

D. Have Completed.

B.

Was completing

E. Had Completed.

C.

To complete

3.

As a student, i always had instant noodles for breakfast.

This means that I ......for breakfast.

A. Am having instant noodles.

B.

Like to have instant noodles.

C.

Am used to having instant noodles.

D. Heve instant noodles.

E.

Used to heve instant noodles.

4.

Several hotels in this region are closing down.

Thats because tourism itself....................since last year.

A. Is declining

D. Was declining

B.

Had declining

E. Has been declining

C.

Declined.

5.

The book that I.......in the classroom was found by Ali.

A. Had Left

C. Had been leaving

E. Would have left.

B.

Was leaving

D. Have Left

6.

Where is tanti?
I dont know, in fact I......any of our friends since I arrived.

A. Did not see

D. Do not see

B.

Was not seeing

E. Had not seen.

C.

Have not seen

7.

What are you looking for?

My wallet, I dont know where I......it.

A. Have been putting.

D. Was putting.

B.

Am putting.

E. Have put.

C.

Had put.

8.

Anwar was promoted president of your company last week, wasnt he?
Im glad he was , he ..............in this company for years.

A. Had worked

D. Would work

B.

Has been working

E. worked

C.

Was working

9.

Did you see the children when you came home home this afternoon?
No, they .....their teacher in priok.

A. Visited
B.

Had Visited

C.

To visit.

D. Were visiting.
E. Would have Visited

10. Could you tell your brother to meet me at the library tomorrow..?
Sure, I...........him?
A. Am telling

D. Will be telling

B.

Will tell

E. Would have told

C.

Be telling him

tenses-Future Perfect Continuous

1
S + Will / Shall + Have + Been
+ V-Ing

Pengunaan:
Pada dasarnya sama dengan future perfect, hanya saja tenses ini lebih menekankan
pada saat terjadinya peristiwa. Tenses ini umumnya mengisyaratkan suatu peristiwa
berdurasi di waktu mendatang.
Contoh:
1.

Exams will start in a week.

2.

i know, I will been living here for 10 years by the end of this year.

Diposkan 28th October 2012 oleh shasya

Label: english school

Tambahkan komentar
1.
OCT

28

tenses-Future Perfect Tense

S + Will / Shall +
Have + V-3

Pengunaan:
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan / aktifitas yang terjadi dan selesai pada saat
kegiatan lain berlangsung di waktu akan datang.
Contoh:
1.

By the time we come home, The boys will have finished their homework.

2.

I can lend you the book next week because by the time I will have finished reading
it.
By the end of this week, I will have been back from Malaysia

Diposkan 28th October 2012 oleh shasya

Label: english school

Tambahkan komentar
2.
OCT

28

tenses-Future continuous tense

Pola:

S + will / shall + be
+ v-ing

Pengunaan:
untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan sedang berlangsung di waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh:

1.

football begins at 5.30 and ends at 9.15. tom will be watching the match at 8.30.

2.

this time next week i will be sailing to netherland.

Diposkan 28th October 2012 oleh shasya

Label: english school

Tambahkan komentar
3.
OCT

28

tenses-Simple Future tense

Pola:

S + Will / Shall +
V-1
Atau

S + Is, Am, Are + Going

To + V-1

pengunaan
shall / will = bentuk akan yang tidak terencana, spontan akan terjadi bilamana suatu
kondisi tertentu terpenuhi.
To be going to = bentuk akan yang sudah terencana atau sudah pasti.
Contoh:
I shall meet you tomorrow.
I will go and shut it.

Diposkan 28th October 2012 oleh shasya

Label: english school

Tambahkan komentar
4.
OCT

28

tenses- past perfect continuous

Pola :

S + had + been +
v-ing

Pengunaan :
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang di mulai sebelum waktu pembicaraan pada
waktu lampau dan berjalan terus sampai waktu itu, atau baru saja selesai sebelum
orang itu berbicara. Tense ini umumnya menyatakan kegiatan / peristiwa berdurasi
di waktu lampau.
Contoh:
1.

Shasya had been living in bandung for ten years before she moved to boston.

Exercise 6:
Tentukan kata kerja dalam kurung apakah dalam bentuk past perfect continuous
atau past continuous berdasarkan konteks yang ada.
1.

Setiawan was on his hand and knees on the floor. He ...................( look ) for his
cigarette lighter.

2.

We ...................( walk ) along the road for about 20 minutes when a car stopped
and the driver offered us a lift.

3.

When i arrived, everyone was sitting round the table with their mouth full.
They.......................(eat).

4.

When i arrived, everyone was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouth were
empty but their stomachs were full. They ........................( eat ).

5.

When i arrived, ratu .....................( wait ) for me. She was rather annoyed with me
because i was late and she .................( wait ) for a very long time.

Diposkan 28th October 2012 oleh shasya

Label: english school

Tambahkan komentar
5.
OCT

28

tenses- past perfect

Pola:
S + HAD + V3

Pengunaan:
Menyatakan suatu kegiatan / tindakan yang terjadi sebelum kegiatan lain di waktu
lampau, biasanya ada dua atau lebih kegiatan yang beriringan.
Rumus:

S 1 + Past Perfect + Before + S 2 +

Past Simple.

Fini had gone the store before she went home.

Before + S 1 + Simple Past + S 2 +

Present Perfect

Before fini went to campus, she had had her breakfast.

AFTER + S 1 + Past Perfect + S 2 +

Simple Past

After fini had had her breakfast , she went to campus.

S 1+ Simple Past + After + S 2 + Past

Perfect

Fini went to campus after she had had her breakfast.

Exercise 5:
Tentukan kata kerja dalam kurung apakah dalam bentuk past perfect atau past
simple berdasarkan konteks yang ada.

1.

The house was very quite when i got home. Everybody............( go ) to bed.

2.

I felt very tired when i got home, so i ................( go ) straight to bed.

3.

Sory Im late. The car ................( broke ) down on my way there.

4.

There was a car by he side of he road. It ............( break ) down and the driver was
traying to repire it. So we.....( stop ) to see if we could help.

5.

Was prabu there when you arrived ? no, he .......( go ) home.

Diposkan 28th October 2012 oleh shasya

Label: english school

Tambahkan komentar
6.
OCT

28

tenses-Past Continuous

Pola :
S + WAS / WERE + Ving

Pengunaan :

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung di waktu lampau saat
kegiatan lain terjadi / menyelah.
Rumus :
WHEN + S-1 + SIMPLE PAST + S-2 + PAST CONTINUOUS
Atau
S-1 + PAST CONTINUOUS + WHEN + S-2 + SIMPLE PAST

Contoh:
When fini came home, nanang was watching tv.

Menyatakan dua kegiatan berlangsung bersamaan di waktu lampau.

Rumus:

S1 + PAST CONTINUOUS + WHILE + PAST CONTINUOUS

Atau
WHILE + S1 + PAST CONTINUOUS + S2 + PAST
CONTINUOUS

Contoh:
Fini was watching television while nanang was reading a book.

Atau ada kemungkinan pola berikut muncul:

WHILE + S + PAST CONTINUOUS + S-2 + SIMPLE

PAST

While harie was watching tv, setiawan read a book.

Menyatakan suatu tindakan yang sedang berlangsung pada suatu waktu spesifik di
masa lampau.
Contoh:
Sasa was watching tv at 7 last night.
Stative verb tidak di pergunakan dalam tense bentuk ini.

Exercise 4:
Tentukan kata kerja dalam kurung apakah dalam bentuk simple past atau past
continuous berdasarkan konteks yang ada.
1.

Prabu ...............( eat ) dinner when his friend called.

2.

While Sasa was cleaning the apartement, her husband .................( sleep ).

3.

At 3 oclock this morning, setiawan .....................( study ).

4.

When setiawan arrived, Amir ..............( have ) dinner, but they stopped in order to
talk to him.

5.

Faizal ......( go ) to France last year.

6.

When the teacher ...............( enter ) the room, the student were talking.

7.

While Shasya was wrting the report, Amir ...............( look ) for more information.

8.

We ...............( see ) this movie last night.

9.

At one time, Mr Faizal ...........................( own ) this bulding.

10. Djoko ................( write ) a letter to his family when his pencil ....................( break )

1. Tomorrow he .. go to campuss by car

a. Will c. is
b. Would d. are
Answer : a. will (simple future tense)
2. All students of gunadarma university semester 6, . Writing scientific research
A. Is c. was
b. Are d. have
Answer : c. was (past continous tense)
3. 2 days ago I .. scientific research
a. Were borrowed c. was borrowed
b. Were borrow d. will borrow
Answer : c. was borrow (simple past tense)
4. He wouldnt hiss notebook, because his bag full
a. Borrow, was c. borrow, is
b. Was, bring d. borrow, were

Answer : a. borrow, was (past perfect tense)

5. The students are . By the professor
a. Being, teach c. was, teach
b. Being tought d. was, tought
Answer : b. being, tought (present continous)
6. He has . The room
a. Clean c. cleaned
b. Clear d. cleans
Answer : c. cleaned (present perfect)
7. The secretary . The mail every morning
a. Open c. opened
b. Opens d. close
Answer : b. opens (simple present tense)
8. A test has been by HRD
a. Give c. given
b. Gave d. gived
Answer : c. given (present perfect)
9. The truck is being . By three man now
a. Loading c. loaded
b. Load d. lot
Answer : a. loading (present continous)
10. Someone .. service my computer next week
a. Would c. is
b. Will d. are
Answer : c. will (simple future tense)
11. Mr. postman the mail 2 days ago
a. Deliver c. delivers
b. Delivery d. delivered
Answer : d. delivered (simple past tense)
12 . famous artis paint Rossa picture?

a. Are c. were
b. Will d. was
Answer : b. will (simple future tense)
13 You. Him in that lobby yesterday
a. see c. saw
b. soon d. came
Answer : c. saw (simple past tense)
14. why you . Late Dani?
a. Come .c. out
b. Came d. into
Answer : b. came (simple past tense)
15. My parents are .. business trip now
a. Have c. having
b. Had d. has
Answer : c. having (present continous tense)

Essay
1. Doni had steal dinas car
1

Answer : 3. stolen (past perfect tense)

2. William shakespare has write many short stories
1234
Answer : 4. written (present perfect tense)
3. My friends and I had gone to Bali
1234
Answer : 2. have (present perfect tense)
4. My sister had be studying English for three month
1234
Answer : 2. has been (present perfect continuous tense)

5. The students have be done the test since 11 oclock

1234
Answer : 3. Been doing (present perfect continuous tense)
6. Rendy close the window five minutes ago
1234
Answer : 2. closed (simple past tense)
7. I were studying at my friends house
1234
Answer : 2. was (past continuous tense)
8. When I was walking to school, I meet Dian sastro
1234
Answer : 4. met (past continuous tense)
9. Didnt make noise, please! The baby is sleeping
1234
Answer : 1. Dont (simple present tense)
10. Tomy would be fourteen years old next year
1234
Answer : 2. will (simple future tense)

Soal Past Tense

TULISLAH KEMBALI KALIMAT-KALIMAT DI BAWAH INI
1. I (goes /went / gone / ) to the mall after school.
2. My brother ( seen / saw/ sees) a bear an hour ago.
3. (Did /Are /Does ) Mike visit his grandmother last night?
4. Alex did not ( work/ worked /working )_last weekend.
5. (Was / Were / Are )Judy and Liz at last months meeting?
6. We (were / was/ did ) not happy after the sad ending.
7. (Are/ Did / Do ) you see Jodys new dog yesterday?
8. Sorry, I (wasnt / didnt? am not ) hear you at the door.
9. I ( studying/ study / studied) English for two years.

10. What (do/ did/ were) you eat for lunch yesterday?

Simple Past
Simple Past Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu
lampau dan tidak ada hubungan sama sekali dengan masa sekarang.
Rumus :
1.

Pattern A (Kalimat Nominal)

S+To Be (was,were)+Non Verb+.....

You/They/We+ To Be (were)
I/He/She/It+To Be (was)
2.

Pattern B (Kalimat Verbal)

S+Verb II+....
I/You/We/They/He/She/It+Verb II
I.

Simple Past Tense :

1)

They ___ to Jakarta last night

a)

Go

b)

Went

2)

I ___in Bali last night

a)

Was

c) Are

b)

Were

d) Am

3)

___ Arief watch TV last Sunday?

a)

Did

c) Does

b)

Do

d) Dont

4)

He ___ to school yesterday

a)

Walking

c) Walked

b)

Walk

d) Walks

5)

Maria ___ her homework ___

a)

Doesnt & Tonight

b)

Did & Last night

6)

I (go /went / gone / ) to the mall after school.

c) Going
d) Goes

c) Didnt & Now

d) Do & Yesterday

7)

My brother ( seen / saw/ see) a bear an hour ago.

8)

(Did /Are /Does ) Mike visit his grandmother last night?

9)

Alex did not ( work/ worked /working ) last weekend.

10) (Was / Were / Are )Judy and Liz at last months meeting?
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense ialah suatu bentuk kalimat yang menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah dikerjakan
(pada waktu lampau) dan telah selesai pada waktu sekarang. Masa lampau bisa sekarang, tadi, kemarin,
minggu lalu, bulan lalu, tahun lalu, dan sebagainya.
a.
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan
masih ada hubungannya dengan saat sekarang.
b.

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang telah terjadi.

c.
Digunakan untun menunjukkan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan ulangan yang waktunya tidak
tertentu. Dalam hal ini sering memakai kata-kata ever,never,before,already.
d. Digunakan untuk mengajukan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang selesai pada waktu yang singkat.
Untuk itu sering dipakai kata-kata seperti at,last,finally,just,recently.

II.

Present Perfect Tense

1)

I ___ in Bali before

a)

Have been

b)

Had been

2)

___English since three ago

a)

I have teach

b)

I having teaching

c)

I have taught

c) Having been
d) Ever had

d)

I had taught

3)

John ___ in the same house since 1962

a)

Has lived

b)

Had live

4)

Have you ___ your bread

a)

Eaten

b)

Ate

c)

Eating

d)

Was eat

c) Having live
d) Have living

5)

We ___ our report

a)

Have already written

b)

Had already writting

c)

Having already written

d)

Has already Written

6)

7)

I thinkI

8)

There

9)

People

10) People

that movie twenty times. ( have seen )

him once before. ( have met )
many earthquakes in California.( have been )
to the Moon. ( have traveled )
to Mars. ( have not traveled )

Active & Passive Voice

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat
pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active
voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun
demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan
tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang
lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
Berdasarkan contoh di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier

1)

She buys a book

a)

A book is bought by her

b)

An book is bought by her

c)

A book is buy by her

d)

An book is buying by her

2)

She eats an apple

a)

An apple is eat by her

b)

A apple is eating by her

c)

An apple is eaten by her

d)

A apple is eat by her

3)

They played football

a)

Football was played by them

b)

Football are playing by them

c)

Football was playing by them

d)

Football are play by them

4)

He brings some book

a)

Some book are brought by him

b)

Are book was buy by him

c)

An book was buying by him

d)

Some book was buy by him

5)

I finished my home work just now ( Active )

My homework was finished just now by me ( Passive)

6)

They kill the dogs ( Active )

The dogs were killed by them ( Passive )

7)

He doesnt do his assignment ( Active )

His Assigment isnt done him ( Passive )

8)

I read a news paper everymorning (Active)

A news paper is read by me ( Passive )

9)

He sold his car (Active )

His car sold by him ( Passive )

10) Father buys a news house ( Active )

A new house is bought by father ( Passive )

Question Tags

Question tags adalah pertanyaan singkat yang diikutkan pada akhir sebuah kalimat untuk membuat
pertanyaan. Contoh:

Kalimat:- She speaks English.

Pertanyaan:- Does she speak English?
Question Tag:- She speaks English, doesnt she?
Bentuk
Question tag dibentuk dari sebuah kata kerja bantu dan subjek. Jika kalimat positif, kita biasanya
menggunakan tag negatif, contoh:

Thats a great song, isnt it?

Shes a lawyer, isnt she?

Jika kalimat negatif, kita gunakan tag positif. Contoh:

Youre not busy, are you?

This way isnt right, is it?

Kata kerja bantu dan subjek dalam question tag sesuai dengan yang terdapat pada kalimat utama. Hanya
bentuk positif dan negatifnya yang berubah. Contoh:
He can play the trumpet, cant he?

You havent finished yet, have you?

Pada kalimat diatas subjek diberi warna biru, dan kata kerja bantu warna hijau. Yang mengalami
perubahan hanya bagian dari pertanyaan yang positif atau negatif.

Positive Tag: MODAL + SUBJECT ?

Negative Tag: MODAL + NOT + SUBJECT ?
1.

Handy likes swimming, ..?

Jawaban : doesnt he
2.

Im your best friend, ..?

Jawaban: arent I
3.

They work in our factory, ..?

Jawaban: dont they

4.

The boys know Mrs. Lynns address, .?

Jawaban: dont they

5.

The man sells fruits, .?

Jawaban: doesnt he
6.

We met them last night, .?

Jawaban: didnt we
7.

You can handle it, .?

Jawaban: cant you

8.

Your sister has a cute cat, .?

Jawaban: doesnt she

9.

The tigers eat meat, ..?

Jawaban: dont they

10. I have invited you, .?
Jawaban: havent I
Modal Auxiliaries
Modal Auxiliaries adalah kata kerja bantu seperti akan, mungkin, bisa, dapat, harus, akan, digunakan
untuk, perlu digunakan dalam hubungannya dengan kata kerja utama untuk mengekspresikan nuansa
waktu dan suasana hati. Kombinasi membantu verba dengan verba utama menciptakan apa yang disebut
frasa verba atau kata kerja string.Kata kerja jenis ini adalah kata kerja yang membantu verbs (kata kerja)
menyatakan beberapa arti seperti KEWAJIBAN, KEMUNGKINAN, IJIN, KEMAMPUAN (sesuatu yang
merupakan keharusan)
Modals :
- Must

= Harus

- Can , Could = Akan

- Will, Would = Akan
- Shall, Should = Akan
- May, Might
- Ought to

= Mungkin
= Seharusnya

POLA MODAL AUXILIARIES :

* ( ? ) MODAL + S + V1
Can she do the test?
Will we go to the hospital?
* ( + ) S + MODAL + V1
She can do the test.
We will go to the hospital
* ( ) S + MODAL NOT + V1
She cant do the test.
We will not go to the hospital.
* ( ? ) MODAL + S + V1
Can she do the test?
Will we go to the hospital?

Exercise :
1. I dont have enough money to buy lunch. ____ you lend me a couple of dollars?
A. Could
B. May
C. Shall
2. That ice is dangerously thin now. You ____ go ice-skating today.
A. Might not
B. Would mind not to
C. Mustnt
3. Its way past my bedtime and Im really tired. I ____ go to bed.
A. Should
B. Would
C. Could
4. He ____ have committed this crime. He wasnt even in the city that night.
A. Shouldn`t
B. Might
C. Couldnt
5. You seem to be having trouble there. ____I help you?
A. Would
B. Will
C. Shall
6. Teddy got a bed score for his examination, ____study hard for next
A. Should have studied B. Could have studied

C. Might have studied

7. My father ____ play guitar when he was child

A. Shall

B. Can

C. Could

8. I have been invited my friends to come, They

A. Would
9. The sky so dark, it
A. May

B. Could

C. Should

be rain
B. Might

10. There`s a baby area, you

A. Ought to

be there tomorrow

B. Must not

C. Should
smoke here.
C. Should not

CREATE A