Y12 SL Starter:

(a) Decide on the type of INTRA and INTER

molecular forces present in the following
molecules
(b) Suggest bond angles and shape
1.

Br20

2.

Magnesium alloy

3.

Aluminium Oxide

4.

Hydrogen Sulphide

5.

Tribromomethane

6.

Compare and explain the difference in

atomic size between Na and Si

7.

Why are metals................metals ?

Periodicity
Group number is the number of valence
electrons, or the number of electrons in the
outer shell.
Going across a period is adding electrons to
the SAME shell.
http://liakatas.org/chemblog/wp-content/u
ploads/2008/09/periodic-table_properties-t
rends.gif

Trends in Periodic Table onto blanks with

reasons - atomic radius, ionic radius,
electronegativity, melting point HOMEWORK
- with reasons

Definitions
First Ionisation Energy is the energy
required to remove 1 mole of electrons from
a gaseous atom to make 1 mole of ions : Electronegativity : Is the ability of an atom to
hold onto a bonding pair of electrons IB
definition ( desire of an atom to hold onto a
bonding electron pair - textbook

3.3.1
Write balanced chemical equations for the
reactions of the first 3 alkali metals with
(a) water.
(b) Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine.
Experiment - Displacement of the halogens
NB The most reactive ends up as the ion :Bromine+IodideBromide+Iodine
red/browncolourlesscolourlesssilvery
fluoride+ChlorineNORXN
chloride+BromineNORXN

Use blog resources to review todays lesson

Y12 SL Formative Questions - completed with 12-6 students

1. Write equations (it is important to show all state
symbols in these equations) showing how sodium and
magnesium dissolve in water.
2Na+2H20 2NaOH+ H2
Mg+2H20 Mg(OH)2 + H2

2. What is the pH of the resulting solution?

More than 7 ( 8-14 )
3. What type of bonding is present in these metal oxides
and how does this affect the melting points of these
oxides?
ionic bond, high melting point
4. Will aluminium and silicon dioxide dissolve in water?
Does not react as Al and Si oxides are polar covalent
molecules, their bonds are too strong to be overcome by the
dissociated water molecules.
5. Aluminium oxide is said to be amphoteric. Explain
what this means and give equations to illustrate your
answer.

reacts with both acid and alkali

e.g. Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen
Acid + Base Salt + Water
Acid + Carbonate Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
6. Silicon dioxide has a very high melting point. Explain
this in terms of the bonding and structure of this
compound.
giant covalent structure, ( ref: graphite, diamond )
[different value of conductivity]
7. Phosphorus oxide is more commonly found as P4O10.
Write an equation showing how it dissolves in water.
(HL ONLY)
P4O10+ 6H20 4H3PO4
8. Would the resulting solution by acidic, basic or
neutral?
ACIDIC
9. Sulfur oxide can exist as SO2 or SO3. Explain how
either of these can dissolve in water to give an acidic
solution.
SO3 + H20 H2SO4
10.

Chloro oxides are most conveniently written as

Cl2O7. Write an equation showing how it dissolves in

water. (HL ONLY)
Cl2 + 7H20 Cl2O7 +7H2
11.

Explain how the bonding of the oxides of

phosphorus, sulfer and chlorine affect their melting

points.
increasingly COVALENT so m.p. gets LOWER
12.

Devise a trend in the chemistry of the period 3

elements by relating their pH to their bonding and

structure.

Y12 AHL Starter:

(a) Decide on the type of INTRA and INTER
molecular forces present in the following
molecules

(b) Suggest bond angles and shape

1.

Carbon Disulphide

2.

Methanoic Acid

3.

Hydrogen Fluoride

4.

Tetraiodomethane

5.

1,2 - dibromoethene

6.

Compare and explain the difference in

atomic size between atom of Na and an

atom of Si.
7.

Why are metals................metals ?

Periodicity

Group number is the number of valence

electrons, or the number of electrons in the
outer shell.
Going across a period is adding electrons to
the SAME shell.

Definitions
First Ionisation Energy is the energy
required to remove 1 mole of electrons from
a gaseous atom to make 1 mole of ions : Electronegativity : Is the ability of an atom to
hold onto a bonding pair of electrons IB

definition ( desire of an atom to hold onto a

bonding electron pair - textbook
Mark Scheme :)

3.3.1
Write balanced chemical equations for the
reactions of the first 3 alkali metals with
(a) water.
(b) Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine.
Experiment - Displacement of the halogens
Psst paper question - M07/4 Q.8 Review

w/c 3/12/12
Syllabus targets : 3.3.2, 13.1, 13.2
Starter : Which is the larger and why ?
1. Na or Chlorine ATOM
2. Caesium or Sodium ION
3. Nitrogen or Sulphur ATOM
4. Magnesium or Aluminium ION
5. Chloride + KBr = ?
Objectives : 3.3.2 - ( Starting our tour of
Period 3 )+
Discuss the changes in nature, from ionic to covalent and
from basic to acidic, of the oxides across period 3.

the solution becomes more acidic since the negative ion

are able to bind with ____ and _____ leaving spare ____ ions.

What is hydrolysis : The reactivity of a substance when it is

dissolved in water.
Practical to illuminate the real reactivity of Aluminium
Mercury Chloride is TOXIC
Sodium Hydroxide is CORROSIVE

Return the Al to the NaOH solution as it will continue to

exothermically react.
DO NOT put any Hg waste down the sink.
Class conduct practical

Lesson 5 Transition Metals

Characteristics : High melting point, catalytic behaviour,
coloured solutions ( complexes ), partially filled d orbitals,
variable oxidation state.

Reflections :- M06/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

Lesson 6
Ligands and Complexes - please read this in anticipation of
next lesson
View blog ppt presentation ( posted now )
Reactions of Chlorides with water
Reactions of Oxides with water
Check this

Make notes on:

1. Complexes
Definition: Reversible associations of particles
(molecules, ions or atoms) through weak non-covalent
bonds ( dative )

 Metal complexes(a.k.a coordination compounds):

Made of central metal atom or ion surrounded by
multiple anions or molecules with lone electron
pairs or a formal -ve charge
Ligands joined to metal centres are said to
coordinate with each other, at coordination
sites
Usually interactions between s and p orbitals of
the ligands and the d(or f) orbitals of the metal
centre
The act of binding is called chelation (CRAB)
Naming complexes:
Write ligand name in alphabetical order
Add prefix which gives an idea of number of
coordination site
Anions end in o
Most neutral ligands keep their name, except NH3
becomes ammine; H2O becomes aqua; CO
becomes carbonyl.
Add name of central metal/ion
eg:
[NiCl4]2- tetrachloronickelate (II) ion
[CuNH3Cl5]3-

amminepentachlorocuprate(II) ion
[Cd(en)2(CN)2]
dicyanobisethylenediaminecadmium(II)
2. Ligand
Definition: a ligand is an atom, ion or functional group
that is bonded to one or more central atoms or ions,
usually metals generally through co-ordinate covalent
bond.1
Definition: An ion or molecule attached to a metal
atom by coordinate bonding.
Ligand geometry : Characterized by placing the central
(usually metal) atom in the middle of a polyhedron.
Eg, Tetrahedral structure with one central atom and
four regularly distributed ligands.
Types of ligands : monodentate and polydentate.
i) Monodentate - ligands that bind through one
site (mono = one) (monodentate are IB /
multidentate are not NOT EDTA)
ii) Polydentate - ligands that bind through more
than one site (poly = many) due to extra lone pair
1

"Ligand."ChemistryDaily.Wikipedia.org,1Apr.2007.Web.6Dec.2012.
<http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Ligand>.

of electrons.
iii) chelated complexes - complexes of polydentate
iv) scorpionate ligand - ligand that binds through
three sites.
Examples of ligands: Benzene, F_ , Br_, Cl_, I_, CO_, OH_

Examples of monodentate and bidentate ligands.

3. Why Sc and Zn are not considered transition metals

IUPAC definition : an element whose atom has an
incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with
an incomplete d sub-shell.2

Sc does not have variable oxidation states, as its electron 2

configuration is [Ar]4s23d1. It can only form +2 ions as it is
not energetically efficient to lose only one electron in the s
orbital.
Zn has fully filled d-orbitals, which means it does not count
as a transition metal as transition metals make use of
partially-filled d-orbitals.
4. Explain coloured complexes
When white light passes through a solution of d-block
elements, or is reflected off it, some colours of lights are
absorbed, and the colour we see is what the eyes perceive
to be left.

Nic,M.Jirat,J.Kosata,B.,eds.(2006)."transitionelement".IUPACCompendiumofChemical
Terminology(Onlineed.).doi:10.1351/goldbook.T06456.ISBN0967855098.
http://goldbook.iupac.org/T06456.html.

When a colour is absorbed from white light, the mix of all

the remaining colours is perceived by the eye as its
complementary colour!
eg. Copper(II) sulphate solution is cyan because it absorbs
light in the red region of the spectrum. Cyan is the
complementary colour of red.
*mixing two complementary colours of light produces
white light.
5. Crystal Field Splitting
Crystal Field Theory describes how electrons fill out
energy levels in the presence of ligands. It describes the
strength of the bonds, but not the actual bonding. The
splitting of the d-orbitals in transition metals comes about
due to the negative ions in the crystal. Since ligands

approach in different directions, different splitting patterns

of the d energy level are created, splitting of the energy
levels of the d-orbitals into groups - the differences in
energy between these groups are known as crystal field
splitting.
A spectrochemical series is a list of ligands ordered on
ligand strength and a list of metal ions based on oxidation
number, group and its identity. In crystal field theory,
ligands modify the difference in energy between the d
orbitals () called the
ligand-field splitting parameter for ligands or the
crystal-field splitting parameter, which is mainly reflected
in differences in color of similar metal-ligand complexes.
References:
1. "Ligand." Chemistry Daily. Wikipedia.org, 1 Apr. 2007.
Web. 6 Dec. 2012.
<http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Ligand>.2.
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/complexions/colo
ur.html
Lesson 7
Homework : Make a www.prezi.com on the following

 MnO2 in the decomposition of hydrogen

peroxide
V2O5 in the Contact process
Fe in the Haber process and in heme
Ni in the conversion of alkenes to alkanes
Co in vitamin B12
Pd and Pt in catalytic converters.
Starter Quiz

Task One Experiment - record what happens and record

your best guess as to what the reaction/s is/are from your
evidence.
1. to 2mls of Cobalt Chloride solution add conc. HCl
DROPWISE. After you observe a colour change add distilled
water, DROPWISE to the resultant solution.
2. to 2mls of Copper Sulphate add conc.HCl DROPWISE.
After you observe a colour change add distilled water,
DROPWISE to the resultant solution.
3. to 2mls of Copper Sulphate add Ammonia DROPWISE.
Continue until you see a second change.
4. to 2mls of Cobalt Chlride add Ammonia DROPWISE.
Continue until you see a second change.
5. To 2mls of Cr3+ solution add Ammonia DROPWISE.
Continue until you see a second change.
6. to 2mls of Chromium Chloride - warm gently.

7. to 2mls of Iron (III) Suplahte add SCN- ions slowly.

Lesson 8

Task One : DEFINition FUN !

1. Ionisation energy - the energy required to
remove one mole of electrons from one mole
of atoms in their gaseous states - one mole
ions
2. Electronegativity - the ability of an atom to
attract a bonding pair of electrons
3. Transition metal - forms coloured
complexes, incomplete d orbital shells,
variable oxidation state, act as catalysts (
magnetic properties - Fe, Co, Ni )
4. Catalyst - offers an alternative lower

energy pathway - the original activation

energy remains the same
5. coordination number - the number of
bonds around the central metal ion
6. oxidation state - the size and direction of
the ion.
7. ligands - most likely to be species or
moiety with neutral molecule with a lone
pair of electrons, or a formal negative
charge, e.g. chloro, iodo, aqua, ammine,
cyano
8. dative covalent bond - where both
electrons originate from the same molecule
9. complex ions - have square brackets
10. amphoteric - properties of both acid and

base

Task One : Reactions of Chlorides with Water

Task Two : Osama bin laden
Task Three : Formation of complex ions
Coordination / Crystal Field Theory presentations

Lesson 9 - final of 2012 :)

Formative questions pack and christmas reactions 1, 2, and
3

Lesson 8 - final of 2012 :)

Formative questions pack and christmas reactions 1, 2, and
3
Demo:
Making guncotton : this is used as a propellant and as a
blasting explosive.
AHL :
The blue bottle reaction :
Put 200ml water into a flask and dissolve 6g of NaOH.
When the NaOH has dissolved add 10g Glucose. When
Glucose has dissolved add five drops of methylene blue.
Allow to stand. When colour changes shake/stand/shake :)
H&S : NaOH solid is VERY corrosive\\
Complete coloured complexes