CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project work titled HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM,

that is being submitted by Anuj Gupta (10BEC0298) is in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Bachelors of Technology (Electronics and
communication Engineering), is a record of bonafide work done under my
guidance. The contents of this project work, in full or in parts, neither been taken
from any other source nor have been submitted to any other institute or University for
award of any degree or diploma and the same is certified.

GUIDE
(Prof Gerardine Immaculate Mary)
The thesis is satisfactory / unsatisfactory

Internal Examiner

External Examiner
Approved by
Program Chair

ABSTRACT

This project involves the design and construction of an individual control home
automation system using a microcontroller. Home automation is the automatic or
semi-automatic control and monitoring of household appliances and residential house
features like doors, gate and even the windows even monitor temperature and light.
This project is a demonstration of how to design and build a multipurpose remotely
controlled system that can switch OFF and ON any electrical household appliance
(including the security light), controls a relay for the automatic switching on and off
of the appliance. The results of this project show that a microcontroller is a very
powerful device for building smart electronic devices that can automatically control
electrical appliances, with little circuitry complexities and components.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude and indebtedness to the project guide Professor

Gerardine Immaculate Mary, for her initiative in this field of research, for her
valuable guidance, encouragement and affection for the successful completion of this
work. Her sincere sympathies and kind attitude always encouraged us to carry out the
present work firmly. We express our thankfulness to Dr. Arulmozhivarman, Program
chair of Electronics and Communication Engineering ,VIT University, Vellore
for providing us with best facilities in the Department and their valuable guidance in
our project and all our friends and well-wishers who were involved directly or
indirectly in successful completion of the present work

Place: Vellore
Date:

ANUJ GUPTA (10BEC0298)

CONTENTS
Chapter

Page

CERTIFICATION...................................................................................i
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.....................................................................iii
CHAPTER ONE....................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................1
AUTOMATION.....................................................................................................3
OFFICE AUTOMATION......................................................................................4
BUILDING
AUTOMATION.............................................................................................4
POWER AUTOMATION.....................................................................................5
HOME AUTOMATION.......................................................................................6
PROJECT AIM......................................................................................................6
PROJECT OBJECTIVE.........................................................................................7
PROJECT SCOPE AND LIMITATION................................................................7
PROJECT JUSTIFICATION.................................................................................7
REPORT LAYOUT...............................................................................................8
CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................9
LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................9
HISTORY OF HOME AUTOMATION..................................................................9
HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS........................................................................9
HOME AUTOMATION STANDARDS.................................................................10
INSTEON STANDARDS........................................................................................12
EUROPEAN HOME SYSTEMS (EHS) PROTOCOL............................................14
ZIGBEE STRANDADS...........................................................................................14
HOME AUTOMATION IMPLEMENTATION PLATOFORM....17
VON-NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE....................................................................17
HARVARD ARCHITECTURE...............................................................................18
CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................20
METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................20
PRELIMINARY
CONSIDERATIONS...............................................................................................20
SELECTION OF HARDWARE COMPONENT....................................................20
SYSTEM DESIGN..................................................................................................22

ATMEGA8 BLOCK DIAGRAM............................................................................25

CENTRAL PORCESSING UNIT (CPU)...............................................................26
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)................................................................26
READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)...........................................................................27
INPUT AND OUTPORT PORTS (I/O)..................................................................27
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................34
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION....................................................................34
CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................................................41
CONCLUSION ...................................................41

LIST OF FIGURES

Block diagram of the project ...22

Atmega8 Architecture.25
Atmega8 Pin Diagram 28
Software figure.....39
Pin Diagram of Operational Amplifier.30
Intensity Vs Resistivity in LDR ......32
Power Supply...33
Circuit Diagram ...34
Power Supply Circuit.......35
Temperature sensor..36
LDR circuit diagram.37
IR circuit diagram.....38

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Imagine how helpful it will be to be able to switch on your air
conditioning system ten minutes before you get home on a hot afternoon
in January. How about having a security system that will detect smoke,
excessive electrical power usage, burglar attempts and unauthorized
movements in your house and alert you? This is what home automation is
about and there is no end to its application. In fact, sophisticated home
automation systems are now being developed that can maintain an
inventory of household items, record their usage through an RFID (Radio
Frequency Identification) tag, and prepare a shopping list or
automatically order replacements. Home automation has made it
possible to have what is often referred to as a 'smart home', a home that
can detect and identify you, automatically adjust the lighting to your
predefined taste, open doors automatically, play your favourite music,
water your flowers in the morning, switch on the security lights at night
and switch them off in the morning, heat water for bathe and tea, stream
to you anywhere in the world via the internet a live video of what is
happening in and around your house. It makes it possible to link lighting

entertainment, security, telecommunications, heating, and air

conditioning into one centrally controlled system. This allows you to
make your house an active partner in managing your busy life.
Nowadays, you can hardly find a house without a home automation
System which can range from the remote for the television, burglar alarm
and hi-tech security gates, to an automated air conditioning system that
maintains the temperature at a predefined value.

AUTOMATION
Automation is the use of control systems and information technology to
control equipment, industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need
for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a
step beyond mechanization. Mechanization provided human operators
with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of work
while automation greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental
requirements as well.
Automation plays an increasingly important role in
the global economy and in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine
automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create
complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and
human activities. Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently
lie beyond the scope of automation. Human-level pattern recognition,
language recognition, and language production ability are well
beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer systems.
Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory
data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level tasks such as strategic planning,
currently require human expertise. Automation has had a notable impact in a wide
range of highly visible industries beyond manufacturing. Once ubiquitous telephone
operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and

answering machines . Medical processes such as primary screening in

electrocardiograph or Radiography and laboratory analysis of human
genes, blood plasmas, cells, and tissues are carried out at much greater
speed and accuracy by automated systems. Automated teller machines
have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out
transactions. In general, automation has been responsible for the shift in
the world economy from agrarian to industrial in the 19th century and
from industrial to services in the 20th century.
OFFICE AUTOMATION
Office automation refers to the varied computer machinery and software
used to digitally create, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office
information needed for accomplishing basic tasks and goals. Raw data
storage, electronic transfer, and the management of electronic business
information comprise the basic activities of an office automation system,
office automation helps in optimizing or automating existing office
procedures.

BUILDING AUTOMATION
Building automation describes the functionality provided by the control
of a building. The control system is a computerized, intelligent network
of electronic devices, designed to monitor and control the mechanical and
lighting systems of a building. A building automation system is an
example of a distributed control system.

The building automation system

(BAS) core functionality keeps the building climate within a specific
range, provides lighting based on an occupancy schedule, and monitors
system performance and device failures and provides email and/or text
notifications to building engineering staff. The BAS functionality reduces
building energy and maintenance costs when compared to a noncontrolled building.
POWER AUTOMATION
Power automation is the automated control and monitoring of power
plants, substations and transformers for effectiveness, efficiency and fault
detection. It has made it possible to have a reliable municipal or national
electricity system, which often comprises remote and hard-to-reach
transformers and power sub-system units. It makes it possible to monitor
different power units, relay their status and health information, and even
carry out fault detection and correction without human interference.
Example of power automation system is the Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition (SCADA) system.

HOME AUTOMATION
Home automation may designate an emerging practice of increased
automation of household appliances and features in residential dwellings,
particularly through electronic means that allow for things impracticable,
overly expensive or simply not possible in recent decades. Home
automation includes all that a building automation provides like climate
controls, door and window controls, and in addition control of multimedia
home theatres, pet feeding, plant watering and so on. But there
exists a difference in that home automation emphasizes more on comforts
through ergonomics and ease of operation.

PROJECT AIM
The aim of this project is to design and construct a home automation
4system that will automatically switch on or off any household appliance
connected to it, using a microcontroller.

PROJECT OBJECTIVE
The objective of this project is to implement a low cost, reliable and
scalable home automation system that can be used to remotely switch on
or off any household appliance, using a microcontroller to achieve
hardware simplicity.

PROJECT SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This project work is complete on its own in automatically
switching on and off of any electrical appliance not limited to household
appliances, and sends a feedback message indicating the new present
state of the appliance. It does not implement control of multiple
appliances or automatic detection of faults in the controlled appliance.
PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
This project is of contributory knowledge to the development and
implementation of home automation systems in Nigeria using low cost,
locally available components like microcontroller

REPORT LAYOUT
The entire project is composed of five chapters, each covering a section of the work as
summarized below:
Chapter one gives an introduction to automation as a whole and the
different types of automation.
Chapter two covers an extensive literature review of previous works on
home automation systems, the different established standards and
protocols, and the platforms over which home automation can be
implemented.
Chapter three highlights the project methodology, giving reasons for choice
of specific platforms and components, and also, comprehensive details on
both hardware components and communication services used.
Chapter four is on the project design and implementation with clear
practical details of the project design, construction, testing, microcontroller coding
and debugging. Special emphasis is also made on the flexibility and
scalability of the project work with real life illustration.
Chapter five is on the conclusion based on the
project work with emphasis on the reliability, maintainability and
flexibility of the design.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
HISTORY OF HOME AUTOMATION
Home automation has been around since the world war 1 (1914), in fact,
the television remote (a simple home automation system) was patented in
1893 (Wikipedia, 2009). Since then different home automation systems
have evolved with a sharp rise after the second World War. It's growth
has been through various informal research and designs by technology
enthusiasts who want a better way of getting things done at home without
much effort on their part. The systems evolved from one that can
automatically do routine chores like switch on and off security lights, to
more sophisticated ones that can adjust lighting, put the television
channel to favorite station and control doors.

HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS

Home automation systems may designate electronic systems in homes
and residential buildings that make possible the automation of household
appliances. The new stream of home automation systems has developed
into a vast one and the current market is flooded with a flurry of home
automation systems and device manufacturers.
The types of home automation systems based on their control systems
Are:

INDIVIDUAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

These types were the first to hit the market in the early years, here
each device like the heater or the air conditioner will have an
independent control dedicated to it
DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS
The main feature of these type of systems is emergency shut-down.
With this system you can preset or change the control parameters of
several similar devices, for example, the thermostat of several air
conditioners and their ON/OFF timings.
CENTRAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
These are computerized systems programmed to handle all functions
of multiple utilities like air conditioning system, home entertainments,
doors, windows, refrigerators and cooking systems, all at the same
time regardless of whether you are at home or away. You can connect
to the control system through telephone or internet from anywhere in
the world. The types of home automation systems based on the carrier
mode are:
1. POWER LINE CARRIER SYSTEMS
The least expensive type of home automation system operates over the
home's existing wiring, or power line carrier. These can range from
X10- based lamp timers, to more sophisticated systems that require installation by
a trained professional.

10

WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Also available are wireless home automation systems that utilize
radiofrequency technology. They are often used to operate lights,
sometimes in conjunction with a hardwired lighting control system.
Wired, or hardwired home control systems are the most reliable and
expensive. These systems can operate over high-grade
communications cable, or their own
proprietary bus cable. That is why it is best to plan for them when a
house is being constructed. Hardwired systems can perform more
tasks at a time and do them quickly and reliably, making them ideal
for larger homes. They can also integrate more systems
in the home, effectively tying together indoor and outdoor lighting,
audio and video equipment, security system, even the heating and
cooling system into one control package that will be easy and intuitive
to operate.
INTERNET PROTOCOL CONTROL SYSTEMS
Internet Protocol (IP) control automation system uses the internet,
gives each device under its control an Internet Protocol address, and
creates a local area network (LAN) in the home. Hence, the home can
be interacted with over the internet with possibility of live video streaming and
real-time control

11

HOME AUTOMATION STANDARDS

There are many established industry standards for home automation
systems and are implemented over the various carrier modes ranging
from power line to wireless. The popular and major standards are
INSTEON, European Home Systems (EHS), ZigBee, KNX, Z-Wave,
X10, Lon Works, ONE-NET and Universal Power line Bus (UPB).
INSTEON STRANDARD
INSTEON standard is a dual-band mesh topology employing acPower lines and a radio frequency (RF) protocol to communicate with
and automate home electronic devices and appliances, which normally work
independently.
It is a home automation networking technology invented by SmartLabs
Inc. INSTEON was developed, based on the X10 model, for control and
sensing applications in the home. INSTEON is designed to enable simple
devices to be networked.

12

Together using the powerline and/or radio frequency (RF). All INSTEON
devices are peers, meaning each device can transmit, receive, and repeat
any message of the INSTEON protocol, without requiring a master
controller or complex routing software. INSTEON is not only an effective
system for connecting lighting switches and loads without extra wiring,
but it also forms the basis for a more sophisticated home automation
network.
The following are the possible applications of INSTEON:
Scene and remote control lighting
Security alarm interfaces and sensors,
Home sensors (e.g. water, humidity, temperature),
Access control (e.g. door locks),
Heating, ventilating and air cooling (HVAC) control,
Audio-video control, and
Appliance management.

13

EUROPEAN HOME SYSTEMS (EHS) PROTOCOLS

The European home systems (EHS) protocol was aimed at home
appliances control and communication using power line
communication (PLC). Developed by EHSA (European Home Systems
Association) it was merged with two V W

R G4other protocols to form

the KNX protocol, which complies with CENELEC norm EN 50090

standard and had a chance to be a basis for the first open standard for
home and building control (Wikipedia, 2009).
The areas of application of EHS are:
Heating, ventilating and air cooling (HVAC) control,
Scene and remote control lighting, and
Appliance management.
ZIGBEE STRANDARDS
ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication
protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE
802.15.4 - 2003 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs),
such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via short-range
radio. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to
be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs such as Bluetooth. ZigBee is
targeted at radio frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery
life, and secure networking (Wikipedia, 2009). ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power,
wireless mesh networking standard.

14

The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless

control and monitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer
life with smaller batteries, and the mesh networking provides high
reliability and larger range.
ZigBee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio
bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia, and
2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide. ZigBee chip vendors typically
sell integrated radios and microcontrollers with between 60K and 128K
flash memory, such as the Freescale MC13213, the EmberEM250 and the
Texas Instruments CC2430. Radios are also available as stand-alone to
be used with any processor or microcontroller. Generally,
he chip vendors also offer the ZigBee software stack, although
independent ones are also available. The ZigBee Alliance is a group of companies that
maintain and publish the ZigBee standard.

15

 Home Entertainment and Control Smart lighting, advanced

temperature control, safety and security, movies and music,
Home Awareness Water sensors, power sensors, smoke and fire
detectors, smart appliances and access sensors,
Mobile Services m-payment, m-monitoring and control, security
and access control, m-healthcare and tele-assist,
Commercial Building Energy monitoring, HVAC, lighting,
access control, and
Industrial Plant Process control, asset management,
environmental management, energy management, industrial device
control.

16

HOME AUTOMATION IMPLEMENTATION PLATFORMS

Home automation can be implemented over a number of platforms
namely, microcontroller, power supply , infrared circuit, light
dependent resistor, Temperature sensor. The microcontroller has two
general architecture types that define its mode of operation and design.
VON-NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE
This architecture has a single, common memory space where both
Program instructions and data are stored. There is a single data bus which
fetches both instructions and data. And each time the CPU fetches a
program instruction it may have to perform one or more read/write
operations to data memory space. It must wait until these subsequent
operations are complete before it can fetch and decode the next program
instruction. The advantage to this architecture lies in its
simplicity and economy. On some Von Neumann machines the program
can read from and write to CPU registers, including the program counter. This
can be dangerous as you can point the processor to memory blocks
outside program memory space and careless processor manipulation
can cause errors which require a hard reset.

17

HARVARD ARCHITECTURE
This Architecture implements separate memory areas for program
instructions and data. There are two or more internal data buses which
allow simultaneous access to both instructions and data. The CPU
fetches instructions on the program memory bus. If the fetched
instruction requires an operation on data memory, the CPU can fetch
the next program instruction while it uses the data bus for its data
operation. This speeds up execution time at the cost of more hardware
complexity. Most modern microcontrollers have the harvard
architecture.

18

POWER SUPPLY
Power supply system actually Convert 9 volt to constant 5 volt.
It is basically apply on the 7805 IC is a 3 pin voltage regulator.
The Input voltage from 7volt to 25volt.
Using 2 capacitor for fast charging and discharging.
INFRARED SENSOR
It actually detect the object which will come across it. It is a 3 pin
module connected to 5volt, ground , and output pin, we use this in
many application burglar alarm , object detection and itc
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
it is also a 3 pin device module operated between 2.7 volt to 5.5 volt.
First pin is connected to 5 volt and second to ground and third one to
Output data, third one pin will give the digital value.

19

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
In designing a home automation system, one or more suitable
platforms are used in order to build a reliable and flexible system that
can be easily operated and adapted for a new household appliance.
Therefore, for the purpose of this project some specific deliberate
choices were made on the type of platforms, hardware components
and mode of operation of the home automation system.

PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
Before the actual design of the project work, specific deliberate choices in
selection of appropriate implementation platforms and hardware
components were made. Priority was given to low cost availability,
reliability, flexibility and simplicity in all these selections.

SELECTION OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS

There are many platforms over which a home automation system can be
Implemented.
Hardware are following as- 7805 IC , Leds, IR led,photodiode,capacitors,358
opamp operational amplifier,ATMEGA8 microcontroller by
ATMEL,LDR(light dependent resistor),temperature sensor
(LM35),infrared module, Power supply I use in our project work .

20

SYSTEM DESIGN
Her instead of using 8051 we are using ATMELs atmega8 microcontroller.

here
Instead of Using relay device we are using led for prototyping.
21
ATMEGA8 MICROCONTROLLER

 8-bit Atmel with 8KBytes In-System

Programmable Flash
The AtmelAVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose
working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single
instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code
efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC
microcontrollers .The ATmega8 provides the following features: 8 Kbytes of InSystem Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes of
EEPROM, 1 Kbyte of SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose
working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and
external interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte oriented Two wire Serial
Interface, a 6-channel ADC (eight channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages) with
10-bit accuracy, a programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI
serial port, and five software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the
CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to
continue functioning. The Power down mode saves the register contents but freezes
the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next Interrupt or Hardware
Reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the
user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise
Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except asynchronous timer and
ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the

22

The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except
asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions.
In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the
device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low-power
consumption .The device is manufactured using Atmels high density non-volatile
memory technology. The Flash Program memory can be reprogrammed In-System
through an SPI serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer,
or by an On-chip boot program running on the AVR core. The boot program can use
any interface to download the application program in the Application Flash memory.
Software in the Boot Flash Section will continue to run while the Application Flash
Section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the
Atmel ATmega8 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly-flexible and
cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The ATmega8 is
supported with a full suite of program and system development tools, including C
compilers, macro assemblers, program simulators, and evaluation kits.

23

24

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

The CPU is responsible for all the computing, it fetches, decodes and
executes program instructions and directs the flow of data to and from
memory. It performs the calculations required by program instructions
and places the results of these calculations, if required, into memory
space. Most CPUs are synchronous, meaning that they depend on the
cycles of a processor clock, this clock generates a high-frequency square
wave usually driven by a crystal, a RC (resistor capacitor) or an external
source. The clock is sometimes referred to as an oscillator. The clock
speed, or oscillation rate, is measured in megahertz (MHz) which
represents one million cycles/second.
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
The RAM, random access memory, is used to write and read data values
as a program runs. RAM is volatile meaning that if the power supply to
the microcontroller is removed, its contents are lost. All variables used in
a program are allocated from the RAM. The time to retrieve information
from RAM does not depend upon the location of the information because
RAM is not sequential, hence the term random access. Most small PIC
microcontrollers provide very little RAM which forces you to write
applications that use RAM wisely. Manipulating large data
structures and using pointers, re-entrant or recursive functions use large

25

amounts of RAM and are techniques which are generally avoided on

microcontrollers.
READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
The ROM, read only memory, is non-volatile memory used for program
information and permanent data. The microcontroller uses ROM memory
space to store program instructions it will execute when it is started or
reset. Program instructions must besaved in non-volatile memory so that they are not
affected by loss of power, the microcontroller usually cannot write data to program
memory space.
INPUT AND OUTPUT PORT (I/O)
Without some means of getting information and signals in and out, the
microcontroller will have little or no use. Hence, the input and output
ports are used to pass data in and out of the microcontroller in a
controlled manner, often according to a standard protocol. The PIC
microcontroller ports are of two types namely, serial and
parallel ports. They can operate in two main modes namely, synchronous
and asynchronous modes. The parallel I/O ports require a data line for
each bit in a byte, while the serial I/O uses a single data line for all the
bits in the data stream by transferring the bits in sequence. The
synchronous mode involves synchronizing the data transfer with a clock
while the asynchronous mode does not. PIC microcontrollers most often
have parallel I/O capability built in and the serial I/O as a peripheral
feature.
26

PIN DIAGRAM

8 channel implies that there are 8 ADC pins

10 bit resolution implies that there are 2^10 = 1024 steps
8K Bytes InSystem
Programmable Flash

27

ATMEGA8 PROGRAMMING
I use
1. Avr studio 4.0
2. Avr dude for hex file upload in microcontroller
3. Programming is done in simple c language.

28

LM358 OPAMP CHIP

These devices consist of two independent, high-gain frequency-compensated
operational amplifiers designed to operate from a single supply over a wide
range of voltages. Operation from split supplies also is possible if the
difference between the two supplies is 3 V to 32 V (3 V to 26 V for the
LM2904), and VCC is at least 1.5 V more positive than the input commonmode voltage. The low supply-current drain is independent of the magnitude
of the supply voltage.
Applications include transducer amplifiers, dc amplification blocks, and all the
conventional operational amplifier circuits that now can be implemented more
easily in single-supply-voltage systems. For example, these devices can be
operated directly from the standard 5-V supply used in digital systems and
easily can provide the required interface electronics without additional 5-V
supplies.

29

TEMPERATURE SENSOR
The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with
an electrical output proportional to the temperature (in oC)

It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius temperature.

The scale factor is .01V/oC

The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains
an accuracy of +/-0.4 oC at room temperature and +/- 0.8 oC over a range of
0 oC to +100 oC.

Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws only 60 micro

amps from its supply and possesses a low self-heating capability. The sensor
self-heating causes less than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air.

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

Light dependent resistor (LDR) Whenever the light falls on the LDR,
the Resistivity of the LDR become low.
1.Light intensity increases resistivity Decreases and vice-versa
2.One end of the LDR is connected with ADC0 pin no. 23 and another to
the ground. And one 1 K ohm R1 from input LDR pin side to ground.

30

INTENSITY Vs RESISTIVITY IN LDR

31
POWER SUPPLY
Power supply system actually Convert 9 volt to constant 5 volt.
It is basically apply on the 7805 IC is a 3 pin voltage regulator.
The Input voltage from 7volt to 25volt.
Using 2 capacitor for fast charging and discharging.

32

CHAPTER 4
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
The design of this project involved coupling several hardware components.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

33

POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

Convert 9 volt to constant 5 volt.
1. 7805 IC is a 3 pin voltage regulator.
2. Input voltage from 7volt to 25volt.
3. Using 2 capacitor for fast charging and discharging.

34
TEMPERATURE SENSOR

1.Operated between 2.7 to 5.5 volt on first pin.

2.Second pin Analog voltage output Connected to the ADC1 pin No. 24
of atmega8 uc.
3. Third pin to Ground.
It converts the analog value obtained from the environment into digital
values. The output LED starts glow which is on pin no. 14 of the
microcontroller when the temperature between 25 to 29 degree Celsius,
its like in summer if temperature is in between the respective
temperatures fan will goes on itself if temperature is less than that
parameter or high , fan will not work.

35
LDR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Light dependent resistor (LDR)
When ever the light falls on the LDR, the Resistivity of the LDR
become low.
1.Light intensity increases resistivity Decreases and vice-versa
2.One end of the LDR is connected with ADC0 pin no. 23 and another to
the ground. And one 1 kohm R1 from input LDR pin side to ground.

IR CIRCUIT DAGRAM
1.IR LED is connected in Forward bias And Grounded with 1kohm(R3) resistor.
2. Photodiode is in Reverse bias.
3.In operational Amplifier ,positive terminal is connected between
photodiode positive terminal and 10 kohm resistor(R2) which is grounded
4.Output which is on pin number 1 of op-amp connected to the ADC5
28th pin of atmega8 uc.
5. Pin number 4 is grounded
6. Pin number 8 is in 5 volt.
7. because of sensitivity we make photodiode in the reverse bias.

36

37
PROGRAMMING IN MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAM
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
#include<util/delay.h>
#include"lcd.h"
#include"lcd.c"
#define F_CPU 1000000UL
char buffer[5];
char ligh[5];
char incom[5];
int ReadADC(uint8_t ch)
{
//Select ADC Channel ch must be 0-7
ch=ch&0b00000111;
ADMUX|=ch;
//Start Single conversion
ADCSRA |= (1<<ADSC);
//Wait for conversion to complete
while(!(ADCSRA&(1<<ADIF))); //ADC Interrupt Flag//Clear ADIF by writing one to it
//Note you may be wondering why we have write one to clear it
//his is standard way of clearing bits in io as said in datasheets.
//The code writes '1' but it result in setting bit to '0' !!!
ADCSRA|=(1<<ADIF);
return(ADC);
void main()
{
lcd_init(LCD_DISP_ON);
lcd_clrscr();
lcd_puts("tem:");
initADC();
int k,t,m,n;
int x,s;
//int left_sensor=0, right_sensor=0;
DDRB = 0xFF;
while(1)
{
initADC();
lcd_gotoxy(0,0)

38
lcd_puts("tem:");
lcd_gotoxy(4,0);
x=ReadADC(1);
t=(int)(1000.0*5.0*(((float)x)/1023.0));
k=(int)t/10;
sprintf(buffer,"%4d",k);
lcd_puts(buffer);
if(k>=24&&k<29)
PORTB=0b00000001;
initADC();
lcd_gotoxy(0,1);
lcd_puts("lig:");
lcd_gotoxy(4,1);
s=ReadADC(0);
m=(int)(1000.0*5.0*(((float)s)/1023.0));
n=(int)m/100;
sprintf(ligh,"%4d",n);
lcd_puts(ligh);
if(n>=0&&n<30)
PORTB=0b00000010;
else
PORTB=0b00000000;
initADC();
lcd_gotoxy(9,0);
lcd_puts("IR:");
lcd_gotoxy(11,0);
int u=ReadADC(5);
int v=(int)(1000.0*5.0*(((float)u)/1023.0));
int w=(int)v/100;
sprintf(incom,"%4d",w);
lcd_puts(incom);
if(w>=20&&w<=40)
PORTB=0b00000100;
else
PORTB=0b00000000;

39
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
It is evident from this project work that an individual control home
automation system can be cheaply made from low-cost locally available components
and can be used to control multifarious home appliances ranging from the security
lamps, the air conditioning system and even the entire house lighting system. And
better still, the components required are so small and few that they can be packaged
into a small inconspicuous container.
The designed home automation system was tested a number of times and
certified to control different home appliances used in the lighting system, air
conditioning system, heating system, home entertainment system and many more
Finally, this home automation system can be also implemented over
Bluetooth, Infrared and WAP connectivity without much change to the design and yet
still be able to control a variety of home appliances. Hence, this system is scalable and
flexible.

REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation
http://www.atmel.com/devices/atmega8.aspx
http://www.ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/Volume_3/4_April2013/V3I4-0192.pdf
http://www.ijarcce.com/upload/2013/july/32-o-sweatha%20swamy%20advance%20home%20automation%20using%20fpga.pd
http://www.enggjournals.com/ijet/docs/IJET13-05-02-176.pdf

40