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Maximum no. of lecture allowed : 9 for Bull's Eye ; 8 for ACME ; 6 for 13th
1 ST LECTURE
2.
INTRODUCTION :
A sequence is a set of terms which may be algebraic, real or complex numbers, written
according to definite rule and the series thus formed is called a progression.
e.g. 0, 1, 7, 26.............. (rule is n3 1)
1, 4, 7, 10 .............
2, 4, 6, 8, ............... etc.
Note : Minimum number of terms in a sequence should be 3.
SHORT STORY :
Leading to historical development and origin of the chapter - Fredric Karl Gauss.
+ (a + d)
+ (a + 2d) + .............. + (a + n 1 d )
Sn = (a + n 1 d ) + (a + n 2 d ) + (a + d) +.................+ a
(iii)
(iv)
The sum of the two terms of an AP equidistant from the beginning & end is constant
and equal to the sum of first & last terms.
(v)
If the number of terms in an A.P. is even then take it as 2n and if odd then take it as (2n+1)
(vi)
1
1
1
and tn =
then show that Smn = (mn + 1)
n
m
2
How many terms of the sequence,
2
1
20 + 19 + 18 + ........ must be taken so that there sum is 300. Explain the reason of
3
3
double answer
[Ans. 36 or 25]
In an A.P. if tm =
(v)
The sum of n terms of two A.P.'s are in the ratio of 7n + 1 : 4n + 27, find the ratio of
4
their 11th terms
[Ans. ]
3
(vi) If S1, S2, S3, ...... Sp are the sums of n terms of 'p' arithmetic series whose first terms
are 1, 2, 3, 4........ and whose common difference are 1, 3, 5, 7, ......; prove that
np
(np 1)
S1 + S2 + S3 + ....... + Sp =
2
n (n 1)
n
[Hint: S1 = [2 + (n 1)] =
2
2
n (3n 1)
n
S2 = [4 + n 1 3] =
2
2
n (2p 1)n 1
n
[2p + n 1 (2p 1)] =
2
2
2
n
S1 + S2 + ..... + Sp = [n + 3n + 5n + ...... + (2p 1)n + p]
2
n
n
np
= [n(1 + 3 + 5 + ..... + 2p 1) + p] = [np2 + p] =
(np+1) ]
2
2
2
Sp =
(vii)
(viii) The number of terms in an A.P. is even, the sum of the odd terms is 24, of the even
1
terms is 30, and the last term exceeds the first term by 10 . Find the number of terms.
2
(ix) Find the sum of all integers between 1 to 100 which are divisible by 2 or 3.
Find the nature and nth term of the sequence whose sum to n terms is 5n2 + 2n + 4.
[Ans. Tn = 10n 3 (an A.P.) 7, 17, 27, 37 .........]
2
2
2
Asking : S = 100 99 + 98 972 + 962 952 + ........ + 22 12 = 5050.
Note :
(1) If a, b, c are in A.P. then prove that
(a) b + c ; c + a ; a + b are also in A.P.
[Hint: b + c = a + d + a + 2d etc, c + a = a + 3d + a = 3a + 3d etc.]
(x)
1
1
1
a
b
c
,
,
are in A.P..
(b)
,
,
are in A.P..
bc ca ab
bc ca ab
[Sol.
a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. (given)
2(a) a2 + ab + bc + ca, b2 + ab + bc + ca, c2 + ab + bc + ca are in A.P.
(a + b)(a + c), (b + c)(b + a), (c + a)(c + b) are in A.P.
1
1
1
or
,
,
are in A.P..
bc ca ab
b
a
c
2(b) TPT
,
,
are in A.P..
bc ca ab
a
c
b
or TPT
+ 1,
+ 1,
+ 1 are in A.P..
bc
ab
ca
(a)
or TPT
1
1
1
,
,
are in A.P. ]
bc ca ab
Home Work after 1st lecture : Ex. IV (a) and IV (b) except mean (Hall & Knight)
or TPT
2 ND LECTURE
Now A1 = a + d
A2 = a + 2d
An = a + nd
Ai
i 1
= na + (1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n)d
= na +
n (n 1) b a
n (n 1)
d = na +
2
n 1
2
a b
n
= na
[2a b a ] = n
2
2
Hence the sum of n AM's inserted between a and b is equal to n times a single AM
between them.
Asking : If 101 means are inserted between 1 and 99 then their sum =
EXAMPLES :
(i)
Insert 20 AM's between 4 and 67.
(ii)
(101) (1 99)
=5050.
2
2
A3
= then
A p 1 5
1
.
2
[Sol. Given a1 = 0 ; | a2 | = | a1 + 1 | ; | a3 | = | a2 + 1 | ........... | an | = | an 1 + 1 |
also let
a n + 1 = | an + 1 |
Prove that the arithmetic mean of a1, a2, ....... an is not less than
now squaring
a12 = 0
a 22 = a12 2a1 1
a 32 a 22 2a 2 1
a 24 a 32 2a 3 1
a 2n 1 a 2n 2a n 1
adding
or
a 2n 1 2(a1 a 2 ..... a n ) n
a1 a 2 .... a n
1
]
2
n
[Ans: x = 3] [IIT90, 4]
F
H
x
x
[Sol. log3 (2 5) log3 2 log3 2
7
2 5
x 2
2
2 5
x
2x
I
K
7
log3 (2 x
2
e2 5j
x
7I
F
2
F 2 5I log G 2 J
log
GH 2 JK
5) ;
GG 2 5 JJ
H K
x
2x 1 7
2 2x 10 . 2 x 25 2 . 2 x 7 ; put 2x = y
y2 12 y 32 0 y 8 or 4 ; hence x = 3 (as x = 2 is rejected) ]
(b)
[Sol.
x 1 x 2
1
........ = 3
x
x
x
[Ans. x = 7]
1
[(x 1) + (x 2) + (x 3) + ... + (x (x 1))] = 3
x
x(x 1) (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (x 1)) = 3x
( x 1) x
x(x 1)
= 3x
2
1
x(x 1) = 3x
2
2
x x = 6x
x(x 7) = 0 ; x 0 x = 7
]
(ii)(a)132/1 Find the condition that the roots of the equation x3 px2 + qx r = 0 may be in A.P.
and hence solve the equation x3 12x2 + 39x 28 =0.
[Hint: Let the roots be a d, a and a + d 3a = p
p
a=
must satisfy the given equation
3
p3
p2
p
p. q r 0 2p3 9pq + 27r = 0
27
9
3
(This is the required condition)
now given, x3 12x2 + 39x 28 = 0 ....(2)
here p = 12; q = 39 and r = 28 which satisfy (1)
hence roots of equation (2) are also in A.P.
p 12
a=
=4
3 3
also a(a d) (a + d) = r = 28
a2 d 2 = 7
d2 = 9 d = + 3
Hence the roots are 1, 4, 7 Ans. ]
(b)
....(1)
If the first 3 terms of an increasing A.P. are the roots of the cubic
n
4x3 24x2 + 23x + 18 = 0, then find Sn.
[Ans. (5n 7) ]
4
9
1
[Hint: series is , 2, , ..........]
2
2
(iii)151/1 If the sum of the roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of the
squares of their reciprocals, then show that bc, ca, ab are in AP.
c
b
[Sol. ax2 + bx + c = 0
; +=
; =
a
a
Given + =
c 2 b 2 2c
=
a2 a2 a
bc2 = ab2 + 2ca2
bc2 + ab2 = 2ca2
b
(iv)
( ) 2 2
+=
22
c2
a2
b
2c
+
a
b
.....
+
+
+ ...... +
= a a a a
an
a1a n
a 2a n 1
a 2a n 1
a n a1
1
2 1
2
(v)
Prove that
[Hint: Let
2,
Hence
2,
3,
3,
th
th
th
5 are p , q and r terms.
2 = a + (p 1)d ;
3 = a + (q 1)d ;
5 = a + (r 1)d
rq
5 3
=
; RHS is rational and LHS is irrational
]
qp
32
Home Work after 2nd lecture : Ex. IV (a) and IV (b) including mean., (Hall & Knight)
3 RD LECTURE
1
1
find t10.
[Ans.
]
64
4
If pth, qth and rth terms of a G.P. are x, y and z respectively hen prove that
xq r yr p zp q = 1
In a G.P. if t3 = 2 and t6 =
(iii)
If a, b, c are in GP b2 = ac.
EXAMPLES :
(i)(a) The sum of first 3 consecutive terms of a G.P. is 19 and their product is 216. Find S n ,
also compute s if it exist.
a
[Sol. Let the three numbers in GP are , a, ar
r
a
1
a 1 r = 19 ...(1)
1ar = 216
....(2)
r
r
a=6
now from (1)
6r2 13r + 6 = 0
2
3
r = or r = .
3
2
Hence GP's are
19
13 r
1
1 13
+1+r=
r+ =
r2
+1=0
6
6
6
r
r
6r2 9r 4r + 6 = 0
3r(2r 3) 2(2r 3) = 0
(i)
4, 6, 9,
3 n
4 1
2
=
Sn =
3
1
2
In 1st case
27
, ...
2
(ii)
9, 6, 4,
8
, ...
3
3 n
8 2 1 ;
2 n
91
3
2 n
nd
In 2 case Sn =
;
Sn = 27 1 3
2
1
3
S exists if | r | < 1. Hence in 1st case S does not exist and in 2nd case S = 27
The sum of an infinite number of terms of a G.P. is 15 and the sum of their squares is
45. Find the series.
(iii)
Evaluate
rs 2r 3s
r 1 s 1
0 if r s
where rs =
1 if r s
[Ans. 5,
10 20
,
, .........]
13 9
(iv)
(a)
(b)
(c)
9 n times
S = 0.9 + 0.99 + 0.999 + ....... up to n times.
Find the four successive terms of a G.P. of which the 2nd term is smaller than the first
by 35 and the 3rd term is larger than the 4th by 560.
[Ans. 7, 28, 112, 448]
2
3
[Hint. a, ar, ar , ar
a ar = 35
....(1)
2
3
ar ar = 560
.....(2)
]
(v)
=
=
a (s 1)d
a (q 1)d
a (r 1)d
[T/S, Ex-1]
pq
qr
=
qr
r s
Hence p q, q r, r s are in G.P.
(vii)
If S1, S2, S3,......Sp are the sums of infinite G.P. whose first terms are 1, 2, 3, .......p,
1 1 1
and whose common ratios are , , , ........, 1 respectively..
2 3 4
p 1
p
Prove that S1 + S2 + S3 + .......Sp = (p + 3).
2
rd
Home Work after 3 lecture : Ex. 5(a) except mean (Hall & Knight)
4 TH LECTURE
r = b n 1
a
Gi
i 1
= an
r1 + 2 + .... + n = an
bn
n ( n 1)
r 2
b
n
1
= a
a
= Gn
n ( n 1)
2
= a n 2 = an/2 bn/2 = ab n
a
where G is the angle GM between a and b.
Hence product of n GM's inserted between of a and b is equal to the nth power of a
single GM between them. It may be noted that between two positive numbers AM GM
n
EXAMPLES :
(i)
Insert 4 GM's between 5 and 160.
(ii) If AM between a and b is 15 and GM between a and b is 9. Find the number.
(iii) If sum of two numbers a and b is n times their GM then show that
a : b = n n2 4 : n n2 4
[Sol. a + b = n
ab
a
+
b
b
=n
a
1
a
n n2 4
2
let
=y ;
y+ =n
y ny + 1 = 0 y =
]
y
b
2
(iv) If a, b, c are in G.P. and x, y are respectively the AM's between a, b and b, c then prove that
c
1
2
1
a
+ =
and
+ =2
y
y
b
x
x
[Sol. a = a ; b = ar ; c = ar2
also a, x, b in A.P and b y c in A.P.
2x = a + b = a(1 + r)
....(1)
2y = b + c = ar(1 + r)
....(2)
2
2
2(1 r )
2
2
1
1
now
+ =
+
=
=
=
ar(1 r ) ar (1 r ) ar
a (1 r )
b
y
x
(v)
c
(ar 2 ) 2
a
2
again
+ =
+
[from 1 and 2]
y 1 r
ar (1 r )
x
2r
2
=
+
=2 ]
1 r (1 r )
If x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 then prove that (x + y)(y + z)(z + x) 8xyz
[Hint: x + y 2 x y etc.]
(
a 2b3c2
310 24
77
a a b b b c c
, , , , , ,
2 2 3 3 3 2 2
2 3 2
7
a 2 b3c 2
a b c a b c
24 310
3
2
3
2
4 3 ; 4 3
;
abc
]
7
2 3
7
77
23
H.W. after 4th lecture : Ex. 5(a) including means + Ex-1, T/S 1 to 15(Hall & Knight)
LECTURE
+ (a + d)r2 + ...............................+ a n 2 d rn 1 + a n 1d rn
Sr = + ar
Now subtract and get the expression for S and S as the case may be
EXAMPLES :
(i)
If | x | < 1 then compute the sum
1
(a) 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ...........
[Ans.
]
(1 x ) 2
1
(b) 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + ...............
[Ans.
]
(1 x )3
(ii) Find the sum to n terms and also S
(iii)
(a)
1+
7
10
4
+ 2 + 3 + ...........
5
5
5
[Ans. Sn =
35 12n 7
35
; S =
]
n
1
16 16 5
16
(b)
3
5
7
9
+
+
+
+ ......
5 15
45 135
[Ans. Sn =
3
n 2
2 n ]
5
3
33
333
3333
3
+ 2 + 3 +
+ ..........
19 19
19
19 4
3 10 10 2 10 3
3 10 1 102 1 103 1
......
...... =
[Hint:
2
3
9
19
19
19
9 19
19
10
6.
Miscellaneous sequences
n (n 1)
2
n (n 1)(2n 1)
* n2
6
n ; n 2 ; n3
n (n 1)
2
n 2 n
For proof :
*
Consider the identity
k3 (k 1)3 = 3k2 3k + 1
**
Consider the identity
k4 (k 1)4 = 4k3 6k2 + 4k 1
**
Note : (i)
(iii)
r 1
r 1
r 1
(a r b r ) = a r b r
n
r 1
= k = k n
r 1
(ii)
r 1
r 1
k ar = k ar
for e.g.
(1)
1 = i
1
i 1 j1 k 1
( j) =
j1
i 1
i(i 1) 1
=
2
2
1 n (n 1)(2n 1) n (n 1) n (n 1)(2n 4)
n (n 1)(n 2)
=
=
2
6
2
6
12
(2)117/QE Find the value(s) of the positive integer n for which the quadratic equation,
( x k 1)(x k ) 10n
k 1
[Hint:
( x K)2 ( x K) = 10 n
K 1
n
K 1
n (n 1)(2n 1) n (n 1)
10n = 0
6
2
3x2 + 3nx + (n2 31) = 0
nx2 + n2x +
( 1) n
n 31
.2
EXAMPLES :
TYPE-1 (Base on
(i)
n 2 ; n3 ) :
H.W. after 5th lecture : Complete Ex. 5(b) (Hall & Knight)
6 TH LECTURE
6 + 13 + 22 + 33 + .................. n terms
[Ans.
n (n 1)(6n 13)
n]
6
(ii)
3 + 8 + 15 + 24 + ....... up to n terms
[Ans.
n (n 1)(2n 7)
]
6
1 n
(3 + 1)]
2
(iii)
5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + ........... up to n terms.
[Ans. 4n +
(iv)
[Ans.
(v)
3n (2n 1) 1
1
1 1
1 1 1
1 + 1 + 1 2 + ........ + 1 2 ..... n 1 [Ans.
]
4 3n 1
3
3 3 3
3 3
1 n+1
(3
+ 2n 3)]
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
......[Ans.
S
=
;
S
=
n 18 3( n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
18 ]
12 34
2 34 5
34 5 6
1
1
1
+
+
........+
+ .........
135
35 7
5 7 9
In case a factor is missing
3
4
5
th
+
+
12 4 2 35 34 6 + ........ then split the n as given below
e.g.
n2
( n 2) 2
[Hint : Tn =
=
n (n 1)(n 3)
n (n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
(Note: Nr must be free from n and Dr must contain consecutive factors)
n (n 1) 3n 4
n 2 4n 4
=
=
n (n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
n (n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
=
1
3
4
+
+
(n 1)(n 2)
(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
n (n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
(iv)
1
2
3
4
........
13 135 1357 13579
(v)
1
13
135
...........
24 246 2468
[Hint: Tn =
=
]
246.........(2n 2)
246.........2n
246.........(2n 2)
TYPE-4 :
Here is a series in which each terms is composed of r factor in A.P., the first factor of
the several terms being in the same A.P.
Examples :
(i)
1234 + 2345 + 3456 + ........ up to n terms
[Sol. Tn = n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n +3)
=
1
[n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4) (n 1)n(n +1)(n + 2)(n + 3)]
5
1
T1 = [12345 0]
5
1
T2 = [23456 12345]
5
1
Tn = [n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4) (n 1)n(n +1)(n + 2)(n + 3)]
5
1
Sn = [n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4)] Ans. ]
5
H.W. after 6th lecture : Ex.-29(a) complete and selected from Ex.-29(b) (Hall & Knight)
7 TH LECTURE
1 1 1
a1, a2, a3, ....... are in H.P. then a , a , a ..... are in A.P..
1
2
3
A standard H.P. is
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ........ + a n 1d
a
ad
a 2d
(i)
(ii)
Note :
If the term of an H.P. is this means that the corresponding term of the A.P. is zero.
There is no general formula for finding the sum to n terms of H.P.
(iii)
If a, b, c are in H.P.
2
1 1
= +
b
a
c
1 1 1 1
=
b a
c b
EXAMPLES :
or
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
1 1 1
, , are in A.P
a b c
b=
i.e.
a b bc
=
ab
bc
2ac
ac
i.e.
a
ab
=
c
bc
1 1 3
, ,
, find the number of terms.
3 5 203
[Ans. 100]
th
th
If m term of an H.P. is n, and n term is equal to m then prove that (m + n) th term
mn
is
.
mn
If a1, a2, a3......an are in H.P. then prove that
a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + ...... + an1an = (n 1)a1an
1
1 1
1
[Hint: a , a , a ........ a are in A.P.
1
2
3
n
a 2 a3
a1 a 2
a n 1 a n
d= aa
= a a = ........... a a
1 2
2 3
n n 1
a a
1
[(a1 a2) + (a2 a3) + ...... + (an1 an)] = 1 n
d
d
a1 a n
1
1
=
+
(n
1)d
(n
1)d
=
an
a1
a n a1
now LHS =
now
a1 a n
d = (a a )(n 1) ;
n 1
1
1
= + 2d
a
H2
1
1
=
+ 3d
H3
a
1
1
=
+ nd
Hn
a
i 1
ab
n
d(n )(n 1) n
n (n 1)
+
= +
ab(n 1)
a
a
2
2
n
n (a b )
1 a b
1
=n
=
[2b
+
a
b]
=
=n
2ab
a 2ab 2ab
H
Hence sum of the reciprocals of all the n HM's between a and b is equal to n times a
single HM between a and b.
EXAMPLE :
(i)130/1 If a is the A.M. of b and c ; b the G.M. of c and a , then prove that c is the
H.M. of a and b.
[Sol.
2a = b + c
....(1) ;
b2 = ac
....(2)
2ab
ab
Now 2ab = (b + c)b = b2 + bc = ac + bc = c (a+b) ]
T.P.T.
c=
A G H are in G.P.
A
G
=
;
AG GH
G
H
Hence A G H
Infact RMS AM GM HM ]
GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS :
also
(i)
If
ax
ay az
=
px
q y = r z and p, q, r are in A.P. then prove that x, y, z are in H.P..
a
a
a
1
1
1
y
x
z
[Sol.
=
=
;
p
q
r
a a
a a
y z
x y
=
qr
pq
pq=qr
a
a
a
a
=
y z
x y
1 1 1
, , are in A.P..
x y z
x, y, z in H.P. ]
If ax = by = cz = dw = .... and a, b, c, d are in G.P. then prove that x, y, z, w... are in H.P.
[T/S Ex-1]
x
y
z
w
[Sol. If
a = b = c = d = ....... = k
(ii)
a=
i.e.
1
kx
1
y
;b= k ;c=
1
kz
a, b, c, d are in G.P.
k1 y
k1 x
k
1 1
y z
k1 z
k1 y
= k
k1 w
k1 z
1 1
z y
;d=
1
kw
b
c
d
= =
a
b
c
= .........
1 1
kw z
1 1 1 1
1
1
= =
y x
w
z y
z
1 1 1 1
, , ,
, .... are in A.P.
x y z w
x, y, z, w ..... H.P.]
(iii) If a, b, c are three distinct positive reals in H.P. then prove that a + c > 2b .
[Sol. using AM > GM in an and cn
a n cn
> (an cn)1/2
2
n
i.e. a + cn > 2(ac)n/2 ....(1)
a, b, c are in H.P.
b is the HM between a and c.
hence applying GM > HM
ac > b
from (1) and (2)
an + cn > 2bn
(iv)
(ac)n/2 > bn ;
2(ac)n/2 = 2bn
....(2)
If a, b, c are in H.P. p, q, r are in H.P. and ap, bq, cr are in G.P. then prove that
r
a
c
p
+ = +
p
c
a
r
[Sol. b =
ac
2
a c
apcr =
2
q=
2
2pr
pr
and
apcr = b2q2
(a c) 2 p 2 r 2
2pr
=
r
(p r )2
(p r )2
(a c) 2
=
=
pr
ac
p r
a c
=
r p
c a
Hence proved.
H.W. after 7th lecture : Complete Ex.-6(a) (Hall & Knight) + Ex-1 complete
8TH LECTURE : Ex-3 and Ex-2 if possible