2/19/2015

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EFFECTSofTRACEELEMENTSinCASTIRONS
Elementsreviewed:AlSbAsBiBCeCrCoCuH
Elements

Sources

Trace
(%)

Aluminum Deliberate
(Al)
addition
FerroAlloys
Inoculants
Scrap
contaminatedwith
aluminium
components

Antimony
(Sb)

Vitreous
enamelledscrap
Steelscrap
Whitemetal
bearingshells
Deliberate
addition

Arsenic
(As)

Pigiron
Steelscrap

Bismuth
(Bi)

Deliberate
addition
Bismuth
containingmold
andcorecoatings

Upto
0.03

Upto
0.02

Upto
0.05

Upto
0.02

Effects
Greyiron

Ductile(SG)iron

Promoteshydrogen
Promoteshydrogen
pinholedefects,
pinholeanddross
particularlywhenusing defects.
greensandmouldsand
whenlevelsexceed
about0.005%.
Neutralisesnitrogen.

Promotespearlite.
Anadditionof0.01%
reducesthequantityof
ferritesometimes
foundadjacentto
coredsurfaces.

Promotespearlite.
Anadditionof0.05per
centreducesthe
quantityofferrite
sometimesfound
adjacenttocored
surfaces.

Malleableiron
Increasesgraphite
nucleationand
consequentlyimproves
annealability.
Levelsaboveabout
0.005%cancause
pinholingwhenusing
greensandmoulds.
Levelsaboveabout
0.005%cancause
alignmentofgraphite
nodules,resultingin
reducedtensile
properties.
Neutralisesnitrogen.

Promotespearlite.
Promotespearlite,but
Hasanundesirable
isnormallypresentat
effectongraphite
insignificantlevels.
structureintheabsence
ofcerium.
Hasabeneficialeffect
inpromotingfully
nodularstructuresin
largesectionductileiron
castingsof
hypereutectic
composition,provided
thatceriumispresent.
Promotespearlite.
Promotespearlite,butis
Hasabeneficialeffectin normallypresentat
promotingfullynodular
insignificantlevels.
structuresinlarge
sectionductileiron
castingsofhypereutectic
composition,provided
thatceriumispresent

Promotescarbidesand
undesirablegraphite
formswhichreduce
tensileproperties.

Producesundesirable
graphiteformsinthe
absenceofCerium.
A0.01percentaddition
issometimesmadeto
increasenodulenumber

http://www.foundrysolution.com/pemsil/intfondus.nsf/VS_WebDL/3F7126E0CD3D13EAC1256AC7004FE72D?OpenDocument&

A0.02percent
additiontotheladle
canhelptoavoid
mottleinthick
sections,particularyin
whiteheartmalleable
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orpreventchunky
graphiteinthick
sections,butforthis
effectCeriummustbe
presentintheiron.
Boron
(B)

Cerium
(Ce)

Vitreous
enamelledscrap
Steelscrap
Deliberate
addition

Upto
0.01

Promotescarbides,
particularyinlight
sectioncastings.The
effectbecome
significantaboveabout
0.001%.

Promotescarbidesand
reducesmechanical
properties.Effects
becomesignificant
aboveabout0.001%.

castings.

Oftenaddedas0.002%
additiontotheladle,to
improvenodulenumber
andhenceannealability.
Boroncontentsin
excessofabout0.003%
cancausegraphite
nodulealignmentanda
deteriorationinthe
compactnessofthe
nodules.

Someinoculants
Mostmagnesium
containingalloys
Deliberate
additionas
mischmetal

Upto
0.02

Notfound.

Neutralizesthe
Notfound.
detrimentaleffectsof
someelementson
graphiteformin
magnesiumtreatedSG
iron.
Reducesinoculantfade.
Promoteschunky
graphiteinheavy
sectionswhenhighpurity
rawmaterialsareused
andcompositionsare
hypereutectic
Promoteschunky
graphiteinaustenitic
irons.
Promotescarbides,in
amountsexceedingabout
0.01%.

Chromium Alloysteel
(Cr)
ChromiumPlate
Somerefined
pigiron

Upto
0.02

Promoteschillinthin
sections.

Promotescarbides.
Segregatestocell
boundariesinheavy
sectionstoformvery
stablecarbides.

Cobalt
(Co)
Copper
(Cu)

Toolsteel

Copperwire
Nonferrous
alloys
Steelscrap
Somerefined
pigiron

Hydrogen Damp

Stabilisescarbidesand
seriouslyimpairs
annealability.

Noeffect

Upto
0.3

Upto

Traceamountsofthis
elementhaveno
significanteffectsand
canbeignored.

Producessubsurface

Promotespearliteand
increasesstrengthand
hardness
Impairsferritization.

Producessubsurface

http://www.foundrysolution.com/pemsil/intfondus.nsf/VS_WebDL/3F7126E0CD3D13EAC1256AC7004FE72D?OpenDocument&

Noknowneffects.

Producespinholes
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(H)

refractories
Mouldmaterials
Additions

0.0004

pinholesandless
frequently,fissuringor
grossblowing
throughoutasection.
Hasamildchill
promotingaction.
Promotesinversechill
whenthereis
insufficientmanganese
presenttoneutralize
sulphur.
Promotescoarse
graphite.

pinholescharacterized
bythepresenceofa
continuousgraphite
film.

http://www.foundrysolution.com/pemsil/intfondus.nsf/VS_WebDL/3F7126E0CD3D13EAC1256AC7004FE72D?OpenDocument&

andfissuresbut
lesscommonlythanin
otherirons.

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