SPC 207 Fluid Mechanics

Dr. Mohamed Omar Abdelgawad

Adjunct Assistant Professor
Center of Nanotechnology, Zewail city of Science and Technology
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department, Assiut University
www.assiutmicrofluidics.com

Know your instructor

Dr. Mohamed Omar Ahmad Abdelgawad

B.Sc from Assiut University (1998)

M.A.Sc from Concordia University, Canada, in 2003.

Ph.D from University of Toronto, Canada, 2008

Assistant professor in Mechanical Engineering Department,

Assiut University since 2010.

Office: room ZC-230

E-mail: moabdelgawad@zewailcity.edu.eg

Website: www.assiutmicrofluidics.com

Course Outline

Why study fluid mechanics?

Kariba dam - Zimbabwe

Every day life

Flight

Power generation
(Hydroelectricity)

Propulsion

Industry

Fabrication (coating processes)

Why study fluid mechanics?

Conventional particle manipulation On the micro and nanoscale, fluids

are the main carrier of cargo.

What is a Fluid?

Solids:

Solids has densely spaced molecules with large

intermolecular cohesive forces that allow the
solid to maintain its shape, and to not be easily
deformed.
When solids are acted on by a shearing stress,
they will initially deform (usually a very small
deformation), but they will not deform
continuously (flow).

Fluids (gases and liquids):

Fluids deforms continuously (flow) when acted

on by shearing stresses of any magnitude.
molecules are spaced farther apart, the
intermolecular forces are smaller than for
solids, and the molecules have more freedom
of movement.

Important properties of fluids

Density (): mass per unit volume (kg/m3)

Density of liquids is a function of temperature.

Density of water at
4C is 999.98 kg/m3

Density of gases is a function of temperature and

pressure.

Important properties of fluids

Specific weight (): weight per unit volume (N/m3)

= x g

Example: Specific weight of water is 1000 x 9.8 = 9800 N/m3

Specific gravity (SG): ratio between density of the liquid

and density of water at 4C

Example: an oil with a density of 800 kg/m3 would have a specific

gravity of SG = 800/1000 = 0.8

Viscosity

Density and specific gravity are measures of how heavy the fluid is.
Viscosity is a measure of the fluidity of the fluid (i.e. how easily can
this fluid flow).
Although many oils are lighter than water ( 900 kg/m3) however,
they are more sluggish than water because they are much more
viscous.

Viscosity-II

The viscosity () (also called dynamic viscosity) is

measured by

SI units: Pa.s (or kg/m.s)

British units: 1 Poise = 1 gm/cm.s = 0.1 Pa.s

The kinematic viscosity = dynamic viscosity/density

= / = kg/m.s x m3/kg = m2/s
Units of kinematic viscosity ():

SI units: m2/s
British units: 1 Stokes (St) = cm2/s = 10-4 m2/s
1 cSt = 10-6 m2/s

Viscosity is a strong function of

temperature

Board

How to calculate viscous

shear stress (i.e. fluid
Friction)?

Newtonian vs Non-Newtonian fluids

Newtonian fluids
Shear stress is linearly
proportional to shear
rate.

Non-Netonian fluids
Shear stress is nonlinearly proportional to
shear rate

Non-Newtonian Liquids

Can exhibit very un common behavior!

Surface tension

At the surfaces of liquids and gases or two immiscible liquids forces

develop that make the liquid surface develop like a skin or a membrane
stretched over the fluid mass.
Molecules along the surface exhibit a net force toward the interior.
The intensity of the molecular attraction per unit length along any line in
the surface is called the surface tension ().
The surface tension value depend on the liquid temperature and the other
fluid it contacts.

http://surface-tension.sita-process.com/overview/

Board
Pressure inside droplets and
bubbles and capillary rise of
liquids