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Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Mortars
for Masonry
Basics
Basics
Basics
Bonding agent
Major properties
It differs in
Working consistencies
Water-Cement ratio
Methods of placement
Structural performance
High Water-Cement ratio at beginning decreases strength
Constituents of Mortars
Basics
Basics
Cements
Historical Masonry
Early mortars to fill voids between stones
First mortars were mud and tar
Early mortars lime + sand
Early admixtures
Portland cement
Contributes to durability, high strength and early
setting of mortar
Masonry cement
Constituents of Mortars
Mortars
Constituents of Mortars
Mortars
Limes
Limes
Autogenous Healing
Not Common
CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014--15
Role of Lime
Lime
Role of Lime
10
Role of Lime
Lime
Constituents of Mortars
Mortars
Aggregates
Natural sand
From rivers
Manufactured
11
12
Act as a filler
Give an economical mix
Control shrinkage
Constituents of Mortars
Mortars
Constituents of Mortars
Mortars
Aggregates
Water
Clean
Free of acids, alkalis & organic materials
IS: 1905
Well graded sand required
If not, reduce proportion to achieve minimum compressive
strength
Admixtures
: 100%
: 95-100%
: 60100
: 35-70%
: 1535%
: 215%
: 02%
13
14
Mortar Proportions
Mortar Proportions
Proportions
M a S o N w O r K
Strongest
Weakest
ASTM
Proportions by volume
Aggregate Ratio
Measured in
loose/dump conditions
2.25 and 3.5 times
sum of separate volumes
Grade
Cement
Lime
1/4
15
4 Types of Mortars, M, S, N, O
Average
Compressive
Strength
(MPa)
%
water
Grade
Cement
Lime
Sand
Air
Content
1/4
12%
17.2
0.75
1/2
12%
12.4
0.75
5.2
0.75
2.4
0.75
14%
(12%)
14%
(12%)
16
Mortar Proportions
Proportions
IS:1905:1987, Table 1
Three grades
2 to 3 mm thick
Typically used with AAC blocks
Higher water retentivity for improved bond
characteristics
Grades
Cement
H1
H2
M1
Lime
Sand
( C or B)
( C or B)
( C or B)
1 ( C or B)
1
M2
1
1
M3
5.0
3.0
2 (B)
3.0
2.0
1 (A)
1 (C or B)
3 (B)
1 (A)
12
1.5
1 (C or B)
1.5
17
2.0
1.5
18
Physical Properties
Physical Properties
Workability
Workable if
19
In hardened state
Factors affecting
Water retentivity
Flow
Resistance to segregation effect
20
Physical Properties
Physical Properties
Durability
Extensibility
Maximum tensile strain at failure
Water Content
Plastic Flow
21
22
Physical Properties
Physical Properties
23
24
Physical Properties
physical properties
Brick-Mortar interface
If water
migrates too
quickly from
mortar to unit,
cement may not
hydrate fully
resulting in
reduced bond
strength
25
26
Compressive Strength
Bond Strength
Strength
Depends on
kg/min/m2
IRA<1.55
control IRA by wetting
27
Bond strength
Workability
Water retentivity
28
Test Methods
Influencing factors
50 mm cubes
50 mm diameter, 76 mm long cylinders
Consistent results
Proportions
Increases with cement content
Decreases with lime content & over-sanding
Durability
Not a problem in unsaturated masonry
29
Re-tempering
CE625A/ Masonry structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2014--15
30
31
32
1:0:3 mortar
18
15
1:0.5:4.5 mortar
12
Comp. Strength
1 : 0 : 6 E j 175 f j
1 : 0 : 3 E j 180 f j
6
1:0:6 mortar
3
0
0.000
0.005
0.010
Strong
E j 200 f j
0.015
0.020
0.025
Failure strain
Strain
fj (MPa)
Ej (MPa)
0.0087 [0.38]
545 [0.30]
0.0185 [0.21]
3750 [0.16]
33
0.0270 [0.36]
mortar
0.030
3300 [0.26]
1:0:6 mortar
1:0.5:4.5 mortar
1:0:3 mortar
4000
Lime in mortar
beneficial
mandatory in several international codes
(but not in Indian Code)
34
Selection of Mortar
Basics
Function of needs of the finished structural element
Ej 100fj to 400fj
E j 400 f j
E j 200 f j
Stronger is better
could not be farther from the truth for mortar
C r =0.90
3000
2000
E j 100 f j
1000
27 mortar cube specimens
0
0
mortar
10
15
20
Mortar compressive strength, MPa
25
35
5000
~ 45% more
Intermediate
Failure Strain
Variation of fj with Ej
~ 35% less
36
Selection of Mortar
Mortar
Selection of Mortar
Mortar
Neither is acceptable,
if the mortar has high cement content
High compressive strength & shrinkage characteristics
will cause separation cracking between mortar & unit
37
Strong
Capable of keeping wall intact
Must create water-resistant barrier
Contain certain resilient properties, and
Easy to use by mason
38
Selection of Mortar
Mortar
Selection of Mortar
Mortar
39
Basic Rule
Location
Building
Segment
Mortar Type
Alternative
Recommended
Exterior
Above grade
Load-bearing
Non-load bearing
Parapet Walls
N
N
N
S or M
O or S
S
Exterior
Below grade
Foundation walls,
Retaining walls,
manholes, sewers
Interior
Load bearing
Partitions
N
O
O, S, M
N or S
40
10
Selection of Mortar
Mortar
Selection of Mortar
Mortar
General Properties
General Properties
Type N Mortar (1 : 2 : 6)
Type S Mortar (1 : : 4 )
41
42
Selection of Mortar
Mortar
General Properties
Type M Mortar (1 : : 3 )
For RM & URM below grade in contact with earth
High compressive strength & excellent durability
Type O Mortar (1 : 2 : 9 )
Interior load-bearing/ non-load bearing walls in no
contact with water
Grout
43
11
Grout
Grout
Grout
Purpose
Composition
Portland cement
Fine aggregate
Sand
Coarse aggregate
Pea gravel:: 10mm max
Lime
45
Constituents
Cement :
Fine Grout ::
Coarse Grout ::
1 : 2-3 :
1 : 2-3 :
0:
1-2 :
Lime
0-0.1
0-0.1
46
Grout
Grout
Water content
Mortars with high slump shall not be used as grout
47
48
12
49
50
[Brzev, BCIT]
CE625-Masonry
structures/Dr
Durgesh
Rai/IITK/2012
CE625A/ Masonry
structures/Dr
Durgesh
Rai/IITK/2014--15
High lift
Placed after a story is constructed
Vibration needed
Reinforcement in
Masonry
51
13
Reinforced Masonry
Historical Perspective
Reinforced Masonry
Historical Perspective
53/CE625-Masonry Structures-IITK-DCRai
Reinforced Masonry
Historical Perspective
At Quetta reinforced brickwork was
built in a special bond (Quetta bond),
as shown in Figure 8, to increase
resistance to seismic loads. This same
technique was considered in the UK
during the Second World War for the
construction of air raid shelters[6].
ROBERTS, J. J., EDGELL, G. J. and RATHBONE, A. J.
(1986). HANDBOOK TO BS 5628: PART2 Structural
use of reinforced and prestressed masonry, Viewpoint
Publications, UK
54/CE625-Masonry Structures-IITK-DCRai
14
Steel Reinforcement
Reinforcement Placement
Reinforcement shall be located
Reinforcement Bars
Mild Steel Bars
Deformed bars
Conforming to IS 1786
Joint reinforcements
CE625-Masonry
structures/Dr
Durgesh
Rai/IITK/2012
CE625A/ Masonry
structures/Dr
Durgesh
Rai/IITK/2014--15
Perforated
Perforatedclay
claybricks
bricks &
&Hollow
Hollowblocks
blocks
57
Bed
Bedjoint
jointreinforcement
reinforcement
58/CE625-Masonry Structures-IITK-DCRai
Reinforcement Placement
Placement
Reinforcement Placement
Placement
Quetta
QuettaBond
Bond
Pockets
Pocketsto
toreceive
receiverebars
rebars
Joint
Jointreinforcement
reinforcementto
to
Connect
Connectmulti-wythe
multi-wythewalls
walls
59/CE625-Masonry Structures-IITK-DCRai
Reinforcement
Reinforcementplaced
placedin
inthe
the
bed
bedjoints
jointsof
ofgrooved
groovedUnits
Units
Concrete
Concretefilled
filled
cavity
cavitywall
wall
Reinforced
Reinforcedhollow
hollow
blockwork
blockworkwall
wall
60/CE625-Masonry Structures-IITK-DCRai
15
Reinforcement Placement
Placement
Indian Standards
on Masonry
61/CE625-Masonry Structures-IITK-DCRai
[McKenzie 2001]
Indian Standards
Masonry related
IS:1905-1987
Code of Practice for Structural Use of Unreinforced Masonry
IS:1077-1986
Specifications for Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks
IS:2212-1962
Code of Practice for Brickwork
IS:3952-1978
Specifications for Burnt Hollow Clay Blocks
IS:3316-1974
Specifications for Stones (in regular size)
IS:2250-1981
Code of Practice for Preparation and Use of Masonry Mortar
IS:12894-2002
Specifications for Pulverized Fuel Ash-Lime Bricks
63
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