SURFACE FACILITIES

Herbert Hofsttter
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GENERAL FLOW DIAGRAM

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SURFACE FACILITIES COMPONENTS

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Gathering Station
Seperator
Treatment
Metering, Sampling, Testing
Storage
Chemical Injection
Disposal
Miscellaneous

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Undersaturated Oil Reservoir

Undersaturated oil reservoirs
The reservoir pressure is above bubblepoint pressure, pb
Underlying assumption: oil is the only phase that is present and flowing

Undersaturated Oil

Bubble-Point
Line

Critical Point, C
TwoPhase
Area

Pressure

Condensate
Gas

Dry Gas

Dew-Point
Line

Temperature
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The Production System

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The Production System

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Saturated Oil Properties

Rs Gas solubility in oil

Bo oil volume factor
o oil viscosity

Rs, Bo, o

saturated

undersaturated
Rs [scf/STB] gas
solubility in oil

Bo [res bbl/STB] oil

volume factor
o [cp] - viscosity

pb
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pi

p [psi]
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SURFACE INSTALLATIONS

Properties of produced fluids: Impact of pressure,

temperature and fluid on key hydrocarbon parameters and
fluid behavior
Valves: API valves, chokes, regulators, and flow control
devices; principle of operation and effect on fluid condition
Safety systems: surface safety control systems; relief valves;
pressure ratings; API recommended practices
Flowlines, manifolds and gathering systems: material
selection, pressure drop considerations, line sizing, corrosion,
noise and erosion concerns, full wellstream production, two
and three phase fluid flow, pigging, slugs, foam and emulsions
Mechanical equipment: Pumps, compressors, heaters, sour
and acid gas treating, pressured vessels, storage facilities and
other surface and subsurface treating/fluid handling equipment
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SURFACE INSTALLATIONS contd

Gas separation / treating: two and three phase separation,

free water removal, treatment of emulsions, hydrate prevention
and treatment, vapor recovery, gas conditioning for sales,
injection or field usage
Oil / water separation and treatment: two and three phase
separation, emulsion breaking, asphaltenes, solids control,
removal of residual oil-in-water and water-in-oil to meet
pipeline specifications or injection / disposal requirements,
hydrocyclones and new water / oil treating equipment
Fluid measurement and instrumentation: Liquid and gas
metering using positive displacement meters, orifices, sonic
meters, mass measurement meters, three phase flow
measurement and new metering devices
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OTHERS

Sour gas treatment: field handling and treatment of sour and

acid gases, safety considerations, API standards
Corrosion: fundamental principles; detection, prevention and
treatment
Treating facility innovations: up-to-date description of new
equipment for handling high pressure/temperature, three
phase flow from subsea and remote locations

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GATHERING STATION

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CLASSIFICATION OF SEPARATORS

By position or shape
of the vessel
Vertical
Horizontal
Single barrel
Double barrel
Spherical

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By number of fluids
to be segregated
Two Phase
Three Phase

Filterseparator

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FREE WATER KNOCKOUT

Free Water Knock Out : a vertical or horizontal vessel into which

oil or emulsion is run to allow any water not emulsified with the oil
( free water ) to drop out
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GAS SEPARATOR

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OIL SEPARATOR

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VERTICAL SEPARATOR

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MULTI STAGE SEPARATION

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HORIZONTAL SEPARATOR

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HORIZONTAL SEPARATOR

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GAS/GAS HEAT EXCHANGER

28 bar

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GAS/WATER HEAT EXCHANGER

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HEATER

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OIL/WATER HEAT EXCHANGER

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METERING STATION

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Stand 29.04.04

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CHEMICAL INJECTION

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CaCl2 DEHYDRATION

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GLYCOL DEHYDRATION

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GLYCOL REGENERATION

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PIGGING SYSTEMS

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REFRIGERATION

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FLOATING ROOF TANK

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BOLTED STEEL TANK

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SPHEROIDAL TANK

Spheroidal Tank
Spherical Tank

Noded Spheroidal Tank

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LPG Tanker

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