Disa Study Material SSLC Social

2014-15
Fkv Fkv F kn ]T-\-k-lmbn

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw 2014-15
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BapJw
KpW-ta--bp hnZym-`ymkw Ipn-bpsS Ah-Im-i-am-Wv. Cu Ah-Imiw Dd-ph-cpp-X n-\mbn hnZym-` ymk taJ-e -b n hnhn[ GPkn-I [mcmfw \qX\
{]h\v t\XrXzw hln-p-p-v. Fnepw Ipn-bpsS ]T\w C\nbpw Gsd
sa-s-Sm-\p-s Xncn--dn-hmWv Fkv.-F-kv.-F.-kn. ]co-m-êw \s t_my--s-Spp-X
- v.
Xncp-h-\--]pcw Pnm ]m-b-n-sbpw Ub-n-sbpw t\Xr-Xz-n Fkv Fkv
F kn hnP-b-i-X-am\w hn-n-pI F ey-tmsS 2012-13 apX \S-n-emn
hcp ]-Xn-bmWv ""Zni'' 2012 13 KWn-X-im-kv{X-n-sbpw 2013-14 Cwo-jn-sbpw
]T-\k
- l
- m-bn-I {]kn-o-Ic
- n-n-cp-p. Cu ]T-\k
- l
- m-bn-I Ip-n-Ipw A[ym-]I
- pw
Hcp-t]mse D]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-bn-cpp FmWv a\-n-em-p--Xv.
201415 Am-Z-an-I hjw kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-T-\-n\v klm-b-I-am-Ip coXn-bn
F kv Fkv F kn ]T-\-k-lmbn ]pd-n-d--W-samWv Xocp-am-\n-n-p--Xv. Fm
\ne-hm-c-ns ]Tn-Xm--sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn-p-sIm-p {]h-\--fmWv Cu ]T-\k-lm-bn-bn D-Xv. CXn Ds-Sp-n-bn-p Fm {]h-\-fpw A[ym-]-I-cpsS
klm-bt- msS D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-bm \psS Pnbvv Fkv Fkv F kn êw \qdpta-\n-bm-m Ign-bp-sav {]Xym-in-p-p.
hnP-bm-iw-kI
- t- fmsS
{ioaXn B sI Ak-PnX d
{ioa-Xn. Fw kpss_Z
{]kn-U v Pnm ]m-b-v, Xncp-h-\--]pcw
sNbt]gvk, BtcmKy hnZym-`ymk

mnwKv Inn. Pnm-]-m-bv
Xncp-h-\--]pcw
{io. sI. tIi-h t]mn
{ioa-Xn. ]n F. lmcn-^m _oKw
{]nkn-, Ub-v, Xncp-h-\--]pcw
sU]yqn Ub-d-IvS (hn-Zym`ymkw)

Xncp-h-\--]pcw
Zni 2014 15 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

in-im-e-bvv t\XrXzw \In-bh
-tIm HmUn-t\-
tUm. Fkv kpsse-am (e-IvN-d, Ub-v, Xncp-h-\--]p-cw)
Akn- v tIm HmUn-t\-tgvkv
{io. ]n. sih-cmPv (ko-\n-b eIvN-d, Ub-v, Xncp-h-\--]p-cw)
{io. apl-Zv I_o (e-IvN-d, Ub-v, Xncp-h-\--]p-cw)
in-im-e-bn ]s-Sp--h
{ioa-Xn. tacn k_o\ (ko-\n-b eIvN-d, Ub-v, sImw)
-tUm. _m_p-p- (ko-\n-b eIvN-d, Ub-v, sImw)
{io. Pn.-hn.-tKm-]-Ip-am, (eIvN-d, Ub-v, sImw)
{io. Zneo]v.]n, Pn.-F-v.-F-kv.-Fkv., Icp-tIm
{io. Zmhq-Zv.-sI, Pn.-F-v.-F-kv.-Fkv., A Cuv
{io. a[p-kq-Z-\]n-, Pn.-F-v.-F-kv.-Fkv., ]qb-n
{io. _n.-Ip-p-tam, Kh : HSS, amSv
{ioaXn Pb-Ip-amcn F-kv., Govt. HSS, Dfn-b-\mSv
{ioaXn emen tPm, Govt. HSS, am-Sv, sImw
{io. Zo]p Fkv. Fv Fkv Fkv Sn ln-dn
Kh Fv Fkv Fkv, Inkn-aw, ]-\w-Xn
tUm. Pb-Zhv Fkv sI.,
Fv Fkv Fkv Sn, tPym{K-^n, Kh. Fv Fkv Fkv Be, sN-q
{io a[p. hn,
Fv Fkv F, tkmjy Uo-kv, Kh hn Fv Fkv I-d, Xncp-h-\--]pcw
Xmfp-I adn-p-tm-.....
kmaq-ly-imkv{X ]mT-]p-kvX-I-n cv `mK--fmbmWtm ]mT-`m-K- {Iao-Icn-n-cn-p-X
- v. Hmtcm ]mT-`m-K
- f
- n-tebpw Bi-b
- efn-Xhpw hy-hp-ambn Ipn-Iv
a\-n-em-n-sm-Sp-p-hm CXn-eqsS {ian-n-p-v. Hmtcm ]mT-`m-Khpw {i-tbmsS hmbnv
IS-p-t]m-Ip-hm\pw kwi-b- A-tm Aym-]-I-cp-ambn N sNbvXv ]cn-lmcw
ImWp-tm am{X-amWv Cu kwcw`w hnP-bn-p-I.
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw 2 Hmtcm ]mT-`m-K-n-tebpw Bi-b
- fpw Ah-bpsS hni-Zmw-ifpw \Inb tij-amWv tNmZy- \In-bn-p--Xv. Hmtcm tNmZyhpw {i-tbmsS
hmbnv ]mT-`m-Kp \npw {Klnv Bi-b- D]-tbm-K-s-Spn Dcw Is-phm {ian--Ww. Fm tNmZy-fp-sSbpw D-c-kq-NnI ]qW-ambpw ChnsS \In-bn-n. Dcw Is-m \In-bn-p kqN-\-I D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-bm D-c-n-sem {]bm-k-am-hp-I-bn-.
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw 2 `qan-im-kv{X-`m-Kv ]mT-`m-Ks Bi-b- BZyw \IpIbpw tijw `mKv \nv tNmZn-m-hp ]c-am-h[n tNmZy-fpw Ah-bpsS hni-Z-amb
D-ck
- q-Nn-Ibpw \In-bn-p-v. km-nI imkv{X-n kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw 1 kzoIcn- coXnbnemWv ]mT-`m-K- {Iao-I-cn-n-p--Xv.
Hmtcm ]mT-`m-Khpw {i-tbmsS IS-p-t]m-Im \np Ignbpw F Dd-p-v.
kwi-bZ- p-co-Ic
- W
-
- n\v kmaq-ly-imkv{X A[ym-]I
- s tkh\w IqSn D]-tbm-Ks
- -Sp-m
Ign-m Db kvtIm F \n-fpsS eyw t\Sm Cu klm-b-km-a{Kn klmb-I-amIpw Fv Icp-Xp-p. AXn\v Ign-bs Fv Biw-kn-p-p.
D-Sw
kmaqly imkv{Xw 1
1) B-[p-\nI temI-ns DZbw
2) hn-h--fpsS Imew
3) km{am-Py-Xz-ns hf
4) temI-bp-hpw XpSbpw
5) cmw-temI alm-bp-hpw km{am-Py-Xz-ns XIbpw
6) ]sm-]Xpw C-cp-]Xpw \qm-p-I-fnse ss[j-WnI {]h-W-X-I
7) Cs Cy
8) tIc-f-p-Xpa
9) tZ-io-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w
10) P\m-[n-]Xyw
11) a\p-jym-h-Im-i-
12) kam-[m-\hpw kpc-n-X-zhpw AtZ-iob kwL-S-\-I
kmaqly imkv{Xw 2
1) A-co {]Xn-`m-k-
2) `qan-im-kv{X-nse \qX\ kt-X-
3) hI-c-I
4) Cy--ù-XnI `qan-imkv{Xw
5) Cy--km-nI `qan-imkv{Xw
6) Cy--am-\-hnI `qan-imkv{Xw
7) Hscm `qan
8) hnI-k-\hpw kaq-lhpw
9) Cy kZv hyh--bnse hnhn[ taJ-e-I
10) ]Whpw [\-Im-cy-m-]-\-fpw
11) BtKm-f-h-Xv-cWw
12) kZvhyh-bpw kmcpw
6
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw 1
bqWnv 1
B[p\nI temI-ns DZbw

a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS \mfn-Xp-h-sc-bpff hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a--fpsS ]T-\-amWv Ncn-{Xw.
H]Xmw mkn \mw ]cn-N-b-s Ncn-{X-ns XpS-bm-Wv Cu bqWn-v. ^yqU-en-kns hfsb XpSv bqtdm-nse km-nI cmjv{Sob kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI
taJ-eI
- f
- n henb am- Dmbn. hmWn-Py-n-sbpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ih
- n-\n-ab
-
- n-sbpw
tI{w Cym-k-ap-{Z-tem-Iv \npw amdn a[y-[-c-Wm-gn-bnse tI{o-I-cn--Xm-bpw, hnhn[
taJ-e-I-fn-ep-mb am--fp-amWv Cu A[ym-b-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p--Xv. \thm-m-\w,
aX\hoI-c-Ww, {]Xn-\-ho-I-c-Ww, `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sn--, imkv{X-]p-tcmKXn, mt\m-Zbw FnhbmWv Cu Aym-b-n Ds-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv
hmWn-Py-n-sbpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-\n-a-b-n-sbpw amw

a[y-Im-ev hmWn-Pyhpw kmwkvm-cnI hn\n-ab
- hpw \S-n-cp-Xv Cy kap-{Z-temIw
tI{o-I-cn-m-bn-cpp.
Cm-es cv hmWn-Py-am--fm-bn-cpp kap-{Z-]-Y-hpw, ]p-XpWn
]mXbpw
Cy kap-{Z-temIw tI{o-I-cn-n-cp hmWn-Pyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I- hn\n-a-bhpw a[y-[-
c-Wym-gn-{]-tZ-i-tv amdn
hym]m-c-hm-Wn-Py-_w
Imc-W
-
Cm-en-b \K-c--fpsS `qan-im-kv{X]-c-amb {]tXy-IX

Cm-en-b \K-c--fn cq]-s `c-W-coXn
\thm-m\w
C-en-bnepw CXc bqtdm-]y cmPy--fnepw Iem-ssh-m-\nI cwK-p-mb ]p-
\p-WhmWv \thm-m-\w.
\thm-m\w BZy-ambn Bcw-`n-Xv C-en-bn-emWv
kml-N-cy-
k--Ip-Spw-_-fpsS hf
{]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-I-fpsS hf
`qX- I m- e sIpdn- p
At\z-j-W-Iu-XpIw
\thm-m-\-ns khn-ti-j-X-I
At\z-j-W-Iu-XpIw
hnai-\-_pn
bpn-Nn
{]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-I-fpsS hf
am\hnIX
\thm-m\w C-en-bn
kmlnXyw
s]{Smv
KoX-I-
s_mm-ntbm
Zm-ad
-
Umt
Unssh tImaUn
\ntmtfm amIy-h-n
cmPmhv
k tXmakv aq
Dtm]y
Ie
Iem-Im-c
- m
enbm-\mtUm Umhnn
krjvSn-I
samWm-enk
Ah-km-\s Amgw
I\ym-a-dnbw
ssan Btem
Ay-hn[n
\thm-m\w bqtdm-t]m-b cmPy--fn

cN-bn-Xmhv
IrXn
`mj
skhmtm
tUm Intlm-tm
Cdm-kvakv
hnUvVn-s hmgv
Uv
Ims_dn IY
Cwojv
sP{^n-tNm-k
kv]m\njv
aX-\-ho-I-cWw
16-mw \qm-n bqtdm-nse Itm-enm k`-bn Dmb \ho-I-c-W-am-Wv aX-\h
- o-
I-cWw
Imc-W
-
]utcm-lnXy taJ-e-bnse Agn-a-Xn-I
hmWn-Py-n-ep-mb hf
]pXnb hym]m-cn-hK-ns DZbw
Itm-enm k`-bpsS km-nI {]Xn-kn
]m]-apn ]{X-ns hnev\
aX-\-ho-I-c-W-n\p t\XrXzw \In-b-h

amn eqY
P\n
Ddnv kznwKvfn
kznvke v
tPmImhn
{^mkv
sldn Fm-a
Cwv
{]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw
Itm-enm k`bvv Dn-ep-mb ]cn-jv-cW {ia-am-Wv {]Xn-\-ho-I-c-Ww.
{]Xn-\h
- o-Ic
- Ww
kqNnI (Index)
CIzn-kn-j (Inquisition)
Cutim-k` (Society of Jesus) m]-I Ct-jykv etbmf
Pkyqv ]mXncn kwLw (Jesuit Order)
`qan-im-kv{X-]-ca
- mb Ip-]n-Sn--
]Xn-\v ]Xn-\mdv \qm-p-I-fn bqtdm-]y cmPy--fn Dmb `qan-im-kv{X-]-cnthjWhpw `q{]-tZ-i--fpsS Is-epw
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sn---fn-tev \bn kml-N-cy-
amtm-t]m-tfm-bpsS km-cI
- Y
- I
- v bqtdm-n Innb {]Nm-cw. Ch Adn-bm-\p
Xmev]cyw.
ssN\, Cy XpS-nb cmPy--fnse P\-Po-hn-Xw, k-X Ch Adn-bm-\p

Xmev]cyw
Ing- p- \ n- p kpK- - { Z- h y- - f psSbpw ap hne- ] n- S n- p km[- \ - fpw
At\z-jn-p--Xn\v
1453 Xpn-I tImmn-t\m-n ]nSn--S-n-bXv
kpc-n-X-amb ISamw Is-p--Xn\v
Bkvt{Sm-em_v F ]pXnb D]-I-I-c-W-ns D]-tbmKw
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sn-- bqtdm-n ham-- DcpIn.
p.
h
n
e-h
\n
[\-nXn sa-sp
bw
-Zm
{
vk
nwK
m
_
-\n-I
I
pa
Iqp-S
Imjn-I-hn-`-h--fpsS {]N-cWw
bqtdmv
k Im
wk , a
vI bm
,
m-c
- tSm
s
\m -I
am
v,
-h-t Ak
i
-j -sI
-am
b vF
n
ASn-a---hSw Bcw-`np
hym]-I-amb ]I-hym-[n-I
hp
n
h
\ne
imkv{X-]p-tcm-KXn
imkv{X
kw`m-h\
Keo-entbm
Zqc-Zin\n
sFk-Iv\yq-
{]nkn-n-b-am--am-nv
tIm\n-kv
kuc-bqYkn-mw
Im eo\bkv
B[p-\n-I-]-cn-nXn imkv{X-ns ]nXmhv

10
mt\m-Zbw
Bi-b
-
ka-Im-enImh ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-tS-XmWv
bpn-bmWv mt\m-Z-b-n-tev \bn-p sXp-]-m hgn-Imn
P-]m]w Fsm-n
Ghpw efn-Xhpw kzm`m-hn-I-hp-amb kaq-l-amWv D-aw.
a\p-jy\v amp-hm Ign-bm Ii-\-\n-b-a--fm \nb-{n--s-Sp Hcp
b{-amWv {]]w
mt\m-Zb Nn-I-mcpw kw`m-h\
- -Ifpw
Nn-I
- m
kw`m-h\
- I
-
sZmv, kv]nt\mkm
tlXp-hmZw
ZnZtdm
Fssk-tm-]o-Unb
tamkvIyq
cmjv{So-bX
- X
- z-imkv{Xw
dqtm
tkmjy tIm{SmIvSv
tNmZy-
IqSp-X tNmZy-p Dcw Bi-b--fp-ambn _-s Ub-{K--fn-ep-v.
D-c- hmIy--fmbn Fgp-X-Ww.
1.
B[p-\nI ]q-Im-ev km-n-I, kmwkvm-cnI

hn\n-abw \S-n-bn-cp {][m\ hmWn-Py-amK- Is-p-I.
Score 1 x 2 = 2
2. B[p-\nI Ime-ns XpS--n {][m\ hmWn-Py-amK-

Cym kap-{Z-n \nv amdn a[y-[-c-Wymgn tI{o-Ir-X-ambn.
Imc-W- Is-p-I.
3. C-en-bn \nc-h[n I-h-S-\-K-c- Dbp-h-cm-\pmb
kml-N-cy- hy-am-p-I.
Score 1 x 3 = 3
Score 1 x 3 = 3
4. a[y-Ime cmP-hm-gvN-bn \nv hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp `c-W-coXn

B[p-\n-I-Im-ev Cmen-b \K-c--fn cq]-s-p.
Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-p-I.
Score 1 x 4 = 4
11
5. ]Z-kq-cy ]qn-bm-pI.
sh\okv
Score 1 x 4 = 4
6. B[p-\n-I temI-ns shn-\-{Xw ]Sn-m-dp-Zn-p.

hni-Z-am-p-I.
1x2=2
7. Cm-en-b \K-c- ]mmXy ]uckvXy hnm-\--fpsS

kwKa`qan-bmbn amdn-b-sX-s\ ?
3x1=3
8. dnss\mkv
]p\Pw
\thm-tjw
sImfmjv {in-p-h-tm. \thm-m\w F hmns\ CXv kqNn-n-p-p.

CXnepw Ihn Aw \thm-m\w F hmn-\p-v.
Isn hni-Z-am-p-I.
Score -3
9. \thm-m\Ime khn-ti-j-X-I Is-p-I.
Score -6
10. \thm-m\w Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-nepw Dm-nb am- DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw

hy-am-p-I.
11. F, _n, kn tImf--fnse hnh-c- icn-bmbn {Ia-s-Sp-nsb-gp-Xp-I.
F
_n
kn
s]{Smv
tUmIn-tlm
KoX-I-
k tXmakv aq
Im_dn IY
Cen
sP{^n-tNm-k
am\-hn-IX
Fp-an-m-nSw
cmPmhv
Dtm]y
kv]m\njv
skhms
amIy-shn
Cwojv \thm-m\w
12
Score 5
12. Ipdnv Xmdm-p-I.
Score 4
F) aX-\-ho-I-cWw
_n) {]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw
13. ]Xn-\-v, ]Xn-\mdv \qm-pI-fn `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ]cy-th-j-W--fn-tev
bqtdm-]y `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS {i Xncn-bm Imc-W-sav ?
Score 6
14. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sn-- bqtdm-n-ep-mnb am- Fv ?
15. hnp-t]mb tImf- ]qcn-n-bvpI.
1) Keo-entbm
2) sFkIv \yq
3)
kuc-bpY knmw
4) Imen-\bkv
5) enbm-\mtUm Umhnn
16. mt\m-Zb Ime-L--nse {][m\ XXz-Nn--I Bscmw ?
13
Dc kqNnI
Hmtcm Bi-b-hp-ambn _-sv sImSp-n-cn-bvp Ub-{K-ns ASn-m-\-nemWv tNmZy- cq]-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-bvp--Xv. D-c-v Ub{Kw ]cn-tim-[n-bvp-I.
IqSp-X kvtIm D tNmZy-v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ns klm-b-tmsS IqSp-X hniZo-Ic
- n-s-gp-Xp-I.
1. ]p-Xp-Wn ]mX, kap-{Z-]Yw
2. hmWn-Py-n-sbpw kmwkvIm-cnI hn\n-a-b-n-sbpw amw F Ub{Kw ImWpI
3. tNmZyw 2 s Dcw Xs.
4. I-h-S-\-K-c--fpsS hf. C-en-bpsS `qan-imkv{X {]tXy-IX
5. hyXykvX `c-W-X-co-Xn-bpsS Bhn`mhw I-h-S-Ip-Spw-_- `c-W-n CS-s]Sp-p.
6. anem, ]nk, ^vtemdkv, t\nkv, Pt\m-h, sh\okv
7. I- h - S - I p- S pw- _ - `c- W - n- e n- S - s ]- Xv tImm n- t \m- n hgn- b p
IchmWnPyhpw Pn{_m-dns \nb-{Whpw C-en-m-cm-Wv \nb-{n-n-cp--Xv. Cenbnse k IpSpw-_- inev]n-I-sfbpw Iem-Im-c-m-scbpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-mtcbpw Cm-en-b \K-c--fn-tev Wn-p-h-cp-n.
8. 14, 15 \qm-p-I-fn C-en-bnepw av bqtdm-]y cmPy--fn-ep-mb Iem-ssh-m\nI cwKs ]p DWv.
^yqU {]`p--mcpw k`bpw hne-ts-Sp-n-bn-cp
s{Ktmtdma kwkvm-c-ns ]p\P-w.
k` ASn-t-ev]n-n-cp bpn-c-ln-X-amb hnizm-ks \ncm-I-cn-m-\p
At\z-j-W-Xz-c-bp-sSbpw hnai-\-_p-n-bp-sSbpw êw.
9. Ub{Kw ]cn-tim-[np-I.
10. \thm-m\w, \thm-m\w C-bn Ie, kmln-Xyw, \thm-m\w CX-c-bq-tdm]y cmPy--fn Fo ]n-I-I ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
11.
_n
kn
s]{Smv
am\-hn-IX
KoX-I-
k tXmakv aq
Dtm]y
Fp-an-m-nSw
sP{^n-tNm-k
Im_dn IY
Cwojv \thm-m\w
cmPmhv
amIy-shn
Cen
skhmskv
tUmIn-tlm
kv]m\njv
14
12. aX-\-ho-I-cWw, \n-N\w ImcWw apssI-sb-Sp--h{]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw

Fo `mK- ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
13. Ub{Kw ]cn-tim-[nbvp-I.
14. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sn-- bqtdm-n Fv.
15.
Keo-entbm
Zqc-Zin\n
sFkIv \yq
{]nkn-nb am-am-nIvkv
tIm\nkv
kuc-bpY knmw
Imen-\bkv
B[p-\nI ]cn-nXn imkv{X-ns ]nXmhv
enbm-\mtUm Umhnn
Nn{X-cN\
17. mt\m-Z-b-Im-es Nn-I Ub{Kw ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
15
bqWnv 2
hn-h--fpsS Imew
B[p-\nI bpK-ns DZ-b
- n\v Imc-Wa- mb Bi-b
- t- fbpw {]m-\
- tfbpw \
]cn-N-b-s-p. Cu Bi-b-fpw {]m-\-fpw \ne-hn-ep kmaq-ly-hy-h-bvv FXncmb apt--v {]tNm-Z\w \evIn. bqtdm-n ]pXn-b-Xmbn Dbp-h a[y-hKw
cmPm-[n-]-Xy-n\pw {]`p-Xz-hm-gvNb
- vp-sa-Xn-cmb hn-h-v t\XrXzw sImSp-p. Cwnepw {^mknepw cmPm-[n-]X
- y-n-s\-Xnsc \S hn-h
- sfpdn-mWv \mw Cu Aymb-n-eqsS ]cn-N-bs
- -Sp-X
- v.
Bi-b-
1) Cw-n cmPmhpw ]me-sapw Xn ZoL-\m `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb X-
\ne-\n-p.
Imc-W
-
SyqU, phv cmPm--m-cpsS tkzm-[n-]Xyw
Cw-nse hmWnPy ]ptcm-K-Xn
a[y-h-ns Bhn`m-hw, hmWn-Py-I--\n-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww.
a[y-hK-n-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn ]me-sa v ]mkm-nb \nb-a-
cmPm-hmtWm ]me-samtWm ]c-am-[n-Imcn F {]iv\w.
2) Cw-ns\ `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb kwLj-n-tev \bn-psImv hnhn[
hn`m-K- Ccp-tN-cn-bn-embn \ne-bp-d-n-p.
cmPmhv
]me-sa v
^yqU hKw
a[y-hKw
Bwn- k`
]yqcn- k`
3) Cw-nse tkzm-[n-]Xy `c-W-n-s\-Xn-cmb hnP-b-am-Wv s]o-j Hm^v ssdv.

]no-SXv Cwns\ B`y-c bp-n-tev \bn-p.
Imc-W-
Cw-n cmPm-hns tkzm-[n-Imcw \nb-{n-p {]am-Ww.
1628 Nmkv I Hp hp
16
1629 Nmkv I \nbaw ewLnv ]me-sa v ]ncn-p-hn-p.

11 hj-n-\p tijw 1640 ]pXnb \nIp-Xn-\ntimbn ]me-sa v
hnfn-p-Iq-n.
Cu ]me-sa v 1660 hsc XpSp.
\o ]me-sa v F-dn-b-s-Sp-p.
Cu Ime-b-f-hn ]me-sapw cmPmhpw Xn-ep Xw cq-ambn.
B`y-c bp-n-\nXv Imc-W-ambn.
4) cmPmhpw ]me-sapw Xn \S A[nImc X-n-S-bn ]me-sanse
km[m-cW AwK-am-bn-cp Hen-h t{Imw sh A[n-Im-c-n-se-n.
Hen- h t{Imwsh- ns `c- W - I mew (1649- 1658) tImashv Ime- L w
F-dn-b-s-Sp-p. cmPm-hn-m `c-W-Im-ew. Hen-h t{Imwsh Xs FXn
saamsc ]me-san \npw ]pd-m-n. t{Iwsh-ns A\p-bm-bn-I am{X-ap-m-bncp Cu ]me-sans\ dw]v ]me-sa v (A-h-in-jvS-]me-sa v) Fp hnfn-p.
ssk\nI tkzm-[n-]-Xy-ns Ime-L-w.
]me-san\p ta B[n-]Xyw Dd-n-p.
imkv{X-\n-co--W-fpw ]co--W-fpw t{]mm-ln-n-bv-s-p.
BtKmf hym]m-cs \nb-{n-p.
5) c-c-lnX hnhw AYhm al-mb hnhw Cw-nse ^yqU hyhsb
Zp_-e-am-n. cmPm-[n-cn-Imcw ]me-sans \nb-{-W-v hnt[-b-am-bn.
Nmkv II s Imev cmP-hmgvN ]p\x-m-]n-bv-s-p.
Pbnwkv II s tkzm-[n-]Xyw cmPmhpw ]me-sapw Xn-ep X-n\v
hgn-sX-fn-p.
Pbnwkv II {^mkn A`bw tXSn
1688 tacnbvpw hney-an\pw

A[n-Imc ssIamw \S-p.
6) Cw-n cmP-`-cWw \ne-\n-evppsh-nepw cmPmhv `cn-bvp-n-.

Imc-W
-
1689 se Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-n-eqsS Cw-n aX-kzm-X{yw, A`n-{]m-b-kzm-X{yw
Fnh A\p-h-Zn-bv-s-p.
Bwn aX-hn-izm-kn-Iv am{Xta Inco-Sm-h-Im-in-bm-Im Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-p-q.
Cu \S-]Sn sImv P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-{Iaw \S-n-em-bn-.
P\-v kzmX-{y-hpw ]me-san\v ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw e`n-p.
17
7 a. tkzm-[n-]Xy cmP-hm-gvNbvpw ^yqU hyh--bvp-sa-Xnsc 1789 {^mkn

\S {^p hn- h - ns Bi- b - kzmX{yw, kaXzw, kmtlm- Z cyw
Fnh-bm-bn-cp-p.
b. {^v kaq-ls aqv Ft-p-I-fmbn Xncn-ncp-p.
I Ftv
II Ftv
III Ftv
]ptcm-ln-X-m
{]`p--m
I-h-S-m, ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im
Fm Ah-Im-i-fpw
Ah-Im-i- Hp-ap-m-bncp
B\p-Iq-ey-fpw
n. ^yqU \nIp-Xn-bpsS
A\p-`-hnp
h `mcw.
8. 18-mw \qmns cmw ]Ip-Xn-bnepw ^yqU-enkw {^mkn \ne-\n-p.

kmaqly D-\o-N-s-Xntc t]mcm-Sm aqmw Ftv Xm-sd-Sp-p-p.
kmaqly kml-N-cy-
BgvN-bn aqpw \mepw Znhkw Iqen-bn-msX ]Wn-sb-Sp-np.
Ij-I-cpsS [m\yw Pn-am-cpsS ann s]mSn-bv-Ww. \nnX Icw sImSp--Ww.
tdmUp-I, ]mew Npw ]ncn-p.
hnf-sh-Sp-p-Im-ev Ij-I-cn \npw Icw ]ncn-p.
`qcn-`mKw Irjn-`q-anbpw cmPmhv, {]`p--m, k` ssI-em-n.
Db ]ptcm-ln-X-m [qpw Dm-khpw \nd PohnXw \bn-p.
9. {^mkn-ep-bp h a[y-hw `c-W-hy-h amn-a-dnv {^mkns\
hn-h-n-tev \bn-p.
Im-c-W-
\K-c--fpsS Bhn`mhw
a[y-hK-ns Bhn`mhw
{^mkn \ne-\n-n-cp D-\o-NXzw
a[y-hK-n\v `c-W-n Al-amb {]mXn\n[yw e`n-n-.
18
10. {^mkn ^yqU hyh-n-Xn-bvs-Xnsc t]mcm-Sm P\-v

{]tNm-Z\w \Inb Nn-I thm-b, tam-kvIyq, dqtm.
dqtm-hns {Kw
kmaq-lnI DS-Sn (Social Contract)
11. {^v ]me-sanse aqm-as Ft-mb tImakv tZiob Akw-n-sbv

kzbw \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp.
kml-N-cy-
Hmtcm Ft-n\pw Hmtcm thmv F \ne tImakns Xmev]-cy-v
hncp--am-bn-cp-p.
Hcmv Hcp thmv F XXzw ]men-bv-W-sa-m-h-iy-sp.
av cv Ft-p-I FXnp.
tImakv tZiob Akw-n-sbv kzbw \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp.
sSokv tImv {]XnPvR {^v hn-h-ns Bcw-`-am-bn.
Cu kw`-hs IW-m-p-p.
12. {^p hn-h-n _mkvXnb tIm XI Pqsse 14 Cpw {^m-kn
tZ-iob Zn\-ambn BN-cn-bvp-p.
Imc-W-
cmPm-[n-Im-c-ns {]Xo-I-ambncpp tIm.
cmPm-[n-]-Xy-ns Ah-km-\-n\v hgn-sX-fn-p.
13. {^mkn-em-I-am\w GI-cq-]-amb `c-W-L-S\
tZiob Akw-nbpsS ]cn-jvm-c-

ss{IkvX-h-k` `-c-W-Iq-S-ns \nb-{-W-n-em-bn.
k`-bpsS `qkzv tZi-km-ev-cnp.
Fm-hn`mK-pw Xpey-\n-IpXn.
{]`p--m-cpsS {]tXyI Ah-Im-i- \n-em-n.
^yq-U-enkw \nm\w sNbvXp.
`c-W-L-S-\m-hnt[bamb cmP-hmgvN \ne-hn hp.
14. {^mkn tZiob sFIyw Dm-m s\tm-fn-b\v Ign-p.
s\tm-fn-bs Ah-km-\-bpw hm eq (1815)
^yqU `c-W-co-Xn-bn
\npw dnn
{]`p--m-tcmSpw ]ptcm-ln-X-mtcm-Sp-samw kaq-l-n
19
`c-W-n-te-p amw
s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymkw
cmjv{S-ns IS-ab
- mn
CS-s]-Sm a[y-hK-n\v
Ah-kcw e`np.
s\tm-fn-bs
`c-W]-cn-jvIm-c
-
KXm-KX
- c
- w-Kv
]ptcm-KXn
Itm-en-m-k-`sb km
\nb-{-W-n-emn
Ij-Isc ^yqU
{]`p--m-cpsS ]nSn-bn \npw
tamNn-nv `qan-bpsS DS-a-I-fmn
t{ImUo-I-cn- \nb-a-kw-lnX cq]o-I-cnp

15. {^v hn-h-ns ASn-m\ B-i-b--fpsS \ntj-[-am-bn-cpp
hnb-m-k-t-f\w.
Imc-W-
s\tm-fn-b amn-a-dn cmjv{Sob `q]-Ss ]qh-n-Xn-bn-tev
sImp-h-cm {ian-p.
bqtdm-ns tZio-b-X-tbbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-tbpw \ncm-I-cn-p.
ka-Xzw, kzmX-{yw, kmtlm-Z-cyw Cu Bib-sf \ncm-I-cn-p.
Bkv{Sn-b Nmk-e-dm-bn-cp satWnIv BWv kt-f-\-n\v
t\XrXzw hln--Xv.
16. Cw-n Bcw-`n hyh-kmbhn-hns kzm[o\w BtKm-f-hym-]-I-am-bn-cp-p.
hyh-kmb hn-h
-
Dev]m-Z-\-h-\hv
^mIvSdn k{-Zm-b-ns B-hn`mhw
_mp-I, tPmbn v tmv I-\n-I Fnh Bhn`-hn-p.
hyh-kmb cwKv htXm-Xn aqe-[\ \nt-]w.
apXem-fn--sXm-gn-emfn _-n-ep-mb amw.
sXmgn-emfnh {]m\ns Bhn`m-hw.
17. 1832 Cwojv ]me-sa v ]cn-jv-cW \nbaw ]mm-n.
20
ê-
Cw-nse ap-X-em-fn-amv thm-h-Imiw e`n-p.
Cwnse Hmtcm {]tZ-ipw \ne-\n-n-cp IpSpw-_-hmgvN Ah-km-\np.
{]`p-k-`-bpsS ta km[m-c-W-m-cpsS k` hnPbw t\Sn.
18. sXmgn-em-fn-Iv thm-h-Imiw t\Sp--Xn-\mbn Cw-n \ne-hn h
{]m\amWv Nmnv {]m-\w.
19. ap-X-em-fn-am-cpsS Xmev]-cy- kwc-nphm-\mbn hyh-km-b--fn km
CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-pI F setk--s^-b kn-mw {_nojv Khsa v
kzoI-cn-p.
ê-
apX-em-fn Nqj-W-sXnsc sXmgn-em-fn-I-fn sFIy-t_m-[-ap-m-bn.
sXmgn-emfn {]m-\- cq]w-sIm-p.
sXmgn \nb-a- cq]w sImp.
^mIvSdn \nb-a--fpsS Bhn`m-hw.
20. ^mIvS-dn \nb-a- At\Iw am-v Imc-W-am-bn.
am-
^mIvSdn kin-bvm\pw ]cn-tim-[n-bvm\pw

DtZym-K-sc \nb-an-p.
9 hbn Xmsg-bp Ipn-Isf

]Wn-sb-Sp-n-p-Xv \ntcm-[n-p.
kv{XoI-fpsS {]hn kabw

]v aWn-q-dmbn Ipd-p.
21
21. hymh-km-bnI hn-hm-\-cw hyh-km-bn-I-\p-Iq-e-ambn Nne km-nI

knm-- cq]w sImp.
kzX{ km-nI
{]tbm-P-\-hmZw
knmw
BUw-kvanv, tXmakv amqkv
sPd-ssa s_Xmw
dnmtUm
hyn-I-fpsS km-nI
cmPy-ns Xmev]cyn\p]cn-bmbn
{]h-\--fn Khsa v
hyn]camb t\-mWv {]m[m\yw
CS-s]-S-cp-Xv.
apX-em-fn k{-Zm-b-n\v _Z-embn Dbph Bi-b-amWv tkmjy-en-kw.

tkmjy-env Bi-b--fpsS BZy-Ime hm-
tdm_v Hmh
Dtm-]y tkmjy-enkw
Hmtcm-cp-cpw Ah-c-h-cpsS
Nmkv ^qdn-b
tPmen sNpI
skdv sska
Iqp-ev]m-Z\w ]n-s-Sp-p-I
{]mtbm-Kn-IX
- bpw imkv{Xob
ImgvN-mSpw Cm-bn-cp-p.
eqbn mv
tv tkmjy-enkw
Dev]m-Z-\hpw hnX-c-Whpw
(Iq-p-Sam k{-Zm-bw)
Khsans \nb-{W
n. sXmgn-em-fn-Iv Xpey
thX\hpw em`-ns
Hcp ]pw
{]qt[m
knUn-bve
- nkw
^mIvS-dn-Isf \nb{np--Xn\v
sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw D]-t`m-m
fp- s Sbpw kwbp Inn
cq]o-I-cnbvWw.
_WmUvjm
^m_n-b tkmjy-enkw
P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb amK-
D]-tbm-Knv Hcp tkmjy-env
kaqlw sIn--Sp--Ww.
22
Imd amIvkv
imkv{Xob tkmjy-enkw
FwKkv
a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-nse kmaq-lnI
hpw cmjv{So-b-hpw, _pn-]-chp
amb Fm {]{In-b-I-tfbpw
\n-bn-p-Xv kaq-l-n
\ne-\n-evp Dev]m-Z\
coXn-bm-Wv. {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xbpw
imkv{Xob ImgvN-mSpw
Dm-bn-cp-p.
22. Cw-n cq]w sIm hyh-kmbImjn-I hn-h- Cysb {_ns

tImf-\n-bmn amn.
ImcW-
ImjnI hymh-km-bnI cwKpmb ]ptcm-KXn Dev]mZ\w hn-np.
an Dev]-- hn-gn-bvm Itm-f- Bh-iy-ambn hp.
IqSp-X Akw-kvIrX hkvXp- Bh-iyambn hp.
Ch tXSnbp At\z-jWw tImf-\o-I-c-W-tbpw
km{am-Py-hn-I-k-\-tbpw Xzcn-X-s-Sp-n.
23
tNmZy-
Bi-b--fp-ambn _-s Ub-{K- D-c-n-tebvv \bn-p--h-bm-Wv. Ah
]cn-tim-[nv Dcw Fgp-Xp-I. Db kvtImdp tNmZy-v D-c-sa-gp-Xp-tm
]mT-]p-kvX-Iw IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-bvp-I.
Q.No. 1. Cw-n cmPmhpw ]me-sapw Xn ZoL-\m
\ne-\n `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb X-v Imc-W-sa-sv

hni-I-e\w sNp-I.
Score 4
2. Cwns\ `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb kwLj-n-tev

\bn-psImv Ccp-tN-cn-bn-embn \n hnhn[
hn`m-K- GsXmw ?
Score 2
3. Ipdnv Xm-dm-pI s]n-j Hm^v ssdv
Score 2
4. Cw-nse tkzm-[n-]-Xy-n-s\-Xn-sc-bp hnP-b-amWv

s]n-j Hm^v ssdv. ]no-SnXv Cw-ns\ B`y--cbp--n-tev \bnp. Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-pI.
Score 3
5. Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I c-c-lnX hnhw
Score 2
6. Cw-n cmP-`-cWw \ne-\np-p-sh-n-epw

cmPmhv `cn-bvp-n. Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-p-I.
Score 2
7. F) {^v hn-h-ns aqv {][m\ Bi-b- GsXmw?
Score 3
_n) {^mknse aqv Ft-p-I-sf-p-dnv hnh-cn-p-I.
Score 3
8. {^v kaq-l-nse Hpw cpw Ft-p-IsXnsc

t]mcmSphm aqmw Ft-ns\ t{]cn-n
kmaq-ly-km-l-Ncyw hni-I-e\w sNp-I.
Score 4
9. {^mkn Dbp-h a[y-hKw {^mkns

`c-W-hy-h-sb amn-a-dn hn-h-n-tep \bn-p.
hne-bn-cp-p-I.
Score 4
10. {^mkn ^yqU hyhbvsXnsc t]mcm-Sm

P\-v {]tNm-Z\w \evInb Nn-I Bscmw?
Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
Score 3
11. {^v ]me-sans aqm-as Ft-mb tImakv

tZiob Akw-n-bmbn amdm-\p kml-Ncyw
hni-I-e\w sNp-I.
Score 4
12. _mkvXnb tIm-bpsS ]X-\-Zn-hkw {^mkn

tZio-b-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn-p-p--hn-i-Z-am-p-I.
Score 2
24
13.
]Z-kq-cy ]qn-bm-p-I.
tZiob
Akw-n-bpsS
]cn-jvm-c
-
{^mkn-em-I-am\w
GI-cq-]a
- mb
`c-W-L-S\
Score 5
14.
s\tm-fn-bs GsX-nepw Av ]cn-jvm-c- Fgp-Xp-I.
Score 5
s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymkw cmjv{S-ns IS-a-bmn.

s\tm-fn-bs `c-W-]-cn-jvm-c-
15.
{^v hn-h-ns ASn-m\ Bi-b--fpsS \ntj-[-am-bn-cp-p

hnb-m-k-t-f\w hne-bn-cp-p-I.
Score 4
Cw-n Bcw-`n hyh-km-b-hn--h-ns kzm[o\w

BtKmfhym]-I-ambncpp-sh Bi-b-tmSv \n
tbmPn-bvp-ptm ? hni-Z-am-p-I.
Score 5
1832 Cwojv ]me-sa v \S-m-nb ]cn-jv-cW \nb-a-ns

ê- hni-I-e\w sNpI.
Score 2
18.
Nmnv {]m-\-sa-m-sev ?
Score 2
19.
F) sesk--s^-b knm--sav ?
Score 2
_n) A\--c-^-e- hni-I-e\w sNp-I.
Score 4
Cw-n \S-n-em-nb ^mIvSdn \nb-a-nse {][m\

\nt-i- hni-I-e\w sNp-I.
Score 3
hymh-km-bnI hn-hm-\-cw hyh-km-bn-Iv A\p-Iq-e-ambn

Dbp-h {][m-\-s km-nI knm-- hnh-cn-p-I.
Score 6
BZyIme tkmjy-env hm--fn {][m-\n-I-fmcv ?

Hmtcm {]m-\-n-sbpw \b- hy-am-p-I.
Score 5
Dtmnb tkmjy-en-khpw imkv{Xob tkmjy-en-khpw

Xn-ep hyXym-k-sav ?
Score 2
16.
17.
20.
21.
22.
23.
25
24.
25.
Cw-n cq]w-sIm hyh-kmb Imjn-I-hn-h

Cysb {_ns tImf-\n-bm-n-op.
Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-p-I.
Ipdn-s-gp-XpI (1) \o ]me-sa v
Score 4
(2) Ah-injvS ]me-sa v)
D-ck
- q-NnI
Hmtcm Bi-b-hp-ambn _-s Ub-{K-n D-c-kqNnI sImSp-n-p-v.

Ub{Kw ]cn-tim-[n-p-I. Hw ]mT-`m-K-hpw.
IqSp-X kvtIm D tNmZy-v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ns IqSn klm-b-tmsS
D-cs
- a-gp-Xp-I.
26
bqWnv 2
hn-h--fpsS Imew
ka-b-tcJ
1628
s]o-j Hm^v ssdvkv
1640-60
\o ]me-sa v
1649-58
tIma shv Ime-Lw
1688
c-c-lnX hnhw (a-l-mb hn-hw)
1689
Ah-Im-i-\n-baw
1789
{^v hnhw
1792
{^mkn tZiob Iukn cq]o-I-cWw
1799
s\tm-fn-b A[n-Im-c-ta-s-Spp
1806
tImn-s\- hyh
1815
hnb kt-f\w
bqWnv 3
km{am-Py-Xz-ns hf
ka-b-tcJ
1757
mkn bpw
1764
_Ivkm bpw
1774
Hmw tImn-s\ tIm{Kkv
1776
cmw tImn-s\ tIm{Kkv
1783
]mcnkv DS-Sn
1804
slbvn kzmX{yw {]m]np
1822
{_ko, saIvkntm kzmX{yw {]m]np
1830
\mj-W Atkm-kn-tb-j t^m s{]m- Hm^v te_
1868
tjmK `cWw Ah-km-\np
1870
Cen GIo-I-cn--sp
1871
P-\n-I-fpsS GIo-I-cWw
27
bqWnv 3
km{am-Py-Xz-ns hf
hyh-km-b-hn-h
- s XpSv bqtdm-n hfp-h apX-em-fn--ns hnI-knX
cq]-amWv km{am-Py-Xzw. Bt{^m-G
- -jy, Ata-cn- hI-c-I-fnse cmPy-fnse km{amPy-Xz-hn-cp sNdp-p-\nv {]m-\-, ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y ka-kybpw _m
{]Xn-k-nbpw sXmgn-em-fn-{]-m-\--fpsS Bhn`m-hw, bqtdm-nse tZio-b-X, C-en,
P\n Fo cmPy--fpsS GIo-I-c-W-n\v tZiobX hln ]v FnhbpsS Hcp
sNdnb hnh-c-W-amWv Cu bqWn-n Dsm-n-n-cn-p--Xv.
Cu bqWn-ns\ F, _n, kn, Un, C Fo 5 D]-bq-Wn-p-Ifmbn Xncnv hni-I-e\w
sNbvXn-cn-p-p.
F) km{am-PyXzw
hyh-km-bhn-h-s-p-Sv bqtdm-n hfp-h apX-em-fn--ns
hnI-kn-X- cq-]-amWv km{am-Py-Xzw.
km{am-Py-Xz-hn-]p-eo-I-cWtamlw tImf\n m]-\-n-tev hgn-sX-fn-p.
Bt{^m--G-jyA-ta-cn- cmPy--fn tImf-\n-I m]n-m km{am-Py-Xzcm-Py-sf \nc-h[n LS-I- t{]cn-n-p.
km{am-Py-Xzhym]-\-n\pw Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-c- \ne-\nm-\pw apX-em-fn--cmPy- ]e X{-fpw {]tbm-Kn-p.
LS-I-
tImf\nIfnse Akw-kvIrX hkvXp--fpsS e`y-X.
an Dev]-- tImf\nIfn hn-gn-mw.
A[nI Dev]m-Z\w.
ISp hym]mc acw.
hnhn[ X{-
ssk\n-I-in D]-tbm-Knv ASn--a
`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\hpw \nb-a-hy-h-bpw D]-tbm-Kn-p \nIp-Xn-]n-cnhv.
Xt-io-b-cpsS kmlnXyw, Ie, hnZym-`ymkw Fn-hsb XI
]mmXy hnZym-`ym-kw.
28
1.
km{am-PyXzw Cy-bn
hnhn[ bqtdm-]y in-I-fmb t]mp-Ko-kp-Im, Up-Im, Cwo-jp-Im,
{^p-Im Fn-h I-h-S-n-\mbn Cy-bn Fn.
Cy-bnse cmjv{Sob kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy- {_nojv A[n-\n-th-i-n\v
kml-N-cy-sam-cp-n.
Im-nIv bp-, mkn bpw (1757) _Ivkm bpw (1764) Fnh Cwojv
B[n-]Xyn\v Bw Iqn.
Cy-bnse kml-Ncyw
Zp_-e-amb apK `c-W-IqSw
At\ym\yw Ie-ln-n-cp \mp-cm-Py-
km-n-I-km-aqly PoX
AcnXm-h
2. km{am-PyXzw ssN\-bn
16-mw \qmp apX ssN\-bn hym]m-c-_w m]n-m bqtdm-]yam
{ian-p.
ssN\okv `c-W-Im- Ahsc AI-n-\nn.
Cwo-jp-Im ssN\-bpsS ta \nb-{Ww t\Sm Nne hf hgn-I
kzoI-cn-p.
Idpv I--S-n-eqsS ssN\sb [mn-I-ambpw ùXn-I-ambpw
Cwo-jp-Im Xfn.
Idpv bp- (1839-1842), ssN\-P
-
- m bpw (1894-95) Fo bp- ssN\sb
hntZ-io-b-cpsS \nb-{-W-n-em-n.
Idpv bpw
hjw
]s-Sp--h
183942
ssN\, Cwv
3.
ê-
ssN\
]cm-P-b-sp
tlmMvtKmpw
5 XpdapJ-fpw
Cwo-jp-Imv hnp-sIm-Spp
km{am-PyXzw Ata-cn--bn
aX- ] o- U - \ - -f n \nv c- t\- S m\pw km- n- I- ` - { ZX Bn- m-\ p-a mbn
bqtdm-n \nv \nc-h[n IpSpw-_- Ata-cn- hI-c-bn-tev IpSn-tb-dn.
29
Cwo-jp-Im hSt Ata-cn-bn 13 tImf-\n-I m]n-p.

{_nojv ]me-sa v Ata-cn- tImf-\n-Iv ta \nc-h[n ]pXnb \nIp-Xn-I
Npa-n.
""{]mXn- \ n- [ y- a n- msX \nIpXn ]ncn- m ]mSn'' F ap{Zm- h m- I y- h p- a mbn
Ata-cn- tImf-\n-I {_nojpIms-Xnsc Iem-]-ap-bn.
1781 tImhm-en-kns t\Xr-Xz-n-ep {_nojv ]mfs
tPmPv hmjnw-KvS-Wns t\Xr-Xz-n-ep Ata-cn- ssk\yw
]cm-P-b-s-Sp-n.
1782 se ]mcokv DS-Sn {]Imcw {_n Ata-cn-bvv kzmX{yw \In.
4.
km{am-PyXzw sXt Ata-cn--bn

kzWhpw shnbpw tXSn ChnsSsbnb {][m\ bqtdm-]y in-I
kvs]bn, t]mp-K, {^mkv, Cw-v.
bqtdm-]y sXt Ata-cn--bn hnhm-l-_---fn Gs--Xns ê-ambn
Dmb ]pXnb kchK-amWv san-tkm-kv.
bqtdm-]y km{am-Py-Xz-ns\Xnsc i-amb {]tm-`- hnhn[ cmPy--fn
Bcw-`n-p.
sska s_mfn-h, tPmsk- Un -kmamn Fn-h hnhn[ cmPy--fnse
t]mcm--v t\XrXzw \In.
1825 Bb-tm-tgpw Cu taJ-e-bnse apgp-h cmPy-fpw kzmX{yw t\Sn.
5.
km{am-PyXzw B{^n--bn
B{^n--bn km{am-PyXz m-]\ ak-c-n Gs {][m\ sImtfm-Wn-b
in-I-fm-bn-cpp {_n, {^mkv, P-\n, C-en, t]mp-K, kvs]bn
CXn-\mbn Ah Xn a-cn-p-Ibpw B{^n-sb \nc-h[n Ij-W--fmbn hn`Pn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
bpw IqSmsX AXn-th-K-n-emWv CXv km[n--Xv.
Ah Xn-ep-m-bn-cp kwLj- N-I-fn-eq-sSbpw kn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw
]d-p-Xop.
1914 Bb-tm-tgpw an B{^n- cmPy- fpw bqtdm-]y cmPy--fpsS
tImf-\n-I-fm-bn.
30
_n) km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp {]m-\-

19-mw \qm-ns Ay-nepw 20-mw \qm-ns Bcw-`-nepw Cy, ssN\, Pm
XpS-nb Gjy cmPy--fn {]Xn-tcm[ tZio-bX cq]w sImp-Ibpw AXv tImf-\n-hncp--{]-m-\- Bcw-`n-p-hm Imc-W-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1)
km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp {]m\w Cy-bn
tImf\n hncp {]m\w Cy-bn cq]w-sIm-m-\p kml-N-cy-

{_nojv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw \b-ssh-I-ey-fpw.
Cy-bpsS km-nI kmwkvm-cnI cmjv{Sob hnI-k-\s apc-Sn-n-p \bw.
Cwojv hnZym-`ym-k-n-eq-sS-bp kmwkvm-cnI ASn-a-Xzw.
2) km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp {]m\w ssN\-bn
km{am-PyXz Nqj-W-n-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-tcm[ tZio-bX cq]w sImp-p.
hnhn[ hn-h-kw-L-S-\-I cq]w-sIm-p-p.
tUm. kbmXvsk hnhn[ hntam-N-\-kw-L-S-\-Isf tbmPn-nv kacw
aptmv \bn-p.
tZiob {]m-\-ns ASn-m\ Bi-b- tZio-b-X, P\m-[n-]-Xyw,
tkmjy-enkw Fn-h-bm-bn-cp-p.
3) km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp {]m\w Pm-\n
19- -m w \qm- n Ata-cn- bpw hnhn[ sImtfm- Wn-b in- Ifpw ChnsS
\nb-{Ww m]n-p.
{]Xn-tcm[ tZio-bX cq]w sImp.
sImtfm-Wn-b in-I-sXn-scbpw tjmK `c-W-n-s\-Xn-scbpw kwL-SnX
t]mcmw Bcw-`n-p.
1868 tjmK `cWw Ah-km-\n-nv sabvPn cmP-hwiw `cWw Bcw-`n-p.
Cu `c-W-nIo-gn Pm ]qh-tZ-is {][m\ in-bm-bn.
djy--P-m bp-n Pms hnPbw av cmPy--fnse km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp
ka-c-v ]pXnb B-th-i-am-bn.
31
kn) ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y kaky (Eastern Question) bpw

_m {]Xn-k
- nbpw
Xpn-bpsS Zp_emh apX-se-Spv ]na bqtdm-]y in-I Xpn-bpsS
`q`m-K- I-S-m \S-nb {ia--fmWv ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y kaky.
Xpn km{am-Py-ns `mK-am-bn-cp mhv P\- A[n-h-knp _m
{]tZ-i- ssI-S-m djy {ian-p. CXns\ av bqtdm-]y cmPy- ]cm-P-bs-Sp-n.
]uckvXy bqtdm-]y ka-ky-bn-tepw _m {]Xn-k-n-bn-tepw

\bn kml-N-cy-
Xpn km{am-Py-ns XI
_m {]tZ-i- ssI-S-m-\p djy-bpsS {iaw.
Un) sXmgn-em-fn-h aptw

apX-em-fnNqjWw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ah Zpcn-X-]qW-amn.
\nc-h[n sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-I cq]w sImp.
1830 tPm tZmlmn \mj-W Atkm-kn-tb-jkv t^m s{]m- Hm^v
te_ F sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS tZiob t^md-n\v cq]w sImSp-p.
sXmgn-em-fn-k-a-c-ns `mK-ambn sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS {]hrnka-bw, thX-\w,
Pohn-X-km-l-Ncyw Fn-h-bn am-ap-m-bn.
C) tZiobX
tZiw F k-ev]-n A[n-jvTn-X-amb {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw I-]-cn-]m-Snbpw
tN-XmWv tZio-bX
- .
18-mw \qm-ns Ah-km-\t- msS bqtdm-nse hnhn[ {]tZ-i
- f
- n tZiob t_m[w
hfp-h-p.
1848 se hn-h- bqtdm-n tZio-bX IqSp-X in-s-Spn.
B{Im-aI tZio-bX, {]Xn-tcm-[-tZ-io-b-X Cs\ tZio-bX ]e Xc-n Dv.
B{Im-aI tZio-bX
- AXn-cp-Ih
- n-X
- pw, htXm-Xn-ep Bbp-[o-Ic
- W
-
- n-tebvpw
tZio-b-XI Xn-ep sshcy-n- t ebvpw B{I- a - W - n-tepw
\bn-p-p.
{]Xn- t cm[ tZio- b X km- nIhpw cmjv { So- b hpw kmwkv m- c n- I hpamb
ASn-a-s {]Xn-tcm-[n-p--Xm-Wv.
32
1)
C-en-bpsS GIo-I-c-Ww
Ims_m-Wm-cn, bv Cen
Fn-h-bpsS ]v
2)
tPmk^v ako\n, Kmcn-_mUn,

hnIvS Cm-\p-th II Ihq
Fn-h-cpsS ]v
Pn-\n-bpsS GIo-I-cWw
tkmshdn F
hym]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS ]v
_nkvamv,
{Û-dnIv hneyw IV
Fn-h-cpsS ]v
Um\njv bpw
Bkvt{Sm--{]-jy bpw
{^mtm{]jy bpw
tNmZy-
Cu bqWn-nse {][m\ tNmZy- NphsS sImSp-n-cn-p-p. Ah-bpsS D-c-
sSIvv-_p-ns klm-b-m Is-m {ian-p-I. Dc kqNnI asmcp t]Pn
\In-bn-p-v.
1.
A{Im-a-I-tZ-io-b-X, {]Xn-tcm[ tZio-bX Chsb Xmc-Xayw sNpI
2.
bqtdm-]y cmPy-sf Bt{^m--G-jy--A-ta-cn- cmPy--fn

tImf-\n-I m]n-bvm t{]cn-n LS-I- GsX-m-am-bn-cpp?
apX-em-fn cmjv{S- km{am-Py-Xz-hym-]-\-n\pw Ah-cpsS
A[n-Imc \ne-\nm\pw tImf-\n-I-fn {]tbm-Kn-
X{- Gh ?
3.
4.
5.
19--mw \qm-ns Ay-nepw 20-mw \qm-ns Bcw-`-nepw

Cy, ssN\, Pm XpSnb cmPy--fn {]Xn-tcm[ tZio-b-X
in-s-Sp-Ibpw km{am-PyXz hncp {]m\w Bcw-`n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
aqv cmPy--fnepw DS-seSp km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp {]m-\-fpsS
hnh-cWw Xm-dm-pI?
A tImf-n\v
A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh
tImf--fn \nv FSp-s-gp-Xp-I.
Cen
san-tkmkv
tIma-tUm s]dn
P\n
ap cmP-hwiw
sska s_mfn-h
ssN\
bMv Cen
kbmXvsk
Pm
tkmsh-dn
_nkvamv
sXt Ata-cn
tjmK `cWw
tPmk^v ako\n
33
3 score
2 score
2 score
6 score
6.
km{am-PyXz hn]p-eo-I-cW taml-n-sbpw cmPy- tImf-\n-I-fm-m-\p

bqtdm-] y cmPy- - f psS AXymnbptSbpw Ghpw \ DZm- l - c -W - a m- W v
B{^n-bpsS hoXw-h-bv]vB-{^n-bpsS hoXw hbvns kz`mhw hy-amn
Cu {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-pI?
4 score
7.
bqtdm-]y in-I Xn-ep a-c- shdpw AXnn-- am{X

ambncpnsv ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y kaky sXfn-bn-p. FmWv ]uckvXy
bqtdm-]y kaky? CXn-tev \bn kml-N-cy- Fsmw?
4 score
8.
Hmw temI-bp--n\v apv cq]w-sIm ssk\nI kJy--fns cmPy--fpsS

t]cv NphsS \In-bn-cn-p-p. Ahsb ]n-I-s-Sp-p-I? ssk\n-I-k-Jy-fpsS
cq]-hcWw cmPy-sf Fs\ _m[np ?
5 score
(djy, C-en, Bkv{Sn-b--lw-K-dn, {_n, P\n, {^mkv)
9.
NphsS \In-bn-p kw`-h-sf Ah \S apdbvv {Iao-I-cn-pI.

F) mkn-bpw,
_n) C-en-bpsS GIo-I-cWw
kn) Ata-cn kzX-{-am-Ip-p. Un) P-\n-bpsS GIo-I-cWw

C) _Ivk bpw
10. bqtdm-n tZio-bX in-s-Xns ê-ambn GIo-I-cnbvs P\nbpsSbpw
C-en-bp-sSbpw GIo-I-c-W-hp-ambn _-s Nne kw`-h- \In-bn-cn-pp.
ap-h ]qn--bm-pI.
C-en-bpsS GIo-I-cWw
Ims_m-Wmcn
P\n-bpsS GIo-I-cWw
ako\n
tkmsh-dn
s{Û-dnIv
hneyw
Imhq
{^mtm
{]jy bpw
34
11. ""tImf\oI-c-Ws in-s-Sp-p-hm km{am-PyXzw kzoI-cn

X{fn HmWv ]mm-Xy-hn-Zym-`ymkw'' kan-p-I.
4 score
12. tImf\n in-Isf ASn-a---h-S-n\pw Icm sXmgn-en\pw

t{]cn-n kml-N-cy- Gh ?
2 score
13. Cy, ssN\ Fo cmPy-fn km{am-PyXzw

m]n-X-ambsX-s\-sbv kan-pI ?
6 score
14. samsf {]`p-hns hnZym-`ymk eyw?

15. Idpv bp-
35
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
B{Im-aI tZio-bX
{]Xn-tcm-[ tZio-bX
AXncp Ihn tZio-bX
X-fpsS ta ASn-tn
km-n-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw
kmwkvm-cn-Ihpamb A-Sn-a-s
{]Xn-tcm-[n-p tZio-bX
htXm-Xn-ep Bbp-[o-I-c-Wn-tepw tZio-b-X-I Xn-ep

sshcy-n-tebvpw
B{I-a-W-n-tepw \bnp.
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Zp\-b-sXn
scbp {]Xn-I-c-Ww.
km{am-PyXz ey-sf Xpd-p-Im-pp
anI-hp-Ifpw ]mc--cy-fpw
Dbn-n-Sn-p-p.
2.
km{am-PyXzw F k_v bqWn-nse LS-I- Fv tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p

]nI ImWp-I.
3.
km{am-PyXzw F k_v bqWn-nse hnhn[ X{- F ]nI ImWp-I.
4.
km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp {]m-\- F k_vbqWn-nse km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp

{]m\w Cy-bn (1), ssN\bn (2), Pm-\n (3) Fo `mK- ImWp-I.
5.
Cen
bMv Cen
tPmk^v ako\n
P\n
tkmsh-dn
_nkvamv
ssN\
ap-cm-Ph
- wiw
kbmXvsk
Pm
tjmK `cWw
tIma-tUmshdn
sXt Ata-cn
santkmkv
sska s_mfn-h
6.
km{am-PyXzw F k_v bqWn-nse km{am-PyXzw B{^n--bn F `mKw

ImWp-I.
7.
]uckvXy bqtdm-]y ka-kybpw _m {]Xn-k-nbpw F k_v bqWnv

ImWp-I.
8.
{Xncmjv{S kJyw
{Xncmjv{S [mcW
P\n
djy
Bkv{Snblw-Kdn
{_n
Cen
{^mkv
36
F) cmjv{S- Xn-ep kwi-b- hn-p. _n) Bbp-[-ti-J-cWw.

kn) ssk\y-_-ehpw \mhn-I-tk-\-bpsS inbpw hn-n-p.
Un)- hn-hn[ clky Icm-dp-I Dm-m Imc-W-am-bn.
9.
mkn-bpw _Ivkm bpw Ata-cn kzX-{-am-Ip-p--C--en-bpsS

GIo-I-cWwP-\n-bpsS GIo-I-c-Ww.
10. tZio-bX F k_v bqWn-nse C-en-bpsS GIo-I-cWw, P-\nbpsS

GIoI-cWw Fo `mK- ImWp-I.
11. tImf-\n-hmgvNbvv \ne-\nm Ign-b-W-san sImtfm-Wn-b cmPy-ns
ta cmjv{So-bhpw km-n-I-hp-amb \nb-{Ww Dd-m-t--Xp-v. Cu ey
{]m]vXnv hnZym-`ym-ks D]-tbm-Knv ]mmXykwkvm-c-tmSv hn-t[-b-Xz-ap
Hcp Xe-ap-dsb krjvSn-sSp-em-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS eyw Ccw t]mbnp-I
FgpXn kan--Ww.
12. tImf-\n-I-fnse tXmw-Ir-jnbpw J\n-hy-h-km-bhpw htXm-Xn Ipd Iqen-bp
sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Bh-iy-IX krjvSnp. CXns\ adn-I-S-m-\mbn Zi-e---W
n\v a\p-jysc ASn-a-I-fmbpw Icm sXmgn-em-f n-I-fmbpw tXmw taJ-e-bn
D]-tbm-Ks
- -Sp-n.
13. km{am-PyXzw F k_vbqWn-nse km{am-PyXzw Cy-bn, km{am-PyXzw ssN\
bn Fo `mK- ImWpI.
14.
Pw sImpw \ndw sImpw Xt-io-bcpw A`n-cp-Nn, thj-hn-[m\w Fnh sImv

]mmXycpamb Hcp P\-Xsb krjvSn-pI
15. Cwojv Cunym I\n ssN\-bn-tev htXm-Xn Idpv I--Sv XpS-n.

ssN\okv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I Idpv hym]mcw \ntcm-[n-p. {_no-jp-Im ssN\-sXnsc bpw \S-n. bp-n ssN\ ]cm-P-b-s-p.
37
bqWnv 4
temI bphpw XpSbpw

Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns BZy-Z-i-I
- f
- n temIv Ac-t-dnb kw`-h-hn-Im-k
- f
- n
{][m--\-shbmWv Hmw-temI bpw (1914-1918), djy hnhw (1917), temI-km-nIam-yw, ^m-jn-k-n-sbpw \mkn-k-n-sbpw Db. Ch-sbpdn-p Hcp sN-dphn-hc-W-amWv Cu bqWn-n \In-bn-cn-p--Xv.
Cu bq-Wn-ns\ A, B, C, D Fo \mev D]-bq-Wn-p-I-fmbn Xncnv hni-Ie\w sNbvXncnp-p.
A.
Hmw temI-a-lmbpw 1914-1918
bp-ns Imc-W-
]uckvXy bqtdm-]y ka-kybpw Am-cmjv{S {]Xn-k-n-Ifpw
km{amPyXza--c-
B{Im-aI tZio-bX
ssk\nI kJy--fpsS cq]o-I-cWw
Bv Uyqv {^mknkv sÛn-\mns h[w or t_mkv\nb {]Xn-kn
Am-cmjv{S {]Xn-k-n-I
_m {]Xn-kn P\n--djy
samtdmtm {]Xn-kn P-\n--{^mkv
_mKvZmZv {]Xn-k-n P-\n, djy, {_n, {^mkv
bp-ns Bcw-`w, -KXn, Ayw
1914 Pqsse 28 \v Bkv{Snb sk_n-b-s-Xnsc bpw {]Jym-]n-p.
djy, {_n, {^mkv sk_nbsb klm-bn-p-p.
Xpn, P\n, _tK-dnb Bkv{Sn-bsb klm-bn-p-p.
{_ns `mK-p--h kJy-I-n-I Fpw P-\n-bpsS `mK-p--h-

tI{-i-n-I Fpw Adn-b-s-Sp-p.
Cen P-\n-bpsS kJyw hnv {_ns `mKv tNcp-p.
1917 se hn-hs XpSv djy bp-n \nv ]nam-dn.
P Ahm-ln-\n-I Ata-cn- I-ep-I XIp-p.

38
Ata-cn {_ns `mKv tNcp-p.
Bkv{Snb, Xpn, _tK-dnb, P\n Fnh ]cm-Pbw k-Xnv Iog-S-p-p.
1918 bpw Ah-km-\n-p-p.
Hmw temI-bp--ns {]tXy-I-X-I
\qX\ X{hpw kmtXnI-hn-Zybpw {]tbm-Kn--s-p.
Ic-bn-epw, IS-enepw, BIm-ipw bpw \S-p.
Smp-I, sjp-I, ssa\p-I Fnh D-]-tbm-Kn-p.
hnj-hm-X-I--fpsS {]tbm-Kw.
hnam-\-, apn---ep-I Fnh BZy-am-bn D]-tbm-Kn-p.
kam-[m\ kn-I
thgvkmbv kn P\n
sk vsP sabv kn Bkv{Sn-b--lw-Kdn
skhvtd kn Xpn
]mcn-n-XnI {]iv\-
KX
k m-KX
wh
n-[ hm
m-\
-
m
-fps -hn-\
S X n-ab
I
y-{]
-{
zmX
w k -`w.
p
w
n-e
-b Bc
n- S
{^ -fps
w B -\-
p
m
ns
ne
y
-yb
-J
j
v{Sk-cWw
j
G
hc- m oI
k cq]
]n-Wnbpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw
j
m
nI
P\
m-[
Bn-]X
y {]
w I {I
qn n-b
h-k
hy
B\miw
mb
XI
Ata-cn h in-bm-Ip-p.
cm bqtd
P-h
m
w-i -ns
e
-
fpw ]e
XI
p.
39
B. djy
hn-hhpw tkmhn-bv bqWn-bs cq]o-I-c-Whpw
km N{I-hnamcpsS GIm-[n-]Xy `c-Ww.

Ij-I-cptSbpw km[m-c-W-m-cp-tSbpw Zb-\o-bm-h-.
1898 tkmjy sUtam-{Im-nIv te_ ]mn-bpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww.
sasj-hnp-I t_msjhn-p-I cq]w-sIm-p-p.
se\n t_msj-hn-p-I-fp-tSbpw Ae-Ivkm- sIdkvIn sasj-hn-p-I-
fptSbpw t\Xm- BIp-p.

t_msj-hnp-I hn-h-n\pw ]Wn-ap-S-n\pw Blzm\w sNbvX-tm
]cn-jvI-c-Whpw sXc-s-Sppw aXn-sbv sasj-hn-p-I hmZn-p.

1905 Pm\pambn \S bp-n djy ]cm-P-b-s--Xns\ XpSv km N{I-
hn-s-Xnsc hnhw \Sp.

XpSv Zqa F t]cn Hcp ]me-sa v cq]o-I-cn-p-p.
km N{I-hnsXnsc kacw \S-m t_msj-hn-p-I "tkmhn-bv' F
t]cn sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw Ij-I-cp-tSbpw kan-Xn-Iv cq]w sImSp-p.

1917 se s^{_p-hcn hn-h-s-p-Sv Ae-Ivkm- sIdkvIn A[n-Im-cn
hcp-p.
1917 se HIvtSm-_ hn-hs XpSv se\n A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s-Sp-p-p.
XIp-t]mb djy kZvhyh-sb sa-s- S p-m bp-Ime
Iyq- W n- k w, ]p km- n- I - \ - b w, ]- h - - c - ] - - X n- I Fnh

\S-n-em-p-p.
C.
temI km-n-I-am-yhpw \yqUoepw
temI km-nI amyw

1929 Bcw-`n-p. 1933 Xo{hX Ipd-p.
Ata-cn--bn Bcw-`n-p.
Hml-cn-I-tm-f- XIp.
_mp-I XIp.
]nWn
Ij-Iv `qan \jvSw.
sXmgn-en-mbva
40
\yq Uo
Ata-cn-sb km-n-Ia
- m-y-n \npw cn-m {]Jym-]n- ]cn-jv-cW ]cn]m-Sn.
{]kn-U v {^mvfn Un dqkv shmWv inev]n.
Bizm-kw, ]p\x- m-]n- , ]cn- j vI- c Ww Fo aqv LS- I -

CXn Dm-bn-cp-p.
Cu ]-Xn e--W-n\v Bfp-Iv sXmgn \In.
{ItaW Cu ]Xn ]cm-P-b-am-bn.
\yqUo ]-Xnv ASn-m\ km-n-I{]-iv\- ]cn-l-cn-m Ign-n-.
^m-jn-khpw \mkn-khpw
1) ^mjnkw C-en-bn
^mjn-k-ns t\Xmhv s_\ntm apk-eo\n.
hocm-cm-[-\, hwio-b-X, `qX-Im-e-a-l-Xz-h-c-Ww, bp-sh-dn-, ]uc-kzm-X-{yw
\ntj-[n-, Iyq-Wn-p-I-tfbpw sUtam-{Im-p-I-tfbpw FXnp-I,
ap kwL-S- \ - I sf \ntcm-[n- , hmm-am- [ y- a - v \nb- { -Ww

Fn-h-bmWv ^mjn-k-ns ASn-m\ Bi-b-.
Idp Ipm-b-m F t]cn Hcp ^mjnv {Kqn\v cq]w \In.
1924 A[n-Imcw ^mjn-p-Iv e`n-p-p.
bp-tm-Sp apk-eo-\n-bpsS sImXn C-en-sb cmw-tem-Ib

- pn-tev \bn-pp.
1945 Cen kJy- I - n- I v Iog- S - n- b - t XmsS apk- e o- \ nsb \mp- I m

h[n-p. AtXmsS C-en-bn ^mjn-k-ns Ayw Ipdn-p.
\mknkw P-\n-bn
\mknkns t\Xmhv AtUm^v lnve
^mjn-k-ns AtX ASn-m\ Bi-b- Xs ]np-Sp.
Xhnv Ipm-b-m F t]cn Hcp \mkn {Kqn\v cq]w \In.
Nmk-e m\- t v \nb-an- X - \ mb lnve 1934 {]kn-U v

lnU _Kv acn--tm B m\w ssIb-S-n.
bp-tm-Sp lnve-dpsS sImXn P-\n-sb cmw temI-bp--n-tep \bn-p.
cmw temI-bp--n P\nbpsS ]cm-Pbw Dd-mb lnve B-lXy sNbvXp.

41
^mjnkw kvs]bn-\n
êm-RvPnkw F t]cn Adn-b-s-p. t\Xmhv {^mtm.
1931 cmP-hmgvN Ah-km-\n kvs]bn Hcp dn-n-m-bn.
dn-n-I-yq-Wnv Bi-b--fp ]mn-I-fpsS Ass\Iyw {Ia-k-am-[m-\-\ne

XIp.
1936 \S sXcs-Sp-n CS-Xp--h-eXp ]- Xpey kop-I t\Sn.
Hcp ^mknv ]me-sawKw h[n--s--Xns t]cn Iem]w Bcw-`n-p.
Iem-]-n {^mtmbpsS t\Xr-Xz-n D ^mjn-p-I hnP-bn-p-Ibpw

A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
^mjnkw Pm-\n
Pms {][m-\-a-{n-bmb _mcX-\m km{am-Py-Xzsbpw B{I-aW

- - \-b-sbpw
A\p-Iq-en-p.
temIw Iog- S - m ssN\, aq- d nb, sImdnb Fnh Iog- S - - W - s av

{]Jym-]np CXmWv X\m-m-]--Xn.
X\m-sb XpSv {][m-\-a-{n-bmb tSmtPm-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n

Pm-\n ^mjnv `cWw m]n-X-am-bn.
1936 P\nbpambn tNv Iyq-Wnv hncp kJy-ap-mnbXn-eqsS

^mjnv hym-]-\-n ]m-fn-bmbn.
42
tNmZy-
Cu bqWn-nse {][m\ tNmZy- NphsS sImSp-n-cn-p-p. Ah-bpsS D-c sSIvk-v_p-ns klm-b-tmsS Is-m {ian-p-I. D-c-kq-NnI asmcp
t]Pn \In-bn-p-v.
1.
2.
Hmw temI bp-n-tev \bn hnhn[ kml-N-cy-fpw

bp-ns ê-fpw hne-bn-cp-p-I.
6 Score
Hmw-temI bp-n ]s-Sp Nne cmjv{-S--fpsS t]cp-I NphsS

sImSp-n-cn-p-p. Chsb kJy-i-n-I, tI{-i-n-I Fn-s\
]n-Is
- -Sp-p-I.
djy, Xpn, {^mkv, _tK-dn-b, P-\n,
sk_nb, {_n, Bkv{Snb
3.
4 Score
Hmw-temI bpm-\-cw Xm-dm-nb kam-[m\ DS--Sn-I

\oXn-]qh-am-bn-cp-n-. thgvkm-bv, skhvtd kn-I-fpsS
ASn-m-\-n hne-bn-cp-p-I.
4.
5 Score
cmPy- Xn-ep bp- appw \Snp-s-nepw

Hmw-tem-Ibpw AXp-h-sc-bp-mb bp--fn \npw òI-c-amb
Hm-bn-cp-p. Hmw-temI bp-ns \mi-\-jvS-, {]Xym-Lm-X-
Ch-bpsS ASn-m-\-n Cu {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
4 Score
5.
A tImf-n\v tbmPn-h B, C tImf--fn \npw Isn
tbmPn-n-pI
A
6.
4 Score
B
{^mtm
\mknkw
Cen
aptmfn\n
tkmjy-enkw
djy
lnve
^mknkw
kvs]bn
se\n
êm-RvPnkw
P\n
djy hn-h-n\v tijw AhnsS \S-n-em-nb bp-Ime

Iyq-Wn-k-n \npw "]p km-n-I-\bw' Fs\
hyXym-k-s-n-cn-p-p.
7.
4 Score
^mkn-k-ns P cq]-amWv \mkn-kw. ^mkn-k-n-sbpw

\mkn-k-n-sbpw kz`m-hhpw coXn-Ifpw hne-bn-cpn Cu
{]kvXm-h\bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
43
4 Score
8.
1929 se km-n-I--I-bn \nv c-s]-Sm-\mWv Ata-cn

"\yqUo' ]cn-jvI-cW ]cn-]mSn Bhn-jv-cn-Xv. FmWv \yqUo?
9.
CXv F{Xam{Xw ê-{]-Z-am-bn-cp-p?
4 Score
kvs]bn-\n P\-d {^mtm \S-nb B`y--c-I-em-]-ns

]m--ehpw AXns êhpw hni-Z-am-pI.
4 Score
10. NphsS sImSp-n-p kw`-h-sf Ah \S ap-dbvv {Iao-I-cn-pI

Hmw temI-bpw
temI-km--n-I-amyw
djy hnhw
kvs]bn Hcp dn-n-m-bn.
4 Score
11. Ata-cn- apssI-sb-Spv cq]o-I-cn kh-cm-Py-k-Jy-n Ah

AwK-amImXn-cp--Xns ]nnse X{w Fm-bn-cpp ?
3 Score
12. ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y kaky, _m {]Xn-k-n, _mKvZmZv sdbnth

Fnh Fs\ Hmw temI-bp--n\v Fs\ Imc-W-ambn ?
13. A tImf-n sImSp-n-cn-p--hbvv A\p-tbm-Py-ambh B, C
tImffn \npw Isn tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
A
Cen
P\-d {^mtm
t_msj-hnIv
P\n
apk-eo\n
Xhnv Ipm-b-m
djy
lnve
Idp Ipm-b-m
kvs]bn
se\n
êmRvPnkw
44
6 Score
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
Hmw temI-bpw F k_v bqWn-nse bp-ns Imc-W-, ê-

Fn-h-bpsS klm-b-tmsS Dcw X-m-dm-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
2.
kJyInI {_n, {^mkv, djy, sk_nb

tI{-i-n-I P-\n, Bkv{Sn-b, Xpn, _tK-dnb
3.
thgvkmbv kn Pn-\n-bp-ambn Hp hp
hyh-I
-
1) bp Ipw, 2) \ncm-bp-[o-I-cWw,
3) \jvS-]-cn-lmcw
4) P\n Iog-S-nb {]tZ-i- Xncnv \I.

skhvtdkn Xpnbpambn Hp-h-p.
hyh-I
Xpnv B{^n--bnepw ]n-ta-jy-bn-epap kzm[o\w \jvS-s-p.
4.
Hmw temI bpw F k_v bqWn-nse Hmw temI-bp--ns

{]tXyI-X-I F `mKw ImWp-I.
5.
6.
7.
{^mtm
êm-RvPnkw
kvs]bn
aptmfn\n
^mknkw
Cen
lnve
\mknkw
P\n
se\n
tkmjy-enkw
djy
bp-Ime Iyq-Wnkw
]p km-n-I-\bw
Irjn-`qan, Ft-p-I Fnh
kzImcy hmWn-Pyhpw Irjnbpw
Ij-Iv hnX-cWw sNbvXp.
A\p-h-Zn--s-p.
Dev]---fn-e-[n-Iaph
Dev]-- s]mXp-I-tm-f--fn
km Gs-Spv P\-v
hnX-cWw sNbvXp.
hnp-hm\pw hmp-hm\pap
kzmX{yw \In.
thX-\-n\p ]I-c-ambn
DXv]-- hnX-cWw sNbvXp.
thX\w ]W-ambn \In
^mkn-khpw \mkn-khpw F k_vbqWn-nse ^mknkw C-en-bn

F `mKs ^mkn-k-ns ASn-m\ Bi-b- F `mKw ImWp-I.
45
8.
temI km-n-I-am-yhpw \yqUoepw F k_vbqWn-nse

\yqUo F `mKw ImWp-I.
9.
^mjn-khpw \mkn-khpw F k_v bqWn-nse

^mjnkw kvs]bn-\n F `mKw ImWp-I.
10. Hmw temI-bpw d-jyhn-hw temI-km--n-I-am-yw

kvs]bn Hcp dn-n-m-bn.
11. temI-ns hnhn[ `mK--fn km-n-I-kzm-[o\w hn-n-m.
Bbp-[- hn-gnv km-n-I-t\w hn-n-m.
temI-ta-[m-hnXzw t\Sm.
12. ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y kaky : Hm-tm-a km{am-Py-ns A[o\X-bn-em-bn
cp Ing- bqtdm-nse {]tZ-i- I-S-p--Xn\p thn ]na bqtdm-]y
in-I Xn \S kwLj-.
_m {]Xn- k n : _m {]tZ- i- n\p thn- b p Bkv { Sn- b
Ah-Im-i-hm-Zs P\n ]np-W-p. hwio-b-X-bpsS ASn-m-\-n sk-_nb
Ah-Im-ih
- m-Za
- p-b
-- n--tm djy AXns\ ]np-W-p. _m {]tZ-is sNmn
As\ djybpw P-\nbpw Xn kwLjw Bcw-`n-p.
samtdmtm {]Xn-kn : samtdm-tm-bvv ta-ep {^mkns Ah-Im-i-hm-Zs
P\n FXnp. AXns\ XpSp kwL-jw.
_mKvZmZv sdbn : _en-s\bpw _mKvZm-Zn-s\bpw Xn _n-n-p sdbnth
\nmWw P\n Bcw-`n-Xv djy, {_n, {^mkv Fn-hsc `b-s-Sp-n.
13. Cen
apk-eo\n
Idp Ipm-b-m
P\n
lnve
Xhnp Ipm-b-m
djy
se\n
t_msj-hnIv
kvs]bn
P\-d {^mtm
êm-RvPnkw
46
bqWnv 4
temI-bp-hpw XpSbpw
ka-b-tcJ
1914
Hmw temI-a-lm-bpw Bcw-`np
1917
djy hnhw
1918
Hmw temI-a-lm-bpw Ah-km-\np
1919
]mcokv kam-[m-\-k-t-f\w
1919
thgvkmbv sk v Psabv kn-I
1919
^mkntIm UntImw-_m-n-satm
1920
skhvdv kn
1920
k-cmPy kJyw cq]o-I-cnp
1921
se\ns ]p km-nI \bw
1921
\mj-W ^mknv ]mn cq]o-I-cnp
1924
bp Fkv Fkv B cq]o-I-cWw
1924
apk-eo\n A[n-Im-c-n
1929
djy-bn ]-h--c-]-Xn Bcw-`np
1931
kvs]bn dn-n-mbn
1931
Pms aq-dnb B{I-aWw
1933
lnve P Nmkn-e-dmbn \nb-an--sp
47
bqWnv 5
cmw temI-bp-hpw km{am-Py-ns XIbpw
ka-b-tcJ
1921
ssN\okv Iayq-Wn-v ]mn cq]o-I-cWw
1924
ssN\-bn tZiob hn-h-tk\ cq]o-I-cnp
1934
temwMv amv
1937
tdmw s_en tSmtIym kJy-cq-]o-I-cWw
1938
ayqWnIv DS-Sn
1939
tkmhn-bv bqWn-b P\n A\m-{I-aW kn
1939
P-\n-bpsS t]mf-m-{I-aWw
1941
P\n tkmhn-bv bqWn-bs\ B{I-anp
1941
t] lm_ kw`hw
1942
men {KmUv t]mcmw
1945
cmw temI-a-lm-bpw Ah-km-\np
1945
tlmNn-an A[n-Im-c-n
1947
Cy kzX-{-ambn
1948
_, {ioe kzX-{-ambn
1949
ssN\okv dn-nIv m]n-X-ambn
1950
sImdn-b bpw
1954
Zo _o ^p t]mcmw
1954
hnbv\mw hn`-P\w
1961
tNcn-tN-cm{]m-\w \ne-hn hp
1976
hnbv\mw GIo-I-cn--sp
1991
tkmhn-bv bqWn-b inYn-e-ambn
48
bqWnv 5
cmw temI--bp-hpw km{am-Py-Xz-ns XIbpw

temI-Ncn-{X-ns KXn-Xs amn-a-dn cmw temI-bp--ns ]m--e-sp-dnpw bp-ns KXn-hnKXnI-sfpdnpw, bpm-\-c temI-spdnpw {]Xn-]mZn-p bqWn-m-Wn-Xv. AtXm-sSmw bp-m-\-cw Gjy-bnepw B{^nbnepw sXt
Ata-cn--bnepw Icp-mPn tImf-\n-hn-cp ka-c-, ioX-k-acw, aqmw temIhpw
tNcn-tN-cm-{]-m-\hpw ]pXnb km{am-PyXzhpw ]nme apX-em-fn-hpw tkmhn-bv bqWnbs XI XpS-nb hnj-b--sf-p-dnpw Cu bqWn-n {]Xn-]m-Znpp-v.
Bi-b-
cmw temI-a-lm-bpw
GI-]-o-bhpw A\ym-b-hp-amb thgvkmbn DS--Sn-bnse
A]-am-\-I-c-amb hyh--I
P-\n-bnse \mkn-k-n-sbpw C-en-bnse ^mkn-k-n-sbpw hf
]mm-Xy-cm-Py-v P-\n-tbm-Sp {]oW-\-\-bw.
1939 se A\m-{I-a-W-kn (P-\n--tkm-hn-bv bqWn-b)
ssk\nI kJy--fpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww. (A-p-Xv in-I, kJy-I-n-I)
k-cm-jv{S-k-Jy-ns ]cm-P-bw.
P-\n-bpsS t]mf-m-{I-a-Ww. (1939 sk]vXw-_ 1)
bp-ns KXnbpw Ayhpw
{_n-, {^mkv Fo cmPy- P-\n-s-Xnsc bp-{]-Jym-]\w \S-n.
I]-S-bp-I
- m-e-Lw
C-en-bp-sSbpw P-\n-bp-sSbpw kwbp ssk\yw {^mkv Iog-S-p-p.
P\n {_ns\ ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-m "koe-b' F cl-ky-]--Xnv
cq]w sImSp-p.
{_n-\n-se bpw
Pm Ata-cn--bp-sS \mhn-I-Xm-h-f-amb t] lm_ B{I-an-p-p.
P-\n tkmhn-bv bqWn-bs\ B{I-an-p-p.
Ata-cn bp-n {]th-in-pp.
men {KmUv t]mcmw
49
^mjnv in-I ]cm-P-b-s-Sm XpS-p-p.

Ata-cn Pm-\n Bw-t_mw_v hjnp-p.
1945 cmw temI-bpw Ah-km-\n-p-p.
bp-ns ê-
UNO bpsS
hne--bw,
\mW-b-s-cpw,
ioX-k-acw
cq]o-I-cWw
htXm-Xn-ep
B\miw
Zmcn{Zyw
bp-ns
Gjy-bnepw B{^n--bnepw
ê-
kzmX-{y-k-a-c-
in-sp
USA bpw USSR Dw
h in-I-fm-Ipp
KXm-KX
hmm-hn-\nab
_--fpsS XI
A]-tIm-f-\o-IcWw
tkmjy-en-kns
hyh-km-bi
- m-e-I
Irjn-bn-S- Fn-h-
hym]\w
bpsS \miw
hnbv\mw kacw
hnbv\mw {^v \nb-{-W-n
cmw-tem-I-bp ka-bv Pms \nb{-W-n
kzmX-{y-k-a-c-n-\v tlmNn-ans t\Xr-Xzw.
tlmNn-an {]-kn-Um-Ipp. (1945 sUtam-{Im-nIv dn-nIv Hm^v hnb-v\mw)
B[n-]Xym-]-\-n\v {^v ssk\yw {ian-p-p. (1946)
1954 se P\oh kt-f\w D-c, ZnW hnbv\mapIv cq]w sImSpp.
Dc hnb-v\m-an Iyq-Wnv ]npW-bp Khsapw ZnW
hnb-v\m-an Ata-cn- ]np-W-bp Khsapw \ne-hn hp.
Ata-cn Dc hnbv\mw B{I-an-p-p.
1975 Am-cmjv{S k-s-p-Sv ]nm-dpp.
1976 hnbv\mw GIo-I-cn--s-p.
50
sImdn-b k-acw
sImdnb Pms \nb-{-W-n
cmw temI-bp--n\p tijw sImdn-b hn`-P\w
Dc sImdnb USSR sbpw ZnW sImdnb USA bpsSbpw \nb-{-W-n
sImdn-b bpw (1950-53)
sImdnb Cpw GIo-I-cn--s-n-n-.
Zn-Wm-{^n--bnse kacw
Zn-Wm-{^n {_nojv \nb{W-n-em-bn-cp-p.
AmoUv (hW-hn-th-N-\w) \ne-\n-n-cp-p.
B{^n- \mj-W tIm{Kkv cq]w-sIm-p-p.
kzmX-{yk-a-c-n\v s\k at-e-bpsS t\Xr-Xzw.
1994 Zn-Wm-{^n kzmX{yw t\Sn.
ssN\-bnse hnhw
Nnbmv ssIjIv t\XrXzw sImSp Ipan-mv Khsans Zpjv`-c-Ww.
ausk tZmns t\Xr-Xz-n Nphv tk\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww.
Ncn-{X-{]-kn--amb temMvamv. (1934 HIvtSm-_ 16 \v Bcw-`n-p.)
1949 G{]n 23 \v Ipan-mv `cWw Ah-km-\n-p.
1949 HIvtSm-_ 1\v auk-tZmv sNbam-\pw, jq Fembv
{][m-\-a-{n-bp-ambn ssN\ P\-Iob dn-n-m-bn.
ioX-k-acw
cmw-temI bp-n\p tijw
s t\Xr-Xz-n IyqWnv tNcnbpw USA
bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n apX-em-fn tNcnbpw cq]w-sIm-p.

ioX-k-acw Bi-b-]-c-amb t]mcm--am-Wv. As-n CXv \b-X-{-bp--am-bn-cp-p.
sbpw USA bpsSbpw t\Xr-Xz-n ssk\nI DS--Sn-I cq]w-sIm-p-p.
1991 se tkmhn-bv bqWn-bs XI-tbmsS ioX-k-acw Ah-km-\n-p.
tNcn-tN-cm-{]-m\w
1955 _mpnse Bt{^m Gjy cmPy--fpsS kt-f\w tNcn-tNcm {]m\-n\v cq]w \In.
1956 se {_ntbm ktf\w cq]-tcJ Xm-dm-n.
51
1961 se s_t{KUv kt-f-\-tmsS Cu {]m\w \ne-hn hp.

s\lvdp
(C- y),
Sntm
(bq-tKm-tm-hn- b ),
\mk
(Cu-Pn- ] vv),
kpImtWm (C-tm-t\-jy) Fn-h-cmWv CXns inev]n-I.

Am-cmjv{S {]iv\--fn ]-]m-X-an-#msX kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-SpI F-XmWv
tNcn-tN-cm-bva-bpsS eyw.
\h km{am-Py-Xzhpw ]nme apX-em-fn-hpw

ap cmPy--fpsS kmnI kmwkvm-cnI taJ-e-I-fn apX-em-fn cmPy-
CS-s]-Sp-p.
_lp-cm-jv{S-Ip-I I-\n-I-fpsS Bhn`mhw
BtKm-f-h-ev-cWw
BtKmf h-c-W-n-s\-Xnsc temI tkmjy t^mdw cq]w sImp.
tNmZy-
1.
Fp-sIm-mWv {_n\pw {^mkpw P-\n-tbmSv

{]oW-\-\bw kzoI-cnXv ?
(3)
2.
"tKm_-t-hns ]cn-jvIm-c--fmWv tkmhn-bv bqWn-bs

]X-\-n\v Bw Iqn-bXv' -{]-kvXmh\ hne-bn-cp-p-I.
3.
Xmsg \In-bn-cn-p kw`-h-sf Ime-K-Wm-{I-a-n-em-p-I.

F) \mkntkmhn-bv A\m-{I-a-W-kn.
_n) Pms t]lm_ B{I-a-Ww.
kn) ayqWnv DS-Sn.
Un) apkeo-\n-bpsS A_n-ko-\nb B{I-aWw
4.
(4)
hn Nn Ata-cn--bnse ^pWn \S-nb

""Ccp-p-ad {]kwKw'' asmcp bp-n\v Xncn-sIm-fp-n.
1) bpw GXv ?
2) av bp--fn \nv CXv Fs\ hyXym-k-s-n-cn-pp?
3) temI cmjv{Sob {Ia-n AXv hcp-nb {it-b-amb
Hcp amw Fgp-Xp-I.
5.
AWp-t_mw_v {]tbm-Kn-msX Xs Pms\ ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-m

kJy-I-n-Iv Ign-bp-am-bn-cptm ? hne-bn-cp-p-I.
6.
tNcn-I Cm-Xm-sb-nepw tNcn-tNcm {]m-\-n\v Cpw

52
(3)
{]k-n-bp-v.
1) tNcn-tNcm {]m-\-ns D-h-n-\n-S-bm-nb kml-Ncy Fsmw?
2) AXn\v t\XrXzw \In-b-h Bscmw ?
7.
8.
9.
3) tNcn-tN-cmbva FmWv Bh-iy-s-Sp-Xv ?
(5)
cmw temI-bp--n "I]-S-bpw' F-dn-b-s-Xv FmWv ?

Cu t]cn Adn-b-s-Sm Imc-W-sav ?
(2)
"F' tImf-n\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh "_n' tImf-n \ns-Sp-s-gp-Xp-I.

F
_n
\mtm
tamkvtm
knbmtm
Amd
sktm
{_kv
hmgvkm DS-Sn
_mtmwKv
tkmhn-bv bqWn-b P-\n-bp-ambn A\m-{I-a-W-kn Hp h-Xn\v ]nnse

Dtiyw hy-am-p-I.
(2)
10. amdnb temI-km-lNcy-n sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\ t\cn-Sp shp-hn-fn-Isf

Ipdnv Ipdnv Xm#m-p-I.
11. sshhn-[y-am Dev--
km-nI Ak-aXzw
Ipd hnebvv e`n-p-p.
hn-n-pp
_lp-cmjv{S I-\nI Itm-fhpw

Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-fpw
hn Ib-p-aXn
kmy-X-bvn-Sb
- m-pp
NqjWw sNp-p.
apI-fn \In-bn-cn-p Cu hm-I GXp hnj-b-hp-ambn
_-s--Xm-Wv? AXns khn-ti-j-X-I ]n-I-s-Sp-pI?
(5)
12. ""cmw temI alm-bp--ns KXn amn-a-dn-Xv P-\n,

tkmhn-bv bqWn-bs\ B{I-an--XmWv.'' Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w
sNbvXv Ipdnv Xm-dm-q.
(3)
13. ""bp- am\-h-cm-inv t\- Hpw-Xs kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-n.''

cmw temI-bp-ns ê--fpsS ASn-m-\-n Cu {]kvXm-h\
hne-bn-cp-p-I.
53
14. 17-mw Amw-i-tcJ Hcp cmjv{S-ns hn`-P\ tcJ-bm-bn-cpp.

GXv cmPy-s-bmWv Cs\ hn`-Pn--Xv. Cu Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp
Am-cmjv{S kt-f\w GXv ?
(2)
15. "ioX-k-acw' F-Xp-sImv Aamp--sXv ?

tImf\n hncp ka-c--fn ioX-k-a-c-ns `mK-amb cmPy--fpsS
\ne-]mSv Fm-bn-cpp ?
54
(2)
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
Hmw temI-a-lm-bp-
- n-\p-tijw lnvet- dmSpw av ^mjnv cmPy-t- fmSpw {_n,
{^mkv XpS-nb ]mmXy cmPy- kzoI-cn arZp-k-ao-]-\-amWv {]oW-\-\bw
Hmw temIbp- n\p
XI km-nI nXn.
tij-ap
{_n- s bpw
{^mkn-sbpw
tkmhn-bv bqWn-b-t\m-Sp i{XpXbpw lnve-dpsS I-yq-Wnv hncp \ne-]m-SpIfpw {_n-\n-tebpw {^mkn-tebpw P\--fpsS bp-hn-cp at\m-`m-hw.
thgvkmbn kn P-\n-tbmSv sNbvXXv A\ym-b-am-sW tXm.
bp-n\p th apI-cp-X-ep-I-sf-Sp-p-hm th kmh-Imiw e`n-p-hm.
2.
tkmjy-en-k-ns ASn-m\ {]am-W--fn \nv hyXn-N-en-p.

BtKm-f-h-Xv-c-W-ns ê-am-bp-mb _mly CS-s]-S-ep-I
tKm_-t-hns ]cn-jvm-c- apX-em-fn--n-te--Sp-n-p.
B`y--c {]iv\-.
`c-W-cw-Ks Agn-a-Xn-I.
3.
apkeo\n-bpsS A_o-ko-\nb B{I-a-Ww. 1935

ayqWnv DS--Sn. 1938
\mkn--tkm-hn-bv A\m-{I-aW kn. 1939
Pms t]lm_ B{I-a-Ww. 1941
4.
ioX-bpw
Bbp-[-v ]Icw Bi-b-, hmp-I.
temIw cv tNcn-I-fn-embn (C-cp-{[ph temIw) apX-em-fn tNcn-bpw,
tkmjy-env tNcnbpw
5.
Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-p.
kJy- i - n- I P- \ n- t bbpw C- e n- t bbpw Iog- S - n- b Xpt]mse Xs
Pm-t\-bpw Iog-S-m-am-bn-cp-p.
bp-n-\p-tijw temIv Ata-cn- ta[m-hnw m]n-p--Xn-\p-thn
tkmhn- b v ssk\yw {Smkv ssk_o- c nbm hgn Pm Iog- S - m- s \- p- I bm-bn-cp-p. CXmWv t_mw_n-Sm Ata-cn-sb t{]cn-n--Xv.
55
6.
temIw cv tNcn- I - f n- e mbn ]ncn- - t m \h- k z- X { cmjv { S- Hcp

tNcn-bnepw tNcmsX kzX-{-ambn \nm B{K-ln-p. Hmtcm {]iv\-n-tbpw
icn-sX-p-I-\p-kc
- nmWv tNcn-tN-cm-{]-m\w \ne-]m-sS-Sp-X
- v. temI-ka
- m-[m-\w,
\ncm-bp-[o-I-c-Ww, h-hW-hn-th-N-\- Cm-Xm-pI XpS-n-b-h. CXns av
ey--fm-bn-cp-p.
7.
{_n\pw {^mkpw P-\n-s-Xnsc bp-{]-Jym-]\w \S-n-sb-nepw t\cnv

Htc-p-ap--en\v Xm-dm-ImsX t]mf-n\v klm-b-k-l-I-c-W- \In hnp-\n-p.
1939 sk]vXw-_ 1940 G{]n hsc-bp Cu Imew I]-S-bpw F t]cn Adnb-s-Sp-p.
8.
\mtm
{_kv
1949
knbmtm
_mtmwKv
1954
sktm
Amd
1955
tamkvtIm
1955
hmgvk DS-Sn
9.
^mjnkw Iyq-Wn-k-n\v FXn-cm-bn-cp-p.

tkmhn-bv bqWnb\n \np FXnv H-gn-hm-p-Xn\v lnvev Ign-p.
GXv ka-bhpw lnv-edpsS B{I-aWw {]-Xo-n tkmhn-bv bqWn-b\v
Bh-iy-amb {]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\- Gs-Sp-p--Xn\p kabw e`np.
10. h in-I-fpsS CS-s]-S

hotm A[n-Imcw
GI-{[ph temIw
aqmw temI cmjv{S--tfm-Sp Ah-K-W\
Ata-cn- aqe-[\ Xmev]-cyw.
11. F) BtKm-f-h-cWw
_n) khn-ti-j-X-I
a-c-n-eq-nb Itmfw
]p kmtXnI kma-{Kn-Ifpw AXn-cp-I-fpsS Ayhpw.
aqe-[-\-ns BtKm-fo-I-c-Ww.
hne-p-d-hn-m hym]mcw.
_-lp-cmjv{S Ip-II
- .
kn) BtKm-f-h-cWns\Xnsc cq]w-sIm {]m-\w
temI tkmjyt^mdw (a-smcp temIw km[y-am-Wv)
56
12. A\m-{I-a-W-kn Ah-K-Wnv 1941 PqWn P\n tkmhn-bv bqWn-bs\ B{Ianp. djy-bnse AXn-ssiXyw P ssk\yn\v {]Xn-Iq-ea
- mbn men {KmUv
t]mcm--n tkmhn-bv bqWn-b P-\n-sb ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-n.
13. bp-ns ê- F Bibw ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
14. hnbv\mw
P\ohm kt-f\w (1954)
15. Bi-b]
- c
- a
- m-bp hyXym-k
- f
- m temIw tkmhn-bv bqWn-bs t\Xr-Xz-nep
tkmjy-env tNcn-bmbpw Ata-cn--bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n-ep apX-em-fn tNcnbmbpw
amn-bX
- v.
]c-kv]cw i{XpX {]I-Sn-n-p-sh-nepw Xpd bp--fpsS cq]w ssIh-n-.
tImf\n hncp ka-c--fn Ccp tNcnIfpw Hmtcm ]-m-bn-cp-p.
tkmjy-env tNcn km{am-Py-Xz-t-bpw, tImf\n hmgvNt- bbpw i-ambn FXnp.
57
bqWnv 6
]sm-Xpw Ccp-]Xpw \qm-p-I-fnse

ss[jWnI {]h-W-X-I
hyh-kmb hn-h-ns A\--c-^-e-ambn cq]w sIm ss[jvWnI Nn-I-fmb
Imev]\
- n-I-X, Bi-b-hm-Zw, DZm-cXmhmZw, bYmXY {]m-\w, P Bi-b-hmZw, {]Xym-\p-`-h-hm-Zw, ùXn-I-hm-Zw Fnh kaq-ls _lp-Zqcw aptmv \bn-p. a\p-jys
_un-I-Nn- -I-fpsS aptw, kmln-Xyw, Ie, imkv{X kmt-XnI hnZy Fo
aWvU-e--fn henb kzm[o-\-ap-m-n. XXz-Nn--bnepw kmlnXy hnai-\-nepw 20mw \qm-n DS-se-Sp cv {]m-\--fmWv B[p-\n-I-Xbpw D-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbpw
Bi-b-
1.
ss[jWnI Nn-I
Imev]-\nI {]m\w : Romanticism
mt\mZb knm---tfm-Sp A{]nbw
Ie-bnepw, kmln-Xy-nepw Dm-bn-cp mkn- {]h-W-Xtbm-Sp Iem-]w.
GXn\pw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ku-cys {]Wm-a-ambn FSp--Ww. {]]--ku--cyw, t{]aw,

Nnm-kzm-X{yw Fnh Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS ASn-m\ {]ta-b--fm-Wv.
Nmkv Unkv
thUvkv hv
hm-
hntm bqtKm
t_tYm-h
B\njvTX
ss\kn-IX
khn-ti-jX
- -I
`mh\
sshIm-cn-IX
58
DZm-cXm hmZw Liberalism

tZio-b-Xbpambn ASp _w ]penb Zi-\w.
\nb-a-hm-gvN, a\p-jym-h-Imi \nb-a-, {]mb-]qn-thm--h-Imiw Fo Bi-bv {]m[m\yw \In.
a[y-hK-ns cmjv{Sob k-ev]--fpsS {]I-S-\w.
hmhv : tPm temv
bYmXY {]m\w Realism
B-{Ûv temUv sSn-k
hkvXp--tfbpw hkvXp-X-I-sfbpw
amXyp Bt\mUv
tdm_v {_uWnwKv
X-\Xp {Ia-n Ah-X-cn-n-pI

`mh-\bvp m\-an-.
P Bi-b-hmZw
hm-
khn-ti-jX
- -I
Cm\pth Im v
Bi-b-n\v {][m\w, Bib
slK
n\v kmaq-lnI Pohn-Xs

amn adn-m Ignbpw
ùXnI ]Zmv
ZznXob m\w
{]Xy-m-\p-`-h-hmZw
AKt tImMvXv
ùXnI kml-N-cy--fmWv
Bi-bs cq]-s-Sp-p-Xv
Bo-bXbvv {]m[m-\y-an
ùXn-I-hmZw
)
ImdamIvkv
ùXnI inIfmWv
am-n\v ASn-m-\w.
kIe {]Xn-`m-k-fpw
amdn-sm-n-cn-p-p.
59
2.
19-mw \qm-n imkv{X-km-t-XnI cwK--fn Dmb ]ptcm-KXn

Poh-imkv{Xw
]cn-Wm-a-kn-mw
1. a\p-jys ho-Ws amn-a-dn-p.
2. Fm Pohn-Ifpw am-n\v hnt[-b-am-Wv.
3. eLp-hmb ]qh-cq-]--fn \nv ]cn-W-an-p-m-b-XmWv Hmtcm Pohnbpw
4. Nmkv Umhn BWv Cu knmw Bhn-jv-cn--Xv.
tkmjy
Umhn\nkw
kmaqly imkv{X-hnj-b--fn-te-p
]cn-Wm-a-kn-m{]tbm-K-amWv
tkmjy Umhn-\nkw
D-a-am-btX AXn-Po-hnq F Bibw

Bt{^m Gjy cmPy--fnse A[n-\n-th-is
\ymbo-I-cn-m ]mm-Xy-cm-Py-
Cu knms D]-tbm-Kn-p.
ù-Xn-I-imkv{Xw
Izmw _e-X{w
Bt]-n-I-kn-mw
amIvkv mv
B_v sFo
60
3.
kmlnXynepw hnai-\-nepw XXz-Nn--bnepw Dmb ]pXnb {]h-W-X-I

fmWv B[p-\n-I-Xbpw D-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpw.
B[p-\n-IX
hyh-kmb hn-h-ns ê-ambn \K-c-Po-hnXw

Zpcn-X-am-b-tm Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-nepw Dmb
ss[j-WnI amw. Aaq--fmb coXn-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw
Bhn-jv-cnp
D-cm-[p-\n-IX 1960 I apX Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-n-ep-ap-mb

]pXnb {]h-WX
Ie-tbbpw kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-I-tf-bpw A\p-hm-N-Is
at\m-`m-h-a-\p-k-cnv hnhn[ ho-W-tIm-Wp-I-fn-eqsS ImWpI
antj ^qtm, sZdo-Z, t\mwtNmwkvIn Fn-h {]ap-J.
61
tNmZy-
1.
""DZm-c-Xm-hmZw {_n-\nse a[y-hK-ns k-ev]--fpsS

{]I-S-\-am-bn-cpp kanp-I.
2.
(2)
""20-mw \qm-nse imkv{Xw kaq-l-n {]Xn-^-e\w krjvSn-p.''

Cu {]kvXm-h-\-tbm-Sp \n-fpsS A`n-{]mbw km[q-I-cn-p-I.
3.
Imev]-\nI- {]m\w, bYm-XY {]m\w Ch Xmc-Xayw sNpI?
4.
A tImfn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh B tImf-n \ns-Spv
(5)
{Ia-s-Sp-n-sb-gp-XpI.
A
5.
6.
P Bi-b-hmZw
Imd amIvkv
{]Xym\p-`-h-hmZw
Cm-\p-th Imv
ùXnI hmZw
amIvkv mv
Izmw knmw
AKt tImMvXv
AWp-hns\ hn`-Pn-m-sapw AXns kwtbm-P\w sImv Duw

DXv]m-Zn-n-m-sapw D Adnhv D]-Im-chpw im]-hp-ambsXs\ ?
(2)
""km[m-c-W-m-cp-sSbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw apw Nn-Ifpw

hnIm-c-fpamWv Imev]-\nI kmlnXyw ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-Xv''.
DZm-l-c-W-n-eqsS {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-pI?
7.
(4)
(2)
hyh-kmb hn-h-ns Zpc--^-e--fpsS kzm[o-\-m

XXz-Nnbnepw kmln-Xy-hn-ai-\-nepw 20mw \qm-n DS-se-Spp
cv {]m-\--fmWv B[p-\n-I-Xbpw D-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbpw kan-p-I.
8.
B[p-\nI imkv{X-bp-K-n\v t\XrXzw \Inb imkv{X-Im-c-msc

"F' tImf-n \In-bn-cn-p-p. A\p-tbm-Py-ambh _n, kn tImf--fn
\nv sXc-s-Sp-s-gp-Xp-I.
(4)
amIvkv mv
]cn-Wm-a-kn-mw
AWp-t_mw_v
Nmkv Umhn
AWp-hn-`-P\w
Bkv-{Sn-b ]ptcm-ln-X
GWv dXt^mUv
P\n-XI
- -imkv{Xw
ùXn-I-imkv{Xw
dh. {KntKm sa
Izmw _e-X{w
Cwojv {]IrXn imkv{X-
62
9.
]sm-Xpw Ccp-]Xpw \qm-p-I-fn Dmb {][m\ ss[jWnI

{]h-W-X-I GsX-m-am-bn-cpp ? Chbpw mt\m-Z-bhpw Xn-ep
_-sav ?
(3)
10. Imev]-\nI Zi-\- kmln-Xy-n-ep-m-nb am- Fsmw ? (2)

11. ""D-a-am-btX AXn-Po-hnq'' (Survival of the fittest) F Umhn-\nv knmw
tImf-\n-I-fnse ]mmXy A[n-\n-th-is \ymbo-I-cn-pXn\v D]-tbm-Kn-Xv
Fs\ ?
(2)
12. F) hneyw thUvkv hv

_n) hnIvS bqtKm
Snt B_n
..........................
63
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
]me-sadn hyh--tbm-Sp Xm]cyw hn-p.

\nb-a-hm-gvN, a\p-jym-h-Im-iw, {]mb-]qn thm-h-Imiw Fo
Bhiy aptmp hp.
2.
hyn-bnepw kaq-l-nepw imkv{Xw hfsc IqSp-X kzm[o\w sNep-n.

imkv{X-n\v krjvSn-]-c-amb Ign-hp-I-tfm-sSmw kwlm-c-]-c-amb
Ign-hp-I-fp-ap-v.
ùXn-I-im-kv{X-nse amIvkvmns Izmw _e-X-{hpw,
B_v sFos Bt]-n-I-kn-m-hpw kaq-l-n am-ap-m-n.
imkv{Xw, sshZy-im-kv{Xw, _ln-cm-Im-iw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j,
hnhc kmt-Xn-I-hnZy, "Cs\v, `tymm-Z\w, KXm-K-Xw, hmm-hn-\n-abw
XpS-nb Fm taJ-e-I-fnepw henb am--fp-m-n.
3.
Imev]-\nI {]m-\w, bYm-XY {]m-\w Fnh hnh-cn-p ]nI ]cn-tim-[nv

Dcw Is-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
4.
5.
P Bi-b-hmZw
Cm-\p-h Imv
{]Xy-m-\p-`-h-hmZw
BKs tImMvXv
ùXn-I-hmZw
Imd amIvkv
Izmw knmw
amIvkv mv
BW-thm-ns kam-[m-\-]-c-amb D]tbmKw. (Du Dev]m-Z-\w)

hn\m-i-I-c-amb D]-tbmKw (B-bp-[--fpsS \nmWw
6.
Nmkv Unkns t\mh km[-c-W-m-cp-sSbpw J\n-sm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw

Zpcn-X-]qWamb Pohn-X-amWv hc-p-Im-p--Xv.
7.
hyh- k mb hn- h - ns ê- a mbn \K- c - P o- h nXw Zpcn- X - a m- b - t m Ie,

kmlnXyw Fn-h-bn-ep-mb ss[j-WnI apt--amWv B[p-\n-I-X.
mkn- {]h- W - X bvv hncp--ambn Ie-bn- e pw, kmln- X y-nepw
Aaq-amb ssien Bhn-jv-cn-p.
64
D-cm-[p-\n-IX
Ie- t bbpw kmln- X y- k r- j v S n- I - t fbpw A\p- h m- N - I s at\m- ` m- h - a - \ p- k - c nv
hnhn[ hoW tImWp-I-fn-eqsS ImWm D-cm-[p-\nIXbvv Ign-bp-p.
Hcp ]pXnb coXn-bn temI-ns A-sa-sv At\z-jn-m-\p {iaw.
1960 Ifn Bcw-`n-p.
8.
_n
kn
Izmw _e-X{w
ùXn-I-imkv{Xw
]cn-Wm-a-kn-mw
Cwojv {]IrXn imkv{X-
AWp-hn-`-P\w
AWp-t_mw_v
P\n-XI
- -imkv{Xw
Bkv{Sn-b ]p-tcm-ln-X
9.
Im--\n-I-{]-m\w, DZm-c-Xm-hm-Zw, P Bi-b-hm-Zw, {]Xy-m-\p-`hhmZw,

ùXn-I-hm-Zw.
tZio-b-X, imkv{X-ho--Ww, bpn-Nn-, am\-hn-IX Fo Bi-b- imkv{X
Nn-sb ]cn-t]m-jn-n-p. CXv ss[j-Wn-Ia
- mbpw imkv{Xo-ba
- mbpw ]p DWhn\v
hgn-sbm-cp-n.
10.
Im\nIXbn B-\n-j vT bvpw, `mhp-I-X z- n\pw, sshIm-c n-I -X bvpw

ss\kKn-I-Xbvpw apK-W\ \Inb kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-I cNn--s-p. t\mh
kmlnXyw {]Nmcw t\Sn.
{]]--ku-cyw, t{]aw, Nnm-kzm-X{yw Fn-hsb {]ta-b--fm-n.
11.
]cn-Wm-a-kn-m--ns cmjv{Sob {]tbm-K-s-bmWv tkmjy Umhn-\nkw

Fp hnfn-p--Xv.
km{am-Py-Xzi-n-I X-fpsS A[n-\n-th-is \ymbo-I-cn-m Cu knm-w
{]tbm-P-\-s-Spn. CtX Dt-iy-tmsS P-\n-bn \mkn-I-fpw Cu Bibw
{]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-n.
112. hnIvS bqtKm
]mh-
65
bqWnv 7
Cs Cy
kzmX-{y-e_
- v[n-tbm-S\
- p-_
- nv \psS cmPyw A`n-ap-Jo-Ic
- n hnhn[ {]iv\
- fpw
Ahsb t\cnsX--s\-sbpw hni-Zo-I-cn-p Hcp bqWn-m-Wn-Xv. kzmX-{ym-\cw Irjn, hyh-km-bw, imkv{Xw, hnZym-`ymkw Fo taJ-e-I-fn-ep-mb ]ptcm-KXnsb hne-bn-cp-p-p. IqSmsX \psS cmPy-ns B`y-c, km-nI, hntZ-i\b ImgvN-m-Sp-Ifpw Ah-bn-ep-m-bn-sm-n-cn-p am-fpw hne-bn-cp-p-p.
Bi-b-/hkvXp-X-I
1.
Iym_n-\v anj ]Xn

Xmevm-enI a{n-k`
2.
1946 sk]vXw-_ 2
`c-W-L-S\m \nmW k`
1946 Unkw-_ 9
A[n-Imc ssIamw
1947 BK-kvv 15
(3)
hn`-P\w
e-\nse {]kn A`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp kndn dmUvn^v hn`-P-\-ns hni-Zamb `q]Sw Xm-dm-n.
kzmX-{y-tmsS Cy-sbpw ]mIn-m Fpw cmPyw cmbn hn`-Pn--sp
1947 se auv _m ]Xn {]Im-c-amWv Cy kzmX-{y-\n-baw \ne-hn
hXv.
1947 {_no-jv ]me-sa v ]mkm-nb Cy kzmX-{y-\n-ba {]Im-c-amWv
Cybvv kzmX{yw e`n-p-Xpw Cy hn`-Pn--s--Xpw.
3.
\mp-cmPy kwtbm-P\w kzoI-cn \S-]-Sn-I

tvkv Unmp-sans cq]o-I-cWw
henb \mp-cm-Py-sf kwm-\--fmbn AwKo-I-cn-
eb-\I
- c
- m
\mpcmPy-sf Cy bqWn-b-\n ebn-n-m-\p P\-Iob ka-c-.
ssk\nI \S-]-Sn-I.
66
4.
kzmX{ym\-cw {^mkv, t]mp-K Fn-h-bpsS

A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cp {]tZ-i-
5.
{^v A[o-\-X-bn-ep-h
t]mp-Kokv A[o-\-Xb
- n-ep-h
t]mn-t-cn, amln,
tKmh, Zm{Zm, \mK lthen.
Cy dn-nIv
1950 P\p-hcn 26-mw XobXn Cy dn-n-m-bn.
sXc-s-Sp--s-Sp cmjv{S--e-h\pw ]c-am-[n-Im-c-hpw, `c-W-L-S-\-bp-ap
cmPy-amWv dn-n-Iv.
1952 Cy-bn BZy s]mXp sXc-s-Sp-v.
6.
kwm\ ]p\x-kw-LS- \
`mjm-Sn-m-\-n kwm-\-sf ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-n-p.
1956 kwm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S-\m-\n-baw \ne-hn hp. Av 14 kwm-\-fpw
6 tI-{-`-c-W-{]-tZ-i--fp-ap-m-bn-cp-p.
7.
kZvLS\
apX-em-fn--n-sbpw tkmjy-en-k-n-sbpw ka-\z-b-amb an{i kZvhyh-
bmWv Cy-bn \ne-hn-ep--Xv.
1951 emWv Cy-bn ]-h-c ]-Xn-I Bcw-`n-p-Xv.
8.
Cy s]mXp-ta-Jem hyh-km-b-
J\ hyh-kmbw
[mXp-J-\\w
F J\\w
dbn--thyma KXm-KXw
ssk\nItmp-I-fpsS \nm-Ww.
9.
`tymm-Z\w hn-nm kzoI-cn \S-]-Sn-I

]-h-c ]-Xn-bn Irjnv apK-W\.
Irjn-`qan Ij-I\v e`y-am-
Ir{Xna hf \nam-Ww.
Imjn-I-ta-J-e-bpsS b{-h-c-Ww.
67
AXyp-ev]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp k-c-bn\w hnp-I.

cmk-h-f-, IoS-\m-in-\n-I Fn-hbpsS Dev]m-Z-\w.
10. Cy-bpsS imkv{X-]p-tcm-K-Xn-mbn m]n hnhn[ m]-\-fpw kwL-S-\-Ifpw
Smm Cn-yqv Hm^v ^-sa dnkv.
1945 t_mws_
imkv{Xhymh-km-bnI Kth-jW kan-Xn.
1942
\mj-W ^nkn- et_m-d-dn
1947
Atm-anIv F\Pn Io-j
1948
_ln-cm-Imi Kth-jW kanXn
1962
tdmv hnt-]-W-tI{w
1963
Cy kvt]kv dnkv HmK-ss\-tk-j
1969
11. kzmX{y {]m]vXnp tijw hnZym-`ymk cwKs ]ptcm-K-Xn-mbn

\ntbm-Kn--s Io-j-\p-I
cm[m-Ir-jvW Io-j (D-X hnZym-`ymk- Io-j) 1948
evaW kzman apX-en-bm Io-j (sk-dn hnZym-`ymk Io-j) 1952
tImmcn Io-j 1964
12. hntZi \bw
tNcn-tN-cm-\bw F XXzw CybpsS hntZ-i-\-b-ambn kzoI-cn-bv-sp.
]-ioe XXz--fpsS ASn-m-\-n-emWv Cy-bpsS hntZ-i-\bw
cq]o-Ic
- n--s--Xv.
Cy-bpw Abcm-Py-fpambn \ _w ]pem {ian-bvp-p.
13. P\m-[n-]Xyw shp-hnfn t\cn--tm
cmjv{Sobambn ]e shp-hn-fn-Ifpw kzX{ Cy t\cn-tS-n-h-p.
1975 Pq 26 \v cmjv{S-]Xn B`y-c ASn-b-n-cm-h {]Jym-]np.
14. 1991 \p tijw \ne-hn h \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-I
tNcn-tN-cm-{]-m\w Zp_-e-ambn km{am-PyXz tNcn-I-tfm-Sp kl-I-cWw
in-s-p. kzIm-cy-h--cWw
DZm-ch
- -cWw
BtKm-f-h-cWw
68
tNmZy-
1.
Im_n-\v anj ]-Xn-bnse hyh--I Fsmw ?
(3)
2.
hn`-P\ka-bs Ing- ]mIn-m Ctm

Fp t]cn-e-dn-b-s-Spp
(1)
Cybvv kzmX{yw e`n-Xv GXv \nb-a{]Imc-amWv?
(1)
3.
4.
kzX{ Cy \mpcmPy kwtbm-P-\-n-\mbn kzoI-cn

\S-]-Sn-I Fsmw ?
5.
(4)
kzX{ Cy-bnse ]uc-mv sImtfm-Wn-b `c-W-n

\npw thdnv A\p-`-hn--dn-bm Ign hkvXp-X-I
]n-I-sSpp-I?
kqN-\-I
(3)
]c-am-[n-Imcw
thm-hI
- miw
hntZ-i\
- bw
6.
mkn \S N-bn 1947 BKv 15 \v Cy ]qW-ambpw kzX-{-am--sn Fv \nJn A`n-{]m-b-s-p. \n CXn-t\mSv tbmPn-p-ptm?
7.
kwm-\--fpsS ]p\x-kw-L-S\ `mjm-Sn-m-\-n \n-bn--s-Sm-\p

kml-Ncyw hy-am-p-I.
8.
Cy-bn s]mXp taJ-em-Sn-m-\n {]hn-p

hyh-km-b- GsXmw ? (3)
9.
Xmsg--n-cn-p ]Z-kq-cy ]qn-bm-p-I. (4)
kzX{ Cy
`tym-ev]m-Z\w
Ir{Xna hf
\nmWw
hn-n-m kzoI-cn
\S-]S- n-I
69
10. Imjn-tIm-ev]m-Z\w hn-n-p-X

- n lcn-Xh
- n-hw klm-bI
- c
- a
- mbn Fs\? (3)
A[n-It- NmZyw
1.
Xmsg-X-n-cn-p kwm-\-sf 1956 cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-h, 1956 \p tijw cq]o-IrX-am-bh Fns\ Xcw-Xn-cn-p-I.

t_mws_, B{m-{]-tZ-iv, ]m-_v, lcn-bm-\, tIc-fw, KpP-dm-v,
D-ck
- q-NnI
1956 \p apv
1956 \ptijw
t_mws_, tIcfw, B{m-{]-tZiv
KpP-dm-v, lcn-bm\
11. Cy-bpsS imkv{X-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bvmbn m]n GsX-nepw

4 m]-\-fpw kwL-S-\-Ifpw Is-p-I.
(4)
12. kzX{ Cy-bpsS hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-pI ?
(3)
13. hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-baw auen-Im-h-Im-i--fpsS Iq-n

DsSpm-\p ImcWw Fm-bn-cnmw?
(2)
14. XmjvsI v Icm GsXms cmPy- Xn-em-bn-cpp?
(1)
15. Ab cmPy--fmb Cybpw ]mIn-m\pw Xn-ep

\b-X{_w hne-bn-cp-p-I.
(5)
16. Xmsg-d-bp kw`-h-sf Ime-K-W-\m-{Ian ]n-I-s-Sp-p-I.

knwe Icm
kwm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S\m \nbaw
CS-me a{n-k`
dbnth sXmgn-emfn kacw
Cym ssN\ bpw
B`y-c ASn-b-n-cm-h
(6)
17. A, B, C tImf- A\p-tbm-Py-ambn {Iao-I-cn-p-I.

A
Cym-hn-`-P\w
hn.-]n.tat\m ]Xn
Irjn
\mp-cm-Py-fpsS
1951
kndn dmUv n^v
]-h-c ]Xn
t]mn {io cmaep
Pnkv ^k Aen
`mjm kwm\
cq]o-I-cWw
auv _m ]Xn
eb\ Icm
kwtbm-P\w
70
(4)
18. 1991 \p tijw Cy \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn h am- Fsmw ?

19. Xmsg Xn-cn-bvp e-sf {^v, t]mp-Kokv
A[o-\-X-bn-ep-m-bn-cp {]tZ-i--fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-p-I.
tKmh, amln, bm\w, Zma, t]mn-t-cn, Znbp
20. 1975 Pq 26 \v cmjv{S-]Xn Cy-bn B`y-c ASn-b-n-cm-h
{]Jym-]n-p. AXn-tev \bn kml-N-cy- Fsmw?
71
(3)
(3)
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
Dcw Bibw 1 \In-bn-p-v.
(3)
2.
_wm-tZiv
(1)
3.
Cy kzmX{y \nbaw 1947 Pqsse
(1)
4.
Dcw Bibw 3 \In-bnpv.
(4)
5.
kqN-\-I\p-k-cnv kzX{ Cybpw sImtfm-Wn-b `c-W-Im-ehpw

Xmc-Xayw sNp--Xn\v
(3)
6.
C Fp Isp-p.
t]mn-tcn, amln Fo {]tZi {^mkpw tKmh, Zm{Z,
\mKlthen Fo {]tZ-i- t]mpKepw A[o-\-X-bn
hn-cp-p.
7.
(5)
aXm-Sn-m-\-n-ep \nW-b-co-Xnv FXn-tcbp hmZw.
Bi-b-hn-\n-ab kuIcyw, kwkvmc cq]oI-cWw Fn-h-bn `mj-bpsS

{]m[m\yw t]mn {iocm-a-ep-hns c-km-n-Xzw.
kwm\ ]p\xkwL\m Iojs cq]o-I-cWw
kwkvImc cq]o-I-cWw
1956 \hw-_ 1 \v {]m_-ey-n hp.
8.
Dcw Bibw 8 \In-bn-p-v.
(3)
9.
Bibw 9 \In-bn-p-v. (GsX-nepw 4 t]mbnp-I)
(4)
10. Pe-tk-N-\w, b{-h-cWw, AXyp-ev]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp hnn-\-,

IoS-\m-in-\n-I, cmk-h-f- Fn-h-bn-eqsS Imjn-tIm-ev]m-Z\w hn-n-p (2)
(GsX-nepw 3 t]mbnp-I)
11. Dcw Bibw 10 \In-bn-p-v. (GsX-nepw 4 t]mbnp-I)
(4)
12. hnhn[ Io-j-\p-I-fpsS {]h-\- aqe-ap ]ptcm-KXn

(B-ibw 11)
(3)
Fkv.-F-kv.-F., B.-Fw. Fkv.-F. Ch-bpsS {]h\w

hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-baw
13. Fm kwm-\--fnepw Fm-hpw {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw \Im
km[n-n-n-.
(2)
72
14. Cy, ]mIn-m
(1)
15. Cym-hn-`-P\w
1948, 1965, 1971, 1998 se bp-fpw Icm-dp-Ifpw.
Imivao {]iv\w.
16. CS-me a{n-k`
1946
kwm\ ]p\x-kw-LS-\m\n-baw
1956
Cym ssN\m bpw
1962
knwe Icm
1972
sdbnth sXmgn-emfn kacw
1974
B`y-c ASn-b-n-cm-h
1975
17. A, B, C tImf- A\p-tbm-Py-ambn {Iao-I-cn-p--Xn\v
(6)
(4)
auv _m ]Xn kndn dmUv n^v

hn.-]n.-ta-t\m ]Xn eb\ Icm
1951 Irjn
t]mn-{io-cm-apep Pnkv ^k Aen
18. Dcw Bibw 14 \-In-bn-p-v.
(3)
19. A\p-tbm-Py-ambn Xcw-Xn-cn-bvp--Xn\v.
(3)
t]mp-K--tKm-h, Zma, Znbp

{^mkv amln, bm\w, t]mn-tcn
20. hne--b--tbpw `y-m-a-sbpw XpSp-mb ]Wn-ap-SpIfpw
sXm-gn ka-c-fpw
Pb-{]-Imiv \mcm-b-Ws t\Xr-Xz-n-ep kqW hnhw
Ae-l-_mZv ssltm-SXn hn[n-tbm-S-\p-_-nv {][m-\-a{n
cmPn-hbv-Wsav Bh-iy-sv {]Xn]ns t\Xr-Xz-n
\S ka-c-.
(3)
21. tKmh : .......................
73
bqWnv 7
Cs Cy
ka-b-tcJ
1940
t_mws_ ]Xn
1945
Smm Cn-yqv Hm^v ^-sa dnkv
1945
kmPs hnZym-`ymk Io-j
1947
auv _m {]`p
1947
Cy-kzm-X{y \nbaw
1948
skao-mcn k{-Zmbw \n-emn
1948
cm[m-Ir-jvW Io-j
1950
Cy dn-n-mbn
1952
eva-W-kzman apX-en-bm Ioj
1953
kwm\ ]pxkw-L-S-\m-I-o-j (^-k Io-j)
1954
{^p-Im Cy-hnp
1961
tKmh kz-X-{-ambn
1961
alm-cm-jv{S, KpP-dm-vkw-m-\--fpsS cq]o-I-cWw
1962
Cym ssN\ bpw
1964
tImmcn Io-j
1965
Cym ]mIv bpw
1969
]m-_v, lcn-bm\ kwm-\--fpsS cq]o-I-cWw
1969
_mv tZikmc-Whpw {]nhn ]gvkv \n-em-
1971
Cym-]mv bpw
1972
knwe Icm
1975
B`y-c ASn-b-n-cm-h
74
bqWnv 8
tIc-f-p-Xpa
ka-b-tcJ
1809
Ipd hnfw-_cw
1812
Ipdn-Ny-I-em]w
1888
hkqcn hmIvkn \nm-W-Ie
1921
H-mew AJn-e-tI-cf tIm{Kkv kt-f\w
1921
tIc-f-{]-tZiv tIm{Kkv Inn cq]o-I-cWw
1924
sshw kXym{Kw
1928
]-q kt-f\w
1930
Dp kXym{Kw
1931
Kpcp-hm-bq kXym-{Klw
1936
t{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-_cw
1937
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq k-I-em-ime
1941
Iqk-acw
1946
]p{] hb-em kacw
1949
Xncp--sImn kwm\ cq]o-I-cWw
1956
tIcf kwm\ cq]o-I-cWw
1957
Iyq-Wnv a{n-k` A[n-Im-c-n
75
bqWnv 8
tIc-f-p-Xpa
\mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw cmPm--mcpw A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fn-bn-cp tIc-f-nse hnhn[
{]tZ-i
- {_nojv B[n]-Xy-n-embsX-s\-sbpw sImtfm-Wn-b B[n-]X
- y-ns
Ah-km-\hpw sshtZ-inI `c-W-nIo-gn Cm-p-Im-c-\p-`-hn Zpcn-X-fpw sFIy-tIcfw F Bi-bhpw hne-bn-cp-p bqWn-m-Wn-Xv. hnZym-`ymkw, BtcmKyw Fns\
Fm taJ-e-I-fnepw tIcfw ssIh-cn ]ptcm-KXn, A`n-am-\ml-amb Cu ]ptcm-KXn \ne\nt--Xns Bh-iy-IX Fn-hbpw hni-Zo-I-cnpp.
Bi-b- / hkvXp-X-I
1.
tIcfw {_nojv A[o-\-Xbn-emb kn-I

ae-_m
1792
({io-cw-K-]--Ww kn, Snp-kpm\pw

Cwojv Cunym I-\nbpw Xn
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq
1805
(Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw Cwojv Cuv Cym-I--\nbpw

Xn)
sImn
2.
3.
1809
(sIm-nbpw
{_nojp-ImsXn-sc-bp tIc-f-nse BZy-Ime Iem-]-

ae-_m
tIc-f-h ]g-n-cmP
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq
thep-n Zfh
sImn
]men-b
-
-
hb-\mSv
Ipdn-Ny
ae-_m-dnse IjI Iem]w

{_nojpImcpw ae-_m-dnse Pn-amcpw Xn-ep Iqp-sI-ns Zpjv{]-hr-n-Is
Xntc ae-_m-dnse amnf Ij-I Iem]w \S-n.
4.
]m-c-m hnfw-_cw, Pn IpSn-bm hnfw-_cw.

km hI `qan ssIhiw h-\p-`-hn-p--hv DS-a-m-h-Im-ihpw ]np-Sm
hIm-ihpw ssIam-m-h-Im-ihpw \Ip--Xm-bn-cpp Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnse ]m-c-m
hnfw-_-cw. (1865)
76
Pn-am-cpsS hI `qan ]m-ambn A\p-`-hn-p-sIm-n-cp IpSn-bmamv `qan-bn

ncm-h-Imiw e`n--XmWv Pn--Ip-Sn-bm hnfw-_-cw. (1867)
5.
tIc-f-n {]hn anj-\dn kwL-

e anj- skmsskn (Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq)
Nv anj skmsskn (sIm-n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq)
_mk Chm--en anj (a-e-_m)
6.
tIc-fnse ]g-b-Ime hnZym-`ymk m]\-

F-gp-p-]-n-I
imeI-
Kpcp-Ip-e-
7.
Btcm-Ky-{]-h-\
-
{]Xn-tcm[ {]h-\-v kuIcyw \I, imkv{Xo-b-amb Btcm-Ky-\b
cq]o-I-cWw, hnZym-`ymkkuI-cy-fpsS h-\hv, BXp-cm-e-b--fpsS m]\w
saUn- hn-Zym-`ym-k-n\p \Inb t{]mm-l\w Fnh Xncp--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn sas s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKy kwhn-[m\w cq]-s-Sm CS-bm-bn.
8.
tIc-f-n kmaqly \thm-m-\-n\v t\XrXzw \In-b-h

sshIpWvT kzman
{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp
Nn kzman-I
A-mfn
hw A_vZp JmZ auehn
Ipamc Kpcp-tZ-h
9.
t{X-{]-th-i-\-n\v klm-bn ]ucm-h-Imi apt--

sshw kXym-{Klw 1924
Kpcp-hm-bq kXym-{Klw 1931
10. tZiob {]m\w tIc-f-n, sFIy-tI-cfw

ae-_m, sImn, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq {]tZ-i- Hcp-anp tN kt-f-\-am-bn-cpp
1921 G{]n amks H-m-ev hv \S AJne tIcf tIm{Kkv kt-f-\w.
77
1949 Pqsse 1\v Xncp- - s Imn kwm\hpw XpSv 1956 \hw- _ 1\v
tIcf kwm-\hpw cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn.
11. a{n-k`
- I
-
1957 s]mXp sXc-s -Sp- ns\ XpSv Cw.-F w.-i--c \q-Xn-cn- m-S ns
t\Xr-Xz-n Iyq-Wnv ]mn a{n-k` cq]o-I-cn-p.
Cu a{n- k - ` sb hntam- N - \ - k - a - c - ns t]cn 1959 cmjv{S-]Xn
]ncn-p-hn-p.
1960 ]w XmWp-]n apJy-a{nbmbn. IqpIn -a-{n-k` A[n-Im-c-n hp.
12. tIc-f- hnI-k\ amXrI khn-ti-j-X-I
ta s]j-\p-I
htbm-P\ ]-Xn-I
Db BbpssZLyw
i-amb s]mXp-hn-X-cW irwJe
Db kv{Xo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw
kqW km-cX
Ipd Btfm-lcn hcp-am-\w
Db kmaq-ly-hn-I-k\ kqNnI
78
tNmZy-
1.
ae-_m-dn Cuv Cym I\n t\cnp `cWw XpS-n-bXv

GXv DS-Sn {]Im-c-amWv ?
2.
(1)
{_nojpImsXnsc tIc-f-n \-S BZy-Ime Iem-]-sf

Xmc-Xayw sNp-I.
3.
(4)
{_nojv ta[m-hn-Xz-n-s\-Xnsc \S P\-Iob apt--amb IpdnNy

Iem-]-n-tev \bn Imc-W- Isn Ipdn-p Xm-dm-pI.
4.
(3)
"`qhp-S-a--X-bn h amw Imjn-I-cw-Kv A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cpp'.

\n-fpsS A`n-{]mbw hne-bn-cppI.
(4)
5.
tIc-f-n-se ]-g-b-Ime hnZym-`ymk m]-\- GsXmw ?
(3)
6.
Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq tamU hfsc {][m-\-s--Xm-Wv.

FmWv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq tamU?
7.
(3)
anj-\dnamcpsS hchv {_no-jv `c-W-Iq-S-n\v Gsd klm-b-I-c-am-bn.

hy-am-p-I.
8.
(2)
\thm-m\ \mb-I-cpsS {]h\w tIc-f-nse kmaq-ly-am--v

CS-bm-b-sX-s
- \-sbv hne-bn-cp-p-I.
9.
(3)
tIcf cq]o-I-c-W-n\p apv tIc-f-n kmaq-ly-am--n-\mbn \S

cv {]tm-`--fpsS t]sc-gp-XpI? Ch tIc-f-ns kmaq-ly-cw-Kv
sNep-nb kzm[o\w hne-bn-cp-p-I.
10. "sFIy tIcf' {]m\w in-s-Sm-\p kml-N-cy-

hne-bn-cp-p-I.
(3)
(4)
11. sshIpWvT kzman-bpsS {]h\ ê-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn Dmb

Ncn-{X-]-c-amb amw FmWv ?
(3)
12. tIcf cq]o-I-c-W-n\p apv tIc-f-n kmaqly \thm-m-\-n\v

t\XrXzw \In-b-h Bscmw ?
(3)
13. {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-hns kt-i-v ka-Im-eo\ tIc-fob

kaq-l-n-ep {]kn FmWv ?
(3)
14. "tIcf hnI-k\ amXrI' Cv Gsd {in--s-Sp-p. FmWv CXns

khn-ti-j-X-I ?
(3)
15. 1957 se tIcfm\n-b-a-k` ]mkm-nb \nb-a- GsXmw ?
79
(3)
16. Cybn P\m-[n-]-Xyco-Xn-bn sXc-s-Sp-n-eqsS

A[n-Im-c-n-se-nb Hcp Khsans\ ]pd-m-nb BZy
A\p-`hw GXv ? CXn-tev \bn kacw GXmWv ?
17. Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p kw`-h-sf Ime-K-W-\m-{I-a-n-em-p-I.
ae-_m elf
]p{]-h-b-em kacw
Ipd hnfw-_cw
sFIy-tI-cfw
t{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-_cw
80
(2)
(6)
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
{iocw-K-]-Ww DS-Sn 1972
(1)
2.
\mp-cmPm--m-cpsS Iem-]-, \mSp-hm-gn-I-fpsS Iem-]-, Znhm-m-cpsS Iem-], BZn-hmkn Iem-]

- , Ij-II
- e
- m-]
- F-hb
- m-bn-cpp {_no-jp-ImsXn-cmbn BZy-Im-e--fn tIcfn \S Iem-]-. `q\n-IpXn h-\, B`yc `c-W-Im-cy--fnse CSs]-S-ep-I, \nIpXn ]W-ambn ]ncn-p k{-Zm-bw, XpSn-bh Cu Iem-]--epsS Imc-W--fm-Wv. P\-]-m-fn-w, kmbp-[-k-acw Fnh
Fm Iem-]--fnepw s]mXpsh ImW-s-p.
3 \nIpXn ]Wambn am{Xta kzoI-cnq F {_nojv \ne-]m-Sv.
\nIpXn IpSn- i nI hcp- p- - h - c psS kzv ]nSn- s - S p- p- I , IpSn- e p- I

B{I-an-pI, IpSn-sbm-gn-n-pI XpS-nb {_no-jp-Im-cpsS \S-]-Sn-I. (3)
4.
A\p- I qew Imjn- I - t a- J - e - b nse ]ptcm- K - X n, sXmgn Ah- k - c -

hn- p-p. hnkvXr- X - a mb tXm-, Ipcp- a p-f-Iv, Gew, tXbne,
Imn XpS-nb Imjn-tIm-ev]---fpsS Dev]m-Z\ h-\-hv.
{]Xn-Iqew bYm Ij-I\v `qan e`n-n-, `yhn-f-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-p.
IpSn-tbw hym]-I-am-bn. IjI IqSp-X Nqj-W-n\v hnt[-b-cmbn.
5.
Fgpp- ] nI, ime-I, Kpcp- I p-e-, k`m-a-T-, If- c n-I,

Ch-bn GsX-nepw 3.
6.
(4)
(3)
Xncp-h n-X mw- I q cmP- ` -c - W- I m- e v \S- n- em- nb BtcmKy cm-\ - S - ] -S n-I

GsX-nepw 3 Fw.
(3)
hkq-cn-s-Xn-cmb {]Xn-tcm[ {]h\w.

BXp-cm-e-b- m]n-p.
Xncp-h-\--]pcw P\-d Bkv]{Xn m]n-p.
kv{XoIpw Ipn-Ip-ambn Xncp-h-\--]p-cv Bip-]{Xn.
1888 hkqcn hmIvkn \namWime Bcw-`n-p.
saUn- hnZym-`ym-k-n\v t{]mm-l\w \In.
t]hn-j-_m-[, ssSt^m-bnUv Fn-h-bvs-Xn-cmb hmIvkn e`y-am-n.
imkv{Xo-b-amb Btcm-Ky-\bw Bhn-jv-cn-p.
81
7.
Cwojv Pohn-X-ssi-en-bpsS hym]\w

\m-dn-hp-Isf Xmgvn-sn ]mmXy hnZym-`ym-k-ns ta {]N-cn-np
anj-\dn hnZym-e-b- {_nojv `c-W-Iq-S-n\v A\p-Iqe{]N-cWw \Sn
hnZym-`ym-ks _unI B[n-]Xyw m]n-m-\p am-ambn Ip.
8.
(2)
kmaq-ly-am--n\v {]mtbm-KnI cq]w- \In.

]nme kmaqly {]h-In-S-bn-ep-mb kzm[o-\w.
A-hn-izm-k-n\pw PmXn-hy-h-bvpsaXnsc \S-nb {]h\-
kmaq-ly-am-
- n-Sb
- m-n.
tZio-b-{]-m\-ns in hn-n-p.
9.
(3)
sshw kXym-{K-lhpw Kpcp-hm-bq kXym-{K-lhpw

lnp-fnse Fm P\-hn-`m-K-pw Bcm-[\m kzmX{yw e`y-am-bn.
PmXn-hy-h--I-fpsS ImTn\yw Ipd-p.
10. \mKv]q kt-f\ Xocp-am\w `mjm-Sn-m-\-n tIm{Kv In-n-I

1921 tIcf {]tZiv tIm{Kv Inn
1928 ]-q tIm{Kv kt-f\w
sshw, Kpcp-hm-bq kXym-{K-l--fnse P\-]-m-fnw
1947 Xriq-cnse sFIy-tI-cf Ishj
1949 Pqsse 1 Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq, sImn kwtbm-P\w
C Fw Fkv \q-Xn-cn-m-Sns Ht-Im tImSn ae-bm-fn-I
1956 \hw-_ 1 tIcf kwm\ cq]o-I-cWw (G-sX-nepw 4 t]mbnp-I)
11. Nmm Iem]w hni-Zo-I-cnpXn\v (1822 1859)
(3)
12. 6 t]cpsS t] Fgp-Xp--Xn\v (B-ibw 8)
(3)
13. kmaq-lnI Ak-aXzw ]cn-l-cnpI F Bi-b-ns {]m[m-\yw.

kwL-Snv i-cm-hp-I, hnZy sImv {]_p--cm-IpI F
Blzm-\-ns {]kn
kmaqly, kmwkvm-cnI, kmln-Xy, cmjv{Sob
taJ-eIfnse h-am-\-Ime {]kn
82
(3)
14. Dcw Bibw 12 \In-bn-p-v.
(3)
15. IpSn Hgn-n- \ntcm-[\ \nbaw

ImjnI __nv
hnZym-`ymk _nv
(3)
16. tIcf a{n-k`sb 1959 ]ncn-p-hn kw`-hw.

hntam-N\ kacw
(2)
17. Ipd hnfw-_cw
1809 (P-\p-hcn 11)
ae-_m elf
1921
1931
t{X {]th-i\ hnfw-_cw
1936 (\-hw_ 12)
]p{] hb-em kacw
1946
sFIy tIcfw
83
bqWnv 9
tZio-tbmZv{KY\w
BapJw
""a\p-jy kmaqly Pohn-bm-Wv. a\p-jy IpSpw-_nepw {Kma-nepw ]-W--fnepw
Pohnp-p. H-s--h-\-.'' Acn-tmn-ens Cu hmp-Iv Apw Cpw hfsc {]kn-bp-v. hnhn-[-Xcw Iqm-bva-I-sf-p-dnv Hcp ]T-\-amWv Cu A[ym-bw.
Bi-b-
IpSpw_w ka-{]m-b-m kaqlw kap-Zmbw Ch hnhn[ Iqm-bva-I-fm-Wv.
IpSpw-_-amWv {]mY-an-I-hpw Ghpw sNdp-Xp-amb Iqm-bva.
kaqlw : IpSpw-_-amWv kmaq-ly-h-evc

- -W
- n\p klm-bn-p--Xv. Fm kaq-ln\v \nnX AXnn \nW-bn-m-\m-hn-.
kap-Zmbw : CXv aX-]-c-amb \nh-N-\-a-.
Hcp \nnX {]tZ-iv ]c-kv]cw CS-]-gIn Pohn-p P\-. AXnn Dsp--XmWv kap-Zm-bs kaq-l-n \npw hyXy-kvX-am-p--Xv.
DZm : {Kma-k-ap-Zm-bw, \K-c-k-ap-Zm-bw.
cmjv{Sw : Hcp {]tZ-is P\X sFIy-t_m-[-tmsS cmjv{Sob cq]w krjvSnv

X-fpsS `mK-t[bw \nW-bn-p-p.
\nnX AXnn, AwKXzw \nb-am-hen, ]ucXzw XpS-n-bh CXns khn-ti-jX-If

- m-Wv.
Cy Hcp _lp-kzc kaq-l-am-Wv. \nc-h[n `mj-I, aX-, hwi-, PmXn-I,

BNm-c- XpSn Fm Imcy--fnepw sshhn-[y-ap kaq-lw.
Cu sshhn-[y-Xo-X-amb tbmPnv "\m\m-Xz-n GIXzw' F-dn-b-s-Sp-p.
Cy tZio-b-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-Xbpw \m\m-Xz-n GIXzw BWv.
tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w apJy-[w.
tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w ASn-m\ LS-I-
tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w hfp-hm-\p amK-
{Xn`mjm ]Xn
tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\ Zn\w
Cy tZio-b-X t\cn-Sp shp-hn-fn-I.

84
tNmZy
1.
hnhn[ Iqm-bva-I Ds-Spn hnp-t]m-b-`mKw ]qcn-n-pI
4 Score
IpSpw-_w, ................., ................., tZiw, .............., .......................

2.
"Amnsb Hcp cmjv{S-ambn IW-m-p-n'

Fn Hcp cmjv{S-ns LS-I- GsXmbmWv ?
3.
4 Score
Xmsg ]d-bp Cy `mj-Isf hKo-I-cnv Xn-cn-p Nmn

tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
3 Score
kwkvIr-Xw, ae-bm-fw, km-fn, Xan-gv, lnn, Ookv KVv, Bkm-aokv, tUm{Kn

CtUm Bcy
4.
{ZmhnU `mj
apm `mj
"Cy Hcp hwi-ayq-kn-b-am-Wv.' Fm Hcp hwi-n\pw hwi-ipn

Ah-Im-i-s-Sm Ign-bp-n-. hne-bn-cp-p-I.
5.
tZiobXbvv \nc-h[n ASn-m\ LS-I- Dv.

GsX-nepw 3 DZm-l-c-W- Fgp-Xp-I.
6.
3 Score
AXn-cp-I-S tZiobX {]iv\- krjvSn-p-p.

cv DZm-l-c-W- Nqn-m-Wn-p-I.
7.
3 Score
2 Score
tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-ns LS-I--fpsS ASn-m-\-n

Xmsg ImWp ]Z kqcy ]qn-bm-p-I.
2 Score
tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w
Bib]c-amb Hcpa
8.
AXnn IS Xo{h-hmZnsb
Imthcn {]iv\w
ssk\yw shSn-h-p-sImp
IWm-S-I-n Cv _v
ap-s-cn-bm {]iv\w
Ookv KVn Ipgn-t_mw_v s]mn
tIc-f-n-te-p Ncp
10 Phm-m sIm-s-p.
temdn-I XSp
85
ta hnh-cn ]{Xhm-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n Cy tZio-bX t\cn-Sp
9.
shp-hnfnIsf-p-dnv Hcp skan-\m t] Xm-dm-p-I.
6 Score
FmWv {Xn`mjm ]Xn? CXns {][m\ eyw Fm-bn-cpp?
3 Score
10. Cy tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\ Zn\-ambn BN-cn-p-Xv FmWv ?

Cu Znh-k-ns {]m[m\yw FmWv ?
2 Score
11. tZio-bX {]I-S-am-m Ign-bp Ah-k-c- GsX-m-sav hy-am-pI

3 Score
12. \m\m-Xz-n GIXzw F XXzw Cy kaq-l-ns {]tXy-I-X-bmWv

hy-am-p-I.
2 Score
86
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
kplr-p-
kaqlw
kl-]m-Tn-I
kap-Zmbw
{Kmaw
\Kcw
2.
\nnX AXnn
P\-
`c-W-IqSw
\nb-am-hen
]ucXzw
3.
CtUm Bcy
{ZmhnU `mj
apm `mj
kwkvIrXw, lnn
Xangv, ae-bmfw, IS
Bkm-aokv
4.
Ookv KUv
kmfn, tUm{Kn
s\{Kn-tm, awK-tfm-bnUv, saUn-td-\n-b XpS-nb hwi-P Cy-bn

Xma-kn-n-cp-p.
Cy-bnse BZn-hm-kn-I-fm-b Ccp-f, ImS, ae-]-m-c- XpS-n-b-h
t{]mtm Bkv{S-tem-boUv hwi-n Ds-Sp-p.
hnhn[ tZi--fn \npw Cy-bn IpSntb-dn-m ap [mcmfw
hn`m-K--fp-apv.
Ch-scmw ]c-kv]cw CS-]-gIn Pohnv Cv thXn-cn-p-hm Ign-bm--h-cmbn
amdn.
5.
{]tXyI cmjv{S-n-ep AwK-Xzhpw AXns\ Xncn--dn-bp--Xpw.

hKw, `mj, aXw, kwkvmcw XpS-n-b-h-bn-ep tbmPn-v.
s]mXp-hmb Nne kmcq-]y- (Identify)
6.
ap cmPy--tfmSpw P\--tfm-Sp-ap shdp-v, bp-.

DZm: C-enbpw P-\nbw \ne-\n-n-cp tZio-bX
7.
LS-\m-]-c-amb kaXzw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb sFIyw.
87
8.
{]mtZ-in-I hmZw
PmXo-bX
`mjm-hmZw
hKo-bX
òI-c-hmZw Fnh hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.
9.
tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-tbpw A kwm\ hn\n-abtbpw

t{]mm-ln-n-p--Xn\v
lnn kwkm-cn-p kwm-\--fn Cwojpw lnnbpw Hcp amXr-`mjbpw
Alnn kwm-\--fn Cwojpw lnnbpw amXr-`m-jbpw kvIq
]mTy-]--Xn-bn DsSp-n.
10. \hw-_ 19, ap {][m-\-a{n {ioaXn Cn-cm-KmnbpsS P-Zn-\w.

òI-c-{]-h-\-n-s\-Xnsc \S-]SnsbSp--Xn\v 1984 HIvtSm-_ 31 \v
Jmen-m Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS shSn-tbv acn-p.
11. tZio-b-{]m-[m-\y-ap Zn\- BN-cn-pI
kzX-{y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-I-fp-sSbpw \mSn-\mbn c-km-nXzw hcn [oc-\vam-cp-sSbpw
Hm ]pXp-p-I.
tZio-b-Nn-w, tZio-b-]-Xm-I, tZio-b-Km\w XpS-n-b-hsb BZ-cn-p-I.
12. kaq-lnse thjw, `mj, BNm-c-, A\p-jvTm-\-, hnizm-k-
XpS-n-b-h-bpsS BsI XpI-bmWv kwkvm-cw.
Cy-bnse kwkvmcw sshhn-[y-]qW-am-Wv.
kwkvm-cnI sshhn[yw Xs-bmWv Cysb Hn-nv \np {][m\
LS-I-hpw. CXmWv \m\m-Xz-n GI-Xzw.
88
bqWnv 10
P\m-[n-]Xyw
temI-nse Ghpw henb P\m-[n-]Xy cmjv{S-amWv Cy. B[p-\n-II
- m-ev _lp`q-cn]w cmPy--fnepw \ne-hn-en-cnpXv P\m-[n-]Xy `c-W-Iq-S--fm-Wv. P\v
G-hpw {]nb-s `c-W-cq-]-amb P\m-[n-]Xyn\v H-t-sd khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-v. 121 tImSn
P-\- A[n-h-knpIbpw \nc-h[n sshhn-[y-nS-bnepw GIXzw \ne-\np-Ibpw
sNp \psS cmPyv P\m-[n-]Xy `c-W-coXn Fs\ {]hn-pp Fv Xncn-dn-bm klm-bn-p Hcp bqWn-m-Wn-Xv.
Cu bqWn-p-ambn _-s {][m\ Bi-b- Xmsg sImSp-p-p. Ah ]cn-N-bs-Xn\v tijw tNmZy--fn-tev IS-p-I.
Bi-b-
1.
P\m-[n-]Xy `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-n ]c-am-[n-Imcw P\-m-Wv.

Utamkv (P-\-)
Utam-{Ikn
{Imtmkv (A-[n-Im-cw)
2.
P\m-[n-]-Xy-n\v cv hI-t`-Z--fp-v
{]Xy P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw ]tcm P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw
{]Xy P\m-[n-]Xyw
P\m-[n-]Xyw
]tcm P\m-[n-]Xyw
3.
P\m-[n-]Xy `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-n\v ta-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-Ifpw A\p-`-h-s-Sp-p-v.

s]mXp-sX-c-s-Spv
kmaq-lnI ncX
`cW kpXm-cyX
\nb-a-hmgvN
`cW kzmX-{yw
ta-I
kaXzw
cmPy-kvt\lw
hyn kzmX{yw
Iqm-sb-Sp-p Xocp-am-\-
89
thms-Sp-n \nv AIep P\-

F-n\v
Znim-t_m-[-an-m
{]m[m\yw
In-cm-jv{Sobw
`qcn-]-m-`n-{]mbw
ASn-tn-
t]mcmbvaI
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I
ka-c
- m-XmImw
\nc-cw `c-W-amw
P\m-[n-]Xyw in-s-Sp-p--Xn\v Nne apsm-cp-- Bh-iy-am-Wv.

hnZym-`ymkw
sXc-s-Sp-p-I
cmjv{Sob kzmX{yw
km-nI kzmX{yw
apsm-cp--
]m-n-Ifpw t\Xm--mcpw
kmaq-lnI kpc-n-XXz ]-Xn-I
A-[n-Imc hntI{oI-cWw
kzX{ am[y-a-
cmjv{Sob Ah-t_m[w
5.
P\m-[n-]-Xy-n\v hyXykvX Xe--fp-v.

cmjv{SobXew
Xe-
kmaq-ly-Xew
km-nIXew
90
6.
B[p-\nI Imev {]Xy P\m-[n-]Xyw \S-n-em-m klm-b-I-amb

4 amK- \ne-hn-ep-v.
P\-lnX ]cn-tim-[\
{]Xy P\m-[n-]Xy amK-
lnX-]-cn-tim-[\
Xncnphnfn-
A`n-{Iaw
7.
P-\m-[n-]-Xyw Hcp Pohn-X-coXn IqSn-bmWv.

P\m-[n-]-Xys PohnX
ap--h-cpsS A`n-{]mbw am\n-pI
coXn-bm-p--Xn\v
Fm-h-cp-tSbpw kzmX{ys
AwKo-I-cnpI.
B{Kl\nhn-mbn icn-bmb
am- am{Xw kzoI-cn-p-I.
\nb-a-hmgvN AwKo-I-cnpI.
aph-cpsS hnizm-k--tfmSpw
BNmctfmSpw kln-jvWpX
]pep-I.
8.
`c-W-L-S\ A\p-im-kn-p P\m-[n-]Xyw Cy-bnse P\m-[n-]-Xy-n\v

Icp-t-Ip-p.
dn-nIv
91
9.
Cy P\m-[n-]Xyw ]e shp-hn-fnIfpw t\cn-Sp-p.
Ak-aXzw
{]mtZ-inI
Ak-aXzw
\nc-c
- X
Xo{hhmZw
shp-hn-fn-I
P\-s-cpw
`mjm-hmZw
ho-bX
PmXo-bX
hnL-S-\-hmZw
tNmZy-
1.
P\m-[n-]-Xy-ns hI-t`-Z- GsXmw ?

Ah Xmc-Xayw sNpI.
2.
P\m-[n-]Xy `c-W-{I-a-ns ta-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-Ifpw kqNn-n-p

Hcp ]nI Xm-dm-p-I.
3.
P\m-[n-]-Xys in-s-Sp-p--Xn-\m-h-iy-amb apsm-cp-- GsXmw ?

Hmtcmpw hni-Z-am-p-I.
4.
P\m-[n-]Xyw kwc-n-p-hm\pw \ne-\np-hm\pw cmjv{So-b-]mnI

A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
5.
P\m-[n-]-Xy-ns hyXykvX Xe--sf-n Hcp eLp-hn-h-cWw Fgp-Xp-I.
6.
{]Xy P\m-[n-]-Xy-amK- GsXmw ? Hmtcmpw hni-Z-am-p-I.
7.
P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp Pohn-X-co-Xn-bm-I-W-sa-n P\--fn Dm-tI LS-I-

Fsmw ? hy-am-p-I.
8.
Cy P\m-[n-]Xyw \nc-h[n shp-hn-fn-I t\cn-Sp-p-v. Ah-bn Ghpw

{][m-\-sav \nv tXmp-h GsXmw ? Hmtcmpw hni-Z-am-p-I.
9.
{]Xy--P-\m-[n-]Xyw ]tcm P\m-[n-]-Xy-n-tev hgn-am-dm-\n-S-bmb Imc-W-

Fsmw?
10. P\m-[n-]-Xy-B-i-b- kwc-n-p--Xn-\mbn Cy `c-W-L-S-\-bn kzoI-cn-np hyhI Fsmw?

92
D-c-kq-NnI
]qWamb D-c- ChnsS \In-bn-n-. Db amn-\p tNmZy-v
Dcw hni-Z-ambn Fgp-X-Ww.
1.
P\m-[n-]Xyw cv Xc-n-ep-v {]Xy P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw ]tcm P\m[n]-Xyhpw.

]pcm-X\ {Kokn \ne-\n-n-cp `c-W-co-Xn-bmWv {]Xy P\m-[n-]Xyw. AXns
{][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I `c-W-Im-cy--fn Fm ]uc-mcpw Ds-Sp-p. \oXnbpw
\nb-ahpw P\- t\cnv \S-n-em-p-p, \oXn-]oT kwhn-[m-\-an-, hfsc sNdnb
Ime-b-f-hn-tev `c-W-Im-sf Is-n-bn-cp-p.
Cv temIv _lp-`q-cn-]w cmPy--fnepw \ne-\np-Xv ]tcm P\m-[n
-]-Xy-am-Wv. CXns {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I P\- Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf
sXc-s-Sp-p-Ibpw B {]Xn-\n[nI P\-v thn `cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
\nb-a- \nn-p-Xpw AXv \S-m-p-Xpw Cu {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Wv. \oXn-]oT
kwhn-[m\w \ne-\np-p.
2.
ta-I
t]mcm-bvaI
-
1, IqSp-X Imcy--a-X-bp `cWw
1. Ign-hn-t\-m F-n\v {]m[m\yw
2. hyn-kzm-X{yw Dd-m-pp
2. ]e-tmgpw {]K--cpsS tkh\w

cmjv{S-n\v \jvS-s-Sp-p.
3. kaXzw, kzmX-{yw, kmtlm-Z-cyw, 3. XpS-bmb sXc-s-Sppw `cW

Ah-k-c-Xp-eyX Fn-h.
amhpw cmjv{Sob A\n-n-XXzw
krjvSn-p-p.
4. P\--fpsS Ign-hp-I
]cn-t]m-jn-n--s-Sp-p.
4. `qcn-]-m-`n-{]mbw
ASn-tn-sSp-p.
5. \nb-a-hmgvN \ne-\np-p.
5. P\- Nne-tm-sg-nepw
hnap-JX {]I-Sn-n-p-p.
hnap-JX {]I-Sn-n-p-p.
6. `cWw IqSp-X kpXm-cy-amWv.
6. Znim-t_m-[-an-m In-cm-jv{Sobw
B]v
7. kwL-t_m-[hpw kpc-n-X-Xz
7. hf-sc-b-[nIw ]W-s-e-hp
t_m[-hpw hfp-p.
kwhn-[m-\w.
93
3.
cmjv{-So-b-kzm-X{yw, cmjv{Sob Ah-t_m-[w, km-nI kzmX-{yw, kmaq-lnI

kpc- n- X Xz ]- X n- I , hnZym- ` ym- k w, kzX{ am[y- a - Fn- h - b mWv
P\m-[n-]Xys in-s-Sp-m Bh-iy-amb ap-sm-cp--.
4.
P\-]-m-fn--amWv P\m-[n-]Xyns khn-ti-j-X. cmjv{So-b-]mn-I-fmWv Cu

P\-]-m-fnw Dd-ph-cp-pXv. P\-sf kw-LSn-n-p-I-, P\m-[n-]Xyw kzbw
A\p-jvTn-p-I, P\-v cmjv{Sob hnZym-`ymkw \Ip-I, P\--fp-sS-bn-S-bn
A`n-{]m-b-cq-]o-Ic
- Ww \SpI XpSnb Imcy--sfms \nh-lnpXv cmjv{Sob
]mn-I-fm-Wv.
5.
cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw km-n-I-hp-amb Xe--fn P-\m-[n-]Xy-ns

A-k ssIh-cn-p-tm-gmWv P\m-[n-]Xyw ]qW-am-Ip--Xv. cmjv{Sob-Xew,
kzmX{yw, ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Z-cyw Fn-h-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. aXw, PmXn, enwKw,
{]tZ-iw, hKw, hWw Fn-h-bpsS ASn-m-\-n hnth-N-\-an-m Ah-m
hn-ti-jamWv kmaq-lnI Xew. kaq-l-n k-ns hn\n-tbm-Kw, \nb-{-Ww,
Dev]m-Z-\w Fn-hsb kw_-n-p--XmWv km-n-I-X-ew.
6.
{]Xy P\m-[n-]Xyw Imp-kq-n-p--Xn-\mbn Nne amK- D]-tbm-Kn-pp

Ah-b mWv 1) lnX-] -cn-tim-[-\, 2) Xncn-p-hn-fn-, 3) P\-l n-X -] -cn-tim-[\,
4) A`n-{Iaw Fn-h.
7.
ap--h-cpsS hnizm-k--tfmSv kln-jvWpX ]pep-I, ey-{]m-]vXn-mbn

P\m-[n-]Xy amK am{Xw kzoI-cn-p-I, Gh-tcmSpw _lp-am\w ]pep-I,
hnai-\-tmSv kln-jvWpX Imp-I, \nb-a-hmgvN AwKo-I-cn-p-I, Fm-h-scbpw
Xpey-cmbn ImWpI Fn-h-bmWv P\m-[n-]Xyw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bm-Im Dm-tI
LS-I
- .
8.
\psS P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h \nc-h[n shp-hn-fn-I t\cn-Sp-p. Ah-bn {][m-\

s-h 1) kmaq-lyhpw km-n-I-hp-amb Ak-aXzw (2) \nc--cX, (3) {]mtZ-inI
hmZw, 4) `mjm-hm-Zw, 5) ho-b-X, 6) PmXo-b-X, 7) AgnaXn, 8) Xo{h-hm-Zw,
9) sXmgn-en-mbva, 10) Zmcn{Zyw XpSnbh-bm-Wv.
9.
AXn-hn-kvXr-X-amb tZi-cm-jv{S--fpsS Bhn`mhw

{]mb-]qn-thm--h-Im-i-n\p e`n AwKo-Imcw
B[p\nI cmjv{S--fnse P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-mb h-\hv
ka-Xzw,- Xp-ey-]-m-fnw XpS-nb Bi-b--fpsS hf
10. Bibw 8 se hni-Zo-I-cWw t\mp-I.
94
bqWnv 11
a\p-jym-h-Im-i-
temI- nse an cmPy- - f pw `c- W - L - S - \ m- ] - c - a mbn Xs a\p- j y- c psS
Ah-Im-i- Dd-p-h-cp-p-p-v. Cu Xe-n-tev Fp--Xn\v ]nnse Nme-Ii-n-bmbn {]hn AtZiob a\p-jym-h-Im-i {]Jym-]-\--sf--nbpw Ah-bpsS
{]m[m-\y-s--nbpw Cu A[ym-b-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-p. a\p-jym-h-Im-i- s]mXphmbpw Ipn-I-fp-sSbpw kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw D]-t`m-m-hn-sbpw Ah-Im-i- {]tXy-Inpw
ChnsS ]cm-ain-p-p. Cy kml-Nc
- y-n a\p-jym-hI
- m-i
- Fs\ {]mhnI-am-Ip-p-shpw Ah-Im-i
- Fs\ ewLn--s-Sppshpw a\-n-em-p-hm-\p
k-` CXn-ep-v. Ah-Im-i- t\Sn-sb-Sp-p-hm-\p hnhn[ kwhn-[m-\--sf-nbpw Ipn-Iv [mc-W-bp-m-Ip--Xn\v Cu bqWnv Gsd {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv.
Bi-b-
1.
Hmtcm-cp-pw Ah-c-h-cpsS hynXz hnI-k-\-n\pw hfbvpw e`n-p

Ah-k-c--fmbn Ah-Im-i-sf IW-m-mw.
2.
Hmtcm hynpw A-p PohnXw \bn-p--Xn-\p auen-Ihpw A\Lhpw

Bcmepw A\ym-[o-\-s-Sp-m-\m-Im--Xp-amb P-kn--amb Ah-Im-i--fmWv
a\p-jym-h-Im-i-.
3.
kzmX- { y- t _m- [ s \ntj- [ n- p kml- N - c y- sf FXnp- t Xm- e v ] n- psIm-mWv a\p-jy Ah-Im-i- t\Sn-sb-Sp--Xv. (DZm : Ata-cn- kzmX{y
ka-cw, {^p-hn--hw, djy hn-hw)
4.
kzmX-{y-n\p app Cy-bn cq]-s tZiob {]m-\- ]ucm-h-Im-i

-fn {]tXyIw {in-n-cp-p. kzmX-{ym-\-cw Cy-bn \nan--s `cW
LS-\-bn ]ucm-hImi {]Xn-^-en-p-p.
5.
a\p-jym-h-Im-i--fpsS sskm-nI ASn--d-bmWv kmh-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi

{]Jym-]-\w.
6.
kv{XoIfpw hrcpw kaq-l-n Ah-KWn-s-Sm-Xn-cn-m-\mbn Ahsc {]tXyI

Ah-Im-i- \In kwc-n-p-p.
7.
a\p-jym-h-Im-i-fpw, auen-Im-h-Im-i-fpw hyXykvX-amWv. Fnepw Ah Xn

_-ap-v.
8.
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- \ntj-[n--s-Sp kml-N-cy- kaq-l-n ImWm

Ignbpw.
95
9.
a\p- j ym- h - I mi kwc- - W - n- \ mbn AtZ- i ob Xe- n kwL- S - \ - I

\ne-hn-ep-v.
10. a\p-jym-h-Imi kwc--W-n-\mbn Cy-bn tZiob Xe-nepw kwm-\X-e-nepw a\p-jym-h-Imi Io-j-\p-I \ne-hn-ep-v.
11. Ah-Im-i--tfm-sSmw {]m[m-\y-aln-phbmWv IS-a-I.
tNmZy-
1.
Unkw-_ 10 a\p-jym-h-Im-i-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn--s-Sp--sX-p-sImv ?
(3)
2.
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- F-Xp-sImv FmWv A-am-p-Xv?
(2)
3.
Pohn-phm-\p Ah-Imiw Fm Poh-Pm-e--fpsSbpw {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ah-Im-i-ambn IW-m-m-sa-n a\p-jym-h-Im-i-n\v

CXn \np hyXym-k-sav ?
4.
(2)
""GsX-nepw Hcp {]Jym-]\w sImtm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS D-c-hn-eq-sStbm

kwPm-X-am-b-h-b temIs a\p-jym-h-Im-i-''. {^v hn-hw, Ata-cn-
kzmX{y ka-cw, av temI kw`-h-hn-Im-k- Fn-h-bpsS ASn-m-\-n
Cu {]kvXm-h-\bvv \nv Fv sXfn-hp-I-fmWv \Im Ign-bpI?
5.
kmh-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi {]h-\-v {]tNm-Z-\-ambn amdnb

kmlNcy- hne-bn-cp-pI.
6.
(4)
(3)
kmh-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Im-i-{]-Jym-]-\-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p

AhImi--fn Ghpw {]k--sav \nv tXmp
GsX-nepw aqsw Fgp-Xp-I.
7.
(3)
""bm{X-n-S-bn _kn hv kv{Xo B{I-a-W-n-\n-c-bmbn''.

kv{XoIfpsS Ah-Im-i--fp-ambn _-sv Cu hmsb hni-I-e\w
sNp-I. Ccw kml-N-cy--fn kv{XoI-fpsS GsXms
Ah-ImifmWv \ntj-[n--s-Sp-Xv?
8.
(3)
kmh-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]\w a\p-jym-h-Im-i--fpsS

sskm-nI ASn--d-bm-Wv. kan-pI?
9.
(3)
kaq-l-nsbpw IpSpw-_-n-s-bpw Nne ImgvN-m-Sp-I-fn kv{XoI-fpsS

Ah-Im-i-sf l\n-p kml-N-cy-aptm ? ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
(3)
10. Ipn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-kw-c--W-n-\mbn Cy Bhn-jv-cn

\nba GsXms ?
(2)
96
11. hm-Iy-Im-es kwc-Ww Fp-sImmWv {]mb-am-b-h-cpsS

Ah-Im-i-ambn IW-m-p-Xv ? {]mb-am-b-h-cpsS Ah-Imi kwc-W
n\mbn km-cp-Itfm kaq-ltam ssIsm GsX-nepw cp
\S-]-Sn-I Fgp-Xp-I.
(2)
12. ""kvXo-]p-cpj XpeyX'' kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ambn sFIy-cm-jv{S-k`

{]Jym-]n-p-p. Cv \psS kaq-l-n Fm cwKpw kv{XoIpw
]pcp-j-mpw Htc-t]mse Ah-Im-i- Dtm ? GsXmw cwK-mWv
XpeyX Cm-Xv ? kv{Xo]p-cpj Xpey-X-bpsS A`mhw kaql ]ptcm-K-Xnv
XS--am-Ip-pthm ?
(3)
13. Cy `c-W-L-S-\ Ddv \Ip auenI Ah-Im-i- GsXms ?

\msew tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
(4)
14. a\p-jym-h-Im-i--sfmw auen-Im-h-Im-i--fmtWm ? hni-Z-am-p-I.
(2)
15. hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-baw Cv auen-Im-h-Im-i-ambncnp-p. CXn-eqsS

kwc-n-p {][m\ Ah-Im-i-sa-gp-Xp-I. h-am\ Imev Cu
\nb-a-n-\p {]kn FmWv ?
(2)
16. B[p-\n-I-tem-Iv D]-t`m-m-hns Ah-Im-i- Fs\

kwc-nsn-cn-p-p? hne-bn-cp-p-I.
(3)
17. tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi Io-j\pw kwm\ a\p-jym-h-Imi Io-j\pw

Fs\ hyXym-k-s-n-cn-p-p?
(2)
97
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
1948 Unkw-_ 10-mw Xob-Xn-bmWv sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\ a\p-jym-h-Imi

{]Jym-]\w AwKo-I-cn-Xv. AXp-sImv Fm hjhpw Unkw-_ 10
a\p-jymhImi Zn\-ambn BN-cn-p-p.
2.
Hmtcm hynpw kaq-l-nse AwK-sa \ne-bn Xs Poh, kzmX{yw,

A- v , Fnh kw_- nv `c- W - L - S \ Dd- p- \ Ip Ah- I m- i - - f mWv
a\p- j ym- h - I m- i - . hynXz hnI- k - \ - n\pw hfbv pw e`n- p
Ah-k-c--fm-Wn-h. Ch auen-Ihpw A\Lhpw Bcmepw A\ym-[o\sSp-m-\m
Im--Xp-amb P-kn--amb Ah-Im-i--fm-Wv.
3.
kzw kml-N-cy-n A-p PohnXw \bn-m. AXv XS--s-Sp-m

Bpw A[n-Im-c-an.
DZm: A`n-{]mb {]I-S-\-n-\p kzmX-{yw, ip-hm-bp, ip-Pew Fnh
e`n-m-\p Ah-Imiw
4.
{^v hnhw ka-Xzw, kzmX-{yw, kmtlm-Zcyw, a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]\w.

Ata-cn-- kzmXy kacw tImf-\n-I-fpsS kzmX{y {]Jym-]-\w.
Nn-I-m-cpsS kzm[o-\w thm-b, dqtm, samkvIyq, tXmakv tlm_vkv,
tPmtem-v, ]ucm-h-Imiw, av kzmX-{y-k-a-c-, `c-W-L-S\m Ah-Imiw
Dd-m-n-bXv XpS-n-b-h.
5.
temI-bp Ime-L--nse sImSnb {Iqc-X-Ifpw a\p-jym-h-Imi ewL-\-fpw

C-en-bnse ^mjn-v, P-\n-bnse \mkn `c-W-Iq-S--fpsS {]mIrX \c-l-Xy-I
bp.-F. cq]o-I-cWw eyw Xs kam-[m-\-]-c-amb a\p-jy-Po-hnX kml-Ncyw
Hcp-pI XpS-nb GsX-nepw 3 Fw hni-Z-am-p--Xn-\v.
km-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]-\w.
6.
kzmX-{y-tmsS Pohn-p-hm\pw hyn kpc-n-XXzw A\p-`-hn-p-hm-\p-ap

Ah-Im-iw.
ASn-a--n \np tamN-\w.
\nb-a-n\v apn Xpey-Xbpw Xpey \nba ]cn-c-bpw.
cmPy-s-hn-sSbpw k-cn-m\pw ]mm-\p-ap Ah-Imiw.
tkzm-]-c-amb Ad-nt\m XS--ent\m \mSp-I-S--ent\m Bscbpw
hnt[-b-cm--cpXv (G-sX-nepw 3 Fw)
98
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
a\p- j ym- h - I m- i - hf- s c- b - [ nIw kwc- n- - s - S p h- a m- \ - I m- e pw

[mcmfw t] a\p-jym-h-Imi ewL-\-v hnt[-b-cm-Ip-p-shv ]{X-am-[y-a-
]cn-tim-[n-m hy-am-Ipw. kv{XoI-fpsS t\tc \S-p B{I-a-W- Cv
IqSn-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. hyn-kp-c-n-XXzw A\p-`-hn-p-hm-\p Ah-Imiw cmPy-n-sehn-sSbpw k-cn-m-\p Ah-Im-iw. \nb-a-ns apn Xpey-Xbpw Xpey-\n-ba
- -]cn-c-bpw XpS-nb Ah-Im-i- \ntj-[n--s-Sp-p.
bmsXmcp Xcnep- hnth-N-\hpw IqSmsX PohnXw \bn-p-hm-\p AlX
Fm a\p-jypap-v Fpw, AXn-\p-th-n-bp \S-]-Sn-I Fm cmPy-fpw
ssIsm--W-sa-p-ap sFIy-cm-jv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS \ntiw Dsm-p-
XmWv 1948 Unkw-_ 10 se kmh-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]-\w. AXp-sImv
Xs CXv a\p-jym-h-Im-i--fpsS sskm-nI ASn--d-bmbn hn-p-p.
kv{XoIv kz-X{ambn k-cn-m Ign-bp-n F hkvXpX ka-Im-enI
hm-I-fn \nv t_my-am-Ip-p. Ahsc Nne sXm-gn-ep-I-fn \npw AIn
\np-Xpw CjvS-ap thjw [cnp-Xn \npw hne-p-Xpw \mw Cpw
ImWp-p. A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-n\v Ahsc ]e-tm-gpw A\p-h-Zn-m-dn-. C-s\
bp ]eXpw kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-isf l\n-p Xc-n ImWm-dpv.
Cy-bn Ipn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i- kwc-n--s-Sp--Xn-\mbn \nn \nb-a
-fmWv hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i \nb-ahpw _me-the \ntcm-[\ \nb-ahpw.
a\p-jym-h-Im-i-fmb A-p Pohn-Xhpw kpc-bpw {]mb-am-bh
- pw Ah-Imi
s-Xm-Wv.
{]mb-am-b-h IqSp-X klm-bhpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw Aln-p-p.
Ah-cpsS bu-\w, Azm-\w, Fnh kaq-l-n-\mbn sNe-h-gn-p.
hm-Iy-Ime s]j, htbm-P\ tI{w (G-sX-nepw 2 Fw)
kv{ Xo]p- c pj Xpey-X -b psS A`mhw Ctmgpw \ne-\ np- p. IW- p-I
]cn-tim-[n-m tZio-b--A-tZ-iob Xe--fn Ghpw IqSp-X Ah-Im-iew-L-\-v hnt[-b-am-Ip-Xv kv{XoI-fm-Wv. hoSp-I-fn `-Ww, hkv{Xw, av
Pohn-X-km-l -N-c y- Fnh e`n-p--Xn hnth-N-\w, tPmen--e--fn
hnth-N\w, bm{X- b v n- S -b nepw s]mXp-- e- -f nepw A\p-` - hn-tn hcp
D]-{Z-h-, Xpey-tPm-env Xpey thX\anmbva Fn-h-bm-Wn-Xv. CXv kmaqly
]ptcm-K-Xnsb XS--s-Sp-p-p.
F) ka-Xz-n-\p Ah-Imiw.
_n) kzmX-{y-n-\p Ah-Im-iw.
kn) Nqj-W-n-s\-Xn-tc-bp Ah-Im-iw.
Un) aX kzmX-{y-n\p Ah-Im-iw.
C) kmwkvm-cn-Ihpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-hp-amb Ah-Im-iw.
F^v) `c-W-L-S-\m-]-cn-lm-c-p Ah-Im-iw. (G-sX-nepw \mse-w)
14. a\pjymh-Im-i-s
- fmw auen-Im-hI
- m-i--f
- . Fm auen-Im-h-Im-i- Fmw
a\pjym- h -Im- i - -fm- W v. thm- h - I miw a\p- j ym- h -Im-i- a m- W v. Fm
AXv Hcp au-en-Im-h-Im-i-a-. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-v auen-Im-h-Imisf-m
hym]vXn-bp-v. DZm-l-cWw : ip-P-e-e-`y-X, ip-hm-bp, aen-\-am-Im Npp-]mSv
99
15. Ipn-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-n-\p Ah-Im-iw.

6\pw 14\pw CS-b n {]mb- a p Ipn-Iv \n_- nXhpw kuP-\ y-hp-a mb
hnZym-`ymkw \IpI cn-Xm- h ns IS- a - b m- W v. CXn-eqsS IqSp-X
t]v hnZym-`ymkw e`n-p--Xn-\p Ah-kcw e`n-p-p.
16. Cv an- h mdpw Fm cmPy- - f nepw icnbmb D]- t `mr kwc- W
\nb- a - \ne- h n- e p- v . D]- t `m- mhv ]e- X - c - nep Nqj- W - v
hnt[- b - a m-Ip- p. CXn\v ]cn- l mcw ImWp- - X n\v ]e D]-t`mr
kwcW \nb-a-fpw Cv Khsa v \S-n- e mpp. Cybn
Pnm, kwm\, tZiob Xe- n {]hn- p D]- t `m-r- X
]cn- l mc Io- j - \ p-Ifpw t^md-fpw CXn- \ mbn Imcy- - a - a mbn
{]hn-pp.
17. tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi
kwm\ a\p-jym-h-Imi
Io-j
Io-j
tZio-bX
- e
-
- n
kwm-\-X-e-n {]hn-pp
{]hn-pp
Hc-y-\pw \mev AwK-fpw
Hcp Ay-\pw 2 Aw-K-fpw
hnc-an kp{]ow-tIm-SXn
hnc-an ssltm-SXn
No^v Pnkv Ay-
No^v Pnkv Ay-
18. AtZ-iob kwL-S-\I

-
tZio-bk
- w-LS- \
- I
-
lyqa ssdvkv hmv
]onkv bqWn-b t^m knhn en_okv
Bw\-C C\m-j-W
]onkv bqWn-b t^m Uta-{Im-nIv ssdvkv
tm_hmv
knn-k t^m Utam-{Ikn
Ata-cn hmv
]onkv Iukn t^m tkmjy Pnkv
B{^n hmv
100
bqWnv 12
kam-[m-\hpw kpc-n-X-Xzhpw AtZ-iob kwL-S-\-I-fn-eqsS

BapJw
temI-kw-kvmcw Bcw-`n-Xp apX a\p-jy-cpsS kpc-n-X-amb Pohn-X-n\v
hnhn-[-Xcw `wK--fp-m-bn-pv. bp-, Zmcn-{Zyw, aen-\o-I-c-Ww, òI-c-{]-h-\w,
a\p-jym-h-Imi \ntj-[-, ]I-hym-[n-I Ch Cq--nsSp-p.
Ccw shp-hn-fn-I-sf a\p-jy t\cn-Xv Iqmb {]h-\--fn-eq-sS-bmWv. cmPy-fpsS Iqm-bva-I, Acw Iqm-bvaI
- f
- n-eqsS cq]-s-Sp HutZym-Kn-I-kw-L-S-\I
- , av
Khsan-Xc kwL-S-\-I, Ah-bpsS tZio-b, AtZ-iob thZn-I Ch-sbmw
kam-[m-\-n\pw kpc-n-X-Xz-n-\pam-bp thZn-I-fm-Wv. Cu Iqm-bva-bmWv a\p-jykw-kvmcs aptmv \bn-p--Xv.
Bi-b-
{]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-n-\mbn cq]w sImn-p kwL-S-\-Isf cmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-n-cn-p-p.
1) AtZ-iob A Khsa v kwL-S-\-I.
2) AtZ-iob Khsa-t-X-c kwL-S-\-I.
C Khsa v ]m\
Hm ssav tNv
kmv
kh-cm-jv{S-kJyw (\n-e-hn C)
Bkn-bm
Ad_n eoKv
AtZ-iob
A Khsa v
kwLS\I
OAS
OAU
sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\
bqWn-th-gvk
t]m bqWn-b
tNcn-tNcm {]m\w
C\m-j-W sSe-{Km^v
bqWn-b
OPEC
temI hym]mc kwL-S\
101
C\m-j-W
{Inv Iukn
(ICC)
FIFA kwL-S-\I
-
{Ko]okv
tem_-bm
At-iob
{Ko s_v {]m\w
Khsan-Xc
Bw\n C\m-j-W
Nn]vtIm
{]m\w
temI tkmjy t^mdw
HutZym-Kn-Ia
- mbn \nehn h BZys Am-cmjv{S kwL-S\
- b
- mWv hnb tIm{Kkv
(1815).
19-mw \qm-n cq]w sIm ap cv kwL-S-\-I-fm-bn-cpp bqWn-th-gvk t]m
bqWn-b\pw C\m-j-W sSe-{Km^v bqWn-b-\pw.
bpw Hgn-hm-m cq]w sIm kwL-S-\-bmWv kh-cm-jv{S-k-Jyw. Hmw-temI bp
tijw cq]o-I-cn-s-p. Fm cmw-tem-I-bp--n\v Hcp ImcWw kh-cm-jv{Sk-Jy-ns ]cm-P-b-am-bn-cp-p.
temIcmPy- ]qW-ambn Ds- kwL-S-\-bmWv sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\. Bdv D]-hn`m-K- CXn-\pv. IqSmsX ap [mcmfw GPkn-Ifpw Dv.
s]mXp k`
sk{I-d
- n-tbv
kpcm kanXn
{Sn-jnv Iukn
At-iob
\oXn-\ymb tImS-Xn
km-nI kmaqly Iukn
bpw Hgn-hm-p-I.
Fm cmPy--fp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i- kwc-n-p-I.
AtZ-iob Icm-dp-Ifpw \nb-a-fpw Fm-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-p-I.
cmPy- Xn-ep kam-[m\]c-amb _w hfp-I.
sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS hnhn[ LS-I--fpsS {]h-\w.
sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS {]tXyI GPkn-I-fpsS {]h\w.
temI-k-am-[m\w \ne-\np--Xn sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\ CS-s] {]h-\-.
102
sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS {]tXyI GPkn-I \S-p {]h-\-

Imem-h---hm-Wn-Pyw--]-cn-n-Xn--B-tcmKywhn-Zym-`ymkw XpS-nb taJ-e-bnse
sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\-bpsS {]h-\-.
sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-Ifpw temIw t\cn-Sp ap shphn-fn-Ifpw.
tNcn-tNcm {]m-\w--e-y---\n-e-hn-ep {]iv\-.
Am-cmjv{S AK-hsa v kwL-S-\-I.
Khsa-t-Xc kwL-S-\-I.
AtZiob kt-f-\-fpw D-tIm-Sn-Ifpw
tNmZy-
1.
2.
3.
4.
19-mw \qm-n cq]w-sIm cv At-iob kwL-S-\-Iv

DZm-l-cWw Fgp-Xp-I.
2 Score
kh-cmjv{S kJy-ns ]cm-Pbw cmw-tem-I-bp--ns

Hcp Imc-W-ambn cmjv{SobNn--I hne-bn-cp-p-p. \n-fpsS
A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
4 Score
sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-cW ey-fn

GsX-nepw \mev Fw Fgp-Xp-I.
4 Score
Xmsg ]d-bp ]Z-kq-cy ]qW-am-p-I.
{Snjnv
Iukn
s]mXp-k`
UNO
sk{It-dn-bv
5.
3 Score
UNO bpsS {]tXyI GPkn-I-fn Xmsg--d-bphbpsS Bm-\hpw
{]h-\taJ-ebpw tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
`y Imjn-I-kw-L-S\
temIm-tcmKy kwL-S\
hnZym-`ymk imkv{X-km-t-XnI kwL-S\
Am-cmjv{S BWh DuP kwL-S\
6.
6 Score
kam-[m\w FXv bp-an-m Ah- am{X-a-. a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS

kz-Xbpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw IqSn-bm-Wv. UNO bpsS ap taJ-e-I-fnse
{]h\--fp-ambn _-sv Cu {]kvXm-h-\sb hne-bn-cp-p-I.
103
3 Score
7.
]cn-nXn kw-c--W-n\pw mn-ns D]-tbmKw \nb-{n-p--Xn\pw

UNO Fsmw \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv ssIsm-n-p--Xv?
2 Score
8.
""BtKmf s]mXp-kzv''
Chbvv 4 DZm-l-c-W- Nqn-m-Wn-p-I.
9.
2 Score
UNOcm-k-anXnbn ncmw-K-v \In-bn-cn-p hnev
A[n-Imcw UNO bpsS Ghpw henb t]mcm-bva-bmbn cmjv{So-b-\n-co--I

A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. Cu A`n-{]m-b-s ap\nn UNO bpsS
]cn-an-Xn-I hne-bn-cp-p-I.
6 Score
10. \ne-hn {]h\w Cm
bpsS LSIw tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
1 Score
11. UNO bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-hp-ambn _-s {][m\ kt-f-\-

Xmsg \In-bn-cn-p-p. Ch {Ia-s-Spn Fgp-Xp-I.
1941 BKv 14
hmjnw-KvS kt-f\w
1942 P\p-hcn 1
sXlvdm tIm^-dkv
1943 HIvtSm-_ 30
Uw_ HmIvkv kt-f\w
1943 Unkw-_ 1
AvemnIv Nm Hv hp
1944 sk]vw-_ 21
tamkvtm tIm^-dkv
1945 G{]n 11
UN
1945 Pq 25
bm kt-f\w
1945 HIvtSm-_ 24
km{^mknkvtIm kt-f\w
HutZym-Kn-I-ambn \ne-hn hp.
12. tNcn-tN-cm-{]-m-\-ns m]nX ey--fn

3 Fw tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
4 Score
3 Score
13. "tkmhn-bv bqWn-bs ]X\w tNcn-tNcm {]m-\-ns {]kn

\jvS-s-Spn' Cu A`n-{]m-b-tmSv \n tbmPn-p-ptm ?
hne-bn-cp-p-I.
3 Score
14. ]cn-nXn kwc-Wn\p am{X-ambn {]hn-p \nc-h[n
AtZ-iob kwL-S-\-I-fp-v. GsX-nepw \mev Fw sXc-s-Spv
Ah-bpsS {]h-\-ta-JeI tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
6 Score
15. temI tkmjy t^mdw cq]o-I-cnXv Fhn-sS-bmWv?
Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS 2 {][m-\- ey- tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
104
16. Xmsg Xn-cn-p kwL-S-\-IfpsS ]qW-cq]w Fgp-Xp-I.

Cy CXn GXv kwL-S-\-bn-emWv Ds-n-p-Xv?
OAS
OPEC
OALI
SAARC
NAFTA
EU
4 Score
ASEAN
17. Xmsg--d-bp D-tIm-Sn-I, Ah \S hjw, ew

Ch tcJ-s-Spn tImf- IrXy-am-p-I.
hjw
thZn
ùa D-tImSn
tIzmtm DS-Sn
kpnc hnI-k\
n\m-bp D-tImSn
tImtl-K DS-Sn
4 Score
18. tImtlm-K DS--Sn-bpsS {][m\ eyw Fm-bn-cpp ?
105
4 Score
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
bqWn-th-gvk t]m bqWn-b

C\m-j-W sSe-{Km^v bqWn-b
2.
sNdp-InS cmPy-fpsS kzmX{yw kwc-n-p-hm Ign-n-.

kz-ambn ssk\y--fn-m-bn-cp-p.
Ata-cn Cu kwL-S-\-bn AwK-ambncp-n.
tkmhn-bv bqWn-bs\ Hgn-hm-n-bn-cp-p.
cmjv{S--fpsS kzbw \nW-bm-h-Imiw \ne-\np-hm Ign-n-.
lnve-dptSbpw ap-eo-\n-bp-sSbpw B{I-a-W-sf {]Xn-tcm-[n-p-hm
Ign-n-.
3.
`mhn Xe-ap-dsb bp-ò-Xn-bn \npw kwc-n-p-I.

temI-k-am-[m\n\pw kpc-n-X-Xz-n-\p-ambn Hcp-an-p-I.
a\p-jym-h-Im-i-fpw cmPy--fpsS Ah-Im-i-fpw Dd-p-h-cp-p-I.
AtZ-iob Icm-dp-I-tfbpw AtZ-iob \nb-a--tfbpw _lp-am-\n-p-I.
Abcm-Py- Xn kln-jvWp-X-bnepw kam-[m-\-nepw A[n-jvTn-Xamb
_w hfp-I.
a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS apgp-h ]ptcm-K-Xn-mbn At-iob kwhn-[m-\-sf
D]-tbm-Kn-p-I.
4.
cm-k-anXn, km-n-I- kmaq-ly-k-an-Xn, AtZ-iob \oXn-\ymb tImSXn.
5.
tdmw
ImjnItaJ-e-bpsS ka-{K-]p-tcm-KXn
P\oh
Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn
]mcokv
hnZym-`ym-k-imkv{X--kmw-kvmcnI taJ-e-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn
hnb
BWh Du Dev]m-Z\w, D]-tbmKw, hnI-k\w

Fn-h-bpsS GtIm-]-\w.
6.
UNO bpsS
{]tXyI GPkn-I Imjn-I-ta-J-e-bn \S-p {]h-\-.
AwK-cm-Py--fpsS km-n-I-h-f, ]ptcm-KXn

Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bnse hnhn[ I-]--Xn-I
sFIy-cm-jv{S-hn-I-k-\-]Xn
sFIy-cmjv{S ]cn-nXn ]Xn
106
sFIy-cmjv{S inip-\n[n XpS-nbhbpsS {]h-\-.

7.
1988 Imem-h-m-hy-Xn-bm-\-hp-ambn _-sv Khsap-I-fpsS

AtZ-io-b-thZn cq]o-I-cn-p.
1987 \nb-an ]cn-nXn kwc--W-n\pw hnI-k-\-n\pambp
temI Io-js (Brundtland Commission) {]h-\-.
8.
Am-cmjv{S kap{Z taJe

kap{ZXv
A-co--ns D]-cn-a-WvUew
Amn
9.
cm-k-an-Xnv tbmPnv AmsX Hcp Xocp-am-\hpw FSp-p-hm Ign-bn-.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-nse `qcn-] A`n-{]mbw A{]-k--am-Ip-p.
ho-b, hwiob Iem-]-
òI-c-{]-h-\-
Imem-h-m-hy-Xn-bm\w ChbvsXnsc ê-{]-Z-ambn
{]hn-bvphm Ign-bp-n-.
Imcy--a-X-bp DtZym-K--hr--ns A`mhw
Bh-iy-amb km-nI e`y-X-p-d-hv.
sNe-th-dnb DtZym-K `c-W-co-Xn.
AwK-cm-Py--fpsS km-nIhnlnXw IrXy-ambn e`n-m--Xv.
hnI-kn-X-cm-Py--fpsS Xmev]-cy--\p-k-cnv {]hn-t-n-h-cp-p.
(G-sX-nepw 6 Fw-)
10. {Snjnv Iukn 1994 \hw-_ 1\v tijw {]h-\-an-.

11. 1941 BKv 14 AvemnIv Nm Hp-hp.
1942 P\p-hcn 1
hmjnw-KvS kt-f\w
1943 HIvtSm-_ 30 tamkvtIm tIm^-dkv

1943 Unkw-_ 1
sXlvdm tIm^-dkv
1944 sk]vw-_ 21 Uw_ HmIvkv kt-f\w

1945 G{]n 11
bm kt-f\w
1945 Pq 25
km{^mknkvtIm kt-f\w
1945 HIvtSm-_ 24
UN
HutZym-KnIambn \ne-hn hp
107
12. AtZ-io-b-_---fn kzX-{ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-p-I.

kam-[m-\-nepw kl-hn-Xz-nepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb hntZ-i-\bw
cq]o-I-cn-p-I.
Fm-cnep-ap hW, hwi hnth-N-\--sf FXnp-I.
13. tbmPn-p-p.
apX-em-fn tNcn-tbbpw tkmjy-env tNcn-tbbpw Hgn-hm-m-\mWv tNcn-tN-cm{]-m\w Dm-b-Xv.
tkmhn-bv bqWn-bs ]X-\-tmsS ioX-ka-cw Cm-Xm-bn.
òI-c-{]-h\whw-io-b-I-em-]---km--n-I-amyw XpS-nb ]pXnb
shphn-fn-I {]m-\s A{]-k--am-n.
14
{Ko]okv
: Bhm-k-hy-h--bpsS kwc--Ww, Fm taJ-e-bn-ep-ap

aen-\o-I-cWw XS-bp-I.
tem_bm
: hr--tfbpw Xcp-e-Xm-Zn-I-tfbpw kwc-n-p-I.

Cy-bn {]h\w Bcw-`n-p. bqtdm-n-tepw
hym]n-p.
Nn]vtIm {]m\w : lnam-e-b {]tZ-i--fnse hr-sf kwc-n-p-I.

kpem _lp-KpW Bcw-`n-p.
{Ko_v
{]m\w
: `qan-bp-tSbpw hr--fp-tSbpw kwc-Ww

sI\n-bbn Bcw-`n-p. kv{Xoim-o-I-cWneqsS
80 ew hr-ss-I \p.
15. 2001 {_ko-en cq]w-sIm-p.

hwi, hW, enwK hnth-N-\--Xo-X-amb Hcp \h-temIw krjvSn-p-I.
km-n-Ihpw kmaq-lyhpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb Xpey-X Dd-mn P\m-[n-]-Xys
]p\\nn-p-I.
16.
: Ata-cn- cmPy--fpsS kwL-S\

: s]t{Sm-fnbw Ib-paXn sNp cmPy--fpsS kwL-S\
: B{^n- sFIy-kw-L-S\
: sXpIn-gv Gjy cmPy--fpsS kwL-S\
: sXt Gjy cmPy--fpsS kwL-S\
: hSt Ata-cn- cmPy--fpsS kzX{ hym]mc DS-Sn
: bqtdm-]y bqWn-b
Cy AwK-amb kwL-S\
108
17. ùa D-tImSn
1992
{_ko
tIzmtm DS-Sn
1997
Pm
kpn-c-hn-I-k\n\m-bp
D-tImSn
2002
Zn-Wm--{^n
tImtl-K DS-Sn
2009
sUamv
18. A-co Dujvam-hns h-\hv Ipdv BtKm-f-Xm-]-\s XS-bp-I.

lcnX Krl-hm-XI _lnK-a\w Ipd-bvp-I.
109
kmaqlyimkv{Xw 2
110
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw 2
`qan-bpsS D]-cn-X-es s]mXn-n-cn-p hmbp aWvU-e-amWv A-cow. Hcp ]pX-p-t]mse `qansb s]mXn-p-kq-n-p A-co-w kap-{Z-\n-c
- n \nv
At\-Im-bncw Intem-ao- Db-c-n hym]n-n-cn-p-p. A-co--n-Xnbpw Imem-hbpw `qan-bn Fm-bn-Spw Fm-bvtmgpw Hcp-t]mse A A\p-`-h-s-Sp--Xv. Aco--Xm-]w, aw, B{ZX Fnh A-co--n-Xn-bnepw Imem-h--bnepw KWy-amb
am-ap-m-p ASn-m-\-L-S-I--fm-Wv. Cu LS-I--fpsS kzm[o-\w, AXns ê-ambp am- Fn-h-bmWv Cu bqWn-n \npw a\-n-em-t--Xv.
Bi-b- / hkvXp-X-I
ùtam-]-cn-Xew BKn-cWw sNp kutcmhpw ùtam]-cn-Xew kzX-{-am-Ip
Xm]hpw Xn-ep kp-e-\-amWv lov _P-v.

A-co--aw FXv A-co--hmbp `qan-bpsS D]-cn-X-e-n sNep-p
`mc-am-W.v
A-co--aw Fm-bn-Spw Hcp-t]m-se-b A\p-`-h-s-Sp--Xv.
Xm]w, Db-cw, B{ZX Fo LS-I- A-co--a-n kzm[o\w
sNep-p-p.
A-co-X
- m-]
- n-ep-m-Ip hyXym-kw, `qan-bpsS {àWw Fnh BtKm-fa
- taJ-
e-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-n\v Imc-W-am-Ip-p.

BtKmf a-ta-J-e-In-S-bn hoip hmWn-Py-hm-Xw, ]n-a-hmXw, {[pho-b-hmXw
Fn-hsb s]mXp-hmbn nc-hm-X- Fp-hn-fn-p-p.

kqcys Ab-\-am---\p-k-cnv BtKm-f-a taJ-e-Iv m\-amw kw`-hn-
p-p.
EXp-t`-Z--\p-k-cnv hoip Imp-I-fmWv akq Imp-I.
Icbpw ISepw Ak-p-en-X-ambn NqSp-]n-Sn-p-Ibpw XWp-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv {]mtZ-
in-I-X-e-n Ic-m-n\pw ISm-n\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-p.

hyXykvX kz`m-hk
- h
- n-ti-jX
- I
- t- fm-Sp-Iq-Snb An-ch
- m-X
- f
- mWv N{I-hm-X
- fpw {]Xn-
N-{I-hm-X--fpw.
Pew _mjv]o-I-cnv \ocm-hn-bmbn A-co--n-se-p-p. \ocmhn L\o-`-hnv
taL--fm-Ip-p. taL--fn Pew IWn-I-I-fpsS henw IqSp-tm hjWw

Dm-Ip-p.
L\o-I-c-W-n\pw hj-W-n\pw hnhn[ cq]--fp-v.
111
tNmZy-
Cu bqWn-p-ambn _-sv apI-fn \evIn-bn-p Bi-b- ]cn-N-b-s--Xn-\ptijw am{Xw tNmZy--fn-tev IS-p-I. D-c- hni-Z-ambn \In-bn-n-.
1.
Zn\m--co--n-Xnbpw Imem-h-bpw Xmc-Xayw sNp-I.
2. ùtam-]-cn-X-e-n Fm-bn-Spw A-co--aw Hcp-t]m-se-b- A\p-`-h-s-Sp-Xv. CXn\v Imc-W-am-Ip LS-I- FsXmw? Hmtcmpw hy-am-p-I.
3. BtKmf a-ta-Je
- I
- sf ASn-m-\a
- mn NphsS \evIn-bn-p ]nI ]qn-bm-p-I.
a-ta-Je
A. a[y-tc-Jm-\yq\
a taJe
Amwihym]vXn
A\p-`-h-s-Sp aw
`qa-[y-tc-J-bpsS
Ccp-h-i--fn
GI-tZiw 5w apX 10w hsc
B. Dt]mjvW Da
D-aw
taJe
C.
D-cm tKmf-nepw
Zn-Wm-tKm-f-nepw
60w70w hsc Amwiw
D. {[phob D-a-ta-Je
\yq\-aw
D-c{- [p-hs
- -bpw
Zn-W{- [p-h-sbpw
tI{o-I-cn-v.
4. Imp-I-fpsS thK-X-tbbpw Zni-tbbpw kzm[o-\n-p LS-I--fmWv (1) a Ncn-hpam\ _ew (2) tImdn-tbm-enkv {]`mhw (3) LjWw Fn-h. Cu LS-I
- Hmtcmpw
GXv hn[-amWv ImpIsf kzm[o-\n-p--sXv hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.
5. Imp-Iv t]cv \evIp--Xn-\p Hcp am\-ZWvUw Fhn-sS \npw hoipp FXmWv C-c-n t]cv e`n-n-p GsX-nepw cv ImpIfpsS t]sc-gpXpI.
6. Cy F `q`m-Ks \nWm-b-I-ambn kzm[o-\n-p--h-bmWv akq Imp-I.
Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS kmwKXyw ]cn-tim-[nv sXv ]Sn-md akq, hS-p-Ingv akq Fn-hsb Xmc-Xayw sNp-I.
7. ankv{S, eq Fo {]mtZ-in-I -hm-X-sfpdnv Hcp Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
8. hnhn[ L\o-I-cW cq]--fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv NphsS tImfw A bn \In-bncn-p--Xv. Ahbvv A\p-tbm-Py-amb t]cp-I B tImf-n Fgp-XpI.
8 F) Xm]hpw ahpw hn]-co-XA\p]m-X-n-emWv Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.
112
{]`m-X--fn ]psm-Sn-I-fn
ImW-s-Sp Pe-IWw
]-X-{]-tZ-i--fn \ocmhn
L\o-`-hnv cq]w-sIm-p-p.
Pem-i-b-v apI-fn \ocmhn
L\o-`-hnv cq]w-sIm-p-p.
sh-\n-d-n Xqhs-p-I
t]mse ImW-s-Sp taL-
Nmc-\n-d-n ImW-s-Sp
ag-ta-L-
9. B{Z-X sb kzm[o-\ n- p LS-I - GsXmw?. B{Z-Xbpw Bt]- nI
B{Z-Xbpw Xn-ep hyXym-k-sav?
10. L\o-I-cW {]{In-b-bp-ambn _-sv ]cn-N-b-s cv ]Z--fm-Wtm lnam-w,
]qcn-Xmw Fn-h. Ch Hmtcmpw Fsv hni-Zo-I-cnv Ipdn-s-gp-Xp-I.
11. taL- Fs\ cq]-s-Spp?. BIr-Xn-bpsS ASn-m-\-n taL-sf F{Xbmbn Xcw-Xn-cnmw? GsXmw? hni-Z-am-p-I.
12. NphsS \In-bn-p ^vtfmNmn Nne hnh-c- {Iaw sXn-mWv \In-bn-cn-p-Xv. Ah icn-bmb hn[w {Iao-I-cn-s-gp-Xp-I.
ag
kwh-l-\h
- rn
ssie-hrn
N{I-hmX hrn
DjvW-hm-bphpw
CSn-an-
Imn\v
ioX-hmbpw
Iqn-ap-pp
{]Xn-Iq-e-amb
`mKw
ag \ng
{]tZiw
D-enX hrn
Imn\v
A`n-ap-J-amb
Ncn-hn ag
]-X-N-cn-hn
DjvW-hmbp
Dbvv
apI-fn-tev
s]mpp
tij-ap ag
113
13. -Cy kap-{Z-nepw Cy D]-`q-J-WvU-nepw a-ta-J-e-I-fn am-ap-m-p

LS-I- hni-Zo-I-cnv Ipdn-s-gp-Xp-I.
14. ag \ng {]tZiw F-Xp-sImv A-am-p-Xv Fv?
15. N{I-hm-X-fpw {]Xn-N-{I-hm-X-fpw Xmc-Xayw sNp-I.
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
Hcp {]tZ-iv Npcp-nb Ime-tv A\p-`-h-s-Sp A-co--ns Ah-bmWv Zn\m--co--n-Xn. Fm Hcp {]tZ-is ZoL-Im-e-b-f-hnse Zn\m--co-n-Xn-bpsS icm-i-cn-bmWv B {]tZ-is Imem-h-.
2. A-co a-n-ep-m-Ip hyXym-k-v Imc-Wa

- m-Ip LS-I--fmWv Xm]w,
{]tZ-i-ns Db-cw, B{ZX Fn-h.
3. (F) \yq\-aw, (_n) 300 hSv 300 sXv Amw-i--fn (kn) D]-{[p-hob \nav\a-ta-Je (Un) D-aw
4. F. a-N-cn-hp-am-\-_ew
Imns insb kzm[o-\n-p-p.
_n. tImdn-tbm-enkv {]`mhw
Imns Znisb kzm[o-\n-p-p.
kn. LjWw
Imns thKXsb kzm[o-\n-p-p.
5. hS-p-In-g- akq Imv

sXp-]-Sn-m-d akq Imv
Ic-mpw ISmpw
6. EXp- Fw hcp "auknw' F Ad-_v -hm-n \nmWv akq F
]Z-ap-m-b-Xv. sXp ]Sn-m-d akqIm-ew, hS-p-In-g- akqIm-ew
Fn-s\ cp-X-c-n akqIm-pI Cy-bn hoip-p. Cy-bpsS Ncn{X-sbpw Imem-h--sbbpw Cu Imp-I hf-sc-b-[nIw kzm[o-\n-n-p-v.
7. A-co--n {]mtZ-in-I-am-bp-m-Ip hyXn-bm-\--fpsS ê-am-bmWv {]mtZ-in-Ihm-X--fp-m-Ip--Xv. Ch {]mtZ-in-I-ambn am{Xw hoip--h-bm-Wv.
ankv{S : bq-tdm-nse B]vkv ]-X-ns sX Ncn-hn hoip
ioX-mv.
eq
: Cy-bnse D-ca
- l
- m-ka
- X
- e
-
- n sabv, Pq amk-f
- n D-Xn-cnv
hoip hc DjvW-mv.
8. (F) Xpjm-cw, (_n) t\ aqSav, (kn) aqSa-v, (Un) kndkv taL-

(C) \nw_kv taL-.
8 F) kqcy-{]-Im-iw, IqSp-X e`n-p e--fn NqSp-]n-Snv km{X Ipd
hmbp apI-fn-tev Db-cp--Xn-\m aw Ipd-hm-bn-cn-pw. XWp-p-tm hmbp-hn\v
km{X IqSn Xmtgbvv ASn-bp--Xn-\m aw IqSp-Xepw Bbn-cn-pw.
114
9. Pe-e-`y-X, Xm]w, hmbp-hns kz`mhw Fn-h-bmWv B{Z-Xsb kzm[o-\n-p LSI-

A-co--hm-bp-hn ImW-s-Sp \ocm-hn-bpsS AfhmWv B{Z-X. Hcp
\nnX Dujvam-hn A-co-h
- m-bp-hn\v Dsm-m Ign-bp \ocm-hn-bpsS Afhpw
B ka-bv A-co--hm-bp-hn-ep \ocm-hn-bpsS Afhpw Xn-ep A\p-]m-XamWv Bt]-nI B{Z-X.
10. GXv \nnX A-co--Xm-]-n-emWv Hcp {]tZ-is A-co--hmbp \ocm-hn-]q-cnX-am--s-Sp-Xv B Xm]-\n-e-sb-bmWv ]qcn-Xmw Fp-]-d-bp--Xv.
GXv \nnX Dujvam-hn-emWv L\o-I-c-W-n\v XpSw Ipdn-bvp-Xv B
\nnX Dujvam-hn-s\-bmWv lnamw Fp-]-d-bp--Xv.
A-co--hmbp \ocm-hn-]q-cn-X-am-bm am{Xta lnam--n-se-p-I-bp-q.
lnam--n-se-n-bm am{Xta L\o-I-cWw \S-p-I-bp-q.
11. NqSp-]n-Snv Dbp-s]m-p \ocm-hn-]q-cn-Xa
- mb hmbp {ItaW XWpv lnam-
- n\v
Xmsg-bm-Ip-tm L\o-`-hnv taL--fmbn amdp-p.
BIr-X n- b psS ASn- m- \- n taL- sf \membn Xcw-X n- cnmw
(1) knd-kv, (2) kv{Sm-kv, (3) Iypap-ekv, (4) \nw_kv
12. (F) kwh-l-\-hrjvSn
D-en-X-hrjvSn
CSn-an-
D-bvp-ti-j-ap ag
(_n) ssiehrjvSn
]-X-N-cn-hn
Imn\v A`n-ap-J-N-cn-hn ag
Imn\v {]Xn-apJ Ncn-hn ag-\n-g{]-tZiw
(kn) N{I-hm-X-hrjvSn
DjvW--io-X-hmbp Iqn-ap-p-p.
DjvW-hmbp apI-fn-tev Dbp-s]m-p-p.
13. kqcys Ab-\-am-hpw a-ta-J-e-I-fpsS m\-am-hpw.

th\m-ev Cy D]-`q-J-WvU-n \yq\-aw
ssiXy-Im-ev D-aw
th\m-ev Cy alm-k-ap{Zw D-aw
ssiXy-Im-ev Cy alm-k-ap{Zw \yq\-aw
14. \ocm-hn-c-ln-X-amb Imv ]-X-ns ap-I-fn-eqsS adp-`m-Kv Fp-tm AhnsS
ag e`n-p-n-. Cu {]tZ-is ag-\n-g {]tZiw Fp-hn-fn-p-p.
15. A-co--n, ay-`m-Kv \yq\-ahpw AXn\v Nppw D-a-hpw A\p-`-h-s-Sptm \yq\-a-tI-{-n-tev D-a {]tZ-i
- f
- n \nv AXn-i
- a
- mbn Imphoipp. CXmWv N{I-hm-X-.
A-co--n ay-`m-Kv D-ahpw AXn\v Nppw \yq\-ahpw A\p-`-h-s-Sp115
tm.
bqWnv 2
`qan-im-kv{X-nse \qX-\-k-t-X-
`qan-sbn a\-n-em-pXn\v \mw ]e ]c--cm-KX am-fpw kzoI-cnn-cp-p. Fm \-apv `qan-sb-n IqSp-X hnh-c- tiJ-cn-p-Ibpw Ahsb
hni-Ie\w sNp-Ibpw thWw. Cv \mw ]e \qX\ kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Ifpw CXn-\mbn
D]-tbm-Kn-p-p. CXp-ambn _-s \qX\ kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fmb hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\w,
`qhn-h-c-hy-h-, Pn.-]n.-Fkv XpS-nb kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-sf-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p Hcp
bqWn-m-Wv.
Bi-b- / hkvXp-X-I
kv]i-_w IqSmsX ùtam-]-cn-Xe hnh-c-, {]Xn-`m-k- Fn-h-sb-p-dn-
p hnh-c- Hcp kwth-Z\ D]-I-cWw hgn tiJ-cn-p kmt-Xn-hn-Zy-bmWv

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\
- w.
`qXeOmbm-{K-l-Ww, BIm-iob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\w, D]-{K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w Fnh
hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-ns hnhn[ coXn-I-fm-Wv.

BIm-iob Ombm-Nn-{X- Hmhem-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv FSp-p--Xv.
Hmhem-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b BIm-iob Ombm-Nn-{X- ocn-tbm-kvtIm-n-eqsS hon-m
{Xnam-\-Zriyw e`n-p-p.
BIm- i ob hnZq- c - k w- t h- Z - \ ns ]cn- a n- X n- I adn- I - S - m D]- { K- l - h n- Z q- c -
kw-th-Z\n\v Ign-bpw.
D]-{K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\n\v klm-b-I-amb kuc-hn-In-c-W-amWv sshZyp-X-Im-n-I-
hn-In-c-Ww.
ùtam-]-cn-Xe hkvXp- sshZyp-X-Im-n-I- hn-In-c-Ws {]Xn-^-en-n-p-Xv
hyXykvX Af-hn-em-Wv.
hnhn[ am--fn-eqsS tiJ-cn-p ùtam-]-cn-Xe hnh-c-sf Iyq- kmt-Xn-I-
hnZy D]-tbm-Knv hni-I-e\w sNm Ign-bpw.

Hmhte hni-I-e-\w, irwJ-em-hn-i-I-e-\w, Bhr-n-hn-i-I-e\w Fnh `qhn-h-c-
hy-h--bpsS hnhn-[-Xcw hni-I-e\ km[y-X-I-fm-Wv.
tNmZy-
1.
NphsSXn-p-h
- b
- n GXns ASn-m-\
- n-emWv hnhn[ hnZq-ck
- w-th-Z\
-
- XcwXn-cn-n-p-X
- v.
skk-dp-I, mvt^m-ap-I, D]-tbm-Kw, e`n-p Nn{Xns henw
(1)
2. BIm-iob Ombm-Nn-{X--fnse Hmhem-ns {]tXy-I-X-I hy-am-p-I.
(2)
116
3. XpS-bmbn FSp BIm-iob Nn{X--fpsS {Ia-\--cp-I-fmWv NphsS \evIn-bn-cnp--Xv.
(F) CXn 62--m-a-tbpw 66--m-a-tbpw Nn{X-sf tNv ocn-tbm-s]-b Fn

hnfn-m-\m-Iptam? Fp-sImv ?
(_n) Nn{Xw 64 s s]b-dp-I GsX-m-amWv ?
(3)
4. BIm-iob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-ns GsX-nepw aqv ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw B ]cn-an-Xn-I

XcWw sNm Ah-ew-_n-n-p \qX\ kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw hy-am-p-I. (4)
5. Xmsg \In-bn-p kqN-I--fpsS ASn-m-\-n `qn-c--ku-c-nc D]-{K-lsf Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw Ipdn-s-gp-Xp-I.
* Dbcw
* {àWw
* D]-tbmKw
(4)
6. Hcp {]tZ-is Imjn-Ih

- n-fI
- f
- psS hfbpw IoS-_m-[bpw a\-n-em-p-X
- n\v GXv
`qanimkv{Xkm-t-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv?
Cu kmt-Xn-I-hn-ZybpsS av aqv D]-tbm-K- IqSn Fgp-Xp-I.
(4)
7. icn-bmb hnh-c- D-Spn ]nI ]qn-bm-pI

kmt-Xn-I-hnZy
^vfmvt^mw kwth-ZIw
`qX-eO
- m-bm-{K-lWw
{]tXy-IX
hfsc sNdnb
{]tZ-i--fpsS Zriyw
BIm-io-bh
- n-Zq-ck
- w-th-Z\w
D]-{K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w
(4)
8. kuc-nc D]-{K-ls ASn-m-\-amn Xm-dm-nb ]Z-kq-cy-\mWv Xmsg. CXns\
amXr-I-bm-n, `qnc D]-{K-ls ASn-m-\-am-n-bp ]Z-kq-cy Xm-dm-p-I.
IRS
kuc-nc
D]-{Klw
{[ph-sf Npn k-cn-pp
117
800 apX 950 In.-ao. Db-c-n
(4)
9. Xmsg sImSp-n-p--h-bn kwth-ZIw Am-Xv GXv?

(F). kvIm\,
(_n). skk,
(kn). ocn-tbm-kvtIm-v, (Un). Iymad (1)
10. D]-{K-lh
- n-Zq-ck
- w-th-Z\
-
- ns km[y-XI
- f
- p-ambn _-sv Nmn Hgn-p-In-S
- p
If- ]qn-bm-p-I.
A
(3)
11. F. tImf-n-\-\p-tbm-Py-ambh _n, kn tImf--fnse hnh-c- {Iao-I-cn-p-I.

F
_n
kn
kvs]Iv{S knt-
{[ph-sf Nppp
skk
kvt]jy sdk-eyq-j
`qan-tbm-sSm--ap {àWw
Ckmv
kuc-nc D]-{K-l-
Ghpw sNdnb hkvXp-hns

henw Xncn--dn-bpp
hkvXp--fpsS
ùXn-I-kz-`mhw
`qnc D]-{K-l-
sshZyp-XI
- m-nI
hnI-c-W--fpsS {]Xn-^-e\w
(4)
12. NphsS sImSp-n-cn-p-Xv Nne D]-{K-l-skk-dp-I-fpsS kvt]jy sdk-eyq-j-\pI-fm-Wv. Ch-bn Ghpw Db kvs]jy sdk-eyq-j GXmWv? Fp-sImv?
F) 50 x 50 ao
_n) 5 x .5 ao
kn) 5 x 5 ao
(2)
13. ]Z-kq-cy ]qo-I-cn-p-I.

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\
kmt-Xn-I-hnZy
D]-tbm-K-sSpp
tIc-f-nse
m]-\-
KSREC
(4)
14. `qhn-hc hyh--bpsS Hcp km[yX NphsS \In-bn-cn-p-p. av aqp km[y-X-I

IqSn Fgp-Xp-I.
*
*
*
*
hnj-bm[njvTnX ]T\w
.....................................................
.....................................................
.....................................................
(3)
118
15. NphsS \In-bn-p `qhn-h-c-sf m\o-b-hn-h-c-, hnti-j-W- Fn-s\

Xcw-Xn-cn-s-gp-Xp-I.
*
*
*
*
*
*
sske vhmen
tIcfw
P\-kwJy
kky-Pm-e
-
e-Zzo]v
`qhn-kvXrXn
(3)
16. kvIqfn \nv Hcp ]T-\-bm{X kwL-Sn-n-p-hm Xocp-am-\n-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. `qhn-h-chy-h

- b
- nse irwJ-em-hn-iI
- e
- \w CXn-\mbn {]tbm-P\
- s
- Spp-hm Ign-bptam? \nfpsS Fsmw Bh-iy- ]T-\-bm-{X-bp-ambn _-s-Spn Cu hni-I-e-km-y-Xbn-eqsS ]cn-l-cn-m-\mIpw? GsX-nepw aqsw tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
(3)
17. `qhn-h-c-hy-h--bpsS km[y-X-I \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. \K-cm-kq-{X-W-n `qhn-h-c-hy-h-bpsS km[y-X-I Fs\ {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m-\m-Ip-sav kan-p-I. (4)
18. Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-bn Pe-\n-cv {Iam-Xo-X-ambn Dbp. Umans j Xpdv Pew \Zn-bntev Hgp-m A[n-Im-cn-I Xocp-am-\n-p. \Zn Ic-I-hnv F{X {]tZ-iv shsmw krjvSn-m km[y-X-bpv F-dn-bp--Xn\v:
(F). `qhn-h-c-hy-h--bpsS GXv hni-I-e\km[y-X-bmWv
{]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m-hp--Xv?.
(_n). Cu hni-I-e-\km-[y-Xbvv asmcp DZm-l-cWw \nt-in-p-I.
(3)
19. ae-aS-
- n A]-IS-
- ns hnam-\
- ns m\w Is-p-hm `qan-im-kv{X-nse
GsX-nepw \qX\ ktXw {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m-\m-Ip-tam? hni-Zo-I-cnpI?
20. `q]-S-\nm-W-n hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\w, `qhn-h-c-hy-h Fn-h-bpsS ]v hne-bn-cpp-I.
(3)
21. "Hmtcm [cm-X-eob `q]-Shpw \nn-p-Xv \nc-h[n ]mfn-I kwtbm-Pn-n-mWv'.
Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
(3)
22. Ic-hm-fq ]m-b-n Hcp Pe-kw-`-cWn \nn-m km Xocp-am-\n-p. A\ptbm-Py-amb Hcp ew IsWw. NphsS \In-bn-p ]mfn-I {]tbm-P-\-sSpnsmv Cu Bhiyw ]cn-K-Wn-m-\m-hptam? `qhn-h-c-hy-h--bpsS GXp-Xcw
hni-I-e-km-[yX CXn-\mbn {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-mw. Fs\?
*
*
*
*
`q{]-IrXn
\Zn-I
]mn-S--fpsS hnX-cWw
`qhn-\n-tbmKw
(3)
119
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
^vfmv t^mw.
2. Bh-iy-ap--tm Hcp {]tZ-i

- ns Nn{Xw FSp-p-hm Ign-bp-p. Ombm-Nn-{X-am-bXp-sImv GsXm-cmpw `qhn-hcw GsXv a\-n-em-m-\m-hpw. {Xnam-\-Zriyw
e`y-am-Wv.
3. (F). 62--m-a-sbpw 66--m-a-sbpw Nn{X- ocn-tbm-s]-b BIn-. Hmhem-tm-SpIq-Sn-bXpw ASp--Spv D-Xp-amb Nn{X--fmWv ocntbms]b.
(_n). 63, 65
4. hnam\w ]d-p-b-cp--Xn\pw Cd-p--Xn\pw Xpd-mb ew Bh-iy-am-Wv.
hnam-\-n-\p-m-Ip Ipepw Nn{X--fpsS tasb _m[n-p-p.
C\w \nd-bvm-\mbn hnam\w CS-bvnsS \ne-n-d-p-Xv sNe-th-dnb
Hm-Wv.
AXn-hn-kvXr-X-amb `q{]-tZ-i--fpsS Nn{X-sa-Sp-p-Xv {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-.
D]-{Kl-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w
5. Dbcw
{àWw
`qncw
kuc-ncw
`qncw
kuc-ncw
36000 In.-ao.
800 950 In.-ao.
`qan-bpsS {à-W-n-\-\p-k-cnv
{[ph-sf Npn
D]-tbmKw `qncw
Imem-h-m-]-T\w
hmm-hn-\n-abw
kuc-ncw ùtam-]-cn-Xe hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
DZm : `qncw
INSAT,
kuc-ncw
IRS
6. D]-{K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w
1. Imp-Xo-bpsS hym]\w
2. {]Ir-Xn-tm-`- Xncn--dn-b
3. `qhn-\n-tbmKw
4. hn`h e`yX
(G-sX-nepw aqs--n-\v)
7. `qan-bpsS D]-cn-Xew Iymad
hnam\w / _eq Iymad hnkvXr-X-amb {]tZiw ]Ip-p.
D]-{Klw kvIm\ hfsc hnkvXr-X-amb {]tZ-i--fpsS hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
8.
Ckmv
`qnc
D]-{Klw
`qan-tbm-sSmw {àWw sNpp
120
36000 In.-ao. Db-c-n

nXn sNp-p.
9. ocn-tbm-kvtImv
10. F. kap-{Z-]-cy-th-Ww
_n. h\-]-cn-]m-e\w
kn. `qkt
(A-\p-tbm-Py-amb ap t]mbnp-Ifpw Fgp-Xmw)
11. kvs]Iv{S- knt- sshZyp-X-Im-nI hnIn-c-W--fpsS {]Xn-^-e\w hkvXp-fpsS ùXn-I-kz-`m-hw.
kvt]jy sdk-eyq-j Ghpw sNdnb hkvXp-hns hepw Xncn--dn-bpp
skk
kuc-nc D]-{K-l- {[ph-sf Nppp IRS
`qnc D]-{K-l- `qan-tbm-sSm--ap {àWw INSAT
12. _n)
ao. \evIn-bn-p Hm]vj-\p-I-fn GXmWv Ghpw sNdnb Afhv Fv
a\-n-em-p-I. AXmWv Db kvt]jy sdk-eyq-j.
13. ùa-im-kv{X-]T
- \
- t- I{w (CESS), tIcf h\-Kt- h-jW m]\w (KFRI), tIcf kwm\
`qhn-\n-tbmK t_mUv (KSLUB), sk t^m hm dntkmgvkv sUh-e-vsa v B v
amt\-Pvsa v (CWRDM).
14. hnh-c--fpsS m\o-b-_w hni-I-e\w sNp-p.
`qhn-h-c-sf m\o-b-ambn {]Zin-n-p-p.
{ZpX-K-Xn-bnepw Imem-\p-kr-X-hpw, sNe-hp-Ip-d--Xp-amb coXn-bn hnh-c-sf
\ho-I-cn-p-p. (A-\p-tbm-Py-amb av t]mbnp-I ]cn-K-Wn-mw)
15. m\o-b-hn-h-c- : sske vhmen, tIc-fw, e-Zzo]v
hnti-j-W- : P\-kw-Jy, kky-Pm-e-, `qhn-kvXrXn
16. A\p-tbm-Py-amb e- Is-p--Xn-\v.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn \nnX `q]-cn-[n-p-n \-Zn-I-fp-ambn _-s ]c-am-h[n ImgvNI Bkz-Zn-p-X
- n\v. Ghpw Ipd-k
- -abw sImv ey-n-se-m A\p-tbmPy-amb hgn Is-p--Xn-\v. Ghpw ASp-p-Xpw Xncv Ipd--Xp-amb hgn-h-IfneqsS bm{X sNbvXv ]c-am-h[n sskp-I Isp--Xn\v. A]-IS- \
- n-cv Ipd
tdmUp-I Isp--Xn-\v.
17. Hmô-kp-I, ]mn-S-, kvIq, tlmkv]n-, amv Fn-h-bpsS m\w
\n-bn-p--Xn-\v.
KXm-K-X-p-cpv Cm-hn[w KXm-KX kwhn-[m-\- cq]-sSpp--Xn-\v.
IpSn-shw Dd-m-p--Xn-\v.
aen-\Pew, aen-\-h-kvXp- Fnh imkv{Xo-b-ambn Hgn-hm-p--Xn-\v.
121
18. F. Bhr-n-hn-i-I-e\w
_n. GsX-nepw Bhr-n-hn-i-I-e\ DZm-l-cWw Fgp-Xn hni-Zo-I-cn-p--Xn\v
(tdm-Uv \nm-Ww, sdbn \nm-Ww)
19. tm_ s]mkn-j-\nwKv knw {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-mw.
GsXmcp e- n-s -b pw Amw-iw, tcJmw-iw, kap-{Z-\n-c- n \n\p
Db-cw, kabw Fnh a\-n-em-p--Xn\v Ign-bp-p.
20. D]-{K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w : hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
`qhn-h-c-hy-h : m\ob hnh-c--fp-tSbpw hnti-j-W--fp-tSbpw k-e-\w, Iqnt, Hgn-hm-, ]mfn-I-fm-
21. `q]-S-n \om-ep-I, tdmUp-I XpS-n-b-hsb {]tXy-I-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-p-Xns\ ]mfn-I Fp-hn-ti-jn-n-mw. ùtam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-Isf Cs\
]mfn-I-fm-n-bm Ah Xn-ep m\o-b-_w a\-n-em-p--Xn\v Ffp--n
km[n-p-p. Cs\ \nc-h[n ]mfn-I kwtbm-Pn-n-mWv Hmtcm [cm-X-eo-b-`q-]Shpw \nn-p--Xv.
22. Hmhte hni-I-e\w
Hcp {]tZ-i-ns hnhn-[--fmb ùtam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_-s-p-cnpw Ah-bn-ep-m-Ip am-s-p-dnpw a\-n-em-p--Xn-\mWv Hmhte
hni-I-e\w D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv.
122
bqWnv 3
hI-c-I
Gjy, bqtdm-v, B{^n-, Amn Fo hI-c-I-fmWv Cu bqWn-n DsSpn-bn-p--Xv. Hmtcm hI-c-bp-tSbpw m\w, `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-, P\-kwJym hnXcWw F-n-h-bmWv Cu bqWnn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p--Xv.
Gjy
temIs BsI Ic-hn-kvXr-Xn-bn aqn Hcp `mKw Dsm-p hI-c-bm-Wn-Xv.
10011' sXv Amwiw apX 81012' hSv Amwiw hscbpw 2602' Ingv tcJmwiw
ap-X 169040 ]-Snmdv tcJmwiw hscbpw hym]n-p-In-Spp.
Gjysb Xmsg ]d-bp `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K--fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-n-cn-p-p.
hS- Xmgv\ne {]tZ-i-

a[y-]hX t{iWn-I
sX {]mNo\ ]oT-`qan
bpdm ae-\n-c-I hS- Xmgv\ne {]tZ-i--fpsS ]Sn-mdv nXn sNp-p.
Cu ae-\n-c-I bqtdm-n \nv Gjysb thXn-cn-p-p.
hS- Xmgv\ne {]tZ-i-v sXmbn nXn sNp `qhn-`m-K-amWv a[y-]hX-t{i-Wn-I.
]mao ]h-X-s-n \nmWv Gjy-bpsS CXc `mK--fntev ]hX \nc-I
hn\y-kn--s-Sp--Xv.
{][m\ ]h-X\
- n-c-I
lnp-pjv kpsse-am
lnam-e-b ]hX\nc-I
Iqeq
An
Ac- tbma
[mcmfw sImSp-ap-Sn-I ChnsS nXn sNp-p.
temIs Ghpw Dbcw IqSnb Fh-dv sImSpap-Sn- Chn-sS-bm-Wv.
123
sX {]mNo\ ]oT-`qan `qhn-`m-K-n aqp {][m\ ]oT-`q-an-I Ds-n-cn-p-p.

Atd-_y
Um
CtUm ssN\
Fp \Zo-X-S- tN `qhn-`m-K-amWnXv
slmbmMvtlm XSw
bmMvko XSw
ssS{Kokv
bq{^-okv
sam-MvXSw
knp \Zo-XSw
sFcm-hX
- n-XSw
KwK {_-]p{X \Zo-X-S-

ta\mw XSw
bqtdmv
Cu hIc ]qW-ambpw Dcm tKmf-n nXn sNp-p.
{Ko\n-v tcJmw-i-tc-Jbvv (00) Ingpw ]Sn-m-dp-ambnmWv Cu hI-c-bpsS
m\w.
Amwiw hSv 35051 Dw 81047 tcJmwiw 23033 ]Sn-mdpw 69003 Ing-p-am-bnmWv Cu `qJ-WvU-ns m\w.
hI-cbpsS BsI hnkvXrXn 10498000 N : ao-dm-Wv.
bqtdm-ns\ \mev {]IrXn hn`m-K--fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-n-cn-p-p.
a[y D-X X-S-
hS-p-]-Sn-m-d ]hX taJe
Bss] knw
Dc bqtdm-]y ka-Xew
hS-p-]-Sn-m-d ]h-X-ta-Je
^nem v apX kzoU, t\msh {_nWpw sFepw tN {_nojv
sFkv, sFkvem v hsc DsSp taJ-e-bm-WnXv.
bqtdm-nse G-hpw ]gw sN ]h-X- Cu taJ-e-bn-em-Wv.
Cu taJe [mXp--fm kp-jvS-am-Wv.
124
Dc bqtdm-]y ka-X-e-
]Sn-mdv AvemnIv Xocw apX Ingv bpdm ]h-X- hsc
hym]n-p-In-S-p-p.
\Zn-I hln-p-sIm-p-h-cp Ah-km-Z--fm \nn-X-amWv Cu taJe
tlmfv, s_Pnbw Uamv, ]Sn-m-d P-\n-, {^mkv,
hS- P\n, t]mf-v Fn-h-bmWv hS- bqtdm-]y ka-X-e--fnse
{][m\ cmPy-.
a[y DX XS-
Dc bqtdm-]y ka-X-e-pw B]vkv ]h-X-\n-c-Ip-an-S-bn
]h-X-, Ipp-I, ka-X-e- Fnh Ds `q{]-IrXn hn`m-Kw.
bpdm ]h-X-\n-c-I, P-\n-bnse mv t^mdv Fnh Ds-Sp--XmWv
a[y `mKs Db {]tZ-i-.
Bs knw
]Snmdv AvemnIv kap{Zw apX Ingv
Imkv]n-b kap{Zw hsc hym]np InS-p ]h-X-\n-c-I Ds-Sp
`qhn-`m-K-amWv Bs knw.
B{^n
cv A-tKm-f--fn-ep-ambn hym]n-p-In-S-p `qJ-WvU-amWv B{^n-.
Amwiw 340 52 sXp-ap-X 37031 hS-p-h-scbpw tcJmw-iw 25011' ]Sn-mdp
apX 51024 Ing-p-h-sc-bp-amWv B{^n--bpsS m\w.
`qa-[y-tcJ Cu `qJ-WvUs cv Xpey-`m-K--fmbn `mKn-p-p.
B{^n--bpsS `q{]-IrXn Xmsg--d-bp {]Imcw Xcw-Xn-cn-n-cn-p-p.

]oT-`q-an-I
]h-X
-
acp-`q-an-I
{`wi Xmgvhc-I
]oT-`q-an-I
icm-icn Dbcw kap-{Z-\n-c-n \npw 600 ao-dn\p apI-fn
sXp-\np hS-tmv t]mIpw-tXmdpw ]oT-`q-anIfpsS Dbcw Ipd-bp-p.
125
]h-X-
B{^n- `qJ-WvU--fn ]h-X- Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-Wv.
]oT-`q-an-I-fnepw acp-`q-an-I-fnepambn Nne {][m\ ]h-X- ImW-s-Sp-p.
Ave-kv, sI\n-b, dqhtkm-cn XpS-nbhbmWv {][m\ ]h-X-\n-c-I-.
auv Infn-aPm-tcm-bmWv
B{^n--bnse Ghpw henb sImSp-apSn
acp-`q-anI-
B{^n--bpsS hSpw sXpw `mK--fn acp-`q-an-I-fm-Wv.
B{^n--bpsS aqn Hcp `mKhpw acp-`q-an-I-fm aqS-s-n-cn-pp.
{`wi Xmgvhc-I
alm {`wi Xmgvhc-bmWv B{^n--bnse
Ghpw {][m-\-s Hcp {`wi Xmgvhc
B{^n--bnse {][m\
\Zn-I-fmWv ss\epw tImwtKmbpw
tNmZy-
1.
Score 3
Gjy-bnse {][m\
[mXp-
2.
Gjy-bnse ]h-X-\n-c-I hyXykvX `mK--fn-tev hn\y-kn--s-Sp-Xv

]mao sIn \np-am-Wv. Cu taJ-e-bnse ]h-X-\n-c-I-fpsS hn\ymkw
hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
3.
Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p kqN-I--fpsS ASn-m-\-n bqtdmnse

`q{]-Ir-Xn hn`m-K- GsXv Is-p-I.
F) bqtdm-nse Ghpw ]gw sN ]h-X- Cu taJ-e-bn-emWv.
3 F) Gjy-bpsS Imem-h-sb kzm[o-\n-p {][m\ LS-I- Gh?
_n) \Zn-I hln-p-sIm-p-h-cp Ah-km-Z--fm \nan-X-amWv Cu taJe.
126
kn) Cu {]tZ-iv ImW-s-Sp ]h-X- kap-{Z-\n-c-n \nv

1600 ao hsc Db-c-ap--hbm-Wv.
Un) kam--c-amb aS-p-]h-X-\n-c-I Cu `qhn-`m-K-ns {]tXyI-XbmWv.
4.
5.
Gjybnse P\-kw-Jym-hn-X-c-W-n `q{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS ]v F{X-tmfw?

hniI-e\w sNbvXp Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
Score 4
A tImf-n\p tbmPn-h B, C tImf--fn \ns-gp-Xp-I.
Score 4
6.
Amn
auv Infn-a Pmth
lnp-pjv
B{^n
hnk amn^v
alm-{`wi Xmgvhc
Gjy
mv t^mdv
ssa{Xn
bqtdmv
]maosIv
bqdm ]h-X-\nc
Nne {][m\ ]hX \nc-I-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-n-cnp-Xv.

Chsb Gjy-bn ImW-s-Sp-h, B{^n--bn ImW-s-Sph
Fn-s\ Xcw-Xn-cn-p-I.
dqhtkm-cn, Iqeq, sI\n-b, Ave-kv, AXn, Ac-tbma
Gjy
7.
B{^n
Gjy, bqtdm-v, B{^n- Fn-hn-S--fnse Imem-h-sb

kzm[o-\n-p LS-I- Hp Xs-bmtWm ? \n-fpsS
\nK-a\w tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
8.
Score 2
""ay-_--\-n\v A\p-Iq-e-amb \nc-h[n kmlNcy-

\n-e-\np hI-c-bmWv bqtdmv'. Cu A`n-{]m-bs km[q-I-cn-m
\nv \nc-m-\p hkvXp-X-I-sf-gp-Xp-I.
9.
Score 3
hf-sc-tbsd km-nI {]m[m-\y-ap hI-c-bmbn Amn-sb

temI-cm-jv{S- ImWp-p. Fp-sImv ?
Score 3
10. Amn--bnse Cy-bpsS ]cy-th-j-W--sf-n Hcp eLp-Ip-dnv

Xm-dm-pI.
Score 3
127
11. NphsS \In-bn-p ]h-X- GtXXv hI-c-I-fn

Ds-Spp ?
F) Ave-kv, _n) bpdm, kn) mv t^md-v, Un) Imc-tmdw
12. ""sshhn-[y-am `qan-imkv{X khn-ti-j-X-Ifm {i-t-b-amb
Hcp `qJ-WvU-amWv Gjy''
{]kvXm-h\ km[q-I-cnm-\p hmZ-KXnI \msew
tcJ-s-Sp-pI.
13.
Score 4
tImf--fn \-In-bn-p hnh-c-sf icn-bmb hn[w

{IasSp-n-sb-gp-Xp-I.
F
_n
kn
Bss] knw
klmd
temI-ns taqc
a[y-]hX t{iWn
aS-p-]h-X
-
Henhv
acp-`qan
sX {^mkv
bqtdmv
saUn--td-\n-b Imem-h
]maosIv
B{^n
14. Gjy-bnse Imem-hmta-J-e-I-fpsS khn-tjX-IfmWv Xmsg

\InbnpXv. A-Xn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb Imem-hmta-J-eI-
Isn Fgp-Xp-I.
Score 4
F) anX-amb XWp-p-Xpw kmam\yw ag-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amb

ssiXyImew
_n) NqSpw agbpw CS-hnv A\p-`-h-s-Sp th\mew.
kn) hjw apgp-h Db Xm]hpw CSn-an--tem-Sp-Iq-Snb agbpw
Un) Db tXmXn XWppw hjw apgp-h av aqSn-b-Xp-am-Wv.
15. Gjy-bpsS `mKamb GsX-nepw cv Zzo]p-I-fpsS t]sc-gp-Xp-I.
Score 1
16. NphsS \In-bnp kqN-\-I {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn

`qJ-WvUw GsXv Fgp-Xp-I.
Score 3
F) shfp `qJWvUw
_n) hnkvXr-Xn-bn temI `qJ-WvU-fn cmw m\w.
kn) ]qW-ambpw D-cm tKmf-n nXn sNp hIc
128
Un) temI Ic-hn-kvXr-Xn-bn aqn Hcp `mKw Dsm-p hIc

17. `qa-[y-tc-J, D-cm-b\ tcJ, Zn-Wm-b\ tcJ F-nh IS-p-t]m-Ip
hI-c-I GsXms ? ]n-I-bnse If--fn Snv sNpI.
hI-cI
-
`qa-y-tcJ
D-cm-b\
-- -tcJ
Gjy
bqtdmv
B{^n
129
Score 3
Zn-Wm-b\ tcJ
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
I-cn, s]t{Sm-fn-bw, amwK-\okv, t_mIvssk-v, Ccp--bncv, shn
2.
temI-nse Ghpw Db ]oT-`q-an-bmWv ]mao ]oT-`q-an.

]mao ]oT-`q-an-bpsS `mK-amb ]maosI-n \npw hnhn[ Zni-I-fn-tev
]h-X-\n-c-I hym]n-p-In-S-p-p.
lnamebw, Imdtmdw, kpsse-am, lnp-Ip-jv, Ipep, Snbmj,
Ambv Fn-h-bmWv Cu taJ-e-bnse ]h-X-.
3.
F) hSI-p-]-Sn-m-d ]-h-X-ta-Je
_n) Dc bqtdm-]y ka-X-e-
kn) a[y DX XS-
Un) Bss knw
4.
Ghpw IqSp-X P\-kw-Jy-bp hIc

\Zo-X-S--fn P\-km-{X IqSp-X (Kw-K, bmMvkn--kn-n-bm-Mv)
Xoc-{]-tZ-i--fn P\-km-{X IqSp-X (sXv Ing- Gjy, Xpn)
a[y Gjy acp-`q-an, sXp-]-Sn-m-d Gjy, hS- Gjy
Fn-hn-S--fn P\-hmkw Xosc Ipd-hv.
5.
6.
7.
Amn
hnk amn^v
ssa{Xn
B{^n
auv Infn-a Pmtcm
alm-{`wi Xmgvhc
bqtdmv
{_mv t^mdv
bqtdm ]h-X-\nc
Gjy
]maosv
lnp-pjv
Gjy
B{^n
Iqeq
Avekv
AXn
sI\nb
Ac-tbma
dphtkmdn
`q{]-IrXn, kap-{Z-km-ao-]yw, BtKm-f-hm-X-, Pe-{]-hm-l-, Amwi

m\w Fnh aqp hI-c-I-fn-tebpw Imem-hsb kzm[o-\n-p
LS-I
- .
3 F) `qJ-WvU-ns m\w, hnkvXr-Xn, kap-{Z-\n-c-n \np Db-cw,
kap-{Z-km-ao-]yw, ]-X--fp-sS-m\w akq-Wns KXn.
130
8.
[mcmfw D-S-epI, kap-{Z-P-e-{]-hm-l--fpsS IqSn-t-c, mh-I--fpsS

kmnyw Fnh bqtdm-n ay_--\-n\v A\p-Iq-e-amb kml-Ncyw
Hcp-p-p.
9.
hne-tb-dnb kap-{Z-Po-h-Pm-e- (ko, XpI, Xnanw-K-ew, F)

[mXp-hn-`-h- Ccp--bn-cv, t{Iman-bw, sNv, kzWw, \n, aW
10. Z-nW KwtKm-{Xn, ssa{Xn Cy-bpsS cv Kth-j-W-tI-{-

1988 BZys X]m Hmôkv Amn-bn Xpdp{]hnp.
`qan-imkv{Xw, Poh-im-kv{Xw, Imem-h-m-im-kv{Xw XpS-nb \nc-h[n
taJ-eI-sf tI{o-I-cnv Cy Kth-j-W-tI-{- \S-p-p.
11. F) Avekv
B{^n
_n) sI\nb
B{^n
kn) mv t^mdv
bqtdmv
Un) Imd-tmdw
Gjy
12. tem-I-nse Ghpw Dbcw IqSnb sImSp-apSn

temI-nse Ghpw Dbcw IqSnb {]tZ-i-p XSmIw
kap-{Z-\n-c-n-t\-m Xmgv {]tZ-i-
temIv Ghpw IqSp-X ag e-`n-p {]-tZ-iw
13. Bss] knw
aS-p-]h-X
-
bqtdmv
a[y-]hX t{iWn
]maos-v
temI-ns taqc
acp-`qan
klmd
B{^n
saUn-td\n-b Imem-h
sX {^mkv
Henhv
14. F) saUn--td-\n-b Imem-h

_n) akq Imem-h
kn) `qa-[y-tcJm Imem-h
Un) Xp{ amXrI Imem-h
131
15. e-Zzo-]v, B-am \ntm-_m, Pm, Xmbvhm, ^nen-sskv

(G-sX-nepw 2 Fw)
16. Amn
B{^n
bqtdmv
Gjy
17. hI-cI
-
`qa-[y-tcJ
D-cm-b\
- t- cJ
Gjy
bq-tdmv
B{^n
132
Zn-Wm-b\ tcJ
bqWnv 4
Cy--ù-XnI `qan-imkv{Xw
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn hf-sc-tbsd khn-ti-j-X-I D Hcp cmPy-amWv Cy. sshhn[y--fpsS \mSv FmWv Cy Adn-b-s-Sp--Xv. Cy-bnse hnhn[ {]tZ-i--fnse P\Po-hnXw hyXy-kvXa
- m-Wv. Cy-bnse {]mtZ-inI P\-Po-hn-X
- nepw kwkvm-c-n-ep-ap
sshhn-[y-v ImcWw B {]tZins m\w, `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-h-, \Zn-I,
an-\-, ss\kKn-I kky-Pm-e- Fn-h-bm-Wv. Ch-sb-n hy-amb [mcW
e`n-pXn\p hnh-c- Cu Aym-b-n Ds-Sp-n-bn-p-v.
Bi-b
-
Cy Amwi m\w 804 N apX 370 6 N hsc-bpw tcJmwi m\w 6807 E apX
97025 Ingv E hscbpw hym]n-p-In-S-p-p. hnkvXoWw 3287782 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-dm-Wv.
ùtam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n Cysb \mev `q{]-IrXn
hn`m-K--fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-n-cn-p-p.
D-c-]h-X-ta-Je, Dc alm-k-a-X-ew, D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT-`q-an, Xoc-{]-tZ-i-fpw
Zzo]pIfpw.
Dc ]hX taJe
Dc ]hX taJ-esb B taJ-e-bn nXn sNp ]hX\nc-I-fpsS
ASn-m-\-n aqmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-n-cn-p-p.
lnam-e-b \nc-I
{Smkv lname-b \nc-I
Ing- ae-\n-c-I / ]qhm-N
lnam-e-b \nc-I
lnam{Zn
\wK]Xv
lnam-N
{Smkv lnam-e-b \nc-I
knhm-enIv
Imc-tmdw
eUmIv
kkv
auv K 2 (tKmUvhn Bn)
ImPwK
(C-y-bnse Ghpw henb sImSp-ap-Sn)

133
Imem-h
Cy-bnse hnhn[ {]tZ-i--fn hyXy-kvX--fmb A-co-m-h--bmWv \ne-\np-Xv. Amw-i-m-\w, lnam-e-b-]-X-\nc kap-{Z-km-ao-]yw, Imp-I, kap-{Z-n
\np Dbcw `q{]-IrXn Fn-h-bmWv Imem-h--bn-ep- Cu hyXym-k-p ImcW-am-Ip LS-I-.
Ing- ae-\n-c-I
Jmkn
Kmtcm
Pb-nb
\mKm-, ]SvssI_w
D-ca
- -lm-ka
- -Xew
knp, KwKm, {_-]p{X Fo \Zn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-Ifpw lnam-e-b-n
\npw hln-p-sIm-p-h-cp Ah-km-Z- \nt-]n-p-mb ê-]p-jvSn-bp kaX-e{- ]-tZ-iamWv D-c-a-lm-k-a-Xew

]m-_v, lcn-bm-\ ka-X-ew, acp-en _wKm ka-Xe
- w, KwKmka-Xe
- w, {_-]p{Xm
Xmgvhc Fn-s\ D-ca

- l
- m-ka
- X
- e
-
- ns D]-hn-`m-K
- sf \membn Xncn-n-cn-pp.
D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan
khn-ti-jX
- I
-
hf-sc-b-[nIw ]g--ap `qhn-`mKw.
[mXp--fpsS \nt-]- [mcm-f-ambn ImWpp.
hne-tb-dnb h\-hn-`-h- e`y-am-Ip-p.
]n-a-L \nc-I-fnse B\-apSn Cu taJ-e-bnse Db-c-ta-dnb sImSp-ap-Sn.
temI-nse Ghpw henb ]oT-`q-an-I-fn-sem-mb Um ]oT-`qan
Cu taJ-e-bn-em-Wv.
D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT-`q-an-bn 9 {][m\ `qhn-`m-K- Dv. ]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 69
Nn{Xw. 4.7.
134
Xoc{]-tZ-ihpw Zzo]p-Ifpw
KpP-dm-nse dm Hm^v Iv apX KwKm--{_--]p{X sUm {]tZiw
(kp-s_ sU) hsc hym]n-n-cn-p `q{]-IrXn hen-`m-K-amWv
Cy-bpsS Xoc-{]-tZ-iw.
Cy Xoc-{]-tZ-is Ing- Xoc-{]-tZ-i-sapw ]Sn-m-d Xoc-{]-tZ-isapw cmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-p.
]mT-]p-kvX-I-nse t]Pv 72 se ]nI 4.4 hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ing-
Xoc ka-X-e-nsbpw ]Sn-m-d Xoc-k-a-X-e-n-sbpw khn-ti-j-X-I
Is-p-I.
Cy-bnse hnhn[ `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K--fnse an-\-fpw Imjn-I-hn-f-Ifpw
`q{]-IrXn
Irjn
a-n-\-
hn`m-K-
]-X-a-v,
_men, tKmX-v, tNmfw, tXbn-e,
Nph-av, em-ssdv
Bn, Imn, kpK--{Z-hy-
Fa-v,
s\v, Icn-v, tKmX-v, ]pI-bn-e,
acp-`qan av
F-p-cp-
Idp--a-v, ]cpn
s\v, dmKn, ]pI-bn-e, ]--dn-
av/ dnK
I, \ne--S-e, Dcp-f-n-gv
D-c]
- -Xt- a-Je
D-ca
- l
- m-ka
- -Xew
D]-Zzo-]o-b ]oT-`qan
-sNa-v, em-ssd-v,
Xoc-{]-tZiw
Fa-v, Nph
-tXbn-e, Imn, d, tX,

Iap-Iv, Iip-amhv
av
Imem-h
Cy-bnse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-fn hyXy-kvX--fmb A-co-m-h--bm-Wv

\ne-\np--Xv.
Amwi
m\w,
lnam- e - b - ] hX
\nc,
kap- { Z-km- a o]yw,
Imp-I, kap-{Z-n \np Db-cw, `q{]-IrXn Fn-hb

- mWv Imem-h--bn-ep
Cu hyXym-k-v Imc-W-am-Ip LS-I-.
A-co Xm]-\n-e-bp-tSbpw ag-bp-tSbpw ASn-m-\-n Cy-bnse EXp-sf

135
\membn Xcw-Xn-cn-n-cn-p-p. ssiXy-Imew, DjvW-Im-ew, sXp-]-Sn-m-d

(akq Imew, hS-p-In-g- akq Imew, akq-Wns ]nhm-
Imew.)
]-cn-nXn\p-tbm-Pyambn Hcp {]tZ-iv Bhn`-hn kky-Pm-e--fmWv B
{]tZ-is ss\kKnI kky-Pm-e-. `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-h, ag-bpsS Af-hv,
av Fn-h-bmWv ss\kKnI kky-Pm-e--fpsS hnX-c-Ws kzm[o-\n-p
LS-I
- .
]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 82 `q]Sw ss\kKnI kky-Pm-e- \nco-nv {][m\
kky C\- Is-p-I. ag-bpsS Afhv ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
Cy- \Zn-I
\Zn-I-fpsS D-h-ns ASn-m-\-n cmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-p. Dc ]h-Xta- J - e - b n \nv D- h n-p \Zn-Isf lnam- e - b \Zn-I-sfpw
D]-Zzo-]o-b ]oT-`q-an-bn \np--hn-p \Zn-Isf D]-Zzo-]o-b \Zn-I-sfpw
hnfn-p-p.
lnam-e-b \Zn-I
D]-Zzo-]n-b \Zn-I
knp, KwK, {_-]p{X
alm-\-Zn, tKmZm-h-cn, IrjvW

Imth-cn, \a-Z, Xm]vXn
lnam-e-b \Zn-I
knv
KwK
{_-]p{X
Dhw
Sn_nse (am-\k
ktcm-h XSm-I
n\p kao]w
ssIemk
]hXw
KwtKm{Xn,
Af-Im-]pcnlnam\n
ssIemk
]h-X-\n-c-I-fnse
sNa-bpMvZpMv F
lna-\n-bn \npw
\ofw
2880 In.-ao.
(Cy-bn
709 In.-ao.)
2525 In.-ao.
2990 In.-ao.
(Cy-bn
725 In.-ao.)
{][m\
t]mjI
\Zn-I
Qew, Nn\m_v
chn, _nbmkv
kXvePv
bap-\, tkm,
tImkn, Lm{Km,
tKma-Xn, tkm,sI
SnkvX, am\kv,
eplnXv
kphmkncn
_Xz, Nw_
]X-\
ew
Ad-_n-S-
_wKm D-S
136
_wKm D-S
D]Zzo]ob \Zn-I
alm-\Zn
tKmZm-hcn
Dhw
ssae
\nc-I
\ofw
IrjvW
Imthcn
\aZ
Xm]vXn
]n-a-Lw ]na
(\m-kn-Iv)
Lw
(a--lm_-te-iz
]n-aLw
({_-Kncn
Ipp-I)
ssame\nc-I
apmbv
]oT-`qan
587 In.-ao.
1465 In.-ao.
140 In.-ao.
800 In.-ao.
1312 In.-ao.
724 In.-ao.
{]-[m\
t]mjI
\Zn-I
C_v
sS
C{-hXn
i_cn
òa
XpwK-`{Z
I_\n
AacmhXn
lnc
kP
BK
Kn\
]X-\ew
_wKm
D-S
_wKm
D-S
_wKm
D-S
_wKm
D-S
Ad_n
-S
Ad_n
-S
137
tNmZy-
1.
knp, {_-]p{X Fo \Zn-Isf kqN-I--fpsS ASn-m-\-n Xmc-Xayw
sNbvXp kmay-hy-Xymk Fgp-Xp-I.

kqN-I
-
D-h
m\w
t]mj-I-\-Zn-I
Fn-t-cp kap-{Z-`mKw
(4)
2. D-c-]hX taJ-e-bp-ambn _-sv NphsS \In-bn-p ^vtfmNmn

a, b, c, d, e, f Fn-h Is-n Fgp-Xp-I.
Score 3
Dc ]hX taJe
lnam-e-b \nc-I
{Smkv lnam-e-b
Ing- ae-\n-c-I
\nc-I
a
lnam-N b
Imd-tmdw
Kmtcm
3. sXp-]-Sn-m-d akq Imev ]n-a-L--ns ]Sn-mdv `mK--fn

I\ ag e`n-p-tm Ing- Ncn-hp-I-fn ag Xosc Ipd-bp-hm-\p
ImcWw tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
Score 2
4. Cybn Fm-bn-Spw ag-bpsS Afhv Hcp-t]m-se-b-. ag-bpsS hnX-c-W-nse

Ak-p-en-Xm-hbvp Imc-W- hy-am-p-I.
Score 2
5. Cy-bnse {][m\ ss\kKnI kky-hn-`m-K--fn Hm-Wv DjvW-ta-Jem

ag-m-Sp-I. av ss\kKnI kky-hn-`m-K- Is-p-I.
138
Score 4
6. Dc ]hX taJ-e-bnse {][m\ an\ta-sXv Isn Cu av GsXmw

hnf-Iv A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW-s-gp-Xp-I.
(2)
7. Dc alm-k-a-X-e-ns `qcn-`mKw {]tZ-ipw Fav

ImW-s-Sp-hm-\p Im-c-W- Fsmw ?
(2)
8. sXp-]Snmd Zni-bn ho-ip akq Imns\ Cy

D]-Zzo]v GsXmw imJ-I-fmbn thXn-cnpp? Ah Cy-bpsS
Imem-h--bn sNep-p kzm[o\w Fsmw ?
(5)
9. Cy-bnse GXm\pw kwm-\--fpsS t]cp-I-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p--Xv.

Ahsb ASn-m\amn \-In-bn-p tNmZy-v -D-c-sagpXp-I.
KpP-dmv
Pp-Im-ivao
B{m-{]-tZiv
Im-SIw
]n-a-_w-Km
{Xn-]pc
F) D-cm-b\ tcJ IS-p-t]m-Ip kwm-\- ?

_n) Ad-_n--S-ens Xocv nXn sNp kwm-\- ?
kn) _wKm- D-S-ens Xocv nXn sNp kwm-\- ?
Un) Dc ]h-X-ta-J-e-bn Ds-Sp kwm-\- ?
(4)
10. "\nc-h[n ]-X-\n-c-Ifpw ]oT-`q-an-Ifpw \nd--XmWv Cy-bnse

D]Zzo]nb ]oT-`q-an.' Cu {]m-h-\sb km[q-I-cnv Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
(4)
11. \In-bn-p kqN-I--fpsS ASn-m-\-n e-Zzo-]v, BU-am

\ntm-_m Zzo]p-I Fnh Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
kqN-I
-
BsI Zzo]p-I-fpsS Fw
nXn sNp kap-{Z-`mKw
Cy-bpsS {][m\ Ic-bn \np Zqcw
(3)
12. akq Imp-I-fpsS kzm[o\w ]Sn-m-d Xoc-k-a-Xenepw

Ing- Xoc ka-X-e-nepw Hcp-t]msebmtWm A\p-`-h-s-Sp-Xv?
(2)
13. Nne D]-Zzo-]n-b \Zn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p--Xv.

kqN-I--fpsS ASn-m-\-n \Zn GsXp Is-p-I.
F) a[y {]tZ-inse ssaem \nc-I-fn \np--hnv Ing-tm-sm-gpIn
_wKm D-S-en ]Xn-p-p.
139
_n) alm-cm-jv{S-bnse alm-_-te-iz F e-n-\Spp ]n-a-L

\nc-Ifn \np--hnv _wKm D-S-en ]Xn-p-p.
kn) Ookv KVnse ssaem \nc-I-fn \np--hnv Ad-_n--S-en
]Xn-p-p.
(3)
14. Xmsg Xn-cn-p \Zn-Isf lnam-e-b \Zn-I-fpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-I,

D]-Zzo-]n-b \Zn-I-fpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-I Fn-s\ ]n-I-s-Sp-p-I.
XnkvX
C_v
Nn\m_v
I_\n
am\k
XpwK-`{Z
_nbmkv
BK
(2)
lnam-e-b \Zn-I-fpsS
D]-Zzo-]o-b \Zn-I-fpsS
t]mj-I\
- Z- n-I
t]mj-I\
- Z- n-I
15. A tImf-n\p tbmPn-h B C tImf--fn \np sXc-s-Sp-s-gp-Xp-I. (3)

A
ssiXy-Imew
amwtKm-j-h
HIvtSm-_ NqSv
DjvWI
- mew
]na Akz-X
]m-_n ssiXy-Ime ag
hS-p-In-g-
Im ss_imJn
akq-Wns
akq Imew
]nhm-
16. Ing- Xoc-k-a-X-e-n-sbpw ]Sn-m-d Xoc-k-a-Xensbpw

GsX-nepw \mev khn-ti-j-X-I ]n-I-s-Sp-p-I.
(4)
17. NphsS \In-bn-p kqN-\-I-fn \npw \Zn-I GsXm-s-bm-sWv

Isn Ah-bpsS GsX-nepw cv khn-ti-j-X-I Fgp-Xp-I.
F) ssIemk ]h-X-\n-c-bnse "sNa-bpMvZpv' lnam\nbn \nv
D-hn-p \Zn
_n) `Ko-cYn \Znbpw AfI\\Znbpw tZh-{]-bm-Kn hv kn tijw
Hmbn Hgp-Ip \Zn.
Score 3
18. Cy-bnse EXp--fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-n

Hcp hnh-cWw Xm-dm-p-I.
(6)
140
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
knp Sn_-nse am\-k-k-tcm-h {_-]p{X sNa-bp-MvZpMv F lnam-\-nbn

\npw Qew, Nn\m-_v, chn, _nbm-kv, kXvePv Fn-h-bmWv knp \Zn-bpsS
t]mj-I\
- Z- n-I.
{_-]p{X In-g-tm-sm-gp-Ip-p. _wKm D-S-en ]Xn-p-p.
knp-\Zn ]Sn-m-tdm-sm-gpIn Ad-_n--S-en ]Xn-p-p.
2.
F) lnam-{Zn, _n) knhm-en-Iv, kn) eUm-Iv, C) Jmkn, F^v) Pb-nb/]mSvssI_pw
3.
sXp-]-Sn-mdv \np hoip akq Imp-Isf ]n-a-Lw XS-bp--Xn-\m

Cu ]h-X-\n-c-I-fpsS ]Sn-mdv `mKv AXn-i--amb ag e`n-p-p.
Fm Cu \nc-I-fpsS Ingv `mKv sXp-]-Sn-m-d Imv Fp-tm
Imns Cuw Ipd-bp--Xn-\m ]n-a-L--ns Ing-p-`m-Kv ag Xosc
Ipd-bpp.
4.
kap{Z kmao]yw
kap-{Z-n \np AIew
]h-X--fpsS m\w
Imns Zni
5.
DjvW-ta-Jem Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-I

apsSnIfpw Ipn-s-Sn-Ifpw
I ImSp-I
]hX h\-
6.
]hX av
tKmX-v, _men, tNmfw, tXbn-e, Imn, Bn, B{]n-tmv
(GsXnepw 2 hnf-I FgpXpI.)
7.
knp--Kw-K--{_--]p{X \Zn-Ifpw t]mj-I-\-Zn-Ifpw lnam-ebn \npw

hln-p-sIm-p-h-cp Ah-km-Z- ASn-p-IqSn Fav cq]-s-Spp.
8.
Atd-_y imJ, _wKm, {Xn]pc

Atd_y imJ, _wKm DS imJ Fn-h-bpsS KXn
hnh-cnv Ah Imem-h--bn sNep-p kzm[o\w Fgp-Xp-I.
9.
F) KpP-dmv, ]n-a-_w-Km, {Xn]pc
_n) KpP-dm-v, IWmSIw
kn) B{m-{]-tZiv, ]n-a-_w-Km
Un) Pp-Im-ivao, {Xn]pc
141
10. ]h-X-\n-c-I Bc-hn, ]n-a-L-w, ]qh-Lw, hny, kXv]pc

]oT-`q-an-I amh ]oT-`qan, Um ]oT-`q-an, tNmm \mKv]q ]oT-`qan
11.
e-Zzo]v
36 Zzo]p-I, 11 F-n P\-hmkw
Ad-_n--S-en nXn sNp-p.
BU-am \ntm--_m Zzo]ns\ At]-nv Zqc-p-d-hv.
BU-am \ntm-_m Zzo]p-I
BsI 222 Zzo]p-I
_wKm D-S-en nXn sNp-p.
e-Zzo-]ns\ At]-nv Zqcw IqSp-X.
12. ]Sn-m-d Xoc-k-a-X-e--fn sXp-]-Sn-m-d akq Imv kzm[o-\n-pp.

Cu Imns kzm-[o\w ChnsS i-amb ag \Ip-p.
Ing- Xoc-k-a-X-e--fn hSp-Xn-gt akq Imv kzm-[o-\n-pp.
Cu kok-Wn ChnsS ag e`n-p-p.
13. F alm-\Zn
_n IrjvWm-\Zn
kn) \Zm \Zn
14. lnam-e-b \Zn-I-fpsS
D]-Zzo-]n-b \Zn-I-fpsS
t]mj-I-\-Zn-I
t]mj-I-\-Zn-I
XnkvX
C_v
am\kv
XpwK-`{Z
_nbmkv
I_\n
Nn\m_v
BK
142
15. F
_n
kn
ssiXy-Imew
]na Akz-X
]m-_n ssiXy-Ime ag
DjvWI
- mew
amwtKm-j-h
Im ss_imJn
hS-p-In-g-
akq Imew
akq-Wns
]nhm-
HIvtSm-_ NqSv
16. ]mT]pkvXIw t]Pv 72 se ]n-I-bnse GsX-nepw \mse-w.

17. F) {_-]p{X,
_n) KwK
KwK, {_-]p{X Fn-h-bpsS cp hoXw khn-ti-j-X-I Fgp-X-Ww.

18. ssiXy-Imew khn-ti-j-X-I hnhcnp-I.
DjvW-Imew khn-ti-j-X-I hnh-cn-p-I.
sXp-]-Sn-m-d akq Imew khn-ti-j-X-I hnh-cn-p-I.
h-S-p-In-g- akq Imew hnh-cn-p-I.
143
bqWnv 5
Cy km-n-I-`q-an-imkv{Xw
BapJw
GsXmcp cmPy-n-sbpw km-n-I-h-f-bn \nm-b-I-amb ]v hln-pXv Ahn-Sps hn`h e`y-X-bm-Wv.-ssh-hn-[y-am hn`-h--fm k--amWv Cy.
hnhn[ Imjn-I taJe-I,-Imjn-I-Im-e-, Imjn-I-hn-f-I, hyh-km-b-,
KXm-K-Xa
- m- Fnh F-s\-bmWv Cy-bpsS km-n-I-nXn sa-s-Sp-m
klm-b-I-am-bXv F-XmWv Cu ]mT-`m-Kv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p--Xv.
Bi-b-
1.
Irjn : Cy Hcp ImjnIcmPy-am-Wv. sshhn-[y-am hnf-I-fmWv Cybn IrjnsN-p--Xv. Fm Fm-hn-f-Ifpw Fm-Im-e--fnepw Irjn-sN-m km[n-p-n-.
Jmcn-^v, dm_n, -sskZv Fn-h-bmWv Cy-bnse {][m\ Imjn-I-Im-e-. `y
hnf-I, \mWy-hn-f-I, tXm-hn-f-I Fn-h-bmWv Cy-bnse {][m\ Imjn-Ihnf-I. s\v, tKmX-v, tNmfw Fn-h-bmWv {][m\ `y-hn-f-I. ]cp-n, NWw,
Icnv Fn-hb
- mWv {][m\ \mWy-hn-fI
- . tXbn-e,- Imn, d Fn-hb
- mWv {][m\
tXm-hn-fI
- .
2. hyh-kmbw : IrjnA[n-jvTnXhyh-km-b-, [mXpA[n-jvTnXhyh-km-b

- Fnh-bmWv Cy-bnse {][m\ hyh-km-b-.- A-kw-kvIrX hkm-Xp-, Pe-e-`y-X,
[mXp--fpsS e`y-X, KXm-KXkuIcy-, Xpd-ap-J-km-an-]yw, Irjn-bpsS tI{o-IcWw Fn-h-bmWv Cu hyh-km-b- Nne {]tXy-I-ta-J-e-I- tI{o-I-cn-m
Imc-Ww. h\-hn-`-hm-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-bw, cmk-hy-h-km-bw, XpWn-hy-h-km-bw, XpI,
Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn-Iv, Iyq Fo hyh-km-b-fpw Cy-bn hnImkw t\Sn-bn-p-v.
3. KXm-KXw : tdmUv KXm-K-Xw, sdbnK-Xm-K-Xw, Pe-K-Xm-K-Xw, thyma-K-Xm-KXw Fnh-bmWv Cy-bnse {][m\ KXm-K-X-am-. hnhn[-Xcw tdmUp-I tZio-b-]m-XI, kwm-\]
- m-XI
- , Pnm-tdm-Up-I, {KmaoWtdmUp-I, Cy sdbnth-bpsS
16 taJ-eI
- , Ah-bpsS Bm-\- {][m\ PeKXm-K-X-am-, 12 {][m\ Xpdap-J
- thyma-K-Xm-KXwAm-cmjv{S hnam-\-m-hf
-
- s]mXp-ta-Je
- - F-bsse\p-I Fb-C-y, Cy- F-bssekv.
tNmZy-
1.
NphsS sImSp-n-p `qan-imkv{X LS-I- GsXmw hnf-I-fp-tS-Xm-sWv

Xncn--dnv ]n-I-s-Sp-p-I.
(3)
Xm]-\ne
a. icm-icn Xm]-\ne 24 C
b. hnf-hn-d-p ka-bv 10 C
hnf-sh-Spv ka-bv 15 C-20 C
c. DjvW-Im-ev 20 C-25 C
ssiXy-Im-ev 8 C-15 C
hj-]mXw
50-70 cm
75 cm
150 cm
144
2. ImjnI {]h-\-sf ASn-m-\-amn hne-bn-cp-p-tm s\Ir-jnsb

At]-nv tKmX-vIr-jn-p {]tXy-I-X-I Fs-m-amWv?
(2)
3. NphsS sImSp- n-p hnf-Isf `y-hn-f-I, \mWy-hn-f-I, tXm-hn-f-I
Fn-s\ ho-I-cn-pI
tXbne - NWw s\v tKmXv d Icnv
(3)
4. -Jm-cn-^v, dm_n Imjn-I-Im-e- Xn-ep hyXym-k- Fs-m-amWv? (2)

5. ]cpn, NWw Fo \mWy- h n- f - I m- h - i y- a mb `qan- i m- k v { X- L - S - I -
Fs-m-amWv?
(2)
6. tXm-hn-f-I-fmb tXbn-e, Imn Fn-h-bvm-h-iy-amb `qan-im-kv{X-L-S-I-
GsX-m-amWv?
(2)
7. ]-kmcanpI IqSp-Xepw Icnv IrjnsNp e- tI{o-Ic
- nncnp-p.
Fm- b n- c npw CXn- \ p ImcWw? Icnv Irjnbv v th A\p- t bm- P yL-SI
- - Fs-m-amWv?
(3)
8. Irjn A[n-jT
v n-X h
- y-hk
- m-b
- ]eXpw D-ca
- l
- m-ka
- X
- e
-
- tI{o-Ic
- n-pw, [mXp
A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b- D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan tI{o-I-cn-p-amWv ImW-s-Sp--Xv.
Fm-bn-cnpw CXns Imc-W-?
(4)
9. [mXp-A[
- n-jvTn-Xh
- y-h-km-b
- -fpw, Imjn-Im-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b
- fpw IqSm-sX Cybn {]hn-p GsX-nepw 4 hyh-km-b--fpsS t]sc-gp-XpI.
(2)
10. Cy-bn tdmUvirw-Je IqSp-Xe
- mbn ImW-s-Sp-Xv GXv `q{]-Ir-Xn-hn-`m-K
- f
- n-emWv?
Fm-bn-cnpw CXn\v ImcWw?
(2)
11. sdbn, tdmUv KXmKXs At]-nv D\m-S Pe-K-Xm-K-X-n-\p ta-I
Fs-m-amWv?
(3)
12. Cybn 12 {][m\ Xpd-ap-J--fm-Wp--Xv. Ah-bn ]q-Xo-c-p--Xpw, ]na
Xoc-p-Xpw GsXm-s-bm-sWv ]n-I-s-Sp-p-I.
(6)
13. `q{]-IrXn Cy-bpsS thyma-K-Xm-K-Xs F{X-tmfw kzm[o-\n-n-cn-pp? Cybnse B`y-c thyma-K-Xm-K-Xs ASn-m-\-amn D-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
(2)
14.
- tImf-nse hnh-c--\p-k-cnv
-tImf-n-ep hnh-c-
{Ia-s-Sp-p-I.
A
Smm Ccp-p-cp-vime
hntiz-i-c Ccp-p-cp-vime
lnp-m o enan-Uv
Cy Ab & o I\n
Ipn
`nembv
`{Zm-hXn
Pwj-Uv]q
145
(4)
15. Cy-bn D\m-S Pe-K-Xm-K-X-n\v A\p-Iq-e-amb \nc-h[n km[y-X-I Dv.

Ah GsXm-s-bmWv?
(4)
16. Cy-bpsS cq]-tc-J-bn NphsS sImSp-n-p e- tcJ-s-Sp-p-I. (4)
Imve Xpd-ap-Jw, dqte Ccp-p-cp-vim-e, D-c-a-[y-sd-bnth-bpsS Bm-\w,
IrjvW \Zn
17. "Cy-bnse P\-Po-hn-X-n KXm-K-X-am- sNep-p kzm[o\w' F
hnj-b-n Hcp skan-\m t] Xm-dm-p-I.
(6)
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
s\v
: Xm]-\ne 240
hj-]mXw 150
: Xm]-\ne
: hnf-hn-d-p-tm 100C
hnf-sh-Sp-p-tm 150C - 200C
hj-]mXw : 50 - 70 cm
: Xm]-\ne
: DjvW-Im-ev 200C - 250C
ssiXy-Im-ev 80C - 150C
hj-]mXw : 75 cm
tKmXv
tNmfw
(3)
2. s\Ir-jn-bvm-hi
- y-amb Rmdv]dn-p-\-S, shw tXI XpS-nb {]h-\-
Bhiy-an-m-X
- n-\m Irjn sXmgn-em-fn-If
- psS Fw Xmc-Xt- ay\ Ipdhv aXn.
(2)
3. `y-hn-f-I
\mWy-hn-f-I
tXmhnf
: s\v, tKmXv
: ]cp-n, NWw
: tXbn-e, d
(3)
4. Jmcn^v :
akq-Wns Bcw-`-n Irjn-bn-dpw

akq-Wns Ah-km-\-tmsS hnf-sh-Sppw
dm_n
ssiXy-Im-e-ns Bcw-`-n Irjn-bn-dpw

th\-ens Bcw-`-n hnf-sh-Sppw
5. ]cpn :
NWw
6. tXbne :
Imn
(2)
Xm]-\ne 200C apX 300C hsc

ap-ho-gvN-bn-m 200 Znh-k-
(2)

hj-]mXw 150 cm A[nIw
(2)

hj-]mXw 200 apX 250 cm hsc
(2)

hj-]mXw 150 cm A[nIw
(2)
7. Icn-nXv hnf-sh-Sp-m Npcp-nb ka-b-n-\p-n AXns \osc-Sp-t-Xp-v. As-n \ocns Af-hpw, \ocnse kpt{Im-kns Afhpw Ipd-bpw.
146
NqSp B{Z-Im-em-h-. Xm]-\ne 200C apX 300C hsc. hmjnI hj-]mXw 100
apX 150 cm hsc
(3)
8. Irjn A[n-jvTn-X-hy-h-km-b- D-tc-y ka-X-e- tI{o-I-cn-m ImcWw
Akw-kv-Ir-X-h-kvXp--fpsS e`y-X, \Zo-km-ao-]yw, ê-]p-jvSn-bp av, A\p-Iqe-amb Imem-h-. [mXpA[n-jvTn-X-hy-h-km-b- D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan tI{o-I-cnm ImcWw [mXp-k--v, Akwkv-Ir-X-h-kvXp-, Pe-e-`y-X.
(4)
9. h\-hn-`-hm-[n-jvTn-X-hy-h-kmbw, cmk-hy-kmbw, XpWn-hy-h-kmbw, XpIhy-h-kmbw,
Iyq-hy-hk
- mbw, Ce-Itv {Sm-WnIv hyh-kmbw (C-hb
- n GsX-nepw 4 Fw)
(2)
10. D-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-, Xoc-k-a-X-e-, D]-Zzo-]o-b-]o-T-`qan Fn-hn-S--fn-emWv
tdmUvirw-Je IqSp-X. Ccw `q-{]-tZ-i
- tdmUv\nm-W
- n-\pw, hnI-k\
-
- n\pw
A\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv.
(2)
11. Pe-]m-X-I-fpsS \nm-W--]p-\-cp-m-c-W-{]-h-\-v sNehv Ipd-hm-Wv. hmbp
aen-\o-I-c-Ww, i_vZ-a-en-\o-I-cWw Fnh Ipd-hm-Wv. htXm-Xn Nc-v\o--n\v
klm-bI
- w.
(3)
12.
]n-a-Xocw
Ive
apwss_
a-tKmh
awK-em-]pcw
sImn
]q-Xocw
Xqp-pSn
sNss
Ftm
hnim-J-]-Ww
]mc-Zzo-]v, lmUn-b, sIm
(6)
13. tdmUv--sd-bnth \nm-W-n\v {]bm-k-ta-dnb D-c--]q-ta-J-e-I-fn km[yamb KXm-K-X-amw thyma-K-Xm-K-X-am-Wv.

(2)
14.
Smm Ccp-p-cp-vime
hntiz-i-c Ccp-p-cp-vime
lnp-m o enan-Uv
Cy Ab & o I\n
Pwj-Uv]q
`{Zm-hXn
`nembv
Ipn
(4)
15. \Zn-I KwK,- {_--]p-{X, alm-\-Zn, tKmZm-h-cn, IrjvW, Imthcn Ch-bpsS t]mj-I\-Zn-I, tIc-f-nse Imb-ep-I, B{m-{]-tZ-iv, Xan-gv\mSv Fn-hn-S--fnse
_nwKvlmw I\m-ep-I.
(3)
16. icn-bmb coXn-bn NphsS sImSp-n-p hkvXp-X-I tcJ-s-Sp-p--Xn\v (4)
(a) Imve,
(b) dqt-e,
(c) Ae-l-_m-Zv,
(d) IrjvW
17. Cy-bnse {][m\ KXm-K-X-am- tdmUp-I, sdbnth, Pe-K-Xm-K-Xw,

thyma-K-Xm-KXw Ch Hmtcmpw hni-Zo-I-cnv Ah P\-Po-hn-X-n kzm[o-\n-pXv F-s\-sbv kan-p-I.
(6)
147
bqWnv 6
Cy am\-hnI-`q-an-imkv{Xw
BapJw
Cy-bn Fm-bn-Spw P\kwJymhnX-cWw Hcp-t]m-se-b. CXn\v \nc-h[n ImcW--fp-v, a\p-jys nc-Xm-akw hmke--fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-n\v Imc-W-am-bn.
hmk--e--fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-n\v Nne `qan-im-kv{XLSI kzm[o-\n-p--Xmbn
ImWmw. Hcp {]tZ-i-ns P\-kw-Jym-L-S-\-bn amw hcp-p--Xn IpSn-tb--mv
]p-v, IpSn-tb---fn ImWp sshhn-[yw, Ah Dm-p KpW-tZm-j- Fnh
hni-I-e-hn-t[-b-amn [mc-W-I cq]-s-Sp-pI Fn-h-bmWv Cu bqWn-n-eqsS {]Xn-]mZn-p--Xv.
Bi-b-
1.
cmPyv \nn-X-Imew Xma-kn-p P\--fpsS F-amWv P\-kw-Jy.
2. P\-kwJy Hcp am\-h-hn-`-h-am-Wv.

3. P\-kw-Jym-hn-X-c-W-n Ak-p-en-Xm-h \ne-\np-p.
4. {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-sf hnI-kn-nv cmjv{S-]p-tcm-K-Xnv D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-m am\-h-hn`hw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
5. Hcp cmPys P\-kw-Jym-L-S-\sb kzm[o-\n-p LS-I-amWv IpSn-tb-w.
6. IpSn-tbw \nc-h[n KpW-^-e--fpw, tZmj-^-e-fpw krjvSn-p-p.
7. hmk--e-sf {Kmao-W-hm-k--e-, \K-c-hm-k--e- Fn-s\ Xncn-mhp--Xm-Wv.
8. BIrXn, hepw Fn-h-bpsS ASn-m-nepw hmk--e-sf Xncn-m-hp-Xm-Wv.
P\-kwJym \nLp
P\-kwJy : Hcp cmPyv \nn-XI
- m-ev Xma-kn-p P\-f
- psS BsI F-amWv
P-\-kwJy.
P\-km-{X : P\-kw-Jy-bpw, e-hn-kvXr-Xnbpw Xn-ep A\p-]mX-amWv P\-km{-X. AXm-bXv Hcp NXp-c{i Intem-ao- Np-f-hn A[n-h-kn-p P\-f
- psS Fs-bmWv P\-km-{X Fp-]-d-bp--Xv.
P\-kw-Jym-h-f : Hcp {]tXyI es P\-kw-Jy-bn \nn-X-Im-e-b-f-hn-\n-Sbn Dm-Ip h-\-hn-s\-bmWv P\-kw-Jym-h-f Fp-]-d-bp--Xv.
kv{Xo-]p-cp-jm-\p-]mXw : BsI P\-kw-Jy-bn 1000 ]pcp-jamv F{X kv{XoI
F-XmWv kv{Xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]m-Xw.
{]mb-LS- \ : \h-Pm-Xi
- n-ip- apX hram hsc AS-p hnhn[ {]mb-msc
{Kqp-I-fmbn Xncnv BsI P\-kw-Jy-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNp--XmWv {]mb-L-S\
F-Xp-sIm-p-t-in-p--Xv.
148
]mfn--\n-cv : BsI P\-kw-Jy-bn sXmgn-se-Sp-p--h-cpsS hnln-X-amWv

]m-fn--\n-c-v.
B{i-b-Xz-\n-cv : BsI P\-kw-Jy-bn sXmgn sNp--hsc B{i-bnv Pohn-p-h-cpsS A\p-]m-X-am-Wn-Xv.
km-c-Xm-\n-cv : Aw a\-n-emn Fgp-Xp-hm\pw hmbn-m-\p-ap Ign-hn-s\bmWv km-c -X Fp-] -d-b p--X v. BsI P\-k w-Jy-b n km-c -c m-b-h-cpsS
A\p-]m-X-amWv km-c-Xm-\n-c-v.
BbqssZLyw : Hcp cmPys P\- F{X-h-b-p-hsc Pohn-p-p-sh
icm-icn IW-n-s\-bmWv BbqssZLyw Fp-]-d-bp--Xv.
tNmZy-
1.
P\-kwJym hni-Ie
- \w Hcp cmPy-ns ]ptcm-K-Xnv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. FmWv P\kw-Jym-hn-i-I-e-\-ns Bh-iy-IX ?
(3)
2. D-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e--fn P\-km-{X IqSp-X-em-Wv. F-m-bn-cnpw CXns Imc-W ?

(2)
3. P\-kw-Jym-h-\hv Hcp cmPyv Fsmw kmaq-ly-{]-iv\- krjvSn-m-dpv?.
(2)
4. ""IpSn-tbw Hcp cmPy-ns kmaq-ln-I, kmwkvm-cnI, km-n-I-ta-J-e-I-fn am hcp-pp''. \n-fpsS A`n-{]mbw km[q-I-cn-p-I.
(3)
5. {Kma--fn \nv \K-c--fn-te-p IpSn-tb--amWv \psS cmPyv hym]-I-ambn
ImWp--Xv. at-sXm-s-cw IpSn-tb---fmWv cmPyv \S-p-Xv?
(3)
6. IpSn-tbw Hcp {]tZ-i-ns P\-kw-Jym-L-S-\sb amw hcp-m-dp-tm. \n-fpsS
A`n-{]mbw km[q-I-cn-p-I.
(3)
7. NphsS \In-bn-p-h IpSn-tb--v Imc-W-am-Ip Nne LS-I--fm-Wv. Ahsb
Xcw-Xn-cnv Xn-p ]n-I-bn-se-gp-Xp-I.
Zmcn-{Zyw, hnhm-lw, bpw, sa-s sXmgn-e-h-k-c-, sa-s Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy, sXmgn-en-m-bva.
\n_-n-X-L-S-I-
BIjn-X-L-S-I-
(3)
8. Fm {]tZ-i--fnepw hmk--e- cq]-s-Sm-dn-. Fp-sImv?
(2)
9. Hcp Db {]tZ-i-p-\nv hmk--e--fpsS Iqs hon-m Nne cq]-am-Xr-II ImWm Ign-bn-t? \n-dn-bm-hp A-c-n-ep GsX-nepw aqv amXrI-I Isn hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.
(3)
149
10. tkh-\-sf ASn-m-\-amn Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p \K-c-sf

]n-Is
- -Sp-p-I.
Aar-X-k, aptm-dn, `nem-bv, {io\-K, a[p-c, Dun, Uln, PwjvUv]q.
(4)
11. {Kma--fn \nv \K-c--fn-te-p IpSn-tbw \K-c-sf P\-kw-Jym-hn-kvt^m-S-\n-te-mWv \bn-p--Xv. Ch Fsmw {]iv\--fmWv krjvSn-p-Xv? (3)
12. C-y-bn \K-c-sf ho-I-cn-n-cn-p-Xv Nne am\-Z-WvU-sf ASn-m-\-am-nbm-Wv. Ah Fs-m-amWv?
(4)
13. {Kmao-W-hm- k --e- fpw \K-c -hm-k - -e- fpw Xn-ep hyXym-k -s a-s m
-s-bm-Wv ?
(4)
14. NphsS sImSpn-cn-p ^vtfmNmv ]qo-I-cn-p-I.
]Ww
(3)
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
Dev]m-Z-\-n\v Bh-iy-amb am\-h-ti-jn-bpsS e`yX Adn-bm.
(3)
ASn-m\ kuI-cy-, Dev]--, tkh-\- Fn-hb

- psS Bhiyw Xn-s-Spm-. cmPy-ns P\-kwJym{]-iv\- Xncn--dn-bm-\pw, ]cn-lm-c-am- Bkq{XWw sNp-hm-\pw.
2. ê-]pjvSnbp av, Pe-e-`y-X.
(2)
3. ]n-Wn, Zmcn-{Zyw, sXmgn-en-m-bva, A-co--a-en-\o-I-c-Ww.
(2)
4. Hcp es P\--fpsS Pohn-X-co-Xnb kzm[o-\n-p kmaqly Npp-]m-Sp-I,

kmwkvm-cnI hn\n-a-bw, km-nI ]ptcm-K-Xn, amen-\y-{]iv\w, e-]-cn-anXn
(G-sX-nepw 3 Fw)
(3)
5. {Kma--fn \nv {Kma--fn-te-v, \K-c--fn \nv \K-c--fn-te-v, \K-c--fn
\nv {Kma--fn-te-v.
(3)
6. IpSn-tb-
- ns ê-ambn cp-e
-
- f
- n-tebpw P\-kwJy ]p\hn-Xc
- W
-
- n\v hnt[b-am-Ip-p. Bfp-I GXv taJe-bn \nv t]mIp-pthm AhnsS P\-kwJy Ipd-bpp. Bfp-I hp-tN-cp {]tZ-i--fn P\-kwJy IqSp-p.
150
7. \n_-n-X-L-S-I- : Zmcn-{Zyw, bpw, sXmgn-en-mbva

BIjILS-I
-
: hnhm-lw, sa-s sXmgn-e-h-k-c-,
sa-s Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-.
(3)
8. hmk--e--fpsS cq]-s-S-en\v Nne A\p-Iq-e-L-S-I- Bh-iy-am-Wv. `q{]-Ir-Xn, Pee-`y-X, ans ê-]p-jvSn, KXm-K-X-ku-I-cy-, Imem-h-.
(2)
9. tcJo-b-am-XrI
tdmUp-Itm, \Zn-Itm kam--c-ambn

sIn-S
- cq]w-sIm-p- -tm.
hrm-Im-ca
- m-XrI :
Hcp Pem-i-b-n-t\m, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-nt\m Nppw

sIn-S
- cq]w-sIm-p-tm.
{XntIm-Wa
- m-XrI
tdmUp-I, sdbn-ep-I, \Zn-I Ch ]c-kv]cw

JWvUn-p e-v.
10. `c-W-\-Kcw
hyh-km-b-\-Kcw
kmwkvm-cn-I\
- -Kcw
kpJ-hm-k-\-Kcw
:
:
:
:
(3)
Uln, {io\-K
`nem-bv, Pwj-Uv]q
a[p-c, Aar-Xvk
Dun, aqdn
11. {Sm^nIv XS--, tNcn-I, ]cn-k-c-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww,

`h-\-c-ln-X-cpsS {]iv\-, Pe-m-aw, ]I-hym-[n-I.
(3)
12. 1. 5000- A[n-Iw-t] Xma-kn-p \K-c-

(4)
2. 75% A[n-Iw-t] Imjn-tI-X-c-{]-h-\--fn Gs-n-cn-p {]tZ-i-
3. NXp-c{i Iotem-ao--dn 400- A[nIw P\-km-{-X-bp {]tZ-i-
4. ap\n-kn-m-en-n-I, tIm-td-j, Itmsap-I.
13. {Kmao-W-hm-k--e-
\K-c-hm-k--e-
14.
: Irjnbpw {]h-\--fp-amWv {Kmao-W-cpsS (4)

{][m\ sXmgnta-J-e. P\--fn `qcn-`m-Khpw
Irjnsb B{i-bnv Pohn-p-p.
: ]mn-S- ASp-Spmbn ]Wn-bpI-bpw, P\-
Imjn-tI-Xc sXmgnta-J-e-I-fn {i-sN-ep-pIbpw sNp-p. hmWn-Py-hy-h-km-b--fpw, hyXy-kvX-fmb tkh-\-ta-J-e-I-fp-amWv \K-c-fpsS apJ-ap-{Z.
]Ww
\Kcw
(3)
sat{Sm-t]m-fn- \Kcw
saKm-tem-t]m-fnkv
151
bqWnv 7
-`q-an-imkv{Xw Hscm--`qan
BapJw
hfsc A-]q-X-If
- p {Kl-amWv \mw A[n-hk
- n-p `qan. `qan-bn am{Xta ssPha-WvUew ImW-sSpp-q. hnhn-[-Xcw kky-P-p-Pm-e- Ds-Sp ssPh-kq-a-lhpw
Ah-bpsS \ne-\n-ev]n-\m-h-iy-amb ssPh AssP-h-L-S-I-fpw IqSn-t-XmWv ssPh
-a-WvU-ew. inem-aWvU-ew, Pe-a-WvU-ew, hmbp-a-WvUew Fnh DsSp AssPh Ah-bn-ep `qan-bmWv ù-a-a-WvU-ew. `qan-bnse hnhn[ aWvU-e-, Ah-bpsS khn-ti-jX-I, Ah {]-Ir-Xn-bn sNep-p kzm[o-\- Fn-h-bmWv Cu Aym-b-n ]T\-hn-j-b-am-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.
Bi-b-/hkvXp-X-I
*
ssPh-aW
- vUew : `qan-bnse Poh-Pm-e
- f
- psS Bhm-kh
- y-h--I tNXmWv ssPha-WvUe
- w.
_tbm-ap-I : ssPh-a-WvUe
-
- nse Hmtcm Bhm-kh
- y-h--bnepw _tbm-ap-If
- m-Wv.
{][m\ _tbm-ap-I : h\-, acp-`q-an-I, ]pta-Sp-I, Pem-ib

-
- , D-X
X-S
-
ùa-a-WvUew : AssPh Ah--bn-ep `qansb ùa-aWvUew Fp-hn-fn-p-p.
LS-I
-
Pe-aW
- U
v ew : ùtam-]c
- n-Xe
-
- nse kap-{Z-, XSm-I
- , \Zn-I, lnam-\n-I Fn-s\-bp Pe-t{km-X-p-I Ds-Sp-p.
hmbpa-WvUew : `qansb Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-p hmX-I]

- n-WvUa
- mWv hmbp-aW
- vUew
AYhm A-co-w.
inem-a-WvUew : `qhevw apX amn hsc-bp `mK-amWv inem-a-WvU-ew.
tNmZy-
1.
NphsS \evIn-bn-p-Xv Nne _tbm-ap-I-fpsS D]-{Kq-p-I-fm-Wv. Ah Hmtcmpw GtXXp

_tbm-apIfn Ds-Sp-p-shv Isn Fgp-Xp-I.
* DjvW-ta-Jem kma * kap-{Z- * Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-I * ssiXy-a-cp-`q-an-I
(4)
2. ]Z-kq-cy ]qn-bm-pI.
(4)
152
3. ]hn-g
- p-p-Is
- f-p-dn-p ka-Im-en-I]
- -T\w Ah-bpsS \mi-ns\p-dnv hfsc `bm\-Ia
- mb hkvXp-XI
- f
- mWv shfn-s-Sp-p-X
- .v A-co-
- nse Im_ Utbm-Is
v skUns Af-hn-ep-m-Ip h-\hv AXn\v hgn-sX-fn-p-ptm?. \n-fpsS A`n{]m-bs km[q-I-cn-p-I.
(3)
4. hymh-km-bn-I-]p-tcm-KXn ssIh-cn ssN\-bnse jmMvlmbv \K-c-n hml-\-K-XmKXw {Iao-I-cn-p-hm kwhn-[m\w Gs-Sp-n-bn-p-v. C-c-samcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Spm Ahsc t{]cn-n hkvXp-X-I hni-Zo-I-cnv Ipdn-s-gp-Xp-I.
(3)
5. ""mn-ns Aan-tXm-]-tbmKw krjvSn-p ]cn-n-Xn-{]-iv\-'' F skan-\mdn \nv Ds-Sp-m Ign-bp \mev hkvXp-X-I Fgp-Xp-I.
(4)
6. "BtKm-f-Xm-]-\w-aqew kap-{Z-Pe Dujvamhv hn-pp'. kap-{Z-Pe Dujvamhv
hn-p--Xns ]cn-Wn-X-^-e- hni-Zo-I-cnv Ipdn-s-gp-Xp-I.
(3)
7. hy-Xymkw Ipdn-p-I.
_tbm-ap-I
ssPh-a-WvUew
(2)
8. ]cn-n-Xnv {]Xym-Lm-X--fp-m-p a\p-jys {]hr-nIpZm-l-c-W-amWv

Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fpsS \nmWw {]kvXm-h-\sb km[q-I-cnv Ipdn-s-gp-Xp-I. (5)
9. ]cn-nXn kwc--W-n\pw kwXp-en-Xm-h-bvpw hnLm-S-I (kq-va-Po-hn-I)
hln-p ]v Fsv hy-am-p-I.
(2)
10. cmk-hy-h-km-b- Bcw-`n-p--Xn-s\-Xn-cmbn ]cn-n-Xn-{]-h-I-cpsS t\Xr-Xzn P\-tcmjw Db k`--fp-v. Fm-bn-cnmw CXn\p ImcWw? (4)
11. A-ag Dm-Ip--sX-s\? A-ag Dm-p {]Xym-Lm-X- Fsmw? (4)
12. a\p-jy \S- p hnI-k-\-{]-h-\ Bhm-k-hy-h-bvv tZmj-ambn
`hn-m-dp-v. cv k`-sa-gpXn \ymbo-I-cn-p-I.
(3)
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
DjvW-ta-J-em-km-h
kap-{Z-
Ce-s]m-gn-bpw-Im-Sp-I
ssiXy-a-cp-`q-an-I
2.
acp-`q-an-I
3.
]pta-Sp-I
Pem-ib
-
-
h\-
acp-`q-an-I
]pta-Sp-I
Pem-i-b-
D-X-X-S-
Im_ ssU HmIvsskUv ag-sh-h

- p-ambn tNv Imt_m-WnIv A-ambn
amdp-p.
CXv kap-{Z-ns AX hn-n-p-p.
]hn-g
- p-p-I onw-Kn-\p-hn-t[-ba
- mbn Pon-p-Ibpw Zp_-es
- -Sp-Ibpw sNp-p.
153
4.
5.
hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn \npw hml-\--fn \npw ]pd-p-h-cp ]pI-bn ASn-bn-cn-p hmX-I- kqcy-{]-Im-i-m cmk-{]-h-\-n Gs-Sp-p.
]pI-]-Sew aqe-ap-m-Ip aqSa-mb kvtamKv cq]-s-Sp-p.
\K-c
- nse hml-\k
-
- m-c
- n\pw P\-Po-hn-X
- n\pw {]Xn-_
-
- krjvSn-p
kvtamKv amc-I-amb izmk-tcm-K-pw CS-bm-p-p.
arX-tIm-i--fpsS hnL-S-\-n\p XS-w.

ans LS-\-bnse am-n\p Imc-Ww.
\oscm-gpp XS-bp-p. l `qK`-P-e-ns \ncv Ipd-bp-p.
6.
7.
kap-{Z-Pe {]hm-l--fpsS kz`m-hw, Hgpv Fn-hbvv am-ap-m-Ip-p.

Bn-Iv, Amn-Ivta-J-e-bnse av Dcp-Ip-p.
kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c-p-bv Xoc-{]-tZ-i--fnse Bhm-k-hy-h XI-cp-p.
Hcp {]tXyI kml-N-cy-n \ne-sIm-p Poh-Pm-e--fpsS Bhm-k-hy-h-bmWv _tbmw.
\nc-h[n _tbm-ap-I tN-XmWv ssPh-a-WvU-ew.
8. kzm`m-hnI \oscm-gp-n\v XSw --> Fav Uman ASn-bpp --> Pe-kw`-c-W-tijn Ip-d-bp-p.
Irjnsb _m[n-pp --> cmk-h-f-{]-tbmKw --> BtKm-f-Xm-]\w --> Aag --> AXns {]Xym-Lm-X-.
9.
\in-p-t]m-Ip Poh-Pm-e-sf kqva-Po-hn-I hnL-Sn-nv ans `mK-am-pp.

`qh-ev-nse aqe-I- sImp \nn--s Poh-Pm-e--fpsS tImi-
hopw AssP-h-tem-Ins `mK-ambn amdp-p.
ssPh-a-WvU-e-ns kmnywaqew ]pXnb hkvXp-tfm `mc-q-Sp-Xtem DmIp-n-.
10.
11.
12.
l Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fpsS
hyh-km-b-im-e-bpsS tZmj-h-i- : Im_ ssUtbm-IvsskUv A-hcWw kvtamKv (hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww).

{]Xym-Lm-X- :- t]mfn-]vkns \miw l ]hn-g-p-p-I-fpsS Po-X..
hyh-km-bi
- m-e-I-fn \ntm, An-]-X-kvt^m-S\
- --fn \ntm A-co--nse-pp Im_ssU-tbm-IvsskUv, k^ ssUtbm-IvsskUv Fnh ag-sh-n ebn-p-p.
ag-shw A-am-Ip-p. l Cu Aw ag-bmbn s]p-tm
A-ag Dm-Ip-p. l ]hn-g-p-p-Ipw t]mfn-]vkp-Ipw \miw l kap-{Z-a-en-\o-Ic-Ww.
\nmWw {]Xym-Lm-X-
l hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn \npw k^ ssUtbm-IvsskUv A-ag
l Im_ ssUtbm-Ivssk-Uns Af-hn h-\-hv.
154
bqWnv 8
-hnI-k-\hpw kaq-lhpw
BapJw
km-n-I-im-kv{X-nse ASn-m\ Bi-b--fmb km-n-I-h-f, kmn-Ih
- n-I-k-\w, kpn-c-hn-I-k\w XpS-n-b-h-sb-p-dnv ka-{K-amb [mcW t\Sp--Xn\v
DX-Ipw-hn-[-amWv Cu ]mT-`mKw Xm-dm-n-bn-p--Xv. Cu Bi-b--tfbpw Ah-bpsS ]ckv]-c-_--tbpw Ipdnv ]Tn-p--Xn\pw Ah Cs kmaq-lnI kml-N-cy--fpambn _-s-Spn A\p-`-h--fmn amp--Xn\pw Cu Aymbw ]Tn-p--Xn-eqsS
\nv Ign-b-Ww.
Bi-b-/hkvXp-X-I
Hcp cmPy-ns hcp-am-\-n aphjs At]-n-p-m-Ip h-\-hmWv

km-nI hf.
P\-f
- psS hcp-am-\
- nepw Pohn-XK
- p-W\
- n-eh
- m-c
- nepw Dm-Ip Db-bmWv kmn-I-hn-I-k-\w.
hnI-k\w eyhpw hf AXn-te-p am-hp-am-Wv.

km-n-I-h-f + Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-nse Db = km-n-I-hn-I-k\w
hnI-k-\s ASn-m-\-amn temI-cm-jv{S-sf hnI-kn-X-cm-jv{S-, hnI-kz-c-cmjv{S-, Aev]-hn-I-kn-X-cm-jv{S- Fn-s\ aqmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-p.

cmjv{S-
>
>
hnI-kn-Xcm-jv{S-
hnI-kz-ccm-jv{S-
Aev]-hn-I-kn-Xcm-jv{S-
hnI-k\s hne-bn-cp-p-Xn-\p am\-Z-WvU--fmWv hnI-k\ kqNn-I-I
`mhn-X-e-ap-d-bpsS Bh-iy- \n-ln-p-hm Ign-bp-w-hn[w {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h--fpsS

D]-tbm-K-n \nb-{Ww hcp--W-sa ImgvN-m-SmWv kpn-c-hn-I-k-\w.
A-amb {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-Nq-j-Ww, Aan-X-amb hf-{]-tbm-Kw, Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb IoS-\min\n {]tbmKw apX-em-b-h-bmWv kpn-c-hn-I-k-\-n\v XSw \np--Xv.
kpn-c-hn-I-k-\-sa-Xv km-n-I-hpw, kmaq-ln-I-hpw, ]mcn-n-Xn-I-hp-amb ey-fp hnim-e-amb ImgvN-m-Sm-Wv.
155
km-n-I-{]-h-\- ]cn-n-Xnv tImw hcp-p--h-b m-Wv. CXn-\p

t]mwh-gn km-nI {]h-\- \nn-h-bv-e-. adn-v, Ah-bpsS ]mcn-nXnI BLmXw ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bvp-I-bm-Wv.
]cn-nXn kwc--W-n\v kaqly CS-s]-S-ep-I Bh-iy-am-Wv.
tNmZy-
1.
"km- n-I -hn-Ik-\-sa-Xv km- n-I-h-f -b n \npw hyXy-k vX-amWv'

kan-p-I.
(4)
2. NphsS sImSpn-cn-p {]kvXm-h-\-I Xcw-Xn-cnv Xn-cn-p ]n-I-bn tcJ-sSp-p-I.

1. hymh-km-bn-I-ta-J-e-bnse Dev]m-Z\w Ign--hj-t-mfpw hn-p.
2. {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bnse {]mY-an-Im-tcm-Ky-tI-{--fpsS Fw hn-p.
3. ip-amb IpSn-sh--ns e`yX IqSp-X {]tZ-i--fn hym]n-n-p.
4. {]Xn-ioj-h-cp-am\w hn-p.
5. {]Xn-ioj BbpssZLyw IqSn.
6. tKmX-ns Dev]m-Z\w Ign--hj-t-m IqSn.
km-n-I-hn-I-k\w
km-nI hf
3. {]Xn-ioj-h-cp-a m\w am\-h -In-h -k -\-k q-NnI Fn-h -b n GXmWv cmPy- sf

Xmc-Xayw sNp--Xn IqSp-X ê-{]-Z-amb kqNnI? hne-bn-cp-p-I.
(3)
156
4. kmaq-ly-\oXn Dd-p-hc
- p-p-X
- n-\mbn km \S-n-em-p GsX-nepw cv ta{]-h-\
- s
- f-gp-XpI? P\-f
- psS Pohn-X\
- n-eh
- mcw Dbp-X
- n Cu {]h\w
F{X-tmfw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-amWv Fv hni-Z-am-pI?
(4)
5. Xmsg-]-d-bp {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn icn-bm-bh sXc-s-Sp-s-gp-Xp-I.
1. kmaqly-\oXn Dd-m-n-bmWv km-n-I-hn-I-k\w kmy-am-p--Xv.
2. P\--fpsS hcp-am-\-nepw Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-nepw Dm-Ip Db-bmWv
km-nIhnI-k-\w.
3. hnI-k\w km-n-I-{]-{In-b-bm-Wv.
4. cmPy-ns Dev]m-Z-\-n aphjs At]-nv Dm-Ip h-\-hmWv
km-n-I-hn-I-k\w.
(2)
6. Imjn-I-cw-Ks hmWn-Py-h-cWw ]cn-n-Xnv BLmXw krjvSnp
{]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-p-I.
(4)
7. ùXn-I-Po-hn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hmc kqNnI (PQLI) IW-m-p--Xn\v ASn-m-\-amn-bn-p kqNn-I-I Gh?.
(3)
8. ]Z-kq-cy ]qn-bm-p-I.
9. ""]cn-nXn kwc--W-{]-h-\- kpn-c-hn-I-\-ks klm-bn-pp''

Cu {]kvXm-h-\-tbmSv \n tbmPn-p-ptm? Fp-sImv?
(4)
10. Xmsg--d-bp {]h-\- kpn-c-hn-I-k-\s F{]-Imcw XS--s-Sp-p-pshv Fgp-XpI?
1. Aim-kv{Xob IoS-\m-in-\n-{]-tbmKw
2. h\-\-io-I-cWw
3. amen-\y-Iq-mcw
11. am\-hh
- n-Ik
- k
- q-NnI Xm-dm-p-X
- n\v ASn-m-\a
- m-n-bn-p 3 LS-I
- Fgp-XpI.
(3)
12. Dev]m-Z-\-co-Xn-bnse am--fpsS ê-ambn DS-se-Sp GsX-nepw cv ]cn-nXn
{]iv\- Fgp-Xp-I.
(2)
13. "hnI- k - \ w e- yhpw, hf AXn- t e- p am- h p- a mWv ' {]kv X m- h \
hne-bn-cp-p-I.
(3)
157
14. NphsS \evIn-bn-cn-p Cy-bpsS am\-h-hn-I-k-kq-Nn-I-bpsS aqeyw tcJ-s-Sp-nb

]nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv A\p-tbm-Py-amb aqp Is--ep-I Fgp-Xp-I.
(3)
15. NphsS \In-bn-cn-p kpn-c-hn-I-k\ ey ho-I-cnv ]nI ]qn-bmpI?
ncX Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-nXn hf XpeyX ]m-fnw kmaq-lyk-l-hnXzw Imcy--aX ]p\x-m-]n-m-\m-Im {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h--fpsS kwcWw kaql Ne-\m--IX kmwkvm-cnI kzXz-t_m-[w.
(5)
kmaq-ly-e-y-
km-n-I-e-y-
]mcn-n-Xn-I-e-y-
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
P\--fpsS hcp-am-\-nepw Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-nepw Dm-Ip Db-bmWv

km-n-I-hn-I-k\w.
hnI-k\w Htc-k-abw km-n-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb {]{In-b-bm-Wv.
cmPy-ns Dev]m-Z-\-n aphjs At]-n-pm-Ip h-\-hmWv

km-n-I-h-f.
2.
km-n-I-hn-I-k\w
km-n-I-h-f
2, 3, 5
3.
1, 4, 6
am\h hnI-k-\-kq-NnI
{]Xn-ioj-h-cp-am-\-sa-Xv icm-icn hcp-am-\-am-b-Xn-\m hcp-am-\-hn-X-c-W-nse
Ak-aXzw Is-m Ign-bp-n-.
{]Xn-ioj BbpssZLyw, km-c-X-bpw, sam kvIq{]-th-i\ \nc-pw,
{]Xn-iojh-cp-am\w Fo kqNn-I-I-fpsS aqeyw {]tXyIw IW-mn icm-icn
Is-n-bmWv am\-h-hn-I-k\ kqNnI Xm-dm-p--Xv. AXp-sImv {]Xn-ioj
h-cp-am-\-t-m kzoIm-cy-amb kqNn-I-bmWv am\-h-hn-I-k\ kqNn-I.
158
4. tI{--kw-m\ km-cp-I \S-n-em-p GsX-nepw cv {]h-\-

Isn Fgp-Xp-I.
DZm-l-cWw : IpSn-sh hnX-c-Ww, NnInm ]-Xn-I, s]mXp-hn-X-c-Ww, kmaq-lyt-a-]c
- n-]m-Sn-I apX-em-b-h. Ch P\--fpsS Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hmcw sa-s-Sp-m
klm-b-I-c-am-Ip-p.
5.
kmaq-ly-\oXn Dd-m-n-bmWv km-n-I-hn-I-k\w kmy-am-p--Xv.

P\--fpsS hcp-am-\-nepw Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-nepw Dm-Ip Db-bmWv
km-n-I-hn-I-k-\w.
6.
7.
8.
ASn-m\km-c-X.
inip-a-c-W-\n-cv
{]Xo-nX BbpssZLyw
A\n-b-{n-X-amb cmk-h-f-{]-tbmKw
h\-\-io-I-cWw
hb\n-I
-
A{i--amb sshZypXn D]-tbmKw
Xo-S
- \nI-
tbmPn-p-p.
9.
hmWn-Py-hn-f-Imbn htXm-Xn h\w shn-s-fn-p.

Dev]m-Z-\-h-\-hn-\mbn cmk-hfw A\n-b-{n-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-p.
cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-I Aim-kv{Xo-b-ambn {]tbm-Kn-p.
kpn-c-hn-I-k-\-sa-Xv km-n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw ]mcn-n-Xn-I-hp-amb ey-fp hnim-e-amb ImgvN-m-Sm-Wv.

Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-n-Xn, ]p\x-m-]n-m-hp hn`-h--fpsS icn-bmb D]-tbmKw, ]p\x-m-]n-m-\m-Im {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h--fpsS kwc--Ww (Xp-Sn kpn-c-hnI-k-\-e-y--fpw, A\p-tbm-Py-amb ap--hbpw Isn Fgp-Xp-I)
10. 1. ans kzm`m-hnI ê-`q-bnjvSn \in-n-p. Pem-i-b- aen-\-am-bn.
2. BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-n-\n-S-bm-p-p. Poh-Pm-e--fpsS \mi-n-\n-S-bm-p-p.
3. kn.-F-^v.-kn. t]mep hmX-I- Dm-p-p. [mcmfw Akp-J- Dm-pp
11.
12.
{]Xo-nX BbpssZLyw
km-c-Xbpw sam kvIq {]th-i-\-\n-c-pw.
{]Xn-ioj-h-cp-am\w
t^mkn C-\--fpsS tiJ-c-n Ipd-hp-m-bn.
kzm`m-hnI ê-^q-bn-jvSX \-jvS-am-bn.
159
13. tNmZy-\- Hns D-c-kq-NnI t\mp-I.

14.
1990- Cy Xmgv am\-hn-hn-I-k\w t\Snb cmPy-am-bn-cp-p.

l 1990-95 t\m 1995-2000 hfsc IqSp-X hf ssIh-cn-p.
l 2007 hsc Db am\h hnI-k\w t\Snb cmPy--fpsS hn`m-K-n Cy
Fn-bn-n-. XpS-nb GsX-nepw aqv A\p-tbm-Py-amb Is--ep-Iv.
l
15. Bi-b- / hkvXp-X-I Ch-bnse kpnc hnI-k-\-e-y- t\Sp-I.
160
bqWnv 9
Cy k-ZvL-S-\-bnse hnhn[ taJ-e-I

BapJw
hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-I Ds-Sp Hcp k-Zvhy-h--bnse hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fm-Wv {]mYanI taJ-e, ZznXob taJ-e, {XnXob taJe Cu taJ-e-I-fn \npw sam B`y-c
Dev]--n-tev \Ip kw`m-h-\, e`n-p sXmgn-e-h-k-c- Fnh bqWnn N sN-s-Sp-p. IqSmsX DS-a--X-bpsS ASn-m-\-n sXmgn taJeIfpsS hn`-P\w (s]m-Xp-ta-J-e, kzIm-cy-ta-J-e, kwbp--ta-J-e) B\p-Iq-ey--fpsS
ASn-m-\-n sXmgn-emfnIfpsS hn`-P\w (kw-L-Sn-X-ta-J-e, Akw-L-SnX taJ-e)
Chbpw Cu bqWn-ns `mK-am-Wv.
Bi-b-/hkvXp-X-I
hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-I Ds-Spn kZvhyh-sb aqv taJ-e-I-fmbn Xncn-mw.

Ch {]mY-anI taJ-e, ZznXob taJ-e, XrXob taJe Fn-h-bm-Wv.
{]m-Y-an-I-, ZznXo-b-, XrXo-b-ta-J-ebnse {]h-\- ]c-kv]cw _-s-n-cn-pp
{]mY-anI taJ-ebpw ZznXob taJ-ebpw km[-\- Dev]m-Zn-n-p-tm XrXo-b-taJe tkh-\- \Ip-p.
hnhn-[-ta-J-e-I-fn \npw Hcp-hjw Dev] m-Zn-n-p km[-\-tk-h-\- -fpsS

aqey-amWv sam B`y-c Dev]w
AYhm tZio-b-h-cp-am\w
km-nI hf-bp-m-Ip-tm {]mY-anItaJ-eb

- n \npw ZznXob taJ-eb
- n-tepw
XpSv XrXob taJ-e-bn-tepw {]m[m\yw amdn-h-cp--Xmbn ImWmw.
P\-ta{]h-\- D-Xn-\m [mcm-f-ambn \Im Ign-bpXn\m tkh-\ta-J-e-bpsS {]m[m\yw

hn-p-h-cp-p.
Cy-bn {]mY-anI taJ-e-bnse sXmgn e`yX ZznXo-b-, XrXo-b -ta-J-eItfm

apn-em-Wv.
DS-a--Xsb ASn-m-\-amn sXmgnta-J-esb aqmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-mw.
sXmgn-em-fn-I
cp-hn[w
s]mXp-ta-Je ............>----- Khsa v DS-a-X, \nb-{Ww

kzIm-cy-ta-Je ..........>----- DS-a--Xbpw \nb-{-Whpw kzIm-cy-hy-nI
kwbp--ta-Je ............>----- DS-a--Xbpw \nb-{-Whpw Khsan\pw
kzIm-cy-hy-nIpw ----kwL-SnX ta-Jebn
se sXmgn-em-fn-I
---------->
sa-s B\p-Iq-ey-fpw
Ah-Im-i-fpw kwc-n-pp
AkwL-SnX ta-Je
bnse sXmgn-em-fn-I
----------> Ah-Im-i-fpw kwc-n-sSp-n
sa-s B\p-Iq-ey-fpw
161
tNmZy-
1.
mvdqw {]h-\-n-s\m-Sp-hn hoW Xm-dm-nb Ipdnv {in-p-I.

sXp-s-n Xncp-pI
{]mY-anIta-J-e
-----> Btcm-Kyw, ay-_--\w, h\-kw-c-Ww
ZznXobta-J-e -----> hyh-km-bw, KXm-K-Xw, sshZypXn

XrXobta-Je
- --- ----> J\-\w, \nm-Ww, hnZym-`ymkw
(4)
2. Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p--hsb A\p-tbm-Py-amb tPmUn-I-fm-pI

{]mY-an-I-ta-J-e, Khsa v DS-a-X
ZznXo-b-ta-J-e, km[-\-tk-h-\-aqeyw
s]mXp-ta-Je, G.D.P., hyh-km-b-
XrXo-b-ta-J-e, Imjn-I-ta-J-e, tkh-\-ta-Je
3. {]m-Y-an-I-, ZznXo-b-, XrXo-b-ta-J-eIfpsS ]c-kv]-c-_w Hcp
DZm-l-cW
-
- n-eqsS hni-Za
- m-p-I.
(5)
(2)
4. Xmc-X-ay-s-Spn Ipdn-s-gp-Xp-I.
sam B`y-c Dev]w
sam kwm-\- D-ev]w
(4)
5. Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-ph aqv taJ-eI

- -fpsS ]c-kv]-c_
- w kqNn-n-p--Xc
- -n
{Ia-s-Sp-p-I.
KXm-K-Xw, d Dev]m-Z-\w, Sb\nmWw
(1)
6. {]kvXm-h-\-I- icntbm sXtm Fp Is-pI.

a) Cy-bn tZio-b-hc
- p-am-\-n Ctm apn \np-Xv XrXo-b-ta-J-e-bnse
kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv.
b) Cy-bn sXmgne`y-X-bn apn \np-Xv {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bm-Wv. (2)
7. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-n-cn-p--h-cn Ah-Im-i-fpw B\p-Iq-ey-fpw e`n-p hn`m-K

-
Gh?
Ij-I, Aym-]-I, aky-sXm-gn-em-fn-I, _mv Poh-\-m, hop-tPm-en-m,
sdbnth DtZym-K-
(3)
8. s]mXp-ta-J-e, kzIm-cy-ta-Je Ch DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hni-Z-am-pI?
(3)
9. XrXo-b-ta-J-e-bpsS hnI-k\w ap cv taJ-e-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-t-m Xzcn-X-K-Xnbn-em-p--Xn-\p kml-N-cy- Gh?

(3)
10. km em`w t\mmsX P-\taw ap\nn sNp \mev ta-{]-h-\ Fgp-Xp-I.
(4)
162
11. kwL-S-Xn-ta-J-e-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-I kpc-n-X-cmWv Fp-sImv?
(4)
12. A\p-tbm-Py-amb aqv {]h-\- IqSn Ds-Spn ]nI ]qn-bm-p-I.

km[-\- Dev]m-Zn-n-pp
hyh-km-b-ime
tkh-\- \Ipp
_mv
(3)
13. Ij-I Dev]m-Zn-n tKmXv anp-Sa hmp-p. ^m-dn-bn Dev]m-Zn-n hfw IjI hmp-p. Cu _w Xmsg ]d-bp--h-bn GXmWv kqNn-n-p-Xv?
{]mY-anIta-J-e >----- ZznXobta-J-e >----- {]mY-anIta-J-e
{]mY-anIta-J-e >----- ZznXobta-J-e >----- XrXobta-J-e
{]mY-anIta-J-e >----- XrXobta-J-e >----- ZznXobta-J-e
(1)
14. Cy-bn hnhn-[h

- j-f
- nse hnhn[ taJ-eI
- f
- psS sXmgne-`yX ImWn-p {Km^v
Xmsg sIm-Sp-n-cn-p-p. {Km^v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv A\p-tbm-Py-amb \mev \nK-a-\ Fgp-Xp-I.
80
70
iX-am\w
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1973
{]Y-an-I-ta-Je
1983
1993
ZznXo-b-ta-Je
2005
XrXo-b-ta-Je
15. emen-bpw, eo\bpw Iqp-Imcm-Wv. emen-bpsS A ay-_-\w \S-p-I-bpw eo\bpsS A h\-ta-J-e-bn hrw \p-]n-Sn-n-p-Ibpw ]cn-]m-e\w sNp sXmgnep-amWv sNp--Xv. Ch cpw GXv taJ-e-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-I-fmWv?
(2)
16. {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-sf D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-bmWv {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bn Dev]m-Z\w \S-p-Xv. {]mY-an-I-ta-Je
- -bn Ds-Sp-n-bn-p {]h-\- Iv Ah-bpsS {]tXy-IX-I-fpsS ASn-m\-n Cu {]kvXm-h\ km[q-I-cn-p-I.
(5)
17. kwbp--ta-Je F-sp hy-am-p-I.
(1)
18. Akw-L-Sn-Xt- a-J-en-bse sXmgn-em-fn-I-fn 80% hpw {Kma-{]-tZ-imWv sXmgn sNpXv Ch-cpsS av cv {]tXy-I-X-I Is-p-I.
(2)
163
19. ]nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv aqv Is--ep-I FgpXpI.
(3)
GDP
(Primary sector)
(Secondary sector)
(Tertiary sector)
20. \nm-W{- ]-h-\

- ZznXo-bt- a-Je
- b
- n-em-Wv. km Gs-Spv \S-p \nmW-{]-h-\v cv DZm-lc
- W
-
- Fgp-Xp-I. Ccw {]h-\
- f
- n kmcns eyw Fv?
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
----->
----->
----->
2. {]mY-anIta-J-e Imjn-I-ta-Je
Khsa v DS-a-X s]mXp-ta-Je
ZznXobta-J-e hyh-km-b-
km[-\-tk-h-\-aqeyw G.D.P.
XrXo-b-ta-Je tkh-\-ta-Je
3. {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bn Irjn-sN-p ]cpn ZznXo-b-ta-Je (hy-h-km-bw) bnse AkwkvIr-X-h-kvXp-hm-Wv. ZznXo-b-ta-J-ebnse Dev]--ns (Xp-Wn) KXm-K-Xw, hym]mcw
Fo Xr-Xo-b-ta-J-e-bnse {]h\w hgn P\--fn-se-p-p.
4. hnhn-[-ta-J-e-I-fn \npw Hcp hjw Dev]m-Zn-n-p km[-\--fp-tSbpw tkh-\-fp-tSbpw aqey-amWv sam B`yc Dev]w.
kwm-\v hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn \npw Hcp hjw Dm-Zn-n-p km[-\--fpsSbpw tkh-\--fp-sSbpw aqey-amWv sam kwm\w Dw.
5. d Dev]m-Z\w ({]m-Y-an-Iw), Sb\nmWw (Zzn-Xo-bw), KXm-KXw (-Xr-Xo-bw)
6.
(a)
icn,
(b)
icn
7. Aym-]-I, _mv Poh-\-m, sdbnth DtZym-K-

8. Dev]m-Z\bqWn-p-I-fpsS DS-a--Xbpw \nb-{-Whpw ]q-ambpw km-cn-\m-sWn Acw m]-\--fmWv s]mXp-ta-Jem m]-\-.DZm : Cy sd-bnth.
164
Dev]m-Z-\-bq-Wn-p-I-fpsS DS-a---Xbpw \nb-{-Whpw hyn-I-fn-tem, kzIm-cy-I-\n-I-fntem BsW-n Ah kzIm-cy-ta-J-e.DZm : ssat{Im-tkm^vSv

9. Pohn-X-ku-I-cy- sa-s-S, {]mY-an-I, ZznXo-b-ta-J-e-I-fpsS hnI-k\w, hnh-c-kmt-XnI hnZy-bpsS hnI-k-\w.
10. Bip-]{Xn, hnZym-`ym-kw, tdmUv \nm-Ww, ]mn-S-]--Xn-I, Pe-hn-X-c-W-]--XnI (G-sX-nepw 4 Fw)
11. \nnX tPmen-k-a-bw, \nb-am-\p-kr-X-th-X-\w, A[n-I-tPm-env A[n-I-th-X-\w, if-tm-Sp-Iq-Snb Ah-[n, s]j (G-sX-nepw 4 Fw)
12.
km[-\- Dev]m-Zn-n-pp
hyh-km-b-ime
Irjn
sIn-S-\nmWw
XSn-Wn
tkh-\- \Ipp
_mv
Bip-]{Xn
Aym-]\w
sSen-t^m_qv
13. {]mY-anIta-J-e>----- ZznXobta-J-e>----- {]mY-anIta-J-e

14. {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-sb-bmWv IqSp-X Bfp-Ifpw sXmgn-en-\mbn B{i-bn-p--Xv.
{]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bn sXmgn iX-am\w Ipd-p-h-cp-p.

ZznXo-b-ta-J-e-bn sXmgn iX-am\w hnp-h-cp-p.
XrXo-b-ta-J-e-bn sXmgn iX-am\w hnp-h-cp-p.
15. {]mY-an-I-ta-Je (a-y-_--\w, h\-]-cn-]m-e-\w)

16. {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bnse sXmgn-ep-I Irjn, h\-kw-c--Ww, ay-_--\w, J\-\w.
Cu \mep taJ-e-bnepw Dev]w Dev]m-Zn-n-m D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-sf-bm-Wv.
17. s]mXp-ta-J-e-bpw, kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebpw tNv {]-hn-p taJ-e-bmWv
kwbp--ta-Je
- .
18. IqSp-Xepw Imjn-I-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv. sNdp-In-S-hym-]m-cw, \nm-Ww, KXm-KXw Fo
ta-d-e-I-fnepw {]hn-p-p. sXmgn ka-b-n\v n]vX-X-bn-. (2 Fw)
19. {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bn \np GDP hnlnXw Ipd-p-h-cp-p.
ZznXo-b, XrXo-b-ta-J-e-I-fn \np GDP hnlnXw hn-p-h-cp-p.
1950-51- {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bpsS hnlnXw Ghpw IqSp-Xepw 2007-08- XrXo-b-ta-Je-bpsS hnlnXw Ghpw IqSp-X-epw.
20. tdmUv \nmWw
Umw \nmWw
sIn-S-\nmWw
P\-taw (G-sX-nepw cv Fw)
165
bqWnv 10
-]Whpw [\-Im-cy-m-]-\-fpw
BapJw
]W- ns Bhn`mhw a\p-j y- ] p-t cm-K -X n- b psS \mgn- I- - m-b n- c p- p- s hv
]d-bmw. ]Ww \ne-hn hcp--Xn\v app hn\n-a-b-{]-{Inb ZpjvI-c-am-bn-cp-p. ]Ww
Fspw ]W-ns hnhn[ [-, _mp-I-fpsS Bhn`mhw, hnhn-[-Xcw _mpI, _mnwKv taJ-e-bnse B[p-\n-Ik
- w-hn-[m-\
- , ]p Xe-ap-d-_m-p-I, ssat{Im^n-\mkv Fn-h-sb-p-dnv [mc-W -t\-Sp--Xn\pw _mp-I kmaq-ln-I-]p-tcm-K-Xnpw
F{X- tmfw A\n-hm-c y-a mWv Fv a\- n-em-p--Xn\pw Cu A[ym-b - n- eqsS
Ign-bp-p.
Bi-b-/hkvXp-X-I
_m k{Zmb-ns ]cn-an-Xn-I adn-IS-

- p-X
- n\v ]W-ns Bhn`m-ht- msS
Ign-p.
aqey-ti-J-cw, aqey-ns am\-Z-WvUw, Hcp hn\n-a-b-am-[yaw Ch-bmWv ]W-ns

[-.
]Ww Bh-iy-ap--h-cpsS Fw hn-Xv hmbv] \Ip m]\--fpsS Bhiy-IX hn-n-p. CXv _mv Ds-sS-bp [\-Imcy CS-\n-e-m-cpsS Bhn`m-hn\v CS-bm-n.
\nt-]- kzoI-cn- hmbv] \I Ch-bmWv _mns ASn-m-\-[w.

Ch IqSmsX Nne tkh-\- IqSn _mp-I CS-]m-Sp-Immbn \In-h-cp-p.
166
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
{Kmao-WtaJ-e-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn ey-amn {]hn-p kl-I-c-W-_m-p-I,

A_ kl-I-c-W-_m-p-I F t]cn \K-c- Bh-iy-amb km-n-Ik-lmbw \Ip--Xnepw {i sNep-p-p-v.
1991-\v tijw km ssekkv \In {]hn-p-h-cp _mp-If

- mWv ]p
X-e-apd _mp-I.
>
>
]W-an-S]
- m-Sp-ta-Je
- b
- n {]hn-p-Ibpw Fm _mv\Ip Fmtkh-\
- fpw
\Im-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp m]-\--fmWv _mn-Xc [\-Im-cy-m-]-\-.
>
>
167
_mnwKv taJ-e-bn D]-t`m-m-sf BIjn-p--Xn\pw klm-bn-p--Xn\pw

thn-bp \qX-\-{]-h-\--fmWv Ce-Iv{Sm-WnIv _mnw-Kpw, tIm _mnw-Kpw.
>
>
>
>
>
168
>
>
169
tNmZy-
1.
Dev] s
- sI-am hyh-b
- nse ]cn-an-Xn-I XcWw sNp-X
- n\v ]W-ns Bhn`mh-n\v Ign-p. Fsm-s-bm-bn-cpp Dev] ssIam-- hy-h--bpsS ]cn-an-XnI?
(3)
2. {]mtZ-inI ]W-an-S -]mSp \S-p hyn-Ipw m]-\-pw \nc-h[n

]cn-an-Xn-I Dv. Cu ]cn-an-Xn-I adn-I-S-p--Xn\v cq]w-sIm--XmWv _mp-I
kan-p-I ?
(4)
3. hmWn-Py-_m-p-I-fp-tSbpw klI-c-W-_m-p-I-fp-sSbpw [- Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv
Ipdn-p-X-m-dm-p-I ?
4. _mv \Ip tkh-\-fpw _mnwKvcwKs \qX\ {]h-W-X-Ifpw _mp-I-sf
IqSp-X P\-Io-b-am-p-p. Cu {]kvXm-h\ km[q-I-cn-pI?
(4)
5. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv _mns khn-ti-j-X-I Fgp-XpI?
(4)
6. kzX-{-`m-cX
-
- n _mp-If
- psS hf Xzcn-XK
- X
- n-bn-em-m klm-bn GsX-nepw
\mev Imc-W- Fgp-XpI?
(4)
7. km[m- c - W - mpw sNdp- I n- S - \ n- t - ] - I pw Hml- c n- I - t m- f - n ]Ww
\nt-]n-p--Xn-\p ]cn-an-Xn-I-tfh? AXn\v ]cn-lm-c-sav?
(3)
8. ^vtfmNmv ]qn-bm-p-I.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
D
(4)
9. {]mtZ- i nI ]W- a n- S - ] mSp m]- \ - - f n \nv _mp- I - f n- t ep h- t m

km-nI {]h-\--fn Dmb am--tfh?
(4)
10. hmWnPy_mp-I \Ip hmbv]-I-fmWv NphsS \In-bn-cn-p--Xv. Ch Xnep hyXymkw Ipdn-pI?
(3)
]W-hmbv]
hmbv]I
-
Hmh{Um^vv
11. _mp-I \Ip tkh-\--fmWv NphsS \In-bn-c n-p--Xv. GsX-nepw

aqs--n-s\-p-dnv Ipdnv Xm-dm-pI?
(6)
170
1. temku-I-cyw, 2. aWn {Smkv^, 3. F.-Sn.-Fw., 4. C-t]-bvsa v

12. 1969 Pqsse 19 _mnwKv cwKs Hcp {][m-\-s Znh-k-am-Wv. FmWv Cu
Znh-k-ns {]tXy-IX?
CXn-tev \bn kml-Ncyw FmWv?
(3)
13. 1991--\p- tijw km ssektkm-Sp-IqSn {]hn-p ]p Xe-apd
_m-p-I, _mp-I-fpsS {]h-\--fn \nv F-s\-sbmw hyXym-k-s-n-cnp-p-shv hni-Z-am-pI ?
(3)
14. {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-b psS ]ptcm-K-X n-mbn {]hn-p kl-I-c -W-_ m-p-f psS
{]h-\-e-y- hni-Z-am-pI?
(3)
15. ""ssat{Im-^n-\mkpw kmaq-ln-I-]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw'' F hnj-b-s-p-dnv
eLp-Ip-dnv Xm-dm-p-I.
(4)
16. ]Z-kq-cy ]qo-I-cn-p-I.
17. _mnwKv ta- J - e - b nse {]h- \ - sf \nb- { n- p- I bpw \bn- p- I bpw

sNp-Xv dnkv_m-m-Wv. GsXm [--fn-eq-sS-bmWv dnkv _mv CXv
km[y-am-p-Xv?
(4)
18. Cy cq]bvv Am-cm-jv{S-X -e- n AwKo-Imcw e`n hj-a mWv 2010.
F-s\-sbv hni-Z-am-pI?
(3)
19. _mp-I-fp-ambn _-s Nne Imcy--fmWv Xmsg \In-bn-cn-p--Xv. GsX-nepw
aqs--n-s\-p-dnv eLp-hn-h-cWw Xm-dm-pI?
_mp-I-fpsS Bhn`mhw
ASn-m-\-ku-Ic
- y-
]pX-e-apd _mp-I
hmWn-Py-_m-p-I-fpsS [-
20. {]mtZ-inI ]W-an-S-]mSv m]-\- Nne am\-Z-WvU--fpsS ASn-m-\-n-emWv

Bh-iy-mv ]Ww \In-bn-cn-p--Xv. Fsm-s-bmWv am\-Z-WvU-? (2)
171
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
km[-\--fpsS aqeyw IW-m-p--Xn-ep-mb _pn-ap-v.

\Ip km[-\--\p-k-cnv aqey-ap km[-\- e`n-m Ah-.
km[-\- tiJ-cnphbvp-hm Ign-bm Ah-.
CjvS-s km[-\- e`n-m Ah-.
]cn-an-Xn-I :
2.
- hmbv] \Ip-hm aptm-p-h-bvp hyh--I

hnizm-k-p-d-hv.
hmbv] Hcp hn`m-K-n-\p-am{Xw
_mp-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw :
km-nI {]h-\- kpXm-cy-am-bn.
]en-i, NqjWw Ch Ipd-p.
P\--fn km-Zy-ioew hn-p.
3.
hmWn-Py-_m-p-I
kl-Ic
- W
- -_m-p-I
\nt]w kzoI-cn-
km-Zy-\n-t-]-
{]N-en-X-\n-t-]-
nc \nt-]-
Bh\ \nt-]-
hmbv] \I
km-Zy-ioew hfp-I.
kzbw-k-lm-bhpw ]c-kv]c
klm-bhpw hfpI
kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xnv
{]m[m\yw \Ip-I.
]W-hmbv]
hmbv]I
-
Hmh{Um^vv
4.
{Kmao-W-P-\--fn
\nt-]- kzoI-cn-pI
hmbv]-I \Ip-I.
ASn-m\[-
\nt]w kzoI-cn-
hmbv]-I \I
ap tkh-\-
tem kuIcyw
aWn {Smkv^
F.-Sn.-Fw.
C-t]-bvsa v
s{IUnv ImUv
\qX\ {]h-W-X-I
tIm _mnwKv
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv _mnwKv
172
_mns
5.
6.
7.
Ccw {]h-\- _mns\ P\--fp-ambn IqSp-X ASp-n-p

-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-bn.
CS-]m-Sp-Imv _mnt]mImsX hon-en-cpv _np-I
- AS-b
v p-X
- n\v Ign-bp-p.
Ipd ka-b-n-\p-n _mnwKv {]h-\- \S-p--Xn\v Ign-bp-p.
hfsc sNehv Ipd-hm-Wv.
Bkq-{XnX hf aqe-ap ]W-ns Bh-iyw.
Fkv.-_n.-sF.-bp-sSbpw Atkm-kn-tbv _mp-I-fp-tSbpw cq]o-I-c-Ww.
_mp-I-fpsS tZi-km-c-Ww.
_mnwKv irwJ-e-I-fpsS hym]-\w.
_mp-I-fpsS P\-Io-b-h-c-Ww.
]cn-an-Xn-I
Hml-cn-I-tm-f-s-p-dn-p Adn-hn-mbva.
\jvS-km-[yX GsSp-m-\p {]bm-kw.
]cn-lmcw
ayqz ^p-I
8. F.
_n.
kn.
Un.
9.
10.
11.
hmWn-Py-_m-p-I
kl-Ic
- W
- _
- m-p-I
ayqz^v
Cjz-dkv m]-\-
km-nI {]h-\- kpXm-cy-am-bn.

IqSp-X hmbv] e`n-p-Xp-S-n.
]en-ibpw Nqj-Whpw Ipd-p.
P\--fn km-Zy-ioew hn-p.
kZvLS\-bpsS hfbpw klm-b-I-am-bn.
BkvXn-I-fpsS Pmay-nta Bh-iy-m-cmb hyn-Ipw m]-\-pw
_mv \Ip hmbv]-bmWv ]W-hm-bv].
hyn-I-tfm, m]-\-tfm _mn hcp-p _m[y-X-bmWv hmbv].
_mp-ambn ncw CS-]mSp\S-p hyn-Itm, m]-\-tm Ah-cpsS
Au-n Ah-ti-jn-p XpI-tb-m IqSp-X XpI ]nh-en-p-hm-\p
kuI-cyw.
tem kuIcyw : _mv CS-]m-Sp-Imv hne-]n-Sn-p hkvXp- kpc-n-Xambn kqn-p--Xn-\m-h-iy-amb kuI-cyw.
aWn-{Smkv^ : temI-ns GXp-`m-K-p-\npw asmcp e-tv ]Ww
A-b-bvp kuI-cy-am-Wn-Xv.
ATM D]-tbm-Knv _mnt]mImsX GXp-ka
- b
- pw ]Ww ]nh-en-p kwhn-[m-\w.
\nt-]-I-cpsS Cjz-dkv {]oan-bw, sSen-t^m_n apX-em-bh hon-en-cp-psImv AS-bvm-hp kwhn-[m-\w.
173
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
19.
_mv tZi-km-cWw
kml-Ncyw :
hmWn-Py-_m-p-I-fpsS [\-k-lmbw hInS hyh-km-b--fnepw kaq-l-nse
k--hn-`m-K-fpsS In-ep-ambn tI{o-I-cn--Xv.
km-nI {]Xn-k
- n-aqew sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-fpw Imjn-I-ta-J-ebpw XIcp-hm-\m-cw-`n--Xv.
hmWn-Py-_m-p-I-fpsS eyw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-KXn IqSn BI-W-sa t_m[w.
Imjn-I--{Km-aoW kZvhyh--tbm-Sp Ah-K-W\ Hgn-hm-m.
B[p-\nI kmt-Xn-I-hnZy IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.
{][m-\-ambpw \K-c-tI-{o-IrXw
anXpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv.
]pXnb amt\-Pvsa v X{--fp-]-tbm-Knv {]hn-p-p.
{Kmao-W-P-\--fn km-Zy-ioew hfp-I.
kzbwklm-bhpw ]c-kv]cklm-bhpw hfp-I.
kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xnv {]m[m\yw \Ip-I.
kaq-l
- nse Xmgv hcp-am-\
- mv km-n-It- k-h\
-
- e`y-am-p-X
- n-\mWv
ssat{Im-^n-\mkv Fs-gpXn {]h\w hy-am-p--Xn-\v.
ey- : tNmZyw 14-s Dcw t\mp-I.
t\mv A-Sn-n-d-
Khsans GP v, D]-tZ-jvSmhv
_mp-I-fpsS _mv
17. tNmZyw \ 16-s D-c-kq-NnI t\mp-I.
18. ................. (cq-]) Nnw e`n hjw.
ap-cm-Py--fpsS ]W-n \nv (cq-]-bn) Cy ]Ww Xncn--dn-bp--Xn-\v.
Cy ]W-ns AS-bmfw ap cmPy--fpsS ]W-ns AS-bm-f-tm-sSmw
{]i-kvXa
- m-bn.
20.
_mp-I-fpsS Bhn`mhw
Bh-iy-ap Fm-t]pw hmbv] e`n-m Ah-.
]Ww Bh-iy-ap--h-cpsS F-nse h-\-hv.
hyn-K-X-ambn am{Xw hmbv] \Im Ign-bm Ah-.
ASn-m\[- : tNmZyw \ 3se D-c-kq-NnI t\mp-I.
]pX-e-apd _mp-I : tNmZyw \ 13-se D-c-kq-NnI {in-p-Ib
hmWn-Py-_m-p-I-fpsS [- : tNmZyw \ 3se D-c-kq-NnI t\mp-I.
hmbv] Xncn--S-bvp-hm-\p tijn.
hnizm-ky-X.
174
bqWnv 11
BtKm-f-h-ev-cWw
Cv temI-m-I-am\w P\-{ibmIjn-p-Ibpw N sN-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp
{][m\ hnj-b
- f
- n-sem-mWv BtKm-fh
- -cW
- w. BtKm-fh
- e
-
v c
- W
- s
- a-Xv Itm-fs
in-s-Spnsmp Hcp km-n-I-hy-h--bmWv. AXns {]Xn-^-e\
-
- PohnX-ns Fm Xe--fnepw ImWp-hm Ign-bp-p.
BtKm-f-h-cWw, AXns\ Xzcn-X--Sp-p LS-I-, KpW-tZm-j-, Cybn CXns kzm[o\w Fnhsbp-dnv [mcW cq]-s-Sp-p--Xn\v klm-b-I-am-bXmWv Cu Aym-b-ns D-S-w.
Bi-b
-
1990 \v apv Cy-bnse P\- A[n-Ihpw kztZi Dev]---fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-ncp--Xv.
1990 \v tijw \S-m-nb ]p km-nI \b--fpsS ê-ambn Cv \mw D]tbm-Kn-p Dev]---f-[n-Ihpw hntZ-i-I--\n-I-fp-tS-Xm-Wv.
ImcWw
apv
CUy Dev--
Cd-p-a-Xn Npw IqSp-X
[mcmfw
hntZi aqe-[\ \nt-]-v
1990
tijw
\nb-{Ww
hntZi Dev]-- [mcmfw
Cd-p-a-Xn \nb-{Ww
Ipd-p. hntZi aqe-[\
\nt]w eLp-hm-n.
BtKmfhev-cWsaXv Itm-fs tI{o-I-cnp sImv temI-msI insp sImn-cn-p km-nI hyh--bm-Wv.

cmPy- Xn-ep hym]m-c-X-S-- Hgn-hmn
BtKm-f-h-ev-cWw
km[y-am-Ipp
hn]Wn Fm cmPy-p-am-bn Xpd-p-sIm-Sp-p.
175
BtKm-fh
- e
-
v c
- W
- s Xzcn-Xs
- -Sp-p LS-I
- f
- n {][m-\s
- h Am-cmjv{S kwLS-\-Ifpw Icm-dp-I-fp-am-Wv.
BtKm-f-h-ev-cWw
hnh-c-km-t-Xn-I-cw-Ks hf
Am-cmjv{S Icm-dp-I
_lp-cm-jv{S I-\n-I
KXm-K-X-cw-Ks hf
hmm-hn-\n-ab cwKs hf
1930, 1970, 2008 Fo Ime-Lfnse {]Xn-kn, DZm-c-h-ev-c-Ww, kzIm-cyh-ev-cWw Fo X{- IqSp-X hn]p-e-s-Sp-p--Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn.
DZm-c-h-ev-cWw : Hcp kZvhyh--bpsS {]h-\-n-ep km-cns
CSs]-S-ep-Ifpw, \nb-{-W-fpw ]cn-an-X-s-Sp-.
kzIm-cyhcWw : Hcp cmPy-ns km-n-I-{]-h-\--fn s]mXpta-Le
- b
- psS ]m-fnw Ipd-bp-Ibpw kzImcy-ta-Je
- b
- psS ]m-fnw IqSpIbpw
sNp-p.
BtKm-fh
- X
- vIc
- W
- s Xzcn-Xs
- -Sp-p-X
- n hntZ-i-aq-e[
- \
- \
- n-t]w {][m\
]p-h-ln-bvp-pv.
hntZi aqe-[\ \nt]w
{]Xy \nt]w
t]mv t^mfntbm \nt]w
(Dm-Z-\-]-cw)
(Dm-Z-\-]-c-a-)
asmcp cmPys hyh-kmbw
asmcp cmPy-ns _mn
Irjn, DuPw Fo
\nt-]w, Hml-cn-I,
Dev]m-Z-\-ta-J-e-bnse \nt]w
t_mp-I Fnh hmp-p.
_lp- c m- j v { S- I - \n : Hcp cmPyv cPn- sNbv X v \nc- h [n cmPy- - f n

{]hn-p-h-cp I-\n-I-fmWv _lp-cm-jv{S-I--\n-I.
BtKm-f-h-Xv-cW \b- \S-m-p--Xn {][m-\-]v hln-p Am-cmjv{S

kwL-S-\I
-
1) temI-_mv
2) Am-cmjv{S \mW-b-\n[n
176
3) temI-hym-]m-ck
- w-LS- \
temI-hym-]mcw \nb-{n-m-\mbn cq]o-I-cn--s s]mXp-I-cm

GAAT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade)
Kmn\v ]Icw 1995 \ne-hn h kwL-S\ ?

temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\ (WTO)
BtKm-f-h-Xv-c-W-ns `mK-ambn Cy-bn kzoI-cn Nne \S-]-Sn-I (166-mw

t]Pnse ]mT-`mKw hni-Z-ambn hmbnv Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.)
Nne amXr-Im-tNm-Zy- NphsS \evIn-bn-cn-p-p. ]mT-]p-kX

v I
- k
- l
- m-b
- m Dcw
Is-p-a-tm.( icn-bmtWm Fv ]cn-tim-[n-m D-c-kq-NnI t\mp-I.)
tNmZy-
1.
1990 \v tijw CUyhn]-Wn-bn {]I-S-ambn I amw

Fsp hy-am-pI.
2.
(2)
1990 ItfmsS CUy hn]-Wn-bn hntZi Dev]---fpsS e`yX

IqSp-X-em-bn. FmWv Cu am-n\p ImcWw ?
3.
(4)
BtKm-f-h-ev-c-W-ns `mK-ambn Fsmw

am--fm-Wp-m-bsXv Is-pI
(3)
OR
Itm-fs in-s-Sp-p Hcp cmjv{Sob km-nI

hyh--bmWv BtKm-f-h-ev-cWw kan-p-I.
4.
GsXmw amK--fn-eq-sS-bmWv BtKm-f-h-cWw
(2)
km[y-am-Ip-Xv?
5.
hym]m-c-cw-Kv XcwKw krjvSn DZm-c-h-cWw hnZym-`ymk

Btcm-Ky-cw-K--fn A\p-tbm-Py-a-. Fp-sImv ?
6.
(3
BtKm-f-h-cWw Xzcn-X-s-Sp-p LS-I--fn HmWv

hnh-c-km-t-XnI cwKs hf. ap LS-I- GsXmw
Fs-gp-Xp-I.
7.
(5)
t]mv t]mfntbm \nt-]--tf-m {]Xy \nt-]--fmWv

IqSp-X A`n-Im-ayw. Fp-sImv ?
8.
(2)
temI-hym-]mcw \nb-{n-pXn\mbn Am-cm-jv{S-X-e-n

Dm-n-bn-p Icm-dp-I GsXmw?
(2)
177
9.
BtKm-f-h-c-Ws in-s-Sp-p-hm\pXIp Nne

\nti Kmpw, temI-hym-]mckwL-S-\bpw cq]-s-Sp-p-I-bp-m-bn.
Ah GsX-m-sav Is-p-I.
(2)
10. DZm-c-h-cWw ]qWambn \S-n-em-m Bim-ky-a-m-Xpw

km-cp-I ]qW-ambpw \S-n-em-m aSn-p--Xp-amb
aqp taL-e-I \nt-in-pI.
(3)
11. BtKm-f-h-c-W-ns KpW-tZm-j--sf-p-dnv \S-p

Un-t_-n \n GXp \ne-]m-Sn-t\m-SmWv tbmPn-p--Xv.
\n-fpsS \ymbo-I-cWw Fgp-Xp-I.
(5)
12. BtKm-f-h-c-W-n-\-\p-kr-X-ambn Cy-bnepw

km-nI\b--fn amw hcp-p-I-bp-m-bn. CXns `mK-ambn
Cy-bn kzoI-cn GsX-nepw \mev \S-]-Sn-I Fgp-Xp-I.
13. BtKm-f-h-c-W-hp-ambn _-s Nne ]Z--fmWv
NphsS \In-bn-cn-p--Xv. Ah-sb-p-dnv eLp-p-dn-p-I Xm-dm-pI.
F) _lp-cm-jv{S-I\n-I
_n) Am-cmjv{S \mW-b-\n[n
kn) temI-_mv
178
(4)
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
1990 \p apv Cy- hn]-Wn-bnse Dev]---f-[n-Ihpw Cy-bn Xs Dev]m-Zn

n--h-b m-b n-cp-p. Fm 1990 \p tijw \S- m-nb ]p km- n-I\-b--fpsS ê-ambn Cv hn]-Wn-bn e`y-am-Ip Dev]---fne-[n-Ihpw hntZi
I-\n-I-fp-tS-Xm-Wv.
2.
1990 \p tijw \S-m-n-h- ]p km-n-I-\bw. CXns ê-ambn

Cd-p-aXn Np-n henb Ipd-hp-h-p.
hntZi aqe-[\ \nt]w \S-p--Xn \nb-{Ww Ipd-p.
Cd-p-aXn sNbvX Dev]-- htXm-Xn e`y-am-bn.
Ch Itm-f--fn hntZi Dev]---fpsS e`y-X hn-n-m Imc-W-am-bn.

3.
hntZi aqe-[\w hym]-I-ambn

kmt-XnI hnZy-bpsS hn\n-abw kzX-{-ambn.
km[-\--fpw tkh-\-fpw cmPym-Xnn-I ISv IhSw sNp--Xn\v
\nb-{-W- Cm-Xm-bn.
4.
cmPy- Xn-ep hym]m-c-X-S-- Hgn-hm-n. hn]Wn Fm

cmPy-p-ambn Xpd-p-sIm-Sp-p.
5.
kmaq-ly-\oXn Dd-m-pI FXv km-cns ey-am-Wv. DZm-c-h-cWw

]qW-am-n-bm Cu cwKv kzIm-cy-ta-Je IS-p-h-cn-Ibpw k-v
am{Xw CXp-h-gn-bp tkh\w e`n-p-hm Ah-kcw Dm-hp-Ibpw sNpw.
CXv cmPy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-v tbmPn--X-.
6.
Am-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-I (A-m-cmjv{S \mW-b-\n-[n, temI-_m-v)

Am-cmjv{S Icm-dp-I (Km-v, temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\)
_lp-cm-jv{S I-\n-I-
hmm-hn-\n-ab cwK-p-mb hf (Sn.-hn., samss_ t^m)
KXm-KX cwK-p-mb hf (Pv hnam-\w, Is-bv\ I)
{]Xy \nt]w.
7.
Hcp cmPys aqe-[\w asmcp cmPy-nse hyh-km-bw, Irjn, DuPw

apX-emb taJ-e-I-fn \nt-]n-p-p. CXv Dev]m-Z-\-]-c-am-Wv.
179
t^mv t^mfntbm \nt]w

Hcp cmPys aqe-[\w asm-cp cmPys _mv \nt-]-, t_mp-I,
Hml-cn-I XpS-n-b-h-bn \nt-]n-bvp-p. CXv Dev]m-Z-\-a-.
8.
Kmv, temI-hym-]mc kwL-S\
9.
Cd-p-aXn sNbvX km[-\--fp-sSbpw tkh-\--fp-sSbpw Xocph

Lw L-ambn Ipdbvp-I.
Ib-p-a-Xn-bpsS k_vknUn Ipd-bvp-I.
Irjnbvv \Ip k_vknUn Ipd-bvp-I.
t] v \nbaw ]cn-jv-cn-pI.
am[y-a-, sSentImw, _mnwKv XpS-nb tkh-\-ta-J-e-I-fnepw
hntZi \nt]w.
hntZi \nt-]-v BZy-c \nt-]--fpsS ]cn-K-W\ \Ip-I.
10. hnZym-`ymk Btcm-Ky-tk-h\ taJ-e

kmaqly kpcm ]-Xn-I.
s]mXp-hn-X-cW k{-Zmbw
11. \n-fpsS \ne-]mSv tcJ-s-Sp-p-I. kanbvp--Xn-\mbn
]mT]pkvX-I-nse t]Pv 168 ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.
12. hntZi kmt-XnI Icm-dp-I DZm-c-am-n.
Cd-p-aXn Xocph Lw-L--ambn Ipd-p.
hntZi {_mUvs\bnw D]-tbm-Kn-bvm A\phmZw \In.
ImjnI k_vknUn Ipd-p.
13. Hmtcm Xe-s-n\pw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-nse {][m\ `mK- Ds-Spn
A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp ]mc-{Km^v Xm-dm-p-I.
a) TB Page 164, b) Page 165, c) page 165
180
bqWnv 12
kZvhyh-bpw kmcpw
{][m\ kZv h yh- - I - f mb apX- e m- f n- - h y- h - , tkmjy- e nv hyh- ,
an{i kZv hyh Fn-hbpw kZvhyh-bn km-cns CS-s]-S, s]mXp
-h-cp-am-\w, s]mXp sNe-hv, _UvPv, hnhn-[-Xcw _P-p-I Fn-h-bmWv Cu bqWn-n
N sN-s-Sp--Xv.
Bi-b-/hkvXp-X-I
kZv hyh--I aqp hn[w
kZvhyh-I
-
apX-em-fn
tkmjy-env
an{i kZv
hyh
hyh
hyh
Ata-cn-
k-Zvhy-h
ssN\okv
k-Zvhy-h
apX-em-fn hyh -- -:
kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebvv hf-sc-tbsd kzmX-{yhpw km-cns
Cy
k-Zvhy-h
CS-s]-S \ma-am-{X-hp-amb kZvhyh

tkmjy-env hyh :
s]mXp-ta-J-ebvv {]m[m\yw IqSp-X-ep kZvhyh
aniv]-k-Zvhyh :
s]mXp-ta-Je
- bpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebpw Hcp-anp {]hn-p
kZvhyh
tam-[n-jvTnX {]h-\- Gs-Spp \S-p--Xn\v km-cns CS-s]-S

A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
181
Zmcn{Zyw, sXmgn-en-m-bva, Ak-aXzw Fnh Ipd-bvp-I.
kmaqly
km-cns
kmaqly kpcm
tkh-\-
tam-[n-jvTnX
{]h-\-
{]h-\-
]cn-nXn
{Ia-k-am-[m-\hpw
kwc-Ww
{]Xn-tcm-[hpw
s]mXp-h-cp-am\w
km-cns hc-hns\ s]mXp-h-cp-am\w Fp ]d-bpp.
s]mXp-sN-ehv:
km-cns sNe-hns\ s]mXp sNehv Fp ]d-bpp
s]mXp hcp-am\w
\nIpXn hcp-am\w
\nIp-Xn-bn-Xc hcp-am\w
\nIp-Xn hcp-am\w
{]Xy \nIpXn
]tcm \nIpXn
s]mXp-h-cp-am\w
\nIpXnh-cp-am\w
{]Xy \nIpXn
\nIp-Xn-bn-Xc hcp-am\w
]tcm \nIpXn
ôkv, ]ng, {Km v,

]eni, em`w
182
{]Xy-\
- n-IpXn
]tcm-\
- n-IpXn
DZm : hyn-KX hcp-am\ \nIpXn
hnev]\ \nIpXn
hcp-am\ \nIpXn
FIvsskkv Uyqn
I\n
Iwkv Xocph
BZm-b\
- n-IpXn
tkh\ \nIpXn
sXmgn \nIpXn
aqey-hnX \nIpXn
km-cns Hcp hjs hc-hv--sN-ehv IW-mWv _P-v.

_Pv
an _Pv
In _Pv
sNehv < hcp-am\w
sNehv > hcp-am\w
hnhn[Xcw
_P-p-I
kp-enX _Pv
sNehv = hcp-am\w
183
tNmZy-
1.
ap-X-em-fn kZv hyhtbbpw tkmjy-env kZv hyh--tbbpw

Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Hmtcm-n\pw cv khn-ti-j-X-I hoXw F-gp-Xp-I.
2.
{]Xy \nIp-Xnv Hcp DZm-l-c-W-amWv sXmgn \nIp-Xn.

cv DZm-lcW- IqSn Fgp-Xp-I.
3.
2 Score
Cy-bn \ne-\np kZv hyhbpsS t]sc-v ?

CXns cv {]tXy-I-X-I Fgp-Xp-I.
4.
3 Score
km[m-cW P\-sf Ghpw IqSp-X _m[n-p \nIp-Xn- GXv ?

Fs\ ?
5.
6.
6 Score
4 Score
km-cns GsX-nepw \mev tam-[n-jvTnX {]h-\-

Fgp-Xp-I.
4 Score
4 Score
Iwkv Xocph
]tcm
\nIpXn
7.
^vtfmNmv ]qnbm-p-I.
\nIp-Xn hcp-am\w
{]Xy \nIpXn
sXmgn \nIpXn
8.
]tcm \nIpXn
hnev]\ \nIpXn
_n
Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-phbn _Pv F Bibw hy-am-p

hkvXp-X-tbXv ?
em`-\jvS IW-mWv
hchv sNehv IW-mWv
Dev]--ns ]W aqey-amWv
CsXmpw A
184
2 Score
1 Score
9.
km-cns {][m\ \nIpXnbnXc hcp-am-\- GsXmw

(\mev Fw)
4 Score
10. hnhn[ Xcw _P-p-Isf Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-pp. sXpsn

Xncp-p-I.
In _UvPv = sNehv < hcp-am\w
kp-enX _Pv = sNehv = hcp-am\w
an _Pv = sNehv > hcp-am\w
2 Score
11. s]mXp-h-cp-am-\-s-p-dnv Hcp Ipdn-s-Sp-p-I.
4 Score
12. Db \nc-n- \nIpXn Npa--W-sav \n B{K-ln-p cv

hkvXp-fpsS t]sc-gpXn ImcWw hni-Z-am-p-I.
5 Score
13. 360 cq]- hne-bp Hcp hkvXp-hn\v 25% \nIpXn Npa-n-bmWv

hnp--sX-n \nIpXn DssS hkvXp-hns hne Fm-bn-cn-pw.
Cu \nIp-Xn-bpsS t]scv ?
2 Score
14. Xmsg--d-bp--h-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I ]n-I-bmbn FgpXpI.
4 Score
{]Xy \nIpXn
]tcm \nIpXn
15. ]c-kv]c_w Isn Xcw-Xn-cnp-I.
3 Score
tI-{-km \nIpXn, kwm\ km \nIpXn, X-t-i-m-]-\-

Np-a-p--h, sXmgn \nIp-Xn, hyn-KX hcp-am\ \n-Ip-Xn, hnev]\ \nIpXn
16. Xmsg sImSp-n-cnp ]Z--fn Iq-n tN-cm-Xv GXv ?
1 Score
FIvsskkv Xocph
Iwkv Uyqn
_Pv
17. \nIpXn`mcw FXpsImv Aamp--sXv ?
1 Score
18. s]mXp-ta-JebpsS kzm[o\w am{X-ap-Xv GXp Xcw

kZvhyh--bpsS khn-ti-j-X-bmWv ?
1 Score
apX-em-fn hyh
tkmjy-env hyh
an{i-hy-h
Ch-sbm-p-a-.
19. hyXymkw Is-p-I.
\nIp-Xn,
\nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I
3 Score
20. FmWv aqey-hnX \nIpXn
2 Score
185
D-c-kq-NnI
1.
apX-em-fn kZvhyh : Dev]m-Z\ D]m-[n-I-fpsS \nb-{Ww kzImcy

taJ-eb
- vv.
khn-ti-j-X-I : kzX{ Itmf hyh. em`-e-yw.
tkmjy-env kZvhyh : Dev]m-Z\ taJ-ebvv
khn-ti-j-X-I : tI{o-IrX Bkq-{XWw
: s]mXp P\-taw
2.
hyn-KX hcp-am\ \nIpXn

I\n \nIpXn
3.
an{i kZvhyh
{]tXy-IXI 1) s]mXp-ta-J-ebpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebpw Iqmbn \ne-\np-p.
2) tI{o-IrX Bkq-{XWw
4.
hnev]\ \n-IpXn
em`w Ipd-bp-p.
km[-\--fpsS hne hn-p-p.
Pohn-X-`mcw hn-p-p.
5.
kmaq-ly-tk-h\w
kmaqly kpcm {]h\w
]cn-nXn kwc-Ww
{Ia-k-am-[m-\hpw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw
6.
FIvsskkv Xocp-h, hnev]\ \nIpXn, aqey-hnX \nIpXn, tkh\ \nIpXn.
7.
{]Xy \nIpXn
F) hyn-KX hcp-am\ \nIpXn
F) I\n BZmb \nIpXn
]tcm \nIpXn
_n) aqey-hnX \nIpXn
_n) tkh\ \nIpXn (c-n \npw Hmtcmp hoXw)
8.
hchv sNehv IWv

186
9.
ôkv, ]ng, {Km v Kn^vv, ]eni, em`w (G-sX-nepw 4 Fw)
10. In _Pv = sNehv > h-cp-am\w

an _Pv = sNehv > hcp-am\w
11. km-cns hcp-am-\s s]mXp-h-cp-am\w Fv ]d-bp-p.
\nIpXn hcp-am-\hpw \n-Ip-Xn-bn-Xc hcp-am-\hpw Ds--XmWv s]mXp-h-cp-am\w.
\nIpXn hcp-am\s {]Xy \nIp-Xn-sbpw ]tcm \n-Ip-Xn-sbpw cmbn
Xncn-n-cnpp.
{][m\ \nIpXnbn-Xc hcp-am-\--fmWv ôkv, ]n-g, {Km v, Kn^vv, ]en-i, em`w.
12. aZyw, elcn]Zm--, B-Pw-_c h-kvXp-.
ImcWw km-cns hcp-am\w hn-p-p.
D]-t`mKw Ipd-bp-p.
kmaq-ly-taw Dm-Ip-p.
13. hne 450 cq]-bm-bn-cn-pw.
km[-\-ns BZy-hne 360
25% \nIpXn (3.60 s 25%) 90
BsI
450
hnev-\-\n-IpXn
14. {]Xy \nIp-Xn :
\nIp-Xn`mcw Gp hynbpw \nIpXn \Ip hynbpw Hcm
Bbn-cn-pw.
]tcm \nIpXn :
\nIpXnZmb-I\v \nIp-Xn-`mcw ap--h-cn-tebvv ssIamw sNm km[n-p-p.
\nIp-Xn-`mcw Gp hynbpw \nIpXn \Ip hynbpw Hcm
Bbn-cn-n-.
15. tI{-km \nIpXn hyn-K-X-h-cp-am\ \nIpXn
kwm\ km \nIpXn hnev]-\ \nIpXn
Xti m]\ Npa-ph sXmgn \nIpXn
16. _Pv
187
17. \nIpXn \IpXneqsS \jvS-s-Sp ]W-s-bmWv \nIp-Xn-`mcw

F-XpsImv A-am-p--Xv.
18. tkmjy-env hyh
19. {]Xy t\w {]Xo-n-msX P\- km-cn-tev \Ip \n_-nX
]W-a-S-hmWv \nIpXn. \nIpXn \Ip hynsb \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I Fv
hnti-jn-n-p-p.
20. Hcp Dev]--\nam-W-ns / hnev]-\-bpsS Hmtcm L-nepw Iqn tNp
aqey-n-t Npa-p \nIp-Xn-bmWv aqey-hnX \nIpXn AYhm hmv.
188
The future depends on what we do in the present

Mahatma Gandhi
189

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2014-15

Fkv Fkv F kn ]T-\-k-lmbn

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{]kn-U v Pnm ]m-b-v, Xncp-h-\--]pcw

sNbt]gvk, BtcmKy hnZym-`ymk

{io. sI. tIi-h t]mn

{ioa-Xn. ]n F. lmcn-^m _oKw

{]nkn-, Ub-v, Xncp-h-\--]pcw

sU]yqn Ub-d-IvS (hn-Zym`ymkw)

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Zni 2014 15 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

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B[p\nI temI-ns DZbw

hmWn-Py-n-sbpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-\n-a-b-n-sbpw amw

Cy kap-{Z-temIw tI{o-I-cn-n-cp hmWn-Pyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I- hn\n-a-bhpw a[y-[-

Cm-en-b \K-c--fpsS `qan-im-kv{X]-c-amb {]tXy-IX

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\thm-m\w bqtdm-t]m-b cmPy--fn

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]utcm-lnXy taJ-e-bnse Agn-a-Xn-I

]pXnb hym]m-cn-hK-ns DZbw

Itm-enm k`-bpsS km-nI {]Xn-kn

]m]-apn ]{X-ns hnev\

aX-\-ho-I-c-W-n\p t\XrXzw \In-b-h

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ssN\, Cy XpS-nb cmPy--fnse P\-Po-hn-Xw, k-X Ch Adn-bm-\p

Ing- p- \ n- p kpK- - { Z- h y- - f psSbpw ap hne- ] n- S n- p km[- \ - fpw

`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sn-- bqtdm-n ham-- DcpIn.

B[p-\n-I-]-cn-nXn imkv{X-ns ]nXmhv

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B[p-\nI ]q-Im-ev km-n-I, kmwkvm-cnI

2. B[p-\nI Ime-ns XpS--n {][m\ hmWn-Py-amK-

4. a[y-Ime cmP-hm-gvN-bn \nv hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp `c-W-coXn

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6. B[p-\n-I temI-ns shn-\-{Xw ]Sn-m-dp-Zn-p.

7. Cm-en-b \K-c- ]mmXy ]uckvXy hnm-\--fpsS

sImfmjv {in-p-h-tm. \thm-m\w F hmns\ CXv kqNn-n-p-p.

9. \thm-m\Ime khn-ti-j-X-I Is-p-I.

10. \thm-m\w Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-nepw Dm-nb am- DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw

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12. Ipdnv Xmdm-p-I.

16. mt\m-Zb Ime-L--nse {][m\ XXz-Nn--I Bscmw ?

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12. aX-\-ho-I-cWw, \n-N\w ImcWw apssI-sb-Sp--h{]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw

B[p-\nI ]cn-nXn imkv{X-ns ]nXmhv

17. mt\m-Z-b-Im-es Nn-I Ub{Kw ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.

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3) Cw-nse tkzm-[n-]Xy `c-W-n-s\-Xn-cmb hnP-b-am-Wv s]o-j Hm^v ssdv.

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1629 Nmkv I \nbaw ewLnv ]me-sa v ]ncn-p-hn-p.

1688 tacnbvpw hney-an\pw

6) Cw-n cmP-`-cWw \ne-\n-evppsh-nepw cmPmhv `cn-bvp-n-.

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7 a. tkzm-[n-]Xy cmP-hm-gvNbvpw ^yqU hyh--bvp-sa-Xnsc 1789 {^mkn

8. 18-mw \qmns cmw ]Ip-Xn-bnepw ^yqU-enkw {^mkn \ne-\n-p.

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10. {^mkn ^yqU hyh-n-Xn-bvs-Xnsc t]mcm-Sm P\-v

kmaq-lnI DS-Sn (Social Contract)

11. {^v ]me-sanse aqm-as Ft-mb tImakv tZiob Akw-n-sbv