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B YZA N T I N E
MONUMENTS
o f I S TA N B U L
This is the story of the Byzantine monuments of Istanbul, the city known in the
medieval period as Constantinople and in classical antiquity as Byzantium. Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire from 330 until 1453 and was
renowned for the beauty and grandeur of its churches and palaces. The extant
Byzantine monuments of Istanbul include more than twenty churches, most
notably Hagia Sophia, as well as the remains of the land and sea walls, the Hippodrome, imperial palaces, commemorative columns, reservoirs and cisterns, an
aqueduct, a triumphal archway, and a fortied port. They are described here in
chronological order and in the context of their times, through the political, religious, social, economic, intellectual, and artistic developments in the dynasties
that came to power during the turbulent Byzantine age. A major part of the
architectural and artistic heritage of Byzantium, these monuments also serve as a
link between the world of classical antiquity and the new epochs of early modern Europe and the Ottoman Empire.
John Freely is professor of Physics at the University of the Bosphorus in Istanbul.
He is distinguished author and coauthor of more than thirty books on travel,
including the renowned Strolling through Istanbul and, more recently, Istanbul, the
Imperial City and Inside the Seraglio.
Ahmet S. akmak is professor emeritus in the Department of Civil Engineering
and Operations Research at Princeton University. He has written extensively on
aspects of Byzantine architecture and served as coeditor of Hagia Sophia: From the
Age of Justinian to the Present.
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B YZA N T I N E
MONUMENTS
o f I S TA N B U L
John Freely
University of the Bosphorus
Ahmet S. akmak
Princeton University
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Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, So Paulo, Delhi
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
978-0-521-77257-0 hardback
978-0-521-17905-8 paperback
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_
IN MEMORY
OF
HILARY SUMNER-BOYD
COLLEAGUE
AND
TEACHER
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CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1 Byzantium
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6 Hagia Sophia
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12 Th e Pa l a e ol o g u s D y na s t y
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I L L U S T R AT I O N S
Fig ure s
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I l l u s t r a t i o n s
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I l l u s t r a t i o n s
Plate s
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I l l u s t r a t i o n s
xv
XXXV Church of St. John in Trullo (Hirami Ahmet Pasa Camii), looking
toward the nave
XXXVI Kalenderhane Camii (Church of the Kyriotissa)
XXXVII Kalenderhane Camii, nave, looking toward the apse
XXXVIII The Late Byzantine palace known as Tekfursaray
XXXIX Church of the Panagia Mouchliotissa
XL Church of the Panagia Mouchliotissa, the nave
XLI Koca Mustafa Pasa Camii (Church of St.Andrew in Krisei), looking
south toward the mihrap from under the dome
XLII Fethiye Camii (Church of the Pammakaristos), the parekklesion
XLIII Fethiye Camii, nave and apse of the parekklesion, with mosaic of
Christ
XLIV Fethiye Camii, dome and upper zone of the parekklesion
XLV Fethiye Camii, mosaic of Christ in the dome of the parekklesion
XLVI Kariye Camii (Church of Christ in Chora)
XLVII Kariye Camii, detail of donor mosaic showing Theodore
Metochites, in the lunette over the door between the inner narthex
and the nave
XLVIII Kariye Camii, fourth bay from north in the inner narthex, mosaics
of Deesis in the east wall and of Christ and his ancestors in the
dome
XLIX Kariye Camii, mosaic of Christ and his ancestors in the dome of the
fourth bay from the north in the inner narthex
L Kariye Camii, mosaic of the Virgin Hodegitria in the nave
LI Manastir Mescit
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_
A CKNOWLEDGMENTS
e are most grateful to Seluk Altun and the Yap Kred Bank for making
a generous grant toward the cost of illustrating this book. We thank the
German Archaeological Institute in Istanbul, particularly Dr. Axel Filges and
Nurhan zgenler, for allowing us to use photographs from their archives, and we
also thank Tahsin Aydog mus and Anthony E. Baker for supplying the other photographs used as illustrations. In addition, we wish to thank Emin Saati for the
invaluable assistance he provided in arranging for our photographic work and
Tansel Kaya and Sinan Ozay for their help in computer graphics.
During our research, we benetted from the assistance of Anthony Greenwood, director of the Istanbul branch of the American Research Institute in
Turkey, and Gn Kut, head of the library at Bog azii University. The senior
author is grateful to the administration of Bogazii University (University of the
Bosphorus) for a leave of absence to work on this book, particularly to the rector, Sabih Tansal; the dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences,Ayse Soysal; and the
chairman of the Physics Department, mer Og uz. He is also thankful for
enlightening discussions on Byzantine architecture with Robert Ousterhout and
cic and
Cecil L. Striker. The junior author learned much from Slobodan Cur
Robert Mark, his colleagues at Princeton University, and he also benetted from
discussions with his colleagues at the Kandilli Observatory in Istanbul, particularly Ahmet Iskara, the director, and Mustafa Erdik, chair of the Department of
Earthquake Engineering. He is also grateful for the encouragement he received
from stn Ergder, former rector of Bog azii University. Both authors would
like to express their thanks to Beatrice Rehl, senior editor at Cambridge University Press, for her help in preparing our manuscript for publication. We are very
grateful to Robert Ousterhout for his constructive criticism of the manuscript,
though he is in no way responsible for the deciencies that remain. Both of us
also owe a great debt to the late Hilary Sumner-Boyd, professor at Robert College in Istanbul and Bog azii University, which can only be partially repaid by the
dedication of our book to him.
xvii
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B YZA N T I N E
MONUMENTS
o f I S TA N B U L
www.cambridge.org