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Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 11381146

A novel power swing blocking scheme

using adaptive neuro-fuzzy
inference system
Hassan Khorashadi Zadeh , Zuyi Li
Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
3301 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616, United States
Received 4 January 2007; received in revised form 18 September 2007; accepted 21 September 2007
Available online 19 November 2007

Abstract
A power swing may be caused by any sudden change in the configuration or the loading of an electrical network. During a power swing, the
impedance locus moves along an impedance circle with possible encroachment into the distance relay zone, which may cause an unnecessary
tripping. In order to prevent the distance relay from tripping under such condition, a novel power swing blocking (PSB) scheme is proposed in this
paper. The proposed scheme uses an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) for preventing distance relay from tripping during power
swings. The input signals to ANFIS, include the change of positive sequence impedance, positive and negative sequence currents, and power swing
center voltage. Extensive tests show that the proposed PSB has two distinct features that are advantageous over existing schemes. The first is that
the proposed scheme is able to detect various kinds of power swings thus block distance relays during power swings, even if the power swings
are fast or the power swings occur during single pole open conditions. The second distinct feature is that the proposed scheme is able to clear the
blocking if faults occur within the relay trip zone during power swings, even if the faults are high resistance faults, or the faults occur at the power
swing center, or the faults occur when the power angle is close to 180 .
2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Power swing; Distance protection; Fuzzy logic

1. Introduction
Distance relays, which respond to changes in impedance,
will be affected by system power swings. These swings or
oscillations occur following a system disturbance such as load
change or fault clearance. As the generators attempt to find a
stable operating angle relative to each other, they overshoot
the fault position and continue to oscillate until steady state
is achieved. The extent of the oscillation depends upon the
severity of the disturbance and the characteristics of the system. The oscillation rate is determined by the inertia of the
system and impedances between different generators. When the
generators at both ends of a line protected by distance relays
oscillate, the impedance seen by the relays varies along some
locus. This locus can enter the characteristics of distance relays,

Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 3125196975.

E-mail address: hkhorash@iit.edu (H.K. Zadeh).

0378-7796/$ see front matter 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2007.09.007

and cause the relays to trip if additional steps are not taken
[1].
When a power swing occurs, a change appears in the relative
voltage phase angle (i.e., power angle) between two groups of
generators. At a relay location, the measurable electrical quantities of voltage, current, apparent impedance, active power, and
reactive power will then vary as a function of this angle. When
a fault occurs, however, these quantities change abruptly. Such
behaviors are used in conventional power swing blocking (PSB)
devices as criteria to block or unblock the tripping [24]. However, the conventional power swing schemes have the following
problems:
They are not able to detect very fast power swings.
They are not able to distinguish faults with high grounding
resistance from power swings.
They are not able to clear the blocking of distance relay for
symmetrical faults that occur during power swings.

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1139

They are not able to operate for a power swing during single
pole open condition.
Some of the existing PSB schemes are surveyed as follows.
In [5], the author uses a dual criterion based on the derivative of
measured resistance with respect to time to distinguish short circuit faults from power swings. However, it is difficult to choose
the setting value for the derivative of the resistance since it is
very small. In addition, the scheme may fail to trip high resistance short circuit faults that occur during power swings. Ref. [6]
presents an algorithm that is able to detect very fast power swings
(with a swing frequency of 5 Hz or higher). The algorithm also
attempts to immediately clear the blocking when a fault occurs.
However, the block clearing principle cannot function accurately
when the phase angle of relay voltage is close to 0 or 180 . Even
though the duration of this period is very short, the relay may
still malfunction if a fault occurs during this period. Some power
swing detectors are based on the superimposed components of
current or the change rate of measured impedance [7]. Although
these detectors are fast, they cannot operate for those faults with
very small superimposed components of currents. One example
is when the faults occur at the power swing center and when
the power angle is close to 180 . The detector proposed in [8]
is based on the discontinuity of the power swing center voltage (PSCV). However, this detector cannot detect the faults that
occur when the power angle is close to 180 , since those faults
cannot cause enough discontinuity of PSCV. Ref. [9] presents
two methods, one of which utilizes two impedance relays with
concentric circle characteristics and the other utilizes PSCV to
realize the swing blocking. The methods can effectively distinguish power swings from short circuit faults and trip faults with
a minimum actual delay depending on the fault occurrence time
and the actual swing frequency. These methods are very fast but
cannot distinguish high resistance faults from power swings.
Protection relaying is just as much a candidate for the application of pattern recognition. The majority of power system
protection techniques are involved in defining the system state
through identifying the pattern of the associated voltage and
current waveforms measured at the relay location. This means
that the development of adaptive protection can be essentially
treated as a problem of pattern recognition or classification, in
which artificial intelligences (AIs) are powerful. AIs possess
excellent features such as generalization capability, noise immunity, robustness, and fault tolerance. Consequently, the decision
made by an AI-based relay will not be seriously affected by
variations in system parameters. AI-based techniques have been
used in power system protection and encouraging results have
been obtained [1015].
In this paper, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS) approach is used as pattern classifier for detecting
power swings and a very accurate PSB scheme is designed. It
will be shown that with appropriate choice of input signals, the
ANFIS-based PSB scheme can be both reliable and accurate.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II
presents the proposed PSB scheme with emphasis on the choice
of input signals to ANFIS. The proposed scheme is tested in
Section III to evaluate its ability to detect power swings under

Fig. 1. Structure of the proposed power swing blocking scheme.

various conditions and to clear blocking during power swings if

faults occur. Section IV concludes this paper.
2. Design of the proposed ANFIS based power swing
blocking scheme
The block diagram of the proposed ANFIS-based PSB
scheme is shown in Fig. 1. The details are discussed as follows.
2.1. Data pre-processing
Fig. 2 illustrates the procedure of data pre-processing, where
input patterns to ANFIS are three-phase voltages and currents
at the relay location. These samples are first processed by 2nd
order low pass anti-aliasing filters, which have a cut-off frequency of 400 Hz, and are then sampled at 1 kHz. A two-sample
FIR digital filter removes the dc component, which enhances the
training capabilities of the ANFIS. Next the full cycle discrete
Fourier transform (DFT) algorithm is applied to obtain the phasors (including magnitudes and angles) of voltage and current
signals.
2.2. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
This section reviews the structure of the ANFIS, on which
the proposed PSB scheme is based. A fuzzy logic system (FLS)
can be viewed as a non-linear mapping from the input space
to the output space. In general, an FLS consists of five main
components: fuzzy sets, fuzzifiers, fuzzy rules, an inference

Fig. 2. Pre-processing of input signals.

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Fig. 5. An example of phase A current for a power swing caused by a three-phase

fault at line AB (circuit 2) at 140 km from the relay location (bus A).

Fig. 3. Illustration of a neuro-fuzzy inference system.

engine, and defuzzifiers [16,17]. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy networks

are enhanced FLSs with learning, generalization, and adaptivity capabilities. These networks encode the fuzzy if-then rules
into a neural network-like structure and then use appropriate
learning algorithms to minimize the output error based on the
training/validation data sets. There are a number of methods to
develop adaptive fuzzy networks, one of which is ANFIS.
Fig. 3 shows the architecture of a neuro-fuzzy network with
four layers. Inputs are passed to the input layer nodes. In the
fuzzification layer, each node represents a membership function.
Nodes in the third layer perform the product operations. In the
defuzzification layer, the nodes perform defuzzification to obtain
numerical output. A detailed description of neuro-fuzzy systems
can be found in [18].
2.3. ANFIS input
One of the keys to the success of any ANFIS application is
the choice of input signals. Since power swings are character-

Fig. 4. Power system model for simulating power swings.

ized by slow variation of currents, voltages, and impedances,

it is very natural to use the change rates of currents, voltages,
and/or impedances as inputs to ANFIS for identifying power
swings. We have chosen the change rates of the positive sequence
impedance, the positive and negative sequence current, and the
power swing center voltage as input signals to ANFIS.
Mathematically, in the proposed scheme, inputs to the ANFIS
are based on the combination of different measured quantities
using Eqs. (1)(4)
p (n) Z
p (n N)|
Zp = |Z

(1)

Ip = |Ip (n) Ip (n N)|

(2)

In = |In (n) In (n N)|

(3)

VPSC = |VPSC (n) VPSC (n N)|

(4)

where n is the sample index and N is the number of samples per

cycle, Zp , Ip , In , and VPSC correspond to the calculated
positive sequence impedance, the positive and negative sequence
currents, and the power swing center voltage, respectively. For
better performance, inputs are scaled to have a maximum value
of 1 and a minimum value of 0.

Fig. 6. An example of phase A voltage for a power swing caused by a three-phase

fault at line AB (circuit 2) at 140 km from the relay location (bus A).

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1141

Table 1
Patterns generation
Condition

Slow and fast power swing with and without faults, different faults without power swing
(single phase to ground, phase-to-phase to ground, phase-to-phase, three-phase)

Fault location (km)

Inception angle (degree)
Fault resistance ()
Source impedance ratio

25, 50, 70, 75, 79, 80, 81, 85, 90, 95

Different values between 0 and 360
Different values between 0 and 100
Different values between 0.1 and 30

p is calculated based on preprocessed phasors of voltages

Z
and currents.
p (n) =
Z

V p (n)
Ip (n)

(5)

where V p and Ip are the positive sequence of voltage and current

phasors at the relay location, respectively.
The point where the voltage is the lowest in the system during
power swing is power swing center, and the voltage of which
is power swing center voltage (PSCV, VPSC ) [9]. For accurate
calculation of VPSC , it is necessary to know voltages at both
buses of the protected line. However, voltage at the other end of
the line is generally unknown to the relay. An approximation of
the PSCV can be obtained through the use of locally available
quantities as follows:
VPSC |Vs | cos

(6)

where |VS | is the magnitude of locally measured voltage (VS ),

and is the angle difference between VS and the locally measured current.
2.4. ANFIS output and power swing blocking
The ANFIS has one node in the output layer with output from 0 to 1. For the purpose of classification, any
case with an output less than the pre-specified threshold
value of 0.5 is classified as no power swing case, thus
no blocking signal is produced. Otherwise, the case is rec-

Fig. 7. The PSB output for a power swing with fsm = 5 Hz.

ognized as power swing case and a blocking signal is

produced.
3. Test of the proposed ANFIS based power swing
blocking scheme
The proposed ANFIS-based PSB scheme is extensively
tested under various conditions. For the studies performed,
the proposed PSB scheme is able to correctly classify different kinds of conditions and determine the existence of power
swings. The simulation of power swing, and the training and
testing of the ANFIS-based PSB scheme are discussed as
follows.
3.1. Power swing simulation and pattern generation
Using an electro-magnetic transient program EMTDC [19],
a multi-machine three phase 230 kV power system has been
simulated for the study of power swings in transmission line
protection. The one-line diagram of the system in study is shown
in Fig. 4. In this paper, we consider a distance relay installed on
line AB (circuit 1), the length of which is 200 km.
An example of power swing is shown in Figs. 5 and 6. The
power swing is caused by a three-phase fault at line AB (circuit
2) at 140 km from the relay location (bus A). The fault starts at
1.72 s and clears at 1.8 s. The initial power angle at bus A is 20
and Pg1 = 0.8 (Pu), Pg2 = 0.5, Pg3 = 0.9, and Pg4 = 0.7. Fig. 5
shows that during this power swing, the oscillation of current is

Fig. 8. The PSB output for a power swing with fsm = 0.2 Hz and a three-phase
fault t = 280 ms.

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Table 2
Test results for different power swings
fsm (Hz)

(degree)

Fuzzy PSB output

Conventional PSB output

0.1
1
2
2
5
2
5
3
4
0.2
0.3
1
3
4

0
10
10
5
10
20
10
10
20
5
5
10
10
0

Block
Block
Block
Block
Block
Block
Block
Block
Block
Block
Block
Block
Block
Block

Block
Block
Block
Block

Block
Block
Block

fsm: maximum slip frequency, : initial power angle.

Fig. 9. Impedance-based power swing detection scheme.

output linear functions (consequent parameters). The parameters are obtained using the ANFIS learning algorithm, which is
a hybrid algorithm based on gradient descent and least-square
estimate.

very large, while the oscillation of voltage is relatively small, as

shown in Fig. 6.
For the application of ANFIS, different system conditions
are simulated for pattern generation. As shown in Table 1, different power swings (slow or fast) with and without faults are
simulated. Power swings are caused by disturbances such as
line fault, load changing, and line switching outside of line
AB. Different slip frequencies are simulated by changing various parameters, such as fault clearance times, fault types, and
fault locations. Different types of faults without power swing
are simulated. Fault location, fault inception time, and load
angle are changed to obtain patterns covering a wide range of
system conditions. Single-pole open conditions are also considered.

3.3. Initial tests

For the purpose of testing, a data set consisting of different
power swing scenarios is considered. The patterns in the testing data set are different from those used to train the network.
Many factors are changed to investigate their impacts on the
performance of the proposed scheme, including fault type, fault
location, fault inception time, source impedance, pre-fault power
flow direction, and power swings with different oscillation frequencies and load angles.
Figs. 7 and 8 show the output of the proposed PSB scheme
for two disturbances with different power system conditions. For
both cases, the PSB output is shown for the first 150 ms after the
first fault clearance.
Fig. 7 shows R and X seen by distance relay and the PSB
output for a power swing with a maximum slip frequency (fsm)
of 5 Hz. This power swing has been caused by a fault at 50 km
from bus A at line AB (circuit 2). The fault starts at 100 ms
and clears at 400 ms. As shown in Fig. 7, the PSB is able to
respond to this very fast power swing correctly in a timely

3.2. ANFIS training

In the proposed PSB scheme, ANFIS is chosen to train a data
set obtained from the simulation, which consists of over 12,000
training patterns. MATLAB has been used to train ANFIS
module. The ANFIS approach uses Gaussian membership functions for fuzzy sets, linear functions for the rule outputs, and
Sugenos inference mechanism [20,21]. The parameters of the
network are the mean and standard deviation of the membership
functions (antecedent parameters) and the coefficients of the
Table 3
Test results for different three-phase faults during power swings
fsm (Hz)
0.1
1
2
3
5
2
5
3
4

(degree)
60
180
100
0
130
180
90
180
60

Fault location (km)

80
40
150
100
85
170
110 (PSC)
90
110 (PSC)

(degree)
30
270
270
90
90
60
90
210
90

fsm: maximum slip frequency, : initial power angle, : fault inception angle, PSC: power swing center.

Fuzzy PSB output

Conventional PSB output

Reset
Reset
Reset
Reset
Reset
Reset
Reset
Reset
Reset

Block
Block
Block
Block
Block
Block
Block
Block
Block

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1143

Table 4
Test results for earth faults with high fault resistance
Rf ()

(degree)

Fuzzy PSB output

Conventional PSB output

100
100
90
80
100
120
110
70
95

0
45
30
45
60
0
60
30
45

Block
Block

Block
Block
Block

Block

Rf : fault resistance, : fault inception angle.

Fig. 10. The PSB output for a power swing during phase A opening with
fsm = 0.2 Hz and a BG fault at t = 390 ms.

fashion, and the output remains stable after the power swing
is identified. Fig. 8 shows R and X seen by distance relay and
the PSB output for a power swing with fsm = 0.2 Hz. The power
swing is caused by a three-phase fault at line CB. A three-phase
fault is then applied to line AB (circuit 1) at t = 280 ms. As
shown in Fig. 8, the PSB output decreases to zero after the second fault occurs. Therefore, the relay will reset in response to
an internal three-phase fault during a power swing. Results in
Figs. 7 and 8 show that the proposed PSB scheme is accurate
and reliable.
3.4. Comparison with conventional power swing blocking
The conventional PSB schemes often utilize an impedancebased method due to the fact that the impedance locus changes
slower during a power swing than when a fault occurs. MHO
power swing detection is one of the conventional PSB schemes
and used in this paper for comparing the ANFIS-based PSB
scheme with the conventional PSB schemes.

Fig. 9 shows the characteristics of the MHO power swing

detection scheme, which consists of two concentric MHO characteristics. The outer is an offset MHO characteristics produced
by a separate phase-to-phase comparator. The inner characteristics are for the third zone of the distance relay. The operation
criterion for MHO protection is based on the time taken for the
impedance locus to pass through the area between the two MHO
characteristics. When a fault occurs, the impedance locus moves
instantaneously from the load position (outside the outer MHO
characteristics ZPSB ) to the fault position (inside the inner MHO
characteristics zone 3), and there will be no blocking. During a
power swing, however, the locus moves much slower, at a speed
determined by the inertia of the system. And if the time taken
to travel between the outer and the inner characteristics exceeds
certain limit, 40 ms for instance, the PSB unit will operate and
no tripping signals will be issued.
To compare the behavior of the proposed scheme and the
conventional MHO scheme, the responses of both schemes are

Fig. 11. The distance relay structure.

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H.K. Zadeh, Z. Li / Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 11381146

Fig. 12. One-line diagram of a six-bus transmission network.

Fig. 13. Impedance seen by distance relay for disturbance in line DT.

obtained for different power swings with and without the presence of fault.
3.4.1. Power swings with different slip frequencies
Table 2 shows the test results of the two schemes during power
swings with different slip frequencies and initial power angles.
As shown in Table 2, the proposed scheme is able to operate
for all conditions but the MHO scheme is unable to detect fast
power swings.
3.4.2. Faults during power swings
Table 3 shows the test results of the proposed scheme and
the MHO scheme for different three-phase faults during power
swings with different conditions. The power swing center is at
line AB (circuit 1) and 110 km from the relay location under
the testing condition. Table 3 shows that the proposed scheme
is always able to detect faults during power swings at different
conditions, while the MHO scheme does not reset for any cases
and the distance relay remains blocked. It should be pointed out
that the proposed scheme can even detect faults that occur at the
power swing center or faults that occur while the power angle is
180 .
3.4.3. High resistance faults during power swings
Table 4 shows the test results of both schemes for different
earth faults with high fault resistance. It is shown that the MHO
scheme blocks some earth faults but the proposed scheme does
not block under any conditions.
The above studies show that the proposed scheme is better
than the conventional MHO scheme in the detection of power
swings and faults during power swing and the stability for high
resistance faults.

distance elements still in-service should be blocked by the PSB

logic if a power swing develops during the single pole open
period, and trip if a fault occurs in another phase during the power
swing. Disabling the PSB function during the single pole open
period is not desirable. If PSB function is inhibited due to an open
pole, undesired tripping can occur if an ensuing swing enters
the operating characteristics of the phase or ground distance
elements for the two remaining phases [22].
Fig. 10 shows the PSB output for a power swing during single
pole opening with fsm = 0.2 Hz and a BG fault at t = 390 ms. As
shown in Fig. 10, the PSB output decreases to zero after the fault
occurs, which means that the blocked relay resets in response to
a fault that occurs during a power swing.
3.6. Additional tests for performance studies
The proposed PSB scheme is further tested for a softwaresimulated distance relay. The block diagram of the distance relay
approach is shown in Fig. 11. Three-phase voltage and current
input signals are preprocessed by a pre-processing module similar to that in Fig. 2. A DFT algorithm is used to obtain the voltage
and current phasors, the magnitudes of which are entered into
six impedance-measuring units and a power swing blocking unit.

3.5. Detection of power swings during a single pole

conditions
A power swing could occur after a single pole trip in weak
areas of the power system. Detection of a power swing during
the single pole open period is more difficult than during other
conditions since unbalance is present and power flows through
the two unfaulted phases. Following a single pole trip, distance
relays should properly distinguish between a power swing and a
fault during the single pole open period. The phase and ground

Fig. 14. Outputs of PSB and distance relay for disturbance caused by fault F in
line DT.

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1145

Fig. 15. Disturbances F1 in line DT (10 ms) and F2 in line ST (620 ms).

The logic unit issues suitable order based on results from phase
selection, power swing blocking unit, and impedance measuring
units.
The proposed PSB scheme has been tested for several multimachine systems, one of which is shown in Fig. 12. A relay is
installed in line ST at bus S. An external fault F occurs at 10 ms
and clears at 400 ms. The first and second zone of distance relay
and impedance measured by the relay are shown in Fig. 13.
The fault falls into the second zone of distance relay (point F).
The clearance of fault F causes a power swing. After the fault
clearance (point C) the impedance locus moves from path 1 to
path 2.
Fig. 14 shows the output of the proposed PSB scheme and the
output of the AB measuring unit of the distance relay (zone 1 and
2) for the above disturbance. The output of PSB is 0 before fault
clearance (400 ms), but changes to 1 when it detects a power
swing about 80 ms after the fault clearances. The AB unit of the
distance relay is 0 for 110 ms after the fault clearance, and then
changes to 1 again. The distance relay would have operated if
there were no PSB unit. Therefore, this PSB unit increases the
security of power system protection.
Fig. 15 shows another scenario of the previous network,
where an internal fault F2 occurs in line ST during a power
swing caused by an external fault F1 that occurs in line DT.
Fig. 16 shows the impedance loci in RX diagram. The output of the proposed PSB scheme and the output of the AB

Fig. 17. Outputs of PSB and distance relay for disturbances caused by faults F1
and F2.

measuring unit of the distance relay for this disturbance are

shown in Fig. 17. The output of the PSB unit becomes 0 after
the occurrence of fault F2. Therefore, the distance relay is
able to operate for fault F2 without being blocked by the PSB
unit.
4. Conclusions
This paper presents a new scheme to detect power swing using
adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. The performance of the
proposed scheme is investigated through simulation studies for
different system parameters and conditions. Various test results
show that
- The proposed scheme can detect different power swings and
block distance relay from tripping during power swings. This
is also applicable to power swings with high swing frequencies.
- The proposed scheme can detect faults during power swings.
This is also applicable to faults that occur at power swing
center and faults that occur when the power angle is 180 .
- The proposed scheme can clear the blocking if faults occur
during a power swing.
- The proposed scheme is stable for high resistance faults.
- The proposed scheme can operate during single-pole open
conditions. It can also reset in response to a fault that occurs
during a power swing with single-pole open condition.
The success of the proposed scheme can be attributed to the
facts that appropriate input signals are chosen and ANFIS-based
approach is capable of correctly identifying different patterns.
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Fig. 16. Impedance seen by distance relay for disturbances in line DT and line
ST.

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