BIOENGINEERING

A developing specialty featuring a multidisciplinary approach to the solution of

problems in medicine and biology
Based on the application of advances in science, engineering and technology
IEEE 1073: Standard for Medical Device Communication

o IEEE 1073.31
Standard for Medical Device Communications Transport Profile-Connection
Mode
Defines the service and requirements for bedside sub network
o IEEE 1073.41
Physical layer, cable connected
Defines cables, connector data rates and bio level encoding

MEDICAL DEVICES and EQUIPMENTS

DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENTS
Medical imaging equipment

o Radiography (X-RAY)
Art and science of using ionizing radiation to provide images of tissues,
organs,bones and vessels that comprise the body
The first body imaging test
X-Rays was discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895
Consist of electromagnetic radiation like light but behaves a shorter wavelength
Penetrate on the body and formed image on the film
Myelogram
An X-ray test of the spine
o Arthrogram
X-ray of joint usually tye knee or hip
o Flouroscopy
A moving picture of the body is seen as the test is performed and recorded on
videotapes
Evaluates gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system and the bladder
o Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)
Uses contrast dye to outline kidneys, ureters and bladders

o Mamography
Used for detection of breast disease such as breast cancer using low dose X-ray

o CT Scan (Computed Tomography)

Obtain multiple cross sectional images of the body by using special X-rays and
computer enhancement
o Echocardiography
This procedure uses a special device to detect the sound that is reflected from a
beating of the heart
It is also called diagnostic cardiac ultrasound because it uses reflected sound
waves to look directly at your childs heart
o MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Method of creating images of the inside of opaque organs in living organisms as
well as detecting the amount of bound water in geological structures
Uses magnetism and radio waves
Produced much more detailed images than X-rays because of its ability to
separate different type of soft tissues
It uses the magnetic properties of nuclei of the atoms in the body
Used to look at any area of the body especially in diagnosing diseases within the
soft tissues of the head
Procedures of choice to detect sports injuries involving tendon and ligament
damage

o Radioisotope (Nuclear Scan)

Number of tests that uses very small quantities of radioactive materials called
radio isotopes to image parts of the body
Radioisotope is attached to another substance that is injected. Inhaled or
swallowed
Reverse of an X-ray because the radiation instead of directed o the body, the
radiation comes from the inside
Universally dropped due to negative connotations

o Bone Scan
Test that can detect changes in bone metabolism or growth
It identifies cancer, infections of the cause of unexplained bone pain such as
break that didnt show up on X-ray
Done by seeing how a radio active isotope which work as a tracer
o Ultrasound (Sonography)
Uses high frequency sound waves to echo off the body and create a picture of it
Organs being examined by the ultrasound are kidneys, the liver and spleen, the
brain, the female pelvis and the hips
THERAPEUTIC EQUIPMENTS

o Cardioversion
Process of restoring the hearts normal rhythm by applying a controlled electric
shock to the exterior of the chest
Lower electric level than defibrillator
o Pacemaker
Regulates the beating of the heart
Natural pacemaker is the sinoatrial (SA) node or sinus node
The artificial pacemaker is a small battery operated device that helps the heart
beat in a regular rhythm
o Diathermy
Involves the passage of high frequency alternating current through the body
tissue
o Defibrillator
A device that administers an electric shock through the chest wall to the heart
High voltage power supply, storage capacitor and electrodes are primary
components
Uses two electrical pads to stimulate heart beat
Can be manual or automatic

MONITORING EQUIPMENTS

o Electrocardiogram (ECG)
A non-invasive test that records the electrical activity of the-heart
It was invented by a Dutch physiologist Wilhem Einthoven (1860-1927)
Used to measure the rate and regularity of heartbeats as well as the size and
position of the chambers, the presence of any damage to the heart and the
effects of drugs
Detects electrical signals from the heart
M-Mode
Provides a single dimension images that allow accurate measurement of the
heart chambers

o 2-D echo
Capable at displaying a cross sectional slice of the beating heart, including the
chambers, valves and the major blood vessels that exist from the left and the
right ventricle

o Electroneurogram (ENG)
Detects electrical signals from the nerves
o Electromyogram (EMG)
Assess the health of the muscles and the nerves controlling the muscles
A needle electrode is inserted through the skin into the muscle. The electrical
activity detected by the electrode is inserted through the skin into the muscle
o Electroencephalogram (ECG)
Detects the electrical signals from the brain
Recorded by 8 to 160 pairs of electrodes attached to the scalp
o Electro-oculogram
Detects the electrical potential from the eyes(retina and cornea)
o Electronystagmogram
A recording of the eye movements

BIOMETRICS
As the level of security breaches and transaction fraud increases, the need for
highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is becoming
apparent.
Among the features measured are: face, fingerprints, hand geometry,
handwriting, iris, vein and voice
o Automated Methods
a mechanism to scan and capture a digital or analog image of a
living personal characteristics
compression, processing and comparison of the image
interface with applications systems
o Identification and Authentication
Identification occurs when an individuals characteristics are being selected from
a group of stored images
Identification is called a one to many search, the question put to the machine is
Do I know you?
Authentication occurs when an individual makes a claim of identity by presenting
a code or a card
Authentication is called One to one search, the question put to the machine is
Are you who you claim to be?

o Physiological and Behavioral Characteristics

A physiological characteristics is a relatively stable physical characteristics such
as the fingerprint, hand silhouette, iris pattern or blood vessel pattern of the black
eye
This type of measurement is basically unchanging and unalterable without
significant duress
o Performance Measures
The most commonly discussed performance measure of a biometric is its
Identifying Power
The terms that define ID Power are a slippery pair known as False Rejection
Rate(FRR) or Type I Error and False Acceptance Rate(FAR) or Type II error