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Exercise 2.9 (Solutions)

Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.2

Increasing and Decreasing Function (P-104)

Let f be defined on an interval ( a, b ) and let x1, x2 ( a, b ) . Then

1. f is increasing on the interval ( a, b ) if f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 ) whenever x2 > x1

2. f is decreasing on the interval ( a, b ) if f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 ) whenever x2 > x1

Theorem ((P-105)
Let f be differentiable on the open interval (a, b)
1- f is increasing on ( a, b ) if f ( x ) > 0 for each x ( a, b ) .
2- f is decreasing on ( a, b ) if f ( x ) < 0 for each x ( a, b ) .
First Derivative Test (P-109)
Let f be differentiable in neighbourhood of c , where
f (c) = 0 .
1. The function has relative maxima at x = c if f ( x ) > 0
before x = c and f ( x ) < 0 after x = c .
2. The function has relative minima at x = c if f ( x ) < 0
before x = c and f ( x ) > 0 after x = c .

Second Derivative Test (P-111)

Let f be differential function in a neighbourhood of c , where f (c) = 0 . Then
1- f has relative maxima at c if f (c) < 0 .
2- f has relative minima at c if f (c) > 0 .
Question # 1(i)
f ( x) = sin x
;
x [ -p ,p ]
f ( x) = cos x
Put f ( x ) = 0 cos x = 0
p p
x=- ,
2 2
p
p p
p
So we have sub-intervals -p , - , - , , , p
2 2 2 2

p
f ( x ) = cos x < 0 whenever x -p , -
2

p
So f is decreasing on the interval -p , - .
2

p p
f ( x ) = cos x > 0 whenever x - ,
2 2
p p
So f is increasing on the interval - , .
2 2
p
f ( x ) = cos x > 0 whenever x ,p
2
p
So f is decreasing on the interval , p .
2

cosx < 0
2nd quad.

cosx > 0
p

1st quad.

2
p

p
3rd quad.
cosx < 0

4th quad.
cosx > 0

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 2

Question # 1(ii)
f ( x ) = cos x

-p ,p
2 2

f ( x ) = - sin x
Put f ( x ) = 0 - sin x = 0 sin x = 0 x = 0
p
p
So we have sub-intervals - ,0 and 0, .
2
2
p
Now f ( x ) = - sin x > 0 whenever x - ,0
2
p
So f is increasing on - ,0
2
p
f ( x ) = - sin x < 0 whenever x 0,
2
p
So f is decreasing on 0, .
2
Question # 1(iii)
f ( x) = 4 - x 2
;
x [ -2, 2]
f ( x ) = - 2 x
Put f ( x ) = 0 - 2 x = 0 x = 0
So we have subintervals ( -2,0 ) and ( 0, 2 )
Q f ( x ) = -2 x > 0 whenever x ( -2,0 )

\ f is increasing on the interval ( -2,0 )

Also f ( x ) = -2 x < 0 whenever x ( 0, 2 )
\ f is decreasing on ( 0, 2 )

Question # 1(iv)
f ( x ) = x 2 + 3x + 2
f ( x) = 2 x + 3
Put f ( x ) = 0

x [ -4,1]

2x + 3 = 0 x = -

3
2

3
3
So we have sub-intervals -4, - and - ,1
2

2
3
Now f ( x ) = 2 x + 3 < 0 whenever x -4, -
2

3
So f is decreasing on -4, -
2

3
Also f ( x ) > 0 whenever x - ,1
2
3
Therefore f is increasing on - ,1 .
2
Question # 2(i)
f ( x) = 1 - x3
Diff. w.r.t x
f ( x ) = -3x 2 . (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x ) = 0
Diff (i) w.r.t x

- 3x 2 = 0

x=0

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 3

f ( x ) = -6 x . (ii)
Now put x = 0 in (ii)
f (0) = -6(0) = 0
So second derivative test fails to determinate the extreme points.
Put x = 0 - e = -e in (i)
f ( x ) = -3(-e )2 = -3e 2 < 0
Put x = 0 + e = e in (i)
f ( x ) = -3(e )2 = -3e 2 < 0
As f ( x ) doest not change its sign before and after x = 0 .
Since at x = 0 , f ( x) = 1 therefore (0,1) is the point of inflexion.
Question # 2(ii)
f ( x) = x2 - x - 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ( x ) = 2 x - 1 . (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x ) = 0
2x -1 = 0

2x = 1

x=

1
2

Diff (i) w.r.t x

d
( 2 x - 1) = 2
dx
1
As f = 2 > 0
2
f ( x ) =

Thus f ( x) is minimum at x =

1
2

1 1
1
1
1
And f = - - 2 = - - 2
4 2
2
2 2

= -

9
4

Question # 2(iii)
f ( x) = 5 x 2 - 6 x + 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ( x ) = 10 x - 6 . (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x ) = 0
10 x - 6 = 0

10 x = 6

x=

6
10

x=

Diff (i) w.r.t x

d
(10 x - 6 ) = 10
dx
3
As f = 10 > 0
5
f ( x ) =

Thus f ( x) is minimum at x =

3
5

9 18
3
3
3
And f = 5 - 6 + 2 = - + 2
5 5
5
5
5
Question # 2(iv)
f ( x) = 3 x 2
Diff. w.r.t x
f ( x ) = 6 x .. (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x ) = 0

1
5

3
5

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 4

6x = 0 x = 0
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x ) = 6
At x = 0
f (0) = 6 > 0
f has minimum value at x = 0
And f (0) = 3(0)2 = 0
Question # 2(vi)
f ( x ) = 2 x 3 - 2 x 2 - 36 x + 3
Diff. w.r.t x
d
f ( x ) =
2 x 3 - 2 x 2 - 36 x + 3 = 6 x 2 - 4 x - 36 (i)
dx
For stationary points, put f ( x ) = 0

6 x 2 - 4 x - 36 = 0
3x 2 - 2 x - 12 = 0

ing by 2

2 4 - 4(3)(-18)
2(3)

x =
=

2 4 + 216
6

2 220
6

2 2 55
6

1 55
3

Diff. (i) w.r.t x

f ( x ) =
Now

1 + 55
f

d
6 x 2 - 4 x - 36 = 12 x - 4
dx
1 + 55
= 12
-4
3

= 4 1 + 55 - 4 = 4 + 4 55 - 4

= 4 55 > 0

1 + 55
.
3
3
2
1 + 55
1 + 55
1 + 55
1 + 55
And f
= 2
- 2
- 36

+3
3
3
3
3

f ( x) has relative minima at x =

3
2
2
1 + 55 - 1 + 55
27
9

2
2
1 + 3 55 + 3 55 + 55 55 - 1 + 2 55 + 55 - 12 1 +
27
9

- 12 1 + 55 + 3

) (

) (

2
2
166 + 58 55 - 56 + 2 55 - 12 1 + 55 + 3
27
9
332 116
112 4
=
+
55 55 - 12 - 12 55 + 3
27 27
9
9
247 220
1
=55 = 247 + 220 55
27
27
27
1 - 55
1 - 55
Also f
= 12

-4
3
3

= 4 1 - 55 - 4 = 4 - 4 55 - 4 = - 4 55 < 0
f ( x) has relative maxima at x =

1 + 55
.
3

1 + 55
1
And Since f
= 247 + 220 55

3
27

55 + 3

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 5

Therefore by replacing 55 by - 55 , we have

1 - 55
1
= f
247 - 220 55

3
27

Question # 2(vii)
f ( x) = x 4 - 4 x 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ( x ) = 4 x 3 - 8x .. (i)
For critical points put f ( x ) = 0

4 x3 - 8 x = 0

)
*Correction

4 x x2 - 2 = 0

4 x = 0 or x 2 - 2 = 0
x = 0 or x 2 = 2 x = 2
Now diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x ) = 12 x 2 - 8
For x = - 2
f (- 2) = 12(- 2)2 - 8 = 24 - 8 = 16 > 0
f has relative minima at x = - 2

And f - 2

) = (- 2 )

-4 - 2

= 4 -8 = - 4

For x = 0
f (0) = 12(0) - 8 = - 8 < 0
f has relative maxima at x = 0
And f ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) - 4 ( 0 ) = 0
4

For x = 2
f ( 2) = 12( 2) 2 - 8 = 24 - 8 = 16 > 0
f has relative minima at x = 2
And f

( ) ( )
2

-4

( )
2

= 4 -8 = - 4

Question # 2(viii)
2
f ( x ) = ( x - 2 ) ( x - 1)
=

(x

- 4 x + 4 ( x - 1) = x 3 - 4 x 2 + 4 x - x 2 + 4 x - 4

= x - 5x + 8x - 4
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ( x ) = 3x 2 - 10 x + 8
For critical (stationary) points, put f ( x ) = 0
3x 2 - 10 x + 8 = 0 3x 2 - 6 x - 4 x + 8 = 0
3x ( x - 2 ) - 4 ( x - 2 ) = 0 ( x - 2 )( 3x - 4 ) = 0
( x - 2 ) = 0 or ( 3x - 4 ) = 0
4
x = 2 or x =
3
Now diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x) = 6 x - 10
For x = 2
f (2) = 6(2) - 10 = 2 > 0
3

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 6

f has relative minima at x = 2

And f (2) = ( 2 - 2 ) ( 2 - 1) = 0
4
For x =
3
4
4
f = 6 - 10 = 8 - 10 = - 2 < 0
3
3
4
f has relative maxima at x =
3
2
2
4
4 1
4
4
4
2 1
=
And f = - 2 - 1 = - =

27
3
3
3
3 3
9 3
2

Question # 2(ix)
f ( x) = 5 + 3x - x3
Diff. w.r.t x
f ( x ) = 3 - 3x 2 . (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x ) = 0

3 - 3x 2 = 0 3x 2 = 3 x 2 = 1 x = 1
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x ) = - 6 x
For x = 1
f (1) = - 6(1) = - 6 < 0
f has relative maxima at x = 1
And f (1) = 5 + 3(1) - (1)3 = 5 + 3 - 1 = 7
For x = -1
f (-1) = - 6(-1) = 6 > 0
f has relative minima at x = -1 , and
f (-1) = 5 + 3(-1) - (-1)3 = 5 - 3 + 1 = 3
Question # 3
f ( x ) = sin x + cos x
where x [0,2p ]
Diff. w.r.t x
f ( x ) = cos x - sin x (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x) = 0
cos x - sin x = 0
sin x
- sin x = - cos x
= 1 tan x =
cos x
p 5p
x = tan -1 (1) x = ,
when x [0,2p ]
4
4
Now diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x) = - sin x - cos x
p
For x =
4
1
1

p
p
p
= - 2
f = - sin - cos = 2
2
4
4
4

p
f has relative maxima at x =
4
1
p
p
p
1
1
And f = sin + cos =
= 2
+

4
4
4
2
2
2

1
< 0
2

( 2 )
2

1
=
2

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 7

5p
4
5p
5p
5p
f
= - sin
- cos

4
4
4
1
1
1 1
1
= - +
= 2
- =
> 0
2
2
2
2
2

5p
f has relative minima at x =
4
1
5p
5p
5p
1
1
And f
= - 2
= sin
+ cos
=

= - 2
2
4
4
4
2
2

For x =

Question # 4

y =

ln x
x

Diff. w.r.t x
1
x - ln x (1)
dy
d ln x
x
=
=
dx
dx x
x2
dy
1 - ln x

=
.. (i)
dx
x2
dy
=0
For critical points, put
dx
1 - ln x

= 0 1 - ln x = 0 ln x = 1
x2
ln x = ln e x = e
Q ln e = 1
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
d dy
d 1 - ln x
=

dx dx
dx x 2
1
x 2 - - (1 - ln x ) ( 2 x )
2
- x - 2 x + 2 x ln x
-3 x + 2 x ln x
d y
x
=
=

=
4
2
2 2
x
x4
dx
(x )
At x = e
d2y
-3e + 2e ln e
=
2
dx x=e
e4
-3e + 2e (1)
-e
1
=
=
=
< 0
e4
e4
e3
y has a maximum value at x = e .
Question # 5
y = xx
Taking log on both sides
ln y = ln x x ln y = x ln x
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d
ln y ) =
x ln x
(
dx
dx
1 dy
d
dx

= x ln x + ln x
y dx
dx
dx
1
= x + ln x (1)
x
dy
dy

= y (1 + ln x )

= x x (1 + ln x ) . (i)
dx
dx

FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 8

dy
=0
dx
x x (1 + ln x ) = 0 1 + ln x = 0 as x x 0
ln x = -1 ln x = - ln e
Q ln e = 1
1
ln x = ln e -1 x = e-1 x =
e
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
d dy
d x
=
x (1 + ln x )

dx dx
dx
d2y
d
d

= x x (1 + ln x ) + (1 + ln x ) x x
2
dx
dx
dx
1
= x x + (1 + ln x ) x x (1 + ln x )
from (i)
x
2
1
= x x + (1 + ln x )
x

1
At x =
e
e
2
2
d y
1
1 1
=
+ 1 + ln
e
dx 2 x=1 e e 1 e

For critical point, put

))

2
2
1
1
= e + 1 + ln e-1
= e + (1 - ln e )
e
e
e
e
2
1
1
= e > 0
= e + (1 - 1)
e
e
1
y has a minimum value at x =
e

Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (mathcity@gmail.com), http://www.mathcity.org

' ------ The End ------ ' September 14, 2005

NOTE
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Why is it happened?
Suppose a = b
2
a = ab

ing both sides by a

a - b = ab - b
2

- ing b from both sides

2

( a + b )( a - b ) = b ( a - b )
a+b=b
b+b=b
2b = b
2 =1

ing by a - b
Q a=b
ing by b

Reason:
Did you know that the cancellation law is stated as

ac = bc

a = b if c 0

In above case we have divided equation by a - b , which is zero as a = b .