Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
By
Kumar Sanket
NSB
Computer Fundamental
Computer System
Hardware
Input
output
Software
Application
System
Liveware
Administrator
Enduser
Notes@NSBSJ
Input:
Ouput:
Memory is an essential element of a computer. Without its memory, a computer is of hardly any use.
Memory plays an important role in saving and retrieving data. The performance of the computer system
depends upon the size of the memory. Memory is of following types:
1. Primary Memory / Volatile Memory: Primary Memory is internal memory of the computer. RAM
AND ROM both form part of primary memory. The primary memory provides main working space to the
computer.The following terms comes under primary memory of a computer are discussed below:
Random Access Memory (RAM): The primary storage is referred to as random access memory
(RAM) because it is possible to randomly select and use any location of the memory directly
store and retrieve data. It takes same time to any address of the memory as the first add ress. It
is also called read/write memory. The storage of data and instructions inside the primary
storage is temporary. It disappears from RAM as soon as the power to the computer is switched
off. The memories, which lose their content on failure of power supply, are known as volatile
memories .So now we can say that RAM is volatile memory.
Read Only Memory (ROM): There is another memory in computer, which is called Read Only
Memory (ROM). Again it is the ICs inside the PC that form the ROM. The storage of program and
data in the ROM is permanent. The ROM stores some standard processing programs supplied by
the manufacturers to operate the personal computer. The ROM can only be read by the CPU but
it cannot be changed. The basic input/output program is stored in the ROM that examines and
initializes various equipment attached to the PC when the power switch is ON. The memories,
which do not lose their content on failure of power supply, are known as non-volatile memories.
ROM is non-volatile memory.
PROM: There is another type of primary memory in computer, which is called Programmable
Read Only Memory (PROM). You know that it is not possible to modify or erase programs stored
in ROM, but it is possible for you to store your program in PROM chip. Once the programmers
are written it cannot be changed and remain intact even if power is switched off. Therefore
programs or instructions written in PROM or ROM cannot be erased or changed.
EPROM: This stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, which overcome the
problem of PROM & ROM. EPROM chip can be programmed time and again by erasing the
information stored earlier in it. Information stored in EPROM exposing the chip for some time
ultraviolet light and it erases chip is reprogrammed using a special programming facility. When
the EPROM is in use information can only be read.
Cache Memory: The speed of CPU is extremely high compared to the access time of main
memory. Therefore the performance of CPU decreases due to the slow speed of main memory.
To decrease the mismatch in operating speed, a small memory chip is attached between CPU
and Main memory whose access time is very close to the processing speed of CPU. It is called
CACHE memory. CACHE memories are accessed much faster than conventional RAM. It is used
to store programs or data currently being executed or temporary data frequently used by the
CPU. So each memory makes main memory to be faster and larger than it really is. It is also very
expensive to have bigger size of cache memory and its size is normally kept small.
Registers: The CPU processes data and instructions with high speed; there is also movement of
data between various units of computer. It is necessary to transfer the processed data with high
speed. So the computer uses a number of special memory units called registers. They are not
part of the main memory but they store data or information temporarily and pass it on as
directed by the control unit.
on storage media like floppy disks, magnetic disks, magnetic tapes, This memory can also be stored
optically on Optical disks - CD-ROM. The following terms comes under secondary memory of a computer
are discussed below:
Magnetic Tape: Magnetic tapes are used for large computers like mainframe computers where
large volume of data is stored for a longer time. In PC also you can use tapes in the form of
cassettes. The cost of storing data in tapes is inexpensive. Tapes consist of magnetic materials
that store data permanently. It can be 12.5 mm to 25 mm wide plastic film -type and 500 meter
to 1200 meter long which is coated with magnetic material. The deck is connected to the central
processor and information is fed into or read from the tape through the processor. Its similar to
cassette tape recorder.
Magnetic Disk: You might have seen the gramophone record, which is circular like a disk and
coated with magnetic material. Magnetic disks used in computer are made on the same
principle. It rotates with very high speed inside the computer drive. Data is stored on both the
surface of the disk. Magnetic disks are most popular for direct access storage device. Each disk
consists of a number of invisible concentric circles called tracks. Information is recorded on
tracks of a disk surface in the form of tiny magnetic spots. The presence of a magnetic spot
represents one bit and its absence represents zero bit. The information stored in a disk can be
read many times without affecting the stored data. So the reading operation is non -destructive.
But if you want to write a new data, then the existing data is erased from the disk and new data
is recorded. For Example-Floppy Disk.
Optical Disk: With every new application and software there is greater demand for memory
capacity. It is the necessity to store large volume of data th at has led to the development of
optical disk storage medium. Optical disks can be divided into the following categories:
1. Compact Disk/ Read Only Memory (CD-ROM
2. Write Once, Read Many (WORM)
3. Erasable Optical Disk
NOTES@NSBSJ
Brain of Computer is
CPU
RAM
Moniter
Keyboard
Information regarding Date, System Configuration, and time will be stored in ______
Cache Memory
CMOS
None of these
CPU
Which type of operations are performed by RAM?
Only Read
Read and Write
Only Write
None of these
Which component helps for communication between Application Program and Computer Hardware?
CMOS
BIOS
RAM
ROM
BIOS is stored in _______
Hard Disk
ROM
RAM
None of these
Data stored in Ram is ?
Permanent
Temporary
Collection of data with some inherent meaning which represents some real
world entity.
2) DBMS:
3) RDBMS:
It has the same functionality of DBMS except that it also provides referential
integrity.
4) SQL: (Structured Query Language)
8) Data mining:
9) Data warehousing:
10) Normalization:
11) Denormalization:
15) Query:
User can access the data in the database using a set of commands called
queries
Sub query:
Combination of one or more queries.
16) Joints:
Inner:
Displays values that are common to both the tables.
Cross join:
Combines the rows of two tables
17) ODBC:
Min
Max
Sum
Count
Avg
1:n
1:1
M:n
RDBMS contains the description of all the data, their relationship and index
that are stored in the database.
Takes one value as input and give single value for output.
E.g.: len, ucase, lcase.
It is same as that of ER but also includes subclass ans super class concepts.
Translates DML statements into low level instruction that the query
evaluation engine can understand.
Shortcut Keys
Description
Alt + F
Alt + E
F1
Ctrl + A
Ctrl + F
Ctrl + S
Ctrl + X
Shift + Del
Ctrl + C
Ctrl + Ins
Ctrl + V
Paste
Shift + Ins
Paste
Ctrl + P
Home
Ctrl + Home
End
Ctrl + End
Shift + Home
Shift + End
operating system and the software program currently open will change
how each of these keys operate. A program is capable of not only
using each of the function keys, but also combining the function keys
with the ALT or CTRL key, for example, Microsoft Windows users can
press ALT + F4 to close the program currently active.
F2
In Windows renames a highlighted
icon, file, or folder in all versions of
Windows.
Alt + Ctrl + F2 opens document window Microsoft
in
Word.
Ctrl + F2 displays the print preview window in Microsoft Word.
Quickly renamea selected file or folder.
Enter CMOS Setup
.
F3
Often opens a search feature for many programs including Microsoft
Windows when at theWindows Desktop
..
F4
Open find window in Windows 95 to XP.
Open theaddress barin Windows Explorerand Internet Explorer
.
Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)
Alt + F4 closes the program window currently active in Microsoft
Windows.
Ctrl + F4 closes the open window within the current active window in
Microsoft Windows.
F5
In all modernInternet browserspressing F5 willrefreshor reload the
page or document window.
Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word.
Starts a slides
how in PowerPoint.
F6
Move the cursor to the
Address barin Internet Explorer
, Mozilla
Firefox, and most other Internet browsers.
Ctrl + Shift + F6 opens to another open Microsoft Word document.
F7
Commonly used tospell checkand grammar checka document in
Microsoft programs such as Microsoft Word, Outlook, etc.
Shift + F7 runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted.
Turns on Caret browsing in Mozilla Firefox.
F8
Function key used to enter the Windows startup menu, commonly used
to access Windows
Safe Mode.
F9
Refreshdocument inMicrosoft Word.
Send and receive-mail
e in Microsoft Outlook.
Opens the Measurements toolbar in Quark 5.0.
With Mac OS 10.3 or later shows all open Windows.
Using theFn keyand F9 at the same time opens
Mission Controlon an
Apple computer running Mac OS X.
F10
In Microsoft Windows activates the
menu barof an open application.
Shift + F10 is the same as
right-clicking on a highlighted icon, file, or
Internet link.
Access thehidden recovery partition
on HP and Sony computers.
Enter CMOS Setup
.
With Mac OS 10.3 or later shows all open Windows for active program.
F11
Enter and exitfull screenmode inall modernInternet browsers
.
Ctrl + F11 as computer is starting to accesshidden
the
recovery
partition on many Dell comput
ers.
Access thehidden recovery partition
on eMachines, Gateway, and
Lenovo computers.
With Mac OS 10.4 or later hides all open windows and shows
the Desktop.
F12
Open the Save as window Microsoft
in
Word.
Ctrl + F12 opens a document In Word.
Shift + F12 saves the Microsoft Word document (like Ctrl + S).
Ctrl + Shift + F12 prints a document in Microsoft Word.
Preview a page in Microsoft Expression Web.
OpenFirebug.
With an Apple running Mac OS 10.4 or later F12 shows or hides
the Dashboard
.
F13 - F24
Ctrl + P
Open a print preview of the current page or document
being viewed. For example, press Ctrl + P now to view a
print preview of this page.
Page Up, Space bar, and Page Down
Pressing either the page up or page down key will
move that page one page at a time in that direction.
When browsing the Internet pressing the space bar also
moves the page down one page at a time.
Tip: If you are using the space bar to go down one page
at a time press the Shift keyand space bar to go up
one page at a time.
WINKEY + L
Lock the computer and switch users if needed (Windows
XP and above only).
WINKEY + M
Minimizes all windows.
WINKEY + Shift + M
Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M and WINKEY +
D.
WINKEY + R
Open the run window.
WINKEY + U
Open Utility Manager or the Ease of Access Center.
Windows XP only
Windows 7 and 8 only
Windows 8 only
Windows XP only
WINKEY + Tab
Cycle through open programs through the Taskbar.
Windows 7 and 8 only
WINKEY + 1-0
Pressing the Windows key and any of the top row
number keys from 1 to 0 opens the program
corresponding to the number of icon on the Taskbar. For
example, if the first icon on the Taskbar was Internet
Explorer pressing WINKEY + 1 would open that program
or switch to it if already open.
WINKEY + (Plus (+) or Minus (-))
Open Windows Magnifier and zoom in with the plus
symbol (+) and zoom out with the minus symbol (-).
Press theWINK EY + ESC to close the Magnifier
WINKEY + Home
Shortcut
Description
F2
F3
F4
R
co
elpoeraotflatesxttaicntiaonno. tFhoer ece
xall m
pp
reles,sifng
yoFu4cw
haillnged the
change the text in cell to the same color.
F5
F7
F11
Ctrl + Shift + ;
Ctrl + ;
Alt + Shift + F1
Insert NewWorksheet.
Alt + Enter
W
nehxitl elintyepainllgow
teixntgin
foar m
ceullltipprleslsinin
egs Alt + Enter will move to
of text in one cell.
Shift + F3
Shift + F5
Ctrl + 1
Ctrl + A
Ctrl + B
Ctrl + I
Ctrl + K
Insertlink.
Ctrl + S
Ctrl + U
Ctrl + 1
Ctrl + 5
Strikethroughhighlighted selection.
Ctrl + P
Ctrl + Z
Ctrl + F3
Ctrl + F9
Ctrl + F10
Ctrl + F6
Ctrl + Page up
Ctrl + Tab
Alt + =
Ctrl + '
Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected.
Ctrl + Shift + !
Ctrl + Shift + $
Ctrl + Shift + #
Ctrl + Shift + %
Ctrl + Shift + ^
Ctrl + Shift + @
Ctrl + Space
Select entirecolumn.
Shift + Space
Select entirerow.
Ctrl + -
Ctrl + Shift + =
Ctrl + Home
Ctrl + ~
Shortcut
Description
Ctrl + 0
Ctrl + A
Ctrl + B
Ctrl + C
Ctrl + D
Ctrl + E
Ctrl + F
Ctrl + I
Ctrl + J
Ctrl + K
Insert link.
Ctrl + L
Ctrl + M
Ctrl + P
Ctrl + R
Ctrl + S
Ctrl + T
Ctrl + U
Ctrl + V
Paste.
Ctrl + X
Ctrl + Y
Ctrl + Z
Ctrl + Shift + L
Ctrl + Shift + F
Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increases font +2pts
Ctrl + ]
Ctrl + [
Ctrl + / + c
Insert a character with an accent (grave) mark, where <char> is the character you want. For exa
if you wanted an accented you wouldCtrl
use + ' + e as your shortcut key. To reverse the accent
mark use the opposite accent mark, often ontilde
the key.
Ctrl + Shift + *
Ctrl + Del
Ctrl + Backspace
Ctrl + End
Ctrl + Home
Ctrl + Spacebar
Ctrl + 1
Single-space lines.
Ctrl + 2
Double-space lines.
Ctrl + 5
1.5-line spacing.
Ctrl + Alt + 1
Ctrl + Alt + 2
Ctrl + Alt + 3
Alt + Ctrl + F2
Ctrl + F1
Ctrl + F2
Ctrl + Shift + F6
F1
Open Help.
F4
F5
F7
F12
Save as.
Shift + F3
Shift + F7
Shift + F12
Shift + Enter
Shift + Insert
Paste.
Shift + Alt + D
Shift + Alt + T
Description
Selects text from where you click and hold to the point you drag and let go.
Double-click
Double-click
Double-a
clicgknim
nge o
ntnotfhtehe
letfe
t,xctelenftte,r, or right of a blank line makes the
center, or right aligned.
Double-click
Triple-click
Shortcut
Description
Ctrl + C
Ctrl + X
Ctrl + P
Pasteselected text.
Ctrl + K
Create ahyperlink.
Ctrl + B
Ctrl + I
Ctrl + U
Ctrl + L
Ctrl + R
Ctrl + E
Ctrl + /
Ctrl + S
Save document.
Ctrl + Tab
Ctrl + Ins
Ctrl + Enter
Ctrl + Shift + B
Ctrl + Del
Ctrl + Backspace
Alt + mouse
double-click
g
Vitehw
is tohne aprtoapbelerticeesllowfo
ausldeldeicstpeldayitethm
e. For example, doin
properties for that cell.
Shortcut
Description
Alt + S
Ctrl + Enter
Ctrl + C
Ctrl + X
Ctrl + P
Ctrl + K
Ctrl + B
Ctrl + I
Ctrl + M
Ctrl + U
Ctrl + R
Reply to an -email.
Ctrl + F
Forward an -email.
Ctrl + N
Create a new-mail.
e
Ctrl + Y
Go to folder.
Ctrl + Shift + A
Ctrl + Shift + O
Ctrl + Shift + I
Ctrl + Shift + K
Ctrl + Shift + C
Ctrl + Shift + J
Ctrl + Shift + V
Move folder.