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Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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8 Pages
Date:
Subject:
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
No. Mk.
1. Complete the sections above but do not seal until the examination is finished.
2. Insert in box on right the numbers of the questions attempted.
3. Start each question on a new page.
4. Rough working should be confined to left hand pages.
5. This book must be handed in entire with the top corner sealed.
6. Additional books must bear the name of the candidate, be sealed and be affixed to
the first book by means of a tag provided
SECTION A
1.a.
Bearings
- size:
large or small depends on WOB and rotating hours
- sealed/non-sealed:
sealed results in longer number of rotating hours
- ball/roller/journal bearings:
journal bearings are most resistant to wear and damage but this
will depend on the planned WOB and rotating hours
Cone Design
- diameter of cone:
will be controlled by the size of teeth, size of bearings,and
requirement for mechanical cleaning in soft formations
- meshing/interfit:
requirement for cleaning
- offset:
high offset to give scraping action in soft formations
no offset (no scraping) in hard formations.
Fluid Circ.
- number/position of nozzles:
determines the distribution of flow over the bit face
- centre jet:
used mostly in very soft formations
- extended nozzles:
used mostly in soft formations
1b.
Performanc Criteria:
ROP
Length run
Cost/ft
i. ROP
useful if run length of run not an issue (10 ft @ 100 ft/hr - good or
bad?)
iii. Cost/ft
Cost/ft = Bit cost + Rig Rate(Trip time + Drilling time)
Interval Drilled
Cost/ft includes both ROP and length of run therefore the best option
Cost/ft can be used in both real time (when to pull the bit) and retro
spectively (bit selection). When using retrospectively normalise bit
costs, rig rate and trip time since these are not a function of bit per
formance
2a.
Borehole Stability:
2b.
3a.
Pit Volume Increase - A rise in the level of mud in the active pits is a
sign that some mud has been displaced from the annulus by an influx of
formation fluids. The volume of this influx is equal to the pit gain and
should be noted for use in later calculations.
Flowing Well with Pumps Shut Off - When the rig pumps are not oper
ating there should be no returns. If the pumps are shut down and the
well continues to flow it must be due to a kick. (There are 2
exceptions to this rule (a) thermal expansion of mud in the annulus and
(b) U tubing effect when mud in drillstring is heavier than mud in
annulus). A flow check is often carried out to confirm whether the
well is kicking or not.
Gas Cut Mud - This may be considered as an early warning sign. The
mud should be continuously monitored. Any significant rise above
background level should be reported. Gas cutting may occur due to:
(i) drilling in a gas bearing formation with the correct mud weight
(ii) swabbing when making a connection or during trips
(iii) influx due to negative pressure differential.
The detection of gas in the mud does not necessarily mean the weight
should be increased. The cause of the gas cutting should be
investigated before action is taken.
(i) change from shale to sand (more porous and permeable and so
having a greater kick potential) or
Event
temperature effect/time
Washout in string
Drilling Break
10
4a.
OBM
Advantages
- Shale Drilling (Inhibition)
- Lubrication (in extended reach) wells
- Produces Gauge hole (for cementing)
- Reduces Corrosion
- Creates a Thin Mud Cake (preventing diff. stick)
- Increased ROP
- Minimises Reservoir damage
Disadvantages
- High Cost
- Environmentally sensitive
- Complex formulation
- Poor Temp. Stability
- Kick detection difficult
- Special logging tools required
- Rheological control difficult
- Rig Modifications to prevent Leaks
- Removal when cementing is diffi cult
4b.
can be read directly off the graduated scale at the left-hand side of
the rider.
Mud densities are usually reported to the nearest 0.1 ppg (lbs per
gallon). Other units in common use are lbs/ft3, psi/ft, psi/1000ft, kg/l
and specific gravity (S.G.).
Viscosity
Two common methods are used on the rig to measure viscosity:
Marsh funnel: This is a very quick test which only gives an indication
of viscosity and not an absolute result. The funnel is of standard
dimensions (12" long, 6" diameter at the top, 2" long tube at the bot
tom, 3 /16" diameter). A mud sample is poured into the funnel and the
time taken for one quart (946 ml) to flow out into a measuring cup is
recorded. (Fresh water at 75oF has a funnel viscosity of 26 sec/
quart.) Since the flow rate varies throughout this test it cannot give a
true viscosity. Non-newtonian fluids (i.e. most drilling fluids) ex
hibit different viscosities at different flow rates. However the fun
nel viscosity can only be used for checking radical changes in mud vis
cosity. Further tests must be carried out before any treatment can be
recommended.
Plastic Viscosity
Yield Point
(YP)
(PV)
Gel Strength
A third property is used to describe the attractive forces while the
mud is static. This is called gel strength. Gel strength can be
thought of as the stress required to get the mud moving. The gel
strength can be measured using the viscometer. After the mud has
remained static for some time (10 secs) the rotor is set at a low speed
(3 rpm) and the deflection noted. This is reported as the initial or
10 second gel. The same procedure is repeated after the mud remains
static for 10 minutes, to determine the 10 minute gel. Both gels are
measured in the same units as Yield Point (lbs/100ft2). Gel strength
usually appears on the mud report as two figures (e.g. 17/25). The
first being the initial gel and the second the 10 minute gel.
13
5a.
- Position the rig
- Run TGB
- Drill 121/4" hole, run and cement 95/8" Csg ] seal inside 20" hp
14
wellhead housing
* No diverter - flow at seabed, possible listing of rig with diverter gas flow at surface, possible washout and ignition
** Well exposed - may run logs over open hole before removing
diverter.
Component/Function
Subsea
Surface
BOP
on seabed
at surface
casing supported
on seabed
at surface
annulus access
all annuli
all at seabed
all at surface
configuration
stack up of spools
landing HPWHH
BOP on every
spool.
15
6a.
Subsurface:
Sensors
Transmitter :
Motor
Standpipe pressure
Bit
Bit
value value
(1)
(1)
Bit
value
(1)
Time
Rotating disc
Mud
Valve
Actuator
Standpipe pressure
hole
tool
Bit
Bit
value value
(1)
(1)
Bit
value
(1)
Time
Actuator
Bypass
Valve
Mud
Standpipe pressure
Mud
Bit
Bit
value value
(1)
(1)
Time
Power Source:
16
Bit
value
(1)
Surface:
Standpipe
Computer
Pressure
Transducer
Data
Acquisition
System
Pulse Indicator
Processed
Filtered
Raw
Recorder
Auxiliary
Services
Presentation
Reciever
Terminal
445
256
6b.
17
SECTION B
B1 a. Production Casing (9 5/8" @ 10000 ft)
18
= 5351 psi
CITHP (at surface) = Pressure at Top of Perfs - pressure due to
colom of gas (0.115 psi/ft)
= 5351 - 0.115 x 7350
= 4506 psi
INT. LOAD
NET LOAD
DESIGN LOAD
(LOAD X 1.1)
Surface
4506
4506
4957
Packer
3557
7876
4319
4751
(7200 ft)
19
= 0 psi
= 0 psi
= 0 psi
INT. LOAD
NET LOAD
DESIGN LOAD
(LOAD X 1.1)
Surface
Packer
3557
3557
3913
(7200 ft)
20
B1 b. It has been established that an axial load can affect the burst and
collapse ratings of casing. This is represented in the Figure below. It
can be seen that as the tensile load imposed on a tubular increases
the collapse rating decreases and the burst rating increases. It can
also be seen from this diagram that as the compressive loading in
creases the burst rating decreases and the collapse rating increases.
The burst and collapse ratings for casing quoted by the API assume
that the casing is experiencing zero axial load. However, since
casing strings are very often subjected to a combination of tension and
collapse loading simultaneously, the API has established a relationship
between these loadings.
120
COLLAPSE BURST
100
80
COMPRESSION
AND
BURST
TENSION
AND
BURST
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
COMPRESSION
AND
COLLAPSE
TENSION
AND
COLLAPSE
100
120
120 100 80
60
40
20
LONGTIUDINAL COMPRESSION
20
40
60
80 100 120
LONGTIUDINAL TENSION
21
Suspend the weight of the casing the casing is generally landed in the wellhead spools in tension.
the total weight of the casing strings will be transmitted down
through the wellhead spools and housing into the
surface casing.
Seal off the casing annulus at surface the annulus between casing strings is sealed off at the
bottom of the casing by cement
the annuli at surface are sealed by elastomer seals on the
casing hanger.
Provide access to the Annulus between the casing strings access to the annulus will allow any pressure in the annulus to
be monitored and if necessary bled off. These pressures may
originate in open formations above the top of cement in the
annulus. This is particularly important if the build up is due to
gas.
22
B2 a.
Pdp
Pdp
Pann
Pann
hdp
hann
(i)
hi
KILL MUDWEIGHT
kill mud
= 5592/8000
= 0.699 psi/ft
= 13.44 ppg
With 200 psi overbalance the kill mudweight is close to the LOT pres
sure at the previous shoe.
23
(ii)
NATURE OF INFLUX
20 bbls pit gain
Capacity hole/collars
= 0.0323 bbls/ft
300 ft collars
Capacity d.p/hole
= 0.045 bbls/ft
10.4 / 0.045
= 229 ft.
(12 x 0.052 x hdp) + 600 = 750 + (12 x 0.052 x (d- hi)) + i x 0.052 x hi
180 = 27.5 i
i = 6.55 ppg
i = 0.34 psi/ft
24
( probably oh
B2 b. The one circulation method can be divided into 4 phases (See Figure
B2.1).
Phase II (pumping heavy mud into the annulus until influx reaches
the choke)
During this stage the choke is adjusted to keep the standpipe pressure
constant (i.e. standpipe pressure = Pc2). The annulus pressure will vary
more significantly than in phase I due to 2 effects:
(i) the increased hydrostatic head due to the heavy mud will tend to
reduce Pann.
(ii) if the influx is gas, the expansion will tend to increase Pann due to
the decreased hydrostatic head in the annulus.
25
Phase III (time taken for all the influx to be removed from the
annulus)
As the influx is allowed to escape the hydrostatic pressure in the
annulus will increase due to more heavy mud being pumped through the
bit to replace the influx. Therefore, Pann will reduce significantly. If
the influx is gas this reduction may be very severe and cause
vibrations which may damage the surface equipment (choke lines and
choke manifold should be well secured). As before the standpipe
pressure should remain constant.
Phase IV (stage between all the influx being expelled and heavy
mud reaching surface)
During this phase all the original mud is circulated out of the annulus
and is replaced by a full column of heavy mud. The annulus pressure
will reduce to 0, and the choke should be fully open. The standpipe
pressure should be equal to Pc2. To check that the well is finally dead
the pumps can be stopped and the choke closed. The pressures on
drillpipe and annulus should be 0 (if not continue circulating). When
the well is dead open the annular preventer, circulate and condition the
mud prior to resuming normal operations. (A trip margin of 0.2 - 0.3
ppg may be added to the mud weight to allow for swabbing effects
when pulling out of hole).
26
Pc1
STAND
T
TA
PIPE
Pc2
PRESSURES
Pdp
Phase 1
Phase 2
Pann
(Influx pumped
to surface)
Phase 3
Phase 4
(Influx
discharged)
CHOKE PRESSURES
Figure B2.1
Annulus or Choke Pressures versus Time
Influence of gas
Result of P choke
Phases 2
Figure B2.2
27
B2 c.
iv. The drilling crew should be trained in detecting a kick and well
killing operations
28
B3a
Calculate displacement of target:
yyyy
,,,,
,,,,
yyyy
K
y
x
Displacement =
30002 + 35002
= 4610 ft
a.
DRIFT ANGLE:
2.5 R = 360
100
29
360 x 100
(Radius of BU Section)
5.0 x
(i)
Tan y
2292 ft
= 4610 - 2292
5500
Siny =
OB
0X
0X
(iii)
5500
= 22.85o
(ii)
= 2318
2318
0X
= 5969.3 ft
Sinx
R
OX
= 2292
5969
= 22.60
=x+y
= 45.4o
30
(Drift/Tangent Angle)
b.
= 180 - 90 -
= 44.6o
Cos
PE = 0.712
EO
PE
= 1632
TVD (E)
Sin
= 4132 ft
PO
R
PO
= 1609 ft
KP
= KO - PO
= 2292 - 1609
= 683 ft
31
c.
KE
360
2 x 2292
0.1261
KE
14401
KE
1816 ft
EX
= OX cosx
= 5969 x 0. 7022
= 551 ft
Total AH depth
= 9826.64 ft
32
Rig Location
The position of rig must be considered in relation to the expected
geological strata to be drilled (e.g. salt domes, faults etc.). When
developing a field from a fixed platform the location is critical in order
to cover the full extent of the reservoir.
Hole Size
Larger hole diameters are preferred since there is less natural
tendency to deviate, resulting in better control of the well path.
33
Geological Section
The equipment and techniques involved in controlling the deviated
wellpath are not suited to certain types of formation. It is for example
difficult to initiate the deviated portion of the well (kickoff the well) in
unconsolidated mudstone. The engineer may therefore decide to
drill vertically through the problematic formation and commence the
deviation once the well has penetrated the next most suitable
formation type. The vertical depth of the formation tops will be
provided by the companies geologists.
34
5b.
Gyroscope
Advantages
Use in pipe/casing
no monels required
accurate
provides true north
Disadvantages
complicated tool
requires surface alignment
Magnetic Compass:
Advantages
simple
requires monel collars
cheap
Disadvantages
cant use in csg./pipe
magnetic not true north
35
B4.a.
1250'
DV Collar
20" Casing
77 lb/ft
1750'
72 lb/ft
1800'
3300'
13 3/8" Casing
18" Hole
a.
5100'
5110'
Stage 1:
Slurry volume between the casing and hole:
13 3/8" csg/ 17 1/2" hole capacity
= 0.7914 ft3/ft
annular volume
= 1800 x 0.7914
= 1425 ft3
plus20% excess
Total
= 285 ft3
= 1710 ft3
= 0.8314 ft3/ft
shoetrack vol.
= 60 x 0.8314
Total
= 50 ft3
= 1.7617 ft3/ft
rathole vol.
= 10 x 1.7617
= 17.6 ft3
plus 20%
= 3.5 ft3
Total
= 21.1 ft3
1781
ft3
Stage 2:
20" csg/ 13 3/8" csg
= 1.019 ft3/ft
annular volume
= 500 x 1.019
= 510 ft3
510 ft3
37
b.
Amount of mixwater
Stage 1:
mixwater requirements for class G cement for density of 15.8 ppg
= 0.67 ft3/sk
Mixwater required
1549 x 0.67
1038
ft3
Stage 2:
mixwater requirements for class G cement for density of 13.2 ppg
= 1.37 ft3/sk
Mixwater required
c.
270 x 1.37
370 ft3
Displacement Volumes
Stage 1:
Displacement vol.
Stage 2:
Displacement vol.
38
B4. b.
Run casing with centralisers and possibly scratchers
Circulate casing contents (x 2)
39
40
4 c. The two stage operation are used t reduce the height of heavy
weight cement colom in the annulus. This may be done for several
reasons: