Estate sys: where member states are mutually dependant on each other.

STATE SYS: earlr it was confined to only eurpoe. It latr spread to rest of the world
through
1. Colonization thus estate sysy becomes a global phen by a link between paren
ans satellite state
2. Decolonization when cntries got independencies
Atantic charter- colonies having righ to self deteremination and hence
colonies must be set free.- this is also a cause for Indias freedom- this decol
resulted in for o f modern nation states.
Cuases of changes in estate sys
1. International trade: jan 1 1995 after urugauy round of talks GATT becomes
WTO. This diluted national borders and national soverignity
Most favored nation status
2. FDI: because of positive sum game, fdi is accepted well.
3. MNCs &Ngos: pressure of ngoson state by say giving statics of human rights
violtion and dependin on the violation reducing the grants(amnesty), or by
launchin campaigns(greenpeac)
4. Travel & Tourism: cultural mix ppl more aware and thus chage in policy
matters. Preconceivd notions may change. Then tourist economy boost
5. IT & Science and Tech.: world shrink, jobs vanishing (outsourcing acc obama)
and jobs being created.
Interisciplinary Approach:
1. Pol sc: ir is part of pol sc,
2. History: ir deals with theories and history with facts which has to be read
together
3. Law: conventions treaties
4. Eco- int trade aspects
5. Sociology: behavioralism of ir can be understtod if sociology and psychology
learnt
6. Statistic & maths
How ir evolved as a discipline: merged in 19 th c from diplomatic history, diplomatic
history is just facts, ir to analyse and explain diplo histry with theories
Scope of ir: 1950s-80s cold war: it was then ir evolved. So focus o f ir was on the
two super power, their diplomats, movements, milita etc
In 1983 there is radical change to scope of ir: ussr dissolved, only one superpowerus
1990- major area of focus of ir was ethnic conflicts, regional conflicst,
liberalaisation, privatization and globalization.

2000 shift to lookin international terrorsim as Islamic terrorism and national

security as a result of 9/11

9/1
Actors in IR
State:

Government & State Head

Armed Forces
Intelligence Agencies- cia v ksb, to overthrow government.
Diplomats
Bureaucracy

Substate:

Media & Press- forma liaison between government and the people, not part
of or owned by government
Academicians- think tanks
Public opinion

Non State:

International Organisations like UNO

MNCs, <-> Investors
NGOS
Terrorists

Issues that are dominant in International Relations:

Environment
Terrorism
International trade & increasing economic interdependance
Human rights
Gender Equality
Development

IR Theories:
1. Liberalism
Woodrow Wilson- he was instrumental in the formation of League of Nations
He is the propounder of Liberalism in the 20 th Century
His 14 points are: (Wilsonian Liberalism)
End to Secret Diplomacy-this is one reaon for 1 st world warin the
European continent

Promotion of democracy and self determination- ppl hav rit to choose

under which territorial entity that they want to be in. thist doctrine lead
to signin of the Atlantic charter, and freeing of colonies and also
formation of Yugoslavia. Also a part of the Un Charter
Respect for International Law and International Organisations. Non
respect can create anarchy- this lead to the formation of League of
nations
Peaceful co-existance
World peace

League of nations was brainchild of Wilson, but America was never a part
of it
Norman Angle:
Why conquests are unnecessary and why war is obsolete.

Very expensive
Destroys trade and commerce- business can only flourish if there is peacelook at jains
Politically divisive.
War is obsolete cos of increasing economc interdepence and increasn
modernization.

Nazism (absoluted authoritarianism), Fascism(diluted Authoritarianism),

Authoritarianism gave a jolt to liberalism
Early Liberal Thinkers: locke, roussue, Bentham
12/1
Liberal School:
Basic Assumptions:
1. Human Nature: they have optimistic approach, as they believ ppl are
inherently good
2. Human Reason: human being are rational in nature
3. Colloborative And co-operative: Humans are co-operative and collaborative in
nature among themselves
4. Progress individuals essentially have a tendency for progress
Material progress, control over environment where u live, aesthetic progress
5. State: constitutional entity to ensure the rule of law.- democratic state is the
best state.
Four aspects(categories) of liberalism:

1. Sociological Liberalism: interactions between groups societies, individuals

towards states or among states
Process of dialogue must continue
Track II diplomacy: co-ordination between two nations, (aman ki asha) project
to ease tensions between India and Pak- interaction between students of two
countries, or chambers of ommerce, etc.
Ping pong democracy: football match to ease tensions, etc.
2. Interdependence liberalism: increased eco dependence has the potential to
reduce conflicts. Now a days mncs increase a lot of interdependence on
countries, because of globalization.
INeo Functionalist theory of Integration(spillar Effect) Ernst Hans- increasd cooperation in one area leads to increased coop in another area and finaly
integration
Eg: India Moscow relnship- treaty that prevented us coming to India,
The EU eg. Euro emerges as competiotion to dollar due to integration between
the nations
3. Institutional Liberalism: international institutions help reduce fear of one state
about another, and thus co-operation ismade possible. How international
institutions have a role in r, it creates a forum where states can negotiate. It
provides a sense of stability into the international system Eg: WTO
4. Republic liberalism: democracies and republics dont genrally fight with each
and promote peace.
15/1
Realism:

Human nature: sel fish n nature, quarrelsome, egotistic & have lust for
power- pessimistic viw of human nature
IR is conflictual: IR is full of wars and evry dispute can be resolved by war
NATIONAL Security: national survival, national interste
Sceptc about progress: when everyone is selfish, no progress is possible
Power POltics: IR is power politics

Classical THikers:
1. Thucidides: contemporary of greek City state
i) Political animals are highly unequal in their power & capacity to dominate
others
ii) There has to ethics of caution and prudence in the conduct of foreign
policy
iii) Justice is not about unequal treatment of all but about accepting the
reality of unequal power

iv) Strong do what they have the power to do and weak accept what they
have to accept
2) Machiaveli:
Foreign power- lion(power), fox(deception)
Supreme Political Value: National Freedom/ Independece
If the state is not independent, everything else becomes useless
Theory of survival:
Foresee that a foreign system is anarcial
Wolrd is a dangerous place and in order to survive ther is a necessity of
awareness of danger
If we aare aware, we can take precautions
Christian ethics: love thy neighbor, be peaceful, b echaritable, avoid war
except for self defence, these ethics are to avoided in foreign policy . if
followed it is the height of political irresponsibility.
3) Thomas hobbes:
State of nature- anarchy chaos and lawlessness
People should develop contact with state for protection of their life and property
and to surrender . presence of war is never ending
In order to escap ehte state of war there should be collaboration an a soverien
should emerge. They will ensure each others saftety. But this is temporary
escape cos this will lead to 2nd state of nature.
Mututallly due to clashof inerest, the state shall fight. This is termed security
dileama
Only solution to this is war
International law shall be followed only as long as it doesnot hinder national law.
Category of realism:
Modern realist thinkers:
1. Neo classical realism- hans morganthau- politics among nations
a. Animus dominande: human lust for power
All human have lust for power. international pol is power pol
b. Political wisdom: he says the most imp pol wisdom is the one while
deciding the policy for the state, the foreign policy. Morals and economics
cant comes promise over state politics. Like machaiveli says no to
christiannity. This is no moral compromise.
In case of economic compromise. Any such welfare motive that is not in
favors of state should be avoided
c. Changing political Reality: no1 is a permanent friend or enemy in
international relations. China ussr initially wer good frns cos of
communism. China latr moved away. Maoism is the kind of communism in

china. Maoism blivs in total change. Has no faith in parlimentarty politics.

USSr invoked parl pol, it was a part of their pol. So china cald them
revisionist cos they have diluted the idea of revolution. Another reason for
the split was border issue
d. Public v private morality: a state actor might be very moral in personal
ife, but when deciding the faith of nation, the private life or morality
should not interfere or should not dominate. Eg: chanankya, Jinnah
e. Resist dominance: in foreign policy and international relations, u shold nt
be dominated byu other nations or leaders.
2. Strategic Realism: Thomas Schelling
Gives various guidelines on foreign policy central aspect is on foreign policy
a. Diplomacy is the art of possible. Diplomacy is bargaining that can be
polite, rude. It entails threat or offers, but there must be some common
interest.
b. Application of power: what u want others to do, do that which will make
tham do it. and what u want others to not do that what wont make them
do it, as in a game of chess
c. Free from moral choice
d. Tries to distinguish between brute force and coercion
3. Neo realism- Keneth Walter- 1970s
Positivistic model-scientific explanation- in international relation, a structure
is more important, institution more imp than individual. Structure determines
the action and behavior of actors. So ;it is called deterministic model.
Bipolar system-his idea more related to the cold war bipolar system. He
believes cold war not cos of actors but structure.
Criticism:
Kenth has not discussed about human nature which is a central idea in realism.
It is considered as not very fruitful effective for foreign policy guidelines cos cos
human behaiviour not in consideration and actors have a marginal role.
Reality is that
22/1:
International Society:
Martin White and Headley Bull.
Focus of this school: order and justice : comity of ations are inter related
Approach:midway between classical liberalism and realism. All selfist: crealism, and
all good nature of liberalism arebeing rejected. Blives in a midway where both these
intersect.

Peace progress and prosperity approach ofliberalist rejected- haf truth, ir not always
brings ppp. Human rights Is also an important focus of thic school
Basic Assumptions of this school:

IR as a branch of human relations

Basic Values of the school: independence freedom security order and justice
Statecraft: statesmanship: the rules of governance, the way has tobe ruled
over: it is considered a vry important activity. Governance is a matter of evry
citizen of a state, not jus of the government or of a few people.
International justice and human rights:

Pluralist v Solidarist debate:

If astate is involved in serious human rights violation against its own citizens,
then should the international community should intervene into the affairs of the
state or the sovereignty of the state should
Pluralist eliev thatthere must be intervention and that the states sovereignty
must be respecte.
Solidarists but believe there has to intervention in case of hr violations
The next school is International Political Economy:
Focus: poverty, welfare
Political economy: it has dual interactions one interaction of pol and economy, and
on the other hand the interaction between state and market.
Merchantilism: strong state regulation and control over the economy, flag preceds
trade
Alexander Hamilton and Frederik List are the three important thinkers
Gold god glory
Idea of monopoly is central to the idea o fmerchantilism
Zero sum game: my gain at your loss
Aggressive merchantilism : imperialism, colonialism, expansionism, based on zero
sum game
Benign merchantilism:no more a zero sum game, but a positive sum game, all can
simultanoeulsy get benefitted.
Economic liberalism:

adam smith: he advocates lassie faire, said that markets have a natural
tendency to grow provided state doesnot interfere. Also said Economic
market is a place of peace progess and prosperity
Ricardo: propounded law of comparative advantage: free trade ensures
diviosn of labour, it leads to specialization which ensures efficiency and this
furthur ensures productivity.in free trade there is olways an incentive and
fear, i.e, the more shrts u make in a cotton industry, if there is free trade,
then workers have this tendency to produce more because the more they
produce, the more the profit and the more the wages, but if no free trade,
this doesnot exist. Instead it is like ur production may go down but ur wage
stays
Rejects zero sum game

27/1:
theory of comparative advantage:
Keynes was basically an advocate of liberslism and of free trade, but he said there
has to be osme state regulations. E tokd of pol managent of markets
Marxism is another stream if ipe. Marxim rejects eco liberalism. They bliv it is a site
of human explotation rather than peace progress and prosperity as adovacted by
liberalists
It also attacks zero sum arguments. It applies between clases not between statea.
On clas is flourishin at the cost of othe. Bourguis gets rich at the cost of pleritharith.
Capitalism is highly critiqued by Marxist. Is is consideredas antithesis .thesis
antithsis emerging into the synthesis of the socialist state.
Marxism blivs capitalism as progress. This is cosat
1. when cap is imported in a sys it destroys the existin feudal structure.
a. The labour force can sell itself, it can bargain better than
th econdition at feudal state
2. It is capitilsm that ultimately leads to revolution which leads to the socialist
state
New Marxism:
Basics of marxsm has undergone fundamental change. Neo marxism is very
diiangleff from marxims
Neo Marxism:
Robert cox: he toks o f a historical structure that can be seen by a tr

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Due to incresin eco lib, diff social forces are merging. Hence there is a migration of
skills from south to the north, i.e from developing countries to developed.
This has also led to the rise of new social movements like feminism or
environmental movements dut to the increased globalization.