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Do You Know
It was in this aspect that the process of integration was treated by
Leibnitz, the symbol of being regarded as the initial letter of the word
Sum, in the same way as the symbol of differentiation d is the initial letter
in the word difference.
Definition
If f and g are functions of x such that g ( x) = f ( x), then the function g is
called a anti-derivative (or primitive function or simply integral) of f w.r.t. x.
It is written symbolically,
d
f ( x) dx = g ( x), where dx g ( x) = f ( x)
Points to Consider
1. In other words,
f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) iff
2.
g ( x ) = f ( x )
f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) + c, where c is constant, [Q
( g ( x ) + c ) = g ( x ) = f ( x )]
Illustration 1 If
Solution. As,
d
[ x n + 1 + c ] = ( n + 1) x n , then find
dx
dx.
d
[ x n + 1 + c ] = ( n + 1) x n
dx
( x n + 1 + c ) is anti-derivative or integral of ( n + 1) x n
xn + 1
n
x dx = n + 1 + C
d
{ g ( x)} = f ( x)
dx
f ( x) dx = g ( x) + C
d xn + 1
= xn, n 1
dx n + 1
1
d
(log | x |) =
dx
x
d x
x
(e ) = e
dx
d ax
= a x , a > 0, a 1
dx log e a
d
( cos x) = sin x
dx
d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
d
(tan x) = sec2 x
dx
d
( cot x) = cosec2 x
dx
d
(sec x) = sec x tan x
dx
d
( cosec x) = cosec x cot x
dx
d
(log |sin x |) = cot x
dx
d
( log |cos x |) = tan x
dx
d
(log |sec x + tan x |) = sec x
dx
d
(log|cosec x cot x|) = cosec
dx
d
1 x
sin
=
dx
a
(xvi)
d
1 x
cos
=
dx
a
d
dx
d
dx
d
(xix)
dx
(xvii)
(xviii)
(xx)
1
a x2
1
2
a x
1
x
tan 1 = 2
a
a + x2
1
x
cot 1 = 2
a
a + x2
x
1
sec 1 =
a x x2 a2
2
d 1
1 x
cosec
=
dx a
a x
1
x a
2
x dx = log | x | + C, when x 0
dx =
dx = e x + C
x
a dx =
ax
+C
log a
sin x dx = cos x + C
cos x dx = sin x + C
sec
cosec
x dx = tan x + C
x dx = cot x + C
a
a x
(xv)
xn + 1
+ C, n 1
n+1
x
dx = cos 1 + C
a
a x
1
dx
x
= tan 1 + C
2
2
a
a
a +x
1
1
x
dx = cot 1 + C
2
2
a
a
a +x
dx
x a
dx
2
x a
2
1
x
sec 1 + C
a
a
1
x
cosec 1 + C
a
a
4 Integral Calculus
Points to Consider
1.
ie, The integral of the product of a constant and a function = the constant
integral of the function.
2. { f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) f n ( x )} dx = f1 ( x ) dx f 2 ( x ) dx f n ( x ) dx.
ie, The integral of the sum or difference of a finite number of functions is
equal to the sum or difference of the integrals of the various functions.
3. Geometrical interpretation
x2
y = x dx =
+C
eg,
2
x2+C3
x2+C2
x2+C1
(x,0)
Fig. 1.1
y = f ( x ) dx = F( x ) + C
F ( x ) = f ( x ); F ( x1 ) = f ( x1 )
ie,
F ( x ) = f ( x )
F ( x )
always exists and is continuous.
5. If integrand is discontinuous at x = x1, then its anti-derivative at x = x1 need
not be discontinuous.
eg,
1 / 3
3 2/ 3
x
+ C is continuous at x = 0.
2
6. Anti-derivative of a periodic function need not be a periodic function.
eg, f ( x ) = cos x + 1 is periodic but ( cos x + 1) dx = sin x + x + C is aperiodic.
But
1 / 3
dx =
x 2 + 5x 1
x
(ii) ( x 2 + 5)3 dx
dx
Solution. (i) I =
x 2 + 5x 1
dx
x
x2
5 x1
1
1/ 2 + 1/ 2 1/ 2 dx
x
x
x
x 1/ 2 ) dx
x
x 1/ 2 + 1
5x
=
+
+C
3 /2 + 1 1/2 + 1 1/2 + 1
3(/x2 + 1 + 5x
3/ 2
1/ 2
1/ 2 + 1
using
I=
(ii) I =
(x
dx =
xn + 1
+ C
n+1
2 5/ 2 2
x
+ 5 x 3 / 2 2 x1 / 2 + C
5
3
+ 5)3 dx
(x
x 7 15x 5 75x 3
+
+
+ 125x + C
7
5
3
x7
I=
+ 3 x 5 + 25x 3 + 125x + C
7
I =
Illustration 4 Evaluate
(i) tan 2 x dx
(iii)
sin 6 x + cos 6 x
sin 2 x cos 2 x
Solution. (i)
dx
I=
I =
I=
(ii)
(ii)
dx
sin x cos 2 x
(iv)
cos x cos 2x
dx
1 cos x
tan x dx
2
(sec x 1) dx
2
sec x dx 1 dx
2
I = tan x x + c
1
I=
dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
I =
I=
I=
sec
sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx
sin 2 x
x dx +
cos 2 x
cosec
I = tan x cot x + C
x dx
6 Integral Calculus
(iii)
I=
I=
sin 6 x + cos 6 x
dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx
1 3 sin x cos x
2
sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx
sin 2 x cos2 x dx 3 dx
sec
(sin 2 x + cos 2 x )
sin 2 x cos 2 x
2
x dx +
dx 3 x + C
cosec
x dx 3 x + C
= tan x cot x 3 x + C
cos x cos 2x
dx
I=
1 cos x
(iv)
cos x (2 cos 2 x 1)
I=
I=
I=
(2 cos x + 1) dx
1 cos x
dx
(2 cos x + 1) (cos x 1)
(cos x 1)
dx
I = 2 sin x + x + C
Illustration 5 Evaluate
(i)
x3
dx
x+2
Solution. (i)
(ii)
I=
x2
dx
x +5
2
x3
x + 2 dx
8
I = x 2 2x + 4
dx
x
+ 2
x3
x 2 + 4x 8 log | x + 2| + C
3
x2
dx
I= 2
x +5
I=
(ii)
5
dx
dx = x 5 2
= 1 2
x
5
+
x
( 5 )2
+
=x
5
x
tan 1 + C
5
5
x
I = x 5 tan 1 + C
5
Illustration 6 Solve
(i) 5log e
Solution. (i)
I =5
log e x
dx
=x
log e 5
dx
(ii) 2log 4
dx
log e x
dx =
dx
(as a log e
= blog c a )
x log e 5 + 1
+C
(log e 5 + 1)
x log e 5 + 1
+C
log e 5 + 1
I = 2log 4
(ii)
=2
log
22
dx
x
= 21/ 2 log 2
= 2log 2
=
dx
x
dx
dx
x dx
( using a log a
= b)
x 3/ 2
+C
3/2
2
dx = x 3/ 2 + C
3
=
log 4 x
Methods of Integration
If the integrand is not a derivative of a simple function, then the
corresponding integrals cannot be found directly. In order to find the integral
of complex problems, we follow the following rules :
Integration by Substitution
(or by change of the independent variable)
If g ( x) is a continuously differentiable function, then to evaluate
integrals of the form,
I = f ( g ( x)) . g ( x) dx,
we substitute
g ( x) = t and g ( x) dx = dt
8 Integral Calculus
Illustration 7 Evaluate
(i)
(iii)
sin (log x )
x
e
3 sin x + 4 cos x
(ii)
dx
4 sin x 3 cos x
dx
m tan 1 x
1 + x2
dx
Solution. (i) I =
sin (log x )
dx
d
1
(log x ) =
dx
x
We know,
log x = t
Thus, let
I=
1
dx = dt
x
sin ( t ) dt = cos ( t ) + C
= cos (log x ) + C
3 sin x + 4 cos x
(ii) I =
dx
4 sin x 3 cos x
d
We know,
(4 sin x 3 cos x ) = (4 cos x + 3 sin x )
dx
4 sin x 3 cos x = t
Thus, let
I=
I=
m tan 1 x
I=
I=
I=
1
m
I=
1 t
1 m tan 1
e +C=
e
m
m
(iv)
I=
x sin (4x
Let
4x + 7 = t
(i)
(4 cos x + 3 sin x ) dx = dt
dt
= log | t | + C
t
3 sin x + 4 cos x
dx
4 sin x 3 cos x
(i)
dx
1 + x2
t
dt
m
dt
let
m tan 1 x = t
m
dx = dt
1 + x2
1
1
dx =
dt
m
1 + x2
x
+C
+ 7) dx
1
dt
8
dt
I = sin ( t )
8
1
I = cos ( t ) + C
8
1
I = cos (4x 2 + 7) + C
8
8x dx = dt, x dx =
1. If
f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) + C, then f ( ax + b) dx = a
2. If
g ( ax + b) + C
n
( ax + b) dx =
ax + b
(iv)
bx + c
dx =
a
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
+ C, n 1
(vi)
a ( n + 1)
ax + b dx = a log | ax + b| + C
(iii)
(v)
( ax + b) n + 1
dx =
1 ax + b
e
+C
a
1 a bx + c
+C
b log a
1
sin ( ax + b) dx = a cos ( ax + b) + C
1
cos ( ax + b) dx = a sin ( ax + b) + C
1
tan ( ax + b) + C
a
1
2
cosec ( ax + b) dx = a cot ( ax + b) + C
1
sec ( ax + b) tan ( ax + b) dx = a sec ( ax + b) + C
1
cosec ( ax + b) cot ( ax + b) dx = a cosec ( ax + b) + C
1
tan ( ax + b) dx = a log |cos ( ax + b) | + C
1
cot ( ax + b) dx = a log |sin ( ax + b) | + C
1
sec ( ax + b) dx = a log |sec ( ax + b) + tan ( ax + b) | + C
1
cosec ( ax + b) dx = a log |cosec ( ax + b) cot ( ax + b) | + C
sec
( ax + b) dx =
10 Integral Calculus
Illustration 8 Evaluate
(i) cos 4x cos 7x dx
cos 4x cos 7x dx
(ii)
I=
1
(cos 3 x + cos 11x )
2
cos 4x cos 7x dx
1
2
1
2
sin 3 x
sin 11x
22
+C
1
(cos x + cos 3 x ) cos 5x
2
1
{2 cos x cos 5x + 2 cos 3 x cos 5x}
4
1
{ (cos 4x + cos 6x ) + (cos 2x + cos 8x )}
4
I=
1
{cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x + cos 8x}
4
1
(cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x + cos 8x ) dx
4
sin 2x sin 4x sin 6x sin 8x
=
+
+
+
+C
8
16
24
32
Points to Consider
While solving such problems it is expedient to use the following trigonometric
identities :
1
1. sin mx cos nx = {sin ( m n ) x + sin ( m + n ) x }
2
1
2. cos mx sin nx = {sin ( m + n ) x sin ( m n ) x }
2
1
3. sin mx sin nx = {cos ( m n ) x cos ( m + n ) x }
2
1
4. cos mx cos nx = {cos ( m n ) x + cos ( m + n ) x }
2
x 5 dx
(ii)
x3
dx
1 + 2x
(iv)
x2
( a + bx )2 dx
Let
(ii) I =
Let
x 5 = t
I=
8x + 13
4x + 7
4x + 7
x2 + 1
( x 2 1 )2
(vi)
I=
Solution. (i)
8x + 13
dx
dx
x+1 x
x 5 dx
(t
dx
dx = 2t dt
+ 5) t 2t dt = 2 ( t 4 + 5t 2 ) dt
t 5 5t 3
=2
+
+C
3
5
( x 5 )5 / 2 5 ( x 5 )3 / 2
=2
+
+C
5
3
dx
4x + 7 = t 2
1
t dt
2
2
2 ( t 7) + 13 1
t dt
t
2
4dx = 2t dt, dx =
I=
1
(2t 2 14 + 13 ) dt
I=
2
1
(2t 2 1) dt
=
2
1
t
I = t3 + C
3
2
1
1
I = (4x + 7)3/ 2 (4x + 7)1/ 2 + C
3
2
(iii) I =
x3
dx, let 1 + 2x = t 2
1 + 2x
2dx = 2t dt, dx = t dt
3
t2 1
t dt
2
t
1
6
( t 3 t 4 + 3 t 2 1) dt
I=
8
1 t7 3
= t5 + t3 t + C
87 5
I=
I=
7/ 2
1 (2x + 1)
3
(1 + 2x )5/ 2 + (2x + 1)3/ 2 (2x + 1)1/ 2 + C
8
7
5
12 Integral Calculus
(iv)
(v)
x2 + 1
I=
( x 2 1)2 dx
I=
1 + 1 / x2
(dividing Nr and Dr by x 2)
dx
2
1
x
x
dt
1
1
I = 2 let x = t 1 + 2 dx = dt
x
x
t
1
= +C
t
1
x
+C=
+C
I=
1
1 x2
I=
=
I=
x2
2a
a2
x 2
b
b
( a + bx )2 dx = b2 +
1
b2
dx
( bx + a )2
2bx + a
1 dx b2 ( bx + a )2 dx
1
a
x 2
2
b
b
2bx + 2a a
( bx + a )
dx
1
a
1
dx a
x 2 2
2
( bx + a )
b
b
a
1
a 2
x 2 log | bx + a | +
+C
b ( bx + a )
b b
b2
( bx + a )
1
a2
bx 2a log | bx + a |
+C
3
( a + bx )
b
dx
(rationalising Dr )
I=
x+1 x
=
(vi)
dx
x+1+
I=
I=
I=
( x + 1) ( x )
x+1+
dx
x ) dx
2
2
( x + 1 )3 / 2 + ( x )3 / 2 + C
3
3
x
x
1
1
Put
x + = t 1 2 dx =
x
x
1
1
1
2. f x 1 + 2 dx Put x = t
x
x
x
dt
1
1 + 2 dx = dt
x2 + 1
x4 + kx2 + 1
dx
x x ( x 2x + 1) (ln x + 1)
x (x
2x
x 4x + 1
+ 1) (ln x + 1)
x 4x + 1
dx
dx
x x (ln x + 1) dx = dy
I=
Let
y2 + 1
y4 + 1
1
1
1+ 2
y
y2
dy =
dy
2
1
1
y2 + 2
y + 2
y
y
1+
dy =
1
1 + 2 dy = dt
y
1
dt
1 t
I= 2
=
+C
tan
2
2
t +2
1
y
1
1
y
tan 1
tan 1
+C=
=
2
2
2
1
=t
y
Illustration 11 Evaluate
1
x
x x
x +C
( x 2 1) dx
1
( x 4 + 3 x 2 + 1) tan 1 x +
I=
Let
(1 1 / x 2 ) dx
( x + 3 + 1 / x ) tan
2
x+
(dividing Nr and Dr by x 2)
(1 1 / x 2 ) dx
1
{( x + 1 / x )2 + 1} tan 1 x +
x
1
1
x + = t 1 2 dx = dt
x
x
dt
I= 2
( t + 1) tan 1 ( t )
dt
= du
t +1
2
(i)
14 Integral Calculus
du
= log |u | + C
u
I=
Illustration 12
Solution. I =
=
x 7/ 6 ( x 7/ 6 x 5/ 6 ) dx
x 7/ 6 x1/ 3 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 2 x1/ 2 x 7/ 6 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 3
(1 x 2 ) dx
x
3/ 2
1 2 dx
x
1
x+ +1
=
Substitute,
( x + x + 1)1/ 2 x 5/ 3 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 3
2
1/ 2
x+ +1
dt
( t + 1)1/ 2 ( t + 1)1/ 3
1/ 3
Putting
x+ =t
1 2 dx = dt
( t + 1) = u 6
=
6u 5 du
u3 u2
= 6
= 6
= 6
u3
du, put u 1 = z
u 1
( z + 1 )3
dz
z
z3 + 3 z2 + 3 z + 1
z
dz
= 6 z 2 + 3 z + 3 + dz
where,
z3 3 z2
= 6
+
+ 3 z + log | z | + C
2
3
1/ 6
1
z= x+ +1
1
Illustration 13 The value of {{[ x ]}} dx, where {.} and [.] denotes fractional part of x and greatest integer function) is equal to
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 1
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 1
1
x
[{ x }] = 0
I = [{ x }] dx = 0 dx = 0
Thus,
Solution. Here,
We know,
d ( x 2 + 1)
(b) x 2 + 2 + C
d ( x 2 + 1)
I=
x2 + 2
x2 + 2
(c) x
x2 + 2 + C
d ( x 2 + 1) = 2x dx
2x dx
I=
x2 + 2
Put,
x2 + 2 = t2
2x dx = 2t dt
2t dt
= 2t + C
I=
t
, is
I = 2 x2 + 2 + C
Illustration 16 If
(a) 2 / 5, 5 / 2
xk
( x )5
(b) 1 / 5, 2 / 5
(c) 5 / 2, 1 / 2
( x )5
Solution. Here, I =
dx
( x )7 + x 6
=
=
(d) 2 / 5, 1 / 2
dx
( x )2 + ( x )7
dx
1
5
= y 7/ 2 dx = dy
, put
1
x 5/ 2
2x
7/ 2
x
1 + 5/ 2
x
16 Integral Calculus
=
=
2
5
dy
1+
2
log |1 + y| + C
5
1
2
+ C
log
5
1 + y
x 5/ 2
2
+ C
log 5/ 2
5
+ 1
x
xk
+C
I = a log
k
1+ x
=
where,
(i)
(given)
(ii)
+C
log
+
=
C
a log
5/ 2
k
5
1+ x
1+ x
a =2/5
and
k =5/2
1 2 cos 3 x
(b) sin x
cos 5x + cos 4x
sin 2x
+C
2
Solution. Here, I =
dx, is equal to
sin 2x
2
+C
x
9x
cos
2
2
dx
=
3x
1
1 2 2 cos 2
2
9x
x
2 cos cos
2
2 dx
=
3x
3 4 cos 2
2
3x
Multiplying and dividing it by cos
, we get
2
3x
9x
x
2 cos cos
cos
2
2
2 dx
=
3x
3 3x
3 cos
4 cos
2
2
2 cos x / 2 cos 3 x / 2 cos 9x / 2
=
dx
cos 9x / 2
2 cos
2
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
dx = (cos 2x + cos x ) dx
+C
+C
2
3
(a)
sin 2x
cos 7x cos 8x
1 + 2 cos 5x
dx, is equal to
Solution. Here, I =
=
cos 7x cos 8x
1 + 2 cos 5x
dx
15x
x
sin
2
2 dx
1 + 2 cos 5x
2 sin
5x
,
2
15x
5x
x
2 sin
sin sin
2
2
2 dx
=
5x
5x
+ 2 sin
cos 5x
sin
2
2
x
15x
5x
2 sin
sin sin
2
2
2 dx
=
5x
15
5x
sin
x sin
+ sin
2
2
2
5x
x
= 2 sin sin
dx
2
2
= (cos 2x cos 3 x ) dx
I=
sin 2x sin 3 x
+C
2
3
Illustration 19 If
f ( x ) cos x dx = 2 f
(a) x
(b) 1
Solution. Here,
(c) cos x
1 2
f ( x ) cos x dx = f ( x ) + C
2
ie,
( x ) + c, then f ( x ) can be
f ( x ) cos x = f ( x ) f ( x )
d
cos x =
( f ( x ))
dx
f ( x ) = cos x dx
f ( x ) = sin x + C
(d) sin x
18 Integral Calculus
x2 + 3
x 6 ( x 2 + 1)
2.
dx
(1 + x )2
5.
x (1 + x 2 ) dx
7.
x 2 + 1 dx
9.
x6 1
dx
x+1 x
1 + 2x 2
4.
x 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx
6.
1 + x 2 dx
8.
x4
x4 + x2 + 1
2 (1 + x 2 )
dx
( x + 1) ( x 2 x )
dx
x x +x+ x
1 x 2
x 2 x
10.
x1/ 2 x 1/ 2 x 3/ 2 + x1/ 2 x 1/ 2 dx
11.
4 + 2x 1 + x 2 4 4x 1 + x 2
12.
14.
16.
18.
1 + cos 2x dx
20.
cos2 x sin 2 x dx
22.
24.
cos x dx
25.
sec 2x + 1 dx
26.
27.
x 6 64
x2
( x 2 + sin 2 x ) sec 2x
1 + x2
e 3x + e 5x
e x + e x
dx
1 + sin x
4x 2 (2x + 1)
dx
1 2x
dx
15. ( e a ln x + e x ln a ) dx
dx
1 + cos 2 x
19.
cos 2x
cos x sin x
cos x cos 2x
1 cos x
30.
sec
32.
33.
dx
cos 2x cos 2
28.
cos x cos
2
13. 2x e x dx
dx
x cosec 2x dx
1 tan 2 x
1 + tan 2 x dx
21. 4 cos
21
x
cos x sin
x dx
2
2
sec 2x 1
sin x + cos x
dx (cos x + sin x > 0)
1 + sin 2x
sin 3 x + cos 3 x
29.
31.
34.
cot x tan x dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx
1 sin 2x dx
sin x + cos x
6
dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x
2 9 x
x
2 7
sin 8 + 4 sin 8 + 4 dx
cos 4x + 1
x dx
2
cot2 2x 1
cos 8x cot 4x dx
2 cot 2x
36.
38.
dx
dx (cos 2x > 0)
Integration by Parts
Theorem
du
uv dx = u v dx dx v dx dx
f ( x) dx { g ( x)} + g ( x) dx { f ( x)} dx = f ( x) g( x) dx
or
f ( x) dx { g( x)} dx + g ( x) dx { f ( x)} dx = f ( x) g ( x) dx
or
f ( x) dx { g ( x)} dx = f ( x) g ( x) dx g ( x) dx { f ( x)} dx
Let
f ( x) = u and
d
{ g ( x)} = v
dx
So that g ( x) = v dx
du
v dx dx
dx
uv dx = u v dx
Points to Consider
While applying the above rule, care has to be taken in the selection of first
function (u) and selection of second function (v). Normally we use the following
methods :
1. If in the product of the two functions, one of the functions is not directly
integrable (eg, log | x |, sin 1 x, cos 1 x, tan 1 x, , etc.) Then, we take it as
the first function and the remaining function is taken as the second function.
eg, In the integration of x tan 1 x dx, tan 1 x is taken as the first function
and x as the second function.
2. If there is no other function, then unity is taken as the second function. eg, In
the integration of tan 1 x dx, tan 1 x is taken as first function and 1 as the
second function.
3. If both of the function are directly integrable, then the first function is chosen
in such a way that the derivative of the function thus obtained under integral
sign is easily integrable.
20 Integral Calculus
Usually we use the following preference order for selecting the first
function. (Inverse, Logarithmic, Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponent).
In above stated order, the function on the left is always chosen as the
first function. This rule is called as ILATE.
Illustration 20 Evaluate
(i) sin 1 x dx
(ii) log e | x | dx
Solution. (i) I =
sin
sin
x dx =
x 1 dx
II
= x sin
1
2
dt
t1/ 2
let
1 x2 = t
2x dx = dt
1
x dx = dt
2
1 t1/ 2
x+
+C
2 1/2
I = x sin 1 x + 1 x 2 + C
sin
(ii)
I=
x dx = x sin 1 x + 1 x 2 + C
log e | x | dx = log e | x | 1 dx
I
Applying integration by parts, we get
1
= log | x | x x dx
x
II
= x log | x | 1 dx
I = x log | x | x + C
Illustration 21 Evaluate
(i) x cos x dx
Solution. (i)
I=
x cos x dx
(ii) x 2 cos x dx
x cos x dx
I II
Applying integration by parts,
d
I = x ( cos x dx )
( x ) { (cos x ) dx } dx
dx
I = x sin x
1 sin x dx
I = x sin x + cos x + C
I=
cos x dx
I II
Applying integration by parts,
d
I = x 2 ( cos x dx )
dx ( x
) { cos x } dx
x sin x dx
= x 2 sin x 2
II
dx
= x 2 sin x 2 x ( sin x dx ) ( sin x dx ) dx
dx
1 ( cos x ) dx }
= x 2 sin x 2 { x cos x
Illustration 22 Evaluate
Solution.
sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
x cos 1
x + cos
x cos 1
x + cos
dx =
sin 1
x
x
dx.
x ( / 2 sin 1
/2
x)
dx
(Q sin 1 + cos 1 = / 2)
Let
4
I=
4
I=
I=
(2 sin
x / 2) dx
sin
x dx
sin
x dx x + C
1 dx
(i)
sin
x dx =
sin 2 d
I
II
1
1
1
sin x dx = 2 + 2 cos 2 d = 2 cos 2 + 4 sin 2
1
1
=
(1 2 sin 2 ) + sin 1 sin 2
2
2
1
1
(ii)
=
sin 1 x (1 2x ) + x 1 x
2
2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1
4 1
(sin 1 x ) (1 2x ) +
I=
2
2
=
2
{ x x 2 (1 2x ) sin 1
1 x x + C
x} x + C
22 Integral Calculus
Integral of the Form e x { f ( x) + f ( x)} dx
Theorem Prove that e x { f ( x ) + f ( x )} dx = e x f ( x ) + C
Proof
We have,
{ f ( x ) + f ( x )} dx
f ( x ) dx +
I
II
x
f ( x ) dx
= f ( x ) e x f ( x ) e x dx +
= f (x) e + C
x
f ( x ) dx + C
Points to Consider
The above theorem is also true, if we have e kx in place of e x . ie,
kx
kx
e { f ( kx ) + f ( kx )} dx = e f ( kx ) + C
General Concept
g(x)
{ f ( x) g ( x) + f ( x)} dx
Proof
I =
e{
g(x)
f ( x) g ( x) dx +
{ 123
II
= f ( x) e g(x)
eg,
eg,
II
f ( x) e
g (x)
g(x)
f ( x) dx
dx +
g(x)
f ( x) dx = f ( x) e g(x)
2
(x sin x + cos x) x cos x ( x sin x + cos x)
dx
2
x
sin
+
cos
x
x
x
(x sin x + cos x)
2
dx
cos x
e
x2
cos
cos
x
x
+
dx
(x sin x + cos x)
x cos x
e
x x
cos x
e (x sin x + cos x)
+C
x
tan x
tan x
tan x
e (sin x sec x) dx = e sin x dx e sec x dx
e tan x cos x +
tan x
tan x
sec2 x cos x dx
tan x
cos x
Illustration 23 Evaluate
1 + sin x cos x
dx
(i) e x
cos 2 x
1 + sin 2x
(ii) e 2x
dx
1 + cos 2x
sec x dx
Solution. (i) I = e x
1
sin x cos x
I = ex 2 +
dx
cos 2 x
cos x
e {tan x + sec x} dx
I = e x tan x dx + e x (sec 2 x ) dx
II
I=
(ii)
I = e x tan x + C
1 + sin 2x
2 x 1 + 2 sin x cos x
I = e 2x
dx
dx = e
2
2 cos x
1 + cos 2x
1
2 sin x cos x
2 x 1
2
= e 2x
+
dx = e sec x + tan x dx
2
2
2
2
cos
2
cos
x
x
1
= e 2x tan x dx + e 2x sec 2 x dx
2
II
I
= tan x
I=
e 2x
e 2x
1
sec 2 x
dx +
2
2
2
2x
sec 2 x dx
1 2x
e tan x + C
2
2
1x
dx.
2
1 + x
Illustration 24 Evaluate e x
2
Solution. I =
ex
(1 2x + x 2 )
(1 + x 2 )2
dx
1 + x2
2x
dx
2 2
2 2
(1 + x )
(1 + x )
1
d 1
2x
2x
=
= ex
dx
as
2
2 2
2
2 2
(1 + x )
(1 + x )
1 + x
dx 1 + x
x
e
=
+C
1 + x2
ex
+C
I=
1 + x2
I=
1x
dx =
e
2
1 + x
x
e (sin bx) dx
I = sin bx e ax dx
I =
ax
II
e
I = sin bx
a
ax
b cos bx
e ax
dx
a
24 Integral Calculus
1
e ax
e ax
b
sin bx e ax cos bx
dx
( b sin bx)
a
a
a
a
2
b
b
1
= sin bx e ax 2 cos bx e ax 2 sin bx e ax dx
a
a
a
1
b
b2
I = sin bx e ax 2 cos bx e ax 2 I
a
a
a
2
ax
1 e
b
( a sin bx b cos bx)
I + 2 I =
a2
a
a2 + b2 e ax
= 2 ( a sin bx b cos bx)
I
2
a
a
I =
e ax
( a sin bx b cos bx) + C
a2 + b2
or
I =
Thus,
ax
sin bx dx =
e ax
( a sin bx b cos bx) + C
a2 + b2
Similarly,
ax
cos bx dx =
e ax
( a cos bx + b sin bx) + C
a + b2
Aliter
e cos bx dx and Q = e
P + iQ = e ax e ibx dx = e (a + ib) x dx
P=
Let
Hence,
ax
P + iQ =
=
P=
Q=
ax
sin bx dx
a ib ax
1
e (cos bx + i sin bx)
e (a + ib) x = 2
a + ib
a + b2
Illustration 25 Evaluate
(i) e x cos 2 x dx
where
cos 2x e
I1 = cos 2x e x dx
dx
(i)
= e x cos 2x + 2 sin 2x e x 4 I1
1
I1 = {e x cos 2x + 2 sin 2x e x}
5
1 1 x
{e cos 2x + 2 sin 2x e x}
2 5
1 x
e { cos 2x + 2 sin 2x } + C
10
I = sin (log x ) dx
(ii)
Let
(ii)
log x = t
x = e t or dx = e t dt
Illustration 26 Evaluate
Solution. Let I =
x 2dx
( x sin x + cos x )2
x2
dx
( x sin x + cos x )2
= x sec x
x cos x
( x sin x + cos x )2
dx
x cos x
d
( x sec x )
dx dx
2
dx
( x sin x + cos x )
1
( x sin x + cos x )
1
dx
( x sin x + cos x )
( x sin x + cos x )
dx
cos 2 x ( x sin x + cos x )
x sec x
+
( x sin x + cos x )
26 Integral Calculus
x sec x
+ sec 2 x dx
( x sin x + cos x )
x sec x
I=
+ tan x + C
( x sin x + cos x )
=
2
integer, then substitute cot x = p or tan x = p which so ever is
found suitable.
Illustration 27 Evaluate sin 3 x cos 5 x dx.
cos x = t
sin x dx = dt
2
5
I = (1 t ) t dt
t8 t6
I = t 7 dt t 5 dt =
+C
8
6
8
6
cos x cos x
I=
+C
8
6
I = R3 (1 R2 )2 dR, if sin x = R, cos x dx = dR
Let
Aliter
I = R3 dR 2 R5 dR +
I=
sin 4 x
4
2 sin 6 x
6
R dR
7
sin 8 x
8
+C
Points to Consider
This problem can also be handled by successive reduction or by trigonometrical
identities. Answers will be in different form but identical with modified constant
of integration.
I=
11 / 3
cos 1/ 3 x
sin
1/ 3
x sin 4 x
x cos
1/ 3
x dx
ie,
11 1
2
3
3
= 3
dx = (cot 1/ 3 x ) (cosec 2 x )2 dx
3
3
3
= t 2/ 3 + t 8 / 3 + C = (cot2/ 3 x ) + (cot8 / 3 x ) + C
8
8
2
Illustration 29 Evaluate
(i)
1
dx
sin ( x a ) cos ( x b)
Solution. (i) I =
(ii)
1
dx
cos ( x a ) cos ( x b)
1
dx
sin ( x a ) cos ( x b)
cos ( a b)
dx
dx
cos ( a b) sin ( x a ) cos ( x b)
I=
sin ( x a )
1
+ C
log e
cos ( a b)
cos ( x b)
1
I=
dx
cos ( x a ) cos ( x b)
sin ( a b)
1
dx
=
(ii)
dx
cos ( x a )
1
+ C
log
sin ( a b)
cos ( x b)
Illustration 30 Evaluate
Solution. Let
I=
sin ( x + a )
sin ( x + b) dx.
sin ( x + a )
dx
sin ( x + b)
Put x + b = t dx = dt
28 Integral Calculus
sin ( t b + a )
I=
sin t
dt =
x2
1
dx
x
= tan 1 + C
a
a
+ a2
(ii)
x2
x a
dx
1
+ C
log
=
2
2
a
a
x + a
(iii)
a2
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
a2 x2 dx =
a2 x2 +
(viii)
a2 + x2
a2 + x2
(ix)
x2 a2
a + x
dx
1
+ C
log
=
2
2a
x
a x
dx
x
= sin 1 + C
2
2
a
a x
dx
a +x
2
dx
x a
2
= log | x +
x2 + a2 | + C
= log | x +
x2 a2 | + C
1
x
2
1
dx = x
2
1
dx = x
2
x2 a2
1 2
x
a sin 1 + C
a
2
1
+ a2 log | x + a2 + x2 | + C
2
1
a2 log | x + x2 a2 | + C
2
Substitution
a2 + x2
x = a tan or a cot
a x
x = a sin or a cos
x a
ax
or
a+x
2
x
or
x
x = a sec or a cosec
a+x
ax
x = a cos 2
( x ) ( x )
x = cos 2 + sin 2