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Chapter 3 : Belts, Ropes and Chains
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SECTIONA
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r Q. 3.1. (a) Write the names of different types of belt drives.
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tQ. 3.1. (b) With the help of sketch show a right angle for quarter turn drive? .
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in this drive, the axes of the driving and driven shafts are non-intersecting but at righ
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This drive is used for shaft whose axes intersect when produced
In this drive, two guide pulleys are used, one for the tight side of the belt and the other for the slack side
if the direclion of rotation of dnvmg pulley is reversed, the belt will not run off the pulleys
Ans On account of constant use of belt, it gets permanently stretched This reduces the initial tension in the belt and increase the slip bet een the belt and
pulley In that case slack slide of the belt is pressed by gravity pulley. The gravity pulley is mounted on an arm and is free to rotate when the belt passes
under it, as in fig 3.3.
Ans. Idle pulley is used to increase the angle of contract of belt with driven pulleys when the power is transmitted to two or more dri ys as in fig.3.4
Ans. Slip may be defined as the relative motion between pulley and belt The difference between the linear speed of pulley rim and belt is measure of sIip
Slip cap be avoided by. increasing the coefficient of friction or by increasing the angle of contact between pulley and belt
and this is possible only if the belt is in the middle of the pulley.
Q. 3.1. (k) What is the condition for the maximum power transmitted by a belt from one pulley to another?
Ans. The centrifugal tension should be equal to one-third of the permissible tension in the belt.
Axis of driving shaft, X2 : Axis of intermediate or counter shaft, X3 : Axis of driven shaft. (1) DrivIng pulley keyed to driving shaft. (2) and (3) =
Intermediate pulleys keyed to counter shaft, (4) = Driven pulley keyed to driven shaft.
Countershaft pulleys are usec!, where very high speed reduction is required. For example, if speed of 9 : I is required,
(1) The diameter of driven.will be very large and the angle of contact of belt on driving pulley will be very small due to which slip can take place. To
avoid these two difficulties intermediate pulleys (2) and (3) are used. A speed reduction of 3 : 1 is obtained between (1) and (2)and between (3) and (4).
Thus total speed reduction of 9:1 is obtained without using very big pulleys.
In a factory or workshop where several machines are driven from a single driving sh. 3.3. Explain the function of loose and fast pulleys?
Ans.
Q. 3.6. A pulley 40 cm in diameter running at 300 r.p.m. is connected by a belt to another pulley at a distance of 4m and the second ptilley has to
run at 220 r.p.m. the belt is 5 cm thick and 15 cm wide. Allowing a slip of 4% between belt and each pulley, determine the size of second pulley
and total effective slip.
Ans. When power is being transmitted, the tension T1 in tight side is greater than the tension T2 in slack side of belt.
If we mark two points at a distance x apart on tight side the distance between these two points will become (x &) when the points leaves the driving
pulley . Thus there is relative motion of belt on the driving pulley in the direction opposite to direction of motion of rim.
Similarly the length (x ox) which approaches the driven pulley become x after leaving & thus there is relative motion of belt on driven pulley in
direction of motion of its rim.
The relative motion of the belt on the pulley due to difference in tension in belt, is called creep.
Velocity ratio considering creep is given as under.
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Q 3.10 if r1 is radius of bigger pulley, r2 is radius of smaller pulley and D is the c/c distance, what is the angle of contact in case of (z) open
belt (n) crossed belt
Ans. As seen from fig 3 7 for open belt Angle of contact on bigger pulley (it + 2cr)
Angle of contact on smaller pulley = (it - 2cr)
Q. 3.12. Driven shaft is to be rotated at 80, 120 and 160 rpm from a driving shaft rotating at 240 rpm. The c/c distance between the shafts is 3 m.
The diameter of smallest step of cone pulley is 25 cm. Determine the diameters of the remaining steps for open belt drive.
Q. 3.13. Driven shaft is to be rotated at 100, 140 and 180 rpm from a driving shaft running at 220 rpm. The c/c distance is 3 m and the smallest,
step diameter is 16 cm. Determine the diameter of other steps for crossed belt drive.
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Advantages
(i) Effective transmission of power over considerable distances
(ii) 1-ligh transmission efficiency
(iii) Small size compared to belt drive
(iv) As no initial tension is required therefore smaller load on shaft than in belt
drive
(v) Possibility of transmitting power to several shafts by one chain
(vi) It is positive drive because there is no slip
(viz) Can be used for short distances
Disadvantages
(z) Increase in chain pitch due to wear of the chain joints thus requiring the use of wear take-up devices
(ii) Relatively high production cost.
(iii) Noisy operations.
(iv) Periodic velocity fluctuations
(v) More complicated design
(vi) Need for accurate mounting
(vii) It requires more maintenance.
i.e. for transmitting maximum. power, the centrifugal tension should be equal to one-third
of the total tension in tight side. The velocity of belt for maximumm. P, is given by:
Here, T1 = total tension in tight side of belt. Its maxm. value can be equal to the
permissible tension T
From (a) and (b), it is clear that the effect of Tc is to reduce the power capacity of a belt. Centrifugal Tension:
Portion AB moves along circular path, therefore, centrifugal force Fc acts on it.
Similarly F acts on portion CD of belt. Due to these forces on AB and CD, the tensile force Tc, called centrifugal tension is produced in the tight and
slack side of belt.
Q. 3.22. Derive an expression for the ratio of driving tensions in the rope drive, assuming the angle of the groove of the pulley to be as 2.
Ans The answer to this question is exactly similar to the answer to Q 3 17, except that the fig. 3.12 is to be replaced by Fig. 3.15 shown below.
Q. 3.23. A shaft rotating at 200 rpm drives another shaft at 300 rpm. and transmits 6 kW through a belt. The belt is 100 mm wide and 10mm
thick. The distance between the shafts is 4 m. The smaller pulley is 0.5 m diameter. Calculate the stress in the belt, if it is an open belt. Take i =
0.3.
Q. 3.24. A shaft which rotates at constant speed of 160 rpm is connected by belting to a parallel shaft 72 cm apart which. has to run at 60, 80 and
iUO rpm. The smallest pulley on drive shaft is 30cm. Determine the remaining diameters of the stepped pulleys for cross belt and open belt
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Q. 3.26. The mass of belt material is lg/cm3 and maxm. permissible tension is 21 bar. Determine the maxm. power that can be transmitted by 25
cm x 1.1 cm belt if the ratio of friction tension is 2.
Q. 3.25. Determine the width of belt required to transmit 7.5 kW, mass of belt is 1gm/cm3, thickness is 10 mm speed is 15 ni/s. permissible stress
is 14 bar and ratio of friction tensions is 2.2.
Q. 3.28. In a rope drive the angle of lap is 140, groove angle 45, mass of rope 0.7kg/rn, coefficient of friction 0.25, pulley dia 160 m and power
transmitted is 100kw. Determine the number of ropes and the initial tension. The speed of pulley is 200 rpm and belt can withstand 800 N.
Ans.
Q. 3.30. A rope drive transmits 75 kW through a 150 cm diameter 45 grooved pulley rotating at 200 r.p.m. Co-efficient of friction between the
ropes and pulley is 0.3 an4 angle of lap is 160. Each rope has mass 0.6 kg/rn and can safely take a pull of 800 N. Taking centrifugal tension in
account, determine:
(i) the number of ropes required, (ii) initial rope tension.