London

London
Coordinates:513026N0739W
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
London( i /lndn/)[3]isthecapitalcityofEngland
andtheUnitedKingdom.[4]Itisthemostpopulous
cityintheUnitedKingdom,withametropolitanarea
ofover13millioninhabitants.StandingontheRiver
Thames,Londonhasbeenamajorsettlementfortwo
millennia,itshistorygoingbacktoitsfoundingbythe
Romans,whonameditLondinium.[5]London's
ancientcore,theCityofLondon,largelyretainsits
1.12squaremile(2.9km2)mediaevalboundariesand
in2011hadaresidentpopulationof7,375,makingit
thesmallestcityinEngland.Sinceatleastthe19th
century,thetermLondonhasalsoreferredtothe
metropolisdevelopedaroundthiscore.[6]Thebulkof
thisconurbationformstheGreaterLondon
administrativearea(coterminouswiththeLondon
region),[7][8][note1]governedbytheMayorofLondon
andtheLondonAssembly.[9][note2]
Londonisaleadingglobalcity,[10][11]withstrengths
inthearts,commerce,education,entertainment,
fashion,finance,healthcare,media,professional
services,researchanddevelopment,tourism,and
transportallcontributingtoitspreeminence.[12]Itis
oneoftheworld'sleadingfinancialcentres[13][14][15]
andhasthefifthorsixthlargestmetropolitanarea
GDPintheworlddependingon
measurement.[note3][16][17]Londonisaworldcultural
capital.[18][19][20][21]Itistheworld'smostvisitedcity
asmeasuredbyinternationalarrivals[22]andhasthe
world'slargestcityairportsystemmeasuredby
passengertraffic.[23]London's43universitiesform
thelargestconcentrationofhighereducationinstitutes
inEurope.[24]In2012,Londonbecamethefirstcity
tohostthemodernSummerOlympicGamesthree
times.[25]
Londonhasadiverserangeofpeoplesandcultures,
andmorethan300languagesarespokenwithin
GreaterLondon.[26]Theregionhadanofficial
populationof8,416,535in2013,[2]makingitthe
mostpopulousmunicipalityintheEuropean
London
CentralLondonskyline,BuckinghamPalace,and
PalaceofWestminster
Union,[27]andaccountingfor12.5%oftheUK
population.[28]London'surbanareaisthesecond
largestintheEUwithapopulationof9,787,426
accordingtothe2011census.[29]London's
metropolitanareaisthelargestintheEUwithatotal
populationof13,614,409,[note4][30]whiletheGreater
LondonAuthorityputsthepopulationofLondon
metropolitanregionat21million.[31]Londonwasthe
world'smostpopulouscityfromaround1831to
1925.[32]
LondoncontainsfourWorldHeritageSites:the
TowerofLondonKewGardensthesitecomprising
thePalaceofWestminster,WestminsterAbbey,and
StMargaret'sChurchandthehistoricsettlementof
Greenwich(inwhichtheRoyalObservatory,
GreenwichmarksthePrimeMeridian,0longitude,
andGMT).[33]Otherfamouslandmarksinclude
BuckinghamPalace,theLondonEye,Piccadilly
Circus,StPaul'sCathedral,TowerBridge,Trafalgar
Square,andTheShard.Londonishometonumerous
museums,galleries,libraries,sportingeventsand
otherculturalinstitutions,includingtheBritish
Museum,NationalGallery,TateModern,British
Libraryand40WestEndtheatres.[34]TheLondon
Undergroundistheoldestundergroundrailway
networkintheworld.[35][36]
Contents
1History
1.1Toponymy
1.2Prehistory
1.3RomanLondon
GreaterLondonadministrativeareaintheUnitedKingdom
Coordinates:513026N0739W
Sovereignstate
Country
Region
Administrativearea
Ceremonialcounties
Districts
UnitedKingdom
England
London
GreaterLondon
City&GreaterLondon
City&32boroughs
SettledbyRomans
c.43AD(asLondinium)
Government
Body
Legislature
Mayor
LondonAssembly
UKParliament
EuropeanParliament
GreaterLondonAuthority
LondonAssembly
BorisJohnson
14constituencies
74constituencies
Londonconstituency
Area
Region
Urban
671.0sqmi
(1,737.9km2)
Metro
3,236.31sqmi
(8,382.00km2)
Elevation[1]
115ft(35m)
1.4AngloSaxonLondon(andViking
period)
1.5MiddleAges
1.6Earlymodern
1.7Latemodernandcontemporary
2Government
2.1Localgovernment
606.95sqmi
(1,572.00km2)
Population(2013)[2]
Region
Density
8,615,246
13,870/sqmi(5,354/km2)
Urban
9,787,426
Metro
13,614,409
Demonym
Londoner
Timezone
Summer(DST)
GMT(UTC)
BST(UTC+1)
Postcodeareas
22postcodes
Areacode(s)
9areacodes
3.5Districts
GeoTLD
.london
3.6Architecture
Website
london.gov.uk
(https://london.gov.uk/)
2.2Nationalgovernment
3Geography
3.1Scope
3.2Status
3.3Topography
3.4Climate
3.7Naturalhistory
4Demography
4.1Ethnicgroups
4.2Religion
4.3Accent
5Economy
5.1Tourism
5.2Housingcrisis
6Transport
6.1Air
6.2Busesandtrams
6.3Cablecar
6.4Cycling
6.5Portandriverboats
6.6Rail
6.7Roads
7Education
7.1Tertiaryeducation
7.2Primaryandsecondaryeducation
8Culture
8.1Leisureandentertainment
8.2Literature,filmandtelevision
8.3Museumsandartgalleries
8.4Music
9Recreation
9.1Parksandopenspaces
9.2Walking
9.3Sports
10Seealso
11Notes
12References
12.1Bibliography
13Externallinks
History
Toponymy
TheetymologyofLondonisuncertain.[37]Itisan
ancientname,foundinsourcesfromthe2ndcentury.It
isrecordedc.121asLondinium,whichpointsto
RomanoBritishorigin.[37]Theearliestattempted
explanation,nowdisregarded,isattributedtoGeoffrey
ofMonmouthinHistoriaRegumBritanniae.[37]This
haditthatthenameoriginatedfromasupposedKing
Lud,whohadallegedlytakenoverthecityandnamedit
Kaerlud.[38]
ThenameLondonmayderivefromtheRiver
Thames
From1898,itwascommonlyacceptedthatthenamewasofCelticoriginandmeantplacebelongingtoa
mancalled*Londinosthisexplanationhassincebeenrejected.[37]RichardCoatesputforwardan
explanationin1998thatitisderivedfromthepreCelticOldEuropean*(p)lowonida,meaning'rivertoo
widetoford',andsuggestedthatthiswasanamegiventothepartoftheRiverThameswhichflowsthrough
Londonfromthis,thesettlementgainedtheCelticformofitsname,*Lowonidonjon[39]thisrequiresquite
aseriousamendmenthowever.TheultimatedifficultyliesinreconcilingtheLatinformLondiniumwiththe
modernWelshLlundain,whichshoulddemandaform*(h)lndinion(asopposedto*londnion),from
earlier*loundiniom.ThepossibilitycannotberuledoutthattheWelshnamewasborrowedbackinfrom
Englishatalaterdate,andthuscannotbeusedasabasisfromwhichtoreconstructtheoriginalname.
Until1889,thename"London"officiallyonlyappliedtotheCityofLondonbutsincethenithasalso
referredtotheCountyofLondonandnowGreaterLondon.[6]
Prehistory
TworecentdiscoveriesindicateprobableveryearlysettlementsneartheThamesintheLondonarea.In
1999,theremainsofaBronzeAgebridgewerefoundontheforeshorenorthofVauxhallBridge.[40]This
bridgeeithercrossedtheThames,orwenttoa(lost)islandintheriver.Dendrologydatedthetimbersto
1500BC.[40]In2010thefoundationsofalargetimberstructure,datedto4500BC,werefoundonthe
Thamesforeshore,southofVauxhallBridge.[41]Thefunctionofthemesolithicstructureisnotknown.Both
structuresareonSouthBank,atanaturalcrossingpointwheretheRiverEffraflowsintotheRiver
Thames.[41]
RomanLondon
AlthoughthereisevidenceofscatteredBrythonicsettlementsinthe
area,thefirstmajorsettlementwasfoundedbytheRomansafterthe
invasionof43AD.[42]Thisonlylasteduntilaround61,whenthe
IcenitribeledbyQueenBoudicastormedit,burningittothe
ground.[43]Thenext,heavilyplanned,incarnationofLondinium
prosperedandsupersededColchesterasthecapitaloftheRoman
provinceofBritanniain100.Atitsheightduringthe2ndcentury,
RomanLondonhadapopulationofaround60,000.
AngloSaxonLondon(andVikingperiod)
In1300,theCitywasstillconfined
withintheRomanwalls.
WiththecollapseofRomanruleintheearly5thcentury,London
ceasedtobeacapitalandthewalledcityofLondiniumwas
effectivelyabandoned,althoughRomancivilisationcontinuedintheStMartinintheFieldsareauntil
around450.[44]Fromaround500,anAngloSaxonsettlementknownasLundenwicdevelopedinthesame
area,slightlytothewestoftheoldRomancity.[45]Byabout680,ithadrevivedsufficientlytobecomea
majorport,althoughthereislittleevidenceoflargescaleproductionofgoods.Fromthe820sthetown
declinedbecauseofrepeatedVikinginvasions.TherearethreerecordedVikingassaultsonLondontwoof
whichweresuccessfulin851and886AD,althoughtheyweredefeatedduringtheattackof994AD.[46]
TheVikingsestablishedDanelawovermuchoftheeasternandnorthern
partofEnglandwithitsboundaryroughlystretchingfromLondonto
Chester.Itwasanareaofpoliticalandgeographicalcontrolimposedbythe
VikingincursionswhichwasformallyagreedtobytheDanishwarlord,
GuthrumandwestSaxonking,AlfredtheGreatin886AD.Danelawlasted
inmanypartsofEnglandforcenturiestocome.TheAngloSaxonChronicle
recordedthatLondonwas"refounded"byAlfredtheGreatin886.
Archaeologicalresearchshowsthatthisinvolvedabandonmentof
LundenwicandarevivaloflifeandtradewithintheoldRomanwalls.
Londonthengrewslowlyuntilabout950,afterwhichactivityincreased
dramatically.[47]
Bythe11thcentury,Londonwasbeyondallcomparisonthelargesttownin
England.WestminsterAbbey,rebuiltintheRomanesquestylebyKing
EdwardtheConfessor,wasoneofthegrandestchurchesinEurope.
WinchesterhadpreviouslybeenthecapitalofAngloSaxonEngland,but
fromthistimeon,Londonbecamethemainforumforforeigntradersand
thebasefordefenceintimeofwar.IntheviewofFrankStenton:"Ithadthe
resources,anditwasrapidlydevelopingthedignityandthepoliticalself
consciousnessappropriatetoanationalcapital."[48][49]
MiddleAges
TheLancastriansiegeof
Londonin1471isattacked
byaYorkistsally.
FollowinghisvictoryintheBattleofHastings,William,DukeofNormandy,wascrownedKingofEngland
inthenewlyfinishedWestminsterAbbeyonChristmasDay
1066.[50]WilliamconstructedtheTowerofLondon,thefirstofthe
manyNormancastlesinEnglandtoberebuiltinstone,inthe
southeasterncornerofthecity,tointimidatethenative
inhabitants.[51]In1097,WilliamIIbeganthebuildingof
WestminsterHall,closebytheabbeyofthesamename.Thehall
becamethebasisofanewPalaceofWestminster.[52][53]
Duringthe12thcentury,theinstitutionsofcentralgovernment,
whichhadhithertoaccompaniedtheroyalEnglishcourtasitmoved
aroundthecountry,grewinsizeandsophisticationandbecame
increasinglyfixedinoneplace.InmostcasesthiswasWestminster,
WestminsterAbbey,asseeninthis
althoughtheroyaltreasury,havingbeenmovedfromWinchester,
painting(Canaletto,1749),isaWorld
cametorestintheTower.WhiletheCityofWestminsterdeveloped
HeritageSiteandoneofLondon's
intoatruecapitalingovernmentalterms,itsdistinctneighbour,the
oldestandmostimportantbuildings
CityofLondon,remainedEngland'slargestcityandprincipal
commercialcentre,anditflourishedunderitsownunique
administration,theCorporationofLondon.In1100,itspopulation
wasaround18,000by1300ithadgrowntonearly100,000.[54]
DisasterstruckduringtheBlackDeathinthemid14thcentury,whenLondonlostnearlyathirdofits
population.[55]LondonwasthefocusofthePeasants'Revoltin1381.[56]
Earlymodern
DuringtheTudorperiodtheReformationproducedagradualshift
toProtestantism,withmuchofLondonpassingfromchurchto
privateownership.[57]Thetrafficinwoollenclothsshippedundyed
andundressedfromLondontothenearbyshoresoftheLow
Countrieswhereitwasconsideredindispensable.[58]Butthe
tentaclesofEnglishmaritimeenterprisehardlyextendedbeyondthe
seasofnorthwestEurope.ThecommercialroutetoItalyandthe
MediterraneanSeanormallylaythroughAntwerpandoverthe
AlpsanyshipspassingthroughtheStraitofGibraltartoorfrom
TheGreatFireofLondondestroyed
EnglandwerelikelytobeItalianorRagusan.Uponthereopening
manypartsofthecityin1666.
oftheNetherlandstoEnglishshippinginJanuary1565thereatonce
ensuedastrongoutburstofcommercialactivity.[59]TheRoyal
Exchangewasfounded.[60]MercantilismgrewandmonopolytradingcompaniessuchastheEastIndia
Companywereestablished,withtradeexpandingtotheNewWorld.LondonbecametheprincipalNorth
Seaport,withmigrantsarrivingfromEnglandandabroad.Thepopulationrosefromanestimated50,000in
1530toabout225,000in1605.[57]
Inthe16thcenturyWilliamShakespeareandhiscontemporarieslivedinLondonatatimeofhostilityto
thedevelopmentofthetheatre.BytheendoftheTudorperiodin1603,Londonwasstillverycompact.
TherewasanassassinationattemptonJamesIinWestminster,throughtheGunpowderPloton5November
1605.[61]Londonwasplaguedbydiseaseintheearly17th
century,[62]culminatingintheGreatPlagueof16651666,which
killedupto100,000people,orafifthofthepopulation.[63]
TheGreatFireofLondonbrokeoutin1666inPuddingLaneinthe
cityandquicklysweptthroughthewoodenbuildings.[64]Rebuilding
tookovertenyearsandwassupervisedbyRobertHooke[65][66][67]
Londonin1806
[68]
asSurveyorofLondon. In1708ChristopherWren'smasterpiece,
StPaul'sCathedralwascompleted.DuringtheGeorgianeranew
districtssuchasMayfairwereformedinthewestandnewbridgesovertheThamesencouraged
developmentinSouthLondon.Intheeast,thePortofLondonexpandeddownstream.
In1762,GeorgeIIIacquiredBuckinghamHouseanditwasenlargedoverthenext75years.Duringthe
18thcentury,LondonwasdoggedbycrimeandtheBowStreetRunnerswereestablishedin1750asa
professionalpoliceforce.[69]Intotal,morethan200offenceswerepunishablebydeath,[70]includingpetty
theft.[71]Mostchildrenborninthecitydiedbeforereachingtheirthirdbirthday.[72]Thecoffeehouse
becameapopularplacetodebateideas,withgrowingliteracyandthedevelopmentoftheprintingpress
makingnewswidelyavailableandFleetStreetbecamethecentreoftheBritishpress.
AccordingtoSamuelJohnson:
Youfindnoman,atallintellectual,whoiswillingtoleaveLondon.No,Sir,whenamanis
tiredofLondon,heistiredoflifeforthereisinLondonallthatlifecanafford.
SamuelJohnson,1777[73]
Latemodernandcontemporary
Londonwastheworld'slargestcityfromabout1831to1925.[74]
London'sovercrowdedconditionsledtocholeraepidemics,[75]
claiming14,000livesin1848,and6,000in1866.[76]Risingtraffic
congestionledtothecreationoftheworld'sfirstlocalurbanrail
network.TheMetropolitanBoardofWorksoversawinfrastructure
expansioninthecapitalandsomeofthesurroundingcountiesit
wasabolishedin1889whentheLondonCountyCouncilwas
createdoutofthoseareasofthecountiessurroundingthecapital.
LondonwasbombedbytheGermansduringtheFirstWorldWar
BritishvolunteerrecruitsinLondon,
whileduringtheSecondWorldWartheBlitzandotherbombingby
August1914
theGermanLuftwaffekilledover30,000Londonersanddestroyed
largetractsofhousingandotherbuildingsacrossthecity.
Immediatelyafterthewar,the1948SummerOlympicswereheldattheoriginalWembleyStadium,ata
timewhenLondonhadbarelyrecoveredfromthewar.
In1951,theFestivalofBritainwasheldontheSouthBank.TheGreatSmogof1952ledtotheCleanAir
Act1956,whichendedthe"peasoupfogs"forwhichLondonhadbeennotorious.Fromthe1940sonwards,
Londonbecamehometoalargenumberofimmigrants,largelyfromCommonwealthcountriessuchas
Jamaica,India,BangladeshandPakistan,makingLondononeofthemostdiversecitiesinEurope.
Primarilystartinginthemid1960s,Londonbecameacentreforthe
worldwideyouthculture,exemplifiedbytheSwingingLondon
subcultureassociatedwiththeKing'sRoad,ChelseaandCarnaby
Street.Theroleoftrendsetterwasrevivedduringthepunkera.In
1965London'spoliticalboundarieswereexpandedtotakeinto
accountthegrowthoftheurbanareaandanewGreaterLondon
Councilwascreated.DuringTheTroublesinNorthernIreland,
LondonwassubjectedtobombingattacksbytheProvisionalIRA.
Racialinequalitywashighlightedbythe1981Brixtonriot.Greater
London'spopulationdeclinedsteadilyinthedecadesafterthe
AbombedoutLondonstreetduring
SecondWorldWar,fromanestimatedpeakof8.6millionin1939
theBlitzoftheSecondWorldWar
toaround6.8millioninthe1980s.TheprincipalportsforLondon
moveddownstreamtoFelixstoweandTilbury,withtheLondon
DocklandsareabecomingafocusforregenerationastheCanaryWharfdevelopment.Thiswasborneoutof
London'severincreasingroleasamajorinternationalfinancialcentreduringthe1980s.
TheThamesBarrierwascompletedinthe1980stoprotectLondonagainsttidalsurgesfromtheNorthSea.
TheGreaterLondonCouncilwasabolishedin1986,whichleftLondonastheonlylargemetropolisinthe
worldwithoutacentraladministration.In2000,Londonwidegovernmentwasrestored,withthecreation
oftheGreaterLondonAuthority.Tocelebratethestartofthe21stcentury,theMillenniumDome,London
EyeandMillenniumBridgewereconstructed.On6July2005Londonwasawardedthe2012Summer
Olympics,makingLondonthefirstcitytostagetheOlympicGamesthreetimes.[77]
Government
Localgovernment
TheadministrationofLondonisformedoftwotiersacitywide,strategictierandalocaltier.Citywide
administrationiscoordinatedbytheGreaterLondonAuthority(GLA),whilelocaladministrationiscarried
outby33smallerauthorities.[78]TheGLAconsistsoftwoelectedcomponentstheMayorofLondon,who
hasexecutivepowers,andtheLondonAssembly,whoscrutinisethemayor'sdecisionsandcanacceptor
rejecthisbudgetproposalseachyear.TheheadquartersoftheGLAisCityHall,Southwarkthemayoris
BorisJohnson.Themayor'sstatutoryplanningstrategyispublishedastheLondonPlan,whichwasmost
recentlyrevisedin2011.[79]Thelocalauthoritiesarethecouncilsofthe32LondonboroughsandtheCity
ofLondonCorporation.[80]Theyareresponsibleformostlocalservices,suchaslocalplanning,schools,
socialservices,localroadsandrefusecollection.Certainfunctions,suchaswastemanagement,are
providedthroughjointarrangements.In20092010thecombinedrevenueexpenditurebyLondoncouncils
andtheGLAamountedtojustover22billion(14.7billionfortheboroughsand7.4billionforthe
GLA).[81]
PolicinginGreaterLondon,withtheexceptionoftheCityofLondon,isprovidedbytheMetropolitan
PoliceForce,overseenbytheMayorthroughtheMayor'sOfficeforPolicingandCrime(MOPAC).[82][83]
TheCityofLondonhasitsownpoliceforcetheCityofLondonPolice.[84]TheBritishTransportPolice
areresponsibleforpoliceservicesonNationalRailandLondonUndergroundservices.[85]
TheLondonFireBrigadeisthestatutoryfireandrescueserviceforGreaterLondon.ItisrunbytheLondon
FireandEmergencyPlanningAuthorityandisthethirdlargestfireserviceintheworld.[86]NationalHealth
ServiceambulanceservicesareprovidedbytheLondonAmbulanceService(LAS)NHSTrust,thelargest
freeatthepointofuseemergencyambulanceserviceintheworld.[87]TheLondonAirAmbulancecharity
operatesinconjunctionwiththeLASwhererequired.HerMajesty'sCoastguardandtheRoyalNational
LifeboatInstitutionoperateontheRiverThames,[88][89]whichisunderthejurisdictionofthePortof
LondonAuthorityfromTeddingtonLocktothesea.[90]
Nationalgovernment
LondonistheseatoftheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom.Manygovernmentdepartmentsarebased
closetothePalaceofWestminster,particularlyalongWhitehall,includingthePrimeMinister'sresidenceat
10DowningStreet.[91]TheBritishParliamentisoftenreferredtoasthe"MotherofParliaments"(although
thissobriquetwasfirstappliedtoEnglanditselfbyJohnBright)[92]becauseithasbeenthemodelformost
otherparliamentarysystems,anditsActshavecreatedmanyotherparliaments.Thereare73Membersof
Parliament(MPs)fromLondon,whocorrespondtolocalparliamentaryconstituenciesinthenational
Parliament.Ofthese,38arefromtheLabourParty,28areConservatives,and7areLiberalDemocrats.
Geography
Scope
GreaterLondonisthetopleveladministrativesubdivisioncovering
London.[note5]Thesmall,ancientCityofLondonatitscoreonce
containedthewholesettlement,butastheurbanareagrewtheCity
Corporationresistedattemptstoamalgamateitwithitssuburbs,
causing"London"tobedefinedinanumberwaysfordifferent
purposes.[93]FortypercentofGreaterLondoniscoveredbythe
Londonposttown,withinwhich'LONDON'formspartofpostal
addresses.[94][95]
SatelliteviewofinnerLondon
TheLondontelephoneareacode(020)coversalargerarea,similar
insizetoGreaterLondon,althoughsomeouterdistrictsareomitted
andsomeplacesjustoutsideareincluded.TheGreaterLondonboundaryhasbeenalignedtotheM25
motorwayinplaces.[96]
OutwardurbanexpansionisnowpreventedbytheMetropolitanGreenBelt,[97]althoughthebuiltuparea
extendsbeyondtheboundaryinplaces,resultinginaseparatelydefinedGreaterLondonUrbanArea.
BeyondthisisthevastLondoncommuterbelt.[98]GreaterLondonissplitforsomepurposesintoInner
LondonandOuterLondon.[99]ThecityissplitbytheRiverThamesintoNorthandSouth,withaninformal
centralLondonareainitsinterior.ThecoordinatesofthenominalcentreofLondon,traditionally
consideredtobetheoriginalEleanorCrossatCharingCrossnearthejunctionofTrafalgarSquareand
Whitehall,areapproximately513026N000739W.[100]
Status
WithinLondon,boththeCityofLondonandtheCityofWestminsterhavecitystatusandboththeCityof
LondonandtheremainderofGreaterLondonaretheceremonialcounties.[101]TheareaofGreaterLondon
hasincorporatedareasthatwereoncepartofthehistoriccountiesofMiddlesex,Kent,Surrey,Essexand
Hertfordshire.[102]London'sstatusasthecapitalofEngland,andlatertheUnitedKingdom,hasneverbeen
grantedorconfirmedofficiallybystatuteorinwrittenform.[note6]
Itspositionwasformedthroughconstitutionalconvention,makingitsstatusasdefactocapitalapartofthe
UK'sunwrittenconstitution.ThecapitalofEnglandwasmovedtoLondonfromWinchesterasthePalace
ofWestminsterdevelopedinthe12thand13thcenturiestobecomethepermanentlocationoftheroyal
court,andthusthepoliticalcapitalofthenation.[106]Morerecently,GreaterLondonhasbeendefinedasa
regionofEnglandandinthiscontextisknownasLondon.[7]
Topography
GreaterLondonencompassesatotalareaof1,583squarekilometres
(611sqmi),anareawhichhadapopulationof7,172,036in2001
andapopulationdensityof4,542inhabitantspersquarekilometre
(11,760/sqmi).TheextendedareaknownastheLondon
MetropolitanRegionortheLondonMetropolitanAgglomeration,
comprisesatotalareaof8,382squarekilometres(3,236sqmi)hasa
populationof13,709,000andapopulationdensityof1,510
inhabitantspersquarekilometre(3,900/sqmi).[107]ModernLondon
standsontheThames,itsprimarygeographicalfeature,anavigable
riverwhichcrossesthecityfromthesouthwesttotheeast.The
ThamesValleyisafloodplainsurroundedbygentlyrollinghills
includingParliamentHill,AddingtonHills,andPrimroseHill.The
Thameswasonceamuchbroader,shallowerriverwithextensive
marshlandsathightide,itsshoresreachedfivetimestheirpresent
width.[108]
SincetheVictorianeratheThameshasbeenextensivelyembanked,
andmanyofitsLondontributariesnowflowunderground.The
Thamesisatidalriver,andLondonisvulnerabletoflooding.[109]
Thethreathasincreasedovertimebecauseofaslowbutcontinuous
riseinhighwaterlevelbytheslow'tilting'ofBritain(upinthe
northanddowninthesouth)causedbypostglacialrebound.[110]
LondonfromPrimroseHill
theVictoriaMemorialinthesnowin
2009
In1974,adecadeofworkbeganontheconstructionoftheThamesBarrieracrosstheThamesatWoolwich
todealwiththisthreat.Whilethebarrierisexpectedtofunctionasdesigneduntilroughly2070,concepts
foritsfutureenlargementorredesignarealreadybeingdiscussed.[111]
Climate
Londonhasatemperateoceanicclimate(Kppen:Cfb),similarto
allofsouthernBritain.Despiteitsreputationasbeingarainycity,
Londonreceiveslessprecipitation(with601mm(24in)inayear),
thanRome(at834mm(33in)),Bordeaux(at923mm(36in)),
Toulouse(at668mm(26in)),andNaples(at1,006mm(40in)per
year).[112][113][114][115][116]Temperatureextremesforallsitesinthe
Londonarearangefrom38.1C(100.6F)atKewduringAugust
2003[117]downto16.1C(3.0F)atNortholtduringJanuary
1962.[118]38.5C(101.3F)hasbeenachievedinnearby
Gravesend,however,whichtendstorecordthehighesttemperature
readingsintheUKduringsummer.Temperaturesofbelow20C
(4.0F)havebeennotedpriortothe20thcentury,buttheaccuracy
cannotbevalidated.
LondonfogwiththeWestminster
BridgeandPalaceofWestminsterin
thebackground
Summersaregenerallywarmandsometimeshot,London'saverageJulyhighis24C(75.2F).On
averageLondonwillsee31daysabove25C(77.0F)eachyear,and4.2daysabove30.0C(86.0F)
everyyear.Duringthe2003Europeanheatwavetherewere14consecutivedaysabove30C(86.0F)and
2consecutivedayswheretemperaturesreached38C(100.4F),leadingtohundredsofheatrelated
deaths.Wintersaregenerallycoolanddampwithlittletemperaturevariation.Snowfalldoesoccurfrom
timetotime,andcancausetraveldisruptionwhenthishappens.Springandautumnaremixedseasonsand
canbepleasant.On1October2011,theairtemperatureattained30C(86.0F)andinApril2011it
reached28C(82.4F).Asalargecity,Londonhasaconsiderableurbanheatislandeffect,makingthe
centreofLondonattimes5C(9F)warmerthanthesuburbsandoutskirts.Theeffectofthiscanbeseen
belowwhencomparingLondonHeathrowontheoutskirtsofLondonwiththeLondonWeatherCentre
whichislocatedinthecentreofLondon.
Month
RecordhighC
(F)
AveragehighC
(F)
DailymeanC
(F)
AveragelowC
(F)
RecordlowC
(F)
Precipitation
mm(inches)
Jan
ClimatedataforLondonHeathrow19812010
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
35.6
36.5
38.1
35.2
29.6
20.8
(96.1) (97.7) (100.6) (95.4) (85.3) (69.4)
17.2
(63)
38.1
(100.6)
8.3
(46.9)
15.2
(59.4)
5.2
5.3
7.6
9.9
13.3
16.4
18.7
18.5
15.7
12.0
8.0
5.5
(41.4) (41.5) (45.7) (49.8) (55.9) (61.5) (65.7) (65.3) (60.3) (53.6) (46.4) (41.9)
11.3
(52.3)
2.3
2.1
(36.1) (35.8)
7.5
(45.5)
17.2 19.6 24.2 29.2 32.8

(63) (67.3) (75.6) (84.6) (91)
8.1
8.4
11.3 14.2 17.9
21.0
23.5
23.2
19.9
15.5
(46.6) (47.1) (52.3) (57.6) (64.2) (69.8) (74.3) (73.8) (67.8) (59.9)
3.9
(39)
5.5
8.7
11.7
(41.9) (47.7) (53.1)
13.6 9.5 7.2 3.8 0.4

(7.5) (14.9) (19) (25.2) (31.3)
2.8
(37)
13.9
(57)
11.1
(52)
13.7
11.4
8.4
4.9
2.7
(56.7) (52.5) (47.1) (40.8) (36.9)
6.5
6.7
(43.7) (44.1)
2.8
(37)
4.6 6.3 12.0

(23.7) (20.7) (10.4)
13.6
(7.5)
55.2 40.9 41.6 43.7 49.4

45.1
44.5
49.5
49.1
68.5
59.0
55.2
601.7
(2.173) (1.61) (1.638) (1.72) (1.945) (1.776) (1.752) (1.949) (1.933) (2.697) (2.323) (2.173) (23.689)
Meanmonthly
sunshinehours
61.5
77.9
114.6 168.7 198.5
204.3
212.0
204.7
149.3
116.5
72.6
52.0
1,632.6
Source#1:[119]
Source#2:[119]
Month
ClimatedataforLondonWeatherCentreUHI
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Oct Nov Dec Year
8.5
16.1
8.9
11.7
15.7
18.6
22.4
23.6
23.2
20.8
11.9
8.6
15.8
AveragehighC(F) (47.3) (48) (53.1) (60.3) (65.5) (72.3) (74.5) (73.8) (69.4) (61) (53.4) (47.5) (60.4)
DailymeanC(F)
AveragelowC(F)
6.8
6.8
8.8 12.0 14.8 18.3 19.6 19.4 17.3 13.5 10.0
7.0
(44.2) (44.2) (47.8) (53.6) (58.6) (64.9) (67.3) (66.9) (63.1) (56.3) (50) (44.6)
12.8
(55)
5.0
4.7
5.8
8.2 10.9 14.1 15.5 15.5 13.7 10.9
8.0
5.4
9.8
(41) (40.5) (42.4) (46.8) (51.6) (57.4) (59.9) (59.9) (56.7) (51.6) (46.4) (41.7) (49.6)
Source#1:[120]
Source#2:[121]
Districts
TheCityofLondonandthe32Londonboroughs
1. CityofLondon
18. Sutton
2. CityofWestminster
19. Croydon
3. KensingtonandChelsea
20. Bromley
4. Hammersmithand
21. Lewisham
Fulham
22. Greenwich
5. Wandsworth
23. Bexley
6. Lambeth
24. Havering
7. Southwark
25. Barkingand
8. TowerHamlets
Dagenham
9. Hackney
26. Redbridge
10. Islington
27. Newham
11. Camden
28. WalthamForest
11. Camden
28. WalthamForest
12. Brent
29. Haringey
13. Ealing
30. Enfield
14. Hounslow
31. Barnet
15. Richmond
32. Harrow
16. Kingston
33. Hillingdon
17. Merton
London'svasturbanareaisoftendescribedusingasetofdistrictnames,suchasBloomsbury,Mayfair,
WembleyandWhitechapel.Theseareeitherinformaldesignations,reflectthenamesofvillagesthathave
beenabsorbedbysprawl,oraresupersededadministrativeunitssuchasparishesorformerboroughs.
Suchnameshaveremainedinusethroughtradition,eachreferringtoalocalareawithitsowndistinctive
character,butwithoutofficialboundaries.Since1965GreaterLondonhasbeendividedinto32London
boroughsinadditiontotheancientCityofLondon.[122][123]TheCityofLondonisthemainfinancial
district,[124]andCanaryWharfhasrecentlydevelopedintoanewfinancialandcommercialhubinthe
Docklandstotheeast.
TheWestEndisLondon'smainentertainmentandshoppingdistrict,attractingtourists.[125]WestLondon
includesexpensiveresidentialareaswherepropertiescansellfortensofmillionsofpounds.[126]The
averagepriceforpropertiesinKensingtonandChelseaisover2millionwithasimilarlyhighoutlayin
mostofcentralLondon.[127][128]
TheEastEndistheareaclosesttotheoriginalPortofLondon,knownforitshighimmigrantpopulation,as
wellasforbeingoneofthepoorestareasinLondon.[129]ThesurroundingEastLondonareasawmuchof
London'searlyindustrialdevelopmentnow,brownfieldsitesthroughouttheareaarebeingredevelopedas
partoftheThamesGatewayincludingtheLondonRiversideandLowerLeaValley,whichwasdeveloped
intotheOlympicParkforthe2012OlympicsandParalympics.[129]
Architecture
London'sbuildingsaretoodiversetobecharacterisedbyany
particulararchitecturalstyle,partlybecauseoftheirvaryingages.
Manygrandhousesandpublicbuildings,suchastheNational
Gallery,areconstructedfromPortlandstone.Someareasofthecity,
particularlythosejustwestofthecentre,arecharacterisedbywhite
stuccoorwhitewashedbuildings.FewstructuresincentralLondon
predatetheGreatFireof1666,thesebeingafewtraceRoman
remains,theTowerofLondonandafewscatteredTudorsurvivors
intheCity.Furtheroutis,forexample,theTudorperiodHampton
CourtPalace,England'soldestsurvivingTudorpalace,builtby
CardinalThomasWolseyc.1515.[130]Wren'slate17thcentury
TheTower,withTowerBridgebuilt
800yearslaterontheRiverThames
churchesandthefinancialinstitutionsofthe18thand19thcenturiessuchastheRoyalExchangeandthe
BankofEngland,totheearly20thcenturyOldBaileyandthe1960sBarbicanEstateformpartofthe
variedarchitecturalheritage.
Thedisused,butsoontoberejuvenated,1939BatterseaPowerStation
bytheriverinthesouthwestisalocallandmark,whilesomerailway
terminiareexcellentexamplesofVictorianarchitecture,mostnotably
St.PancrasandPaddington.[131]ThedensityofLondonvaries,with
highemploymentdensityinthecentralarea,highresidentialdensities
ininnerLondonandlowerdensitiesinOuterLondon.
30StMaryAxe,alsoknownas
"theGherkin",towersoverSt
AndrewUndershaft
TheMonumentintheCityofLondonprovidesviewsofthe
surroundingareawhilecommemoratingtheGreatFireofLondon,
whichoriginatednearby.MarbleArchandWellingtonArch,atthe
northandsouthendsofParkLanerespectively,haveroyalconnections,
asdotheAlbertMemorialandRoyalAlbertHallinKensington.
Nelson'sColumnisanationallyrecognisedmonumentinTrafalgar
Square,oneofthefocalpointsofthecitycentre.Olderbuildingsare
mainlybrickbuilt,mostcommonlytheyellowLondonstockbrickora
warmorangeredvariety,oftendecoratedwithcarvingsandwhite
plastermouldings.[132]
Inthedenseareas,mostoftheconcentrationisviamediumandhigh
risebuildings.London'sskyscraperssuchas30StMaryAxe,Tower
42,theBroadgateTowerandOneCanadaSquarearemostlyinthetwo
financialdistricts,theCityofLondonandCanaryWharf.Highrisedevelopmentisrestrictedatcertainsites
ifitwouldobstructprotectedviewsofStPaul'sCathedralandotherhistoricbuildings.Neverthelessthere
areanumberofverytallskyscrapersincentralLondon(seeTallbuildingsinLondon),includingthe72
storeyShardLondonBridge,thetallestbuildingintheEuropeanUnion.
OthernotablemodernbuildingsincludeCityHallinSouthwarkwithitsdistinctiveovalshape,[133]andthe
BritishLibraryinSomersTown/KingsCross.WhatwasformerlytheMillenniumDome,bytheThamesto
theeastofCanaryWharf,isnowanentertainmentvenuecalledTheO2Arena.
TheSharddominatingtheCityofLondonskyline,asseenfromForestHillinJuly2013
Naturalhistory
TheLondonNaturalHistorySocietysuggestthatLondonis"oneoftheWorld'sGreenestCities"withmore
than40%greenspaceoropenwater.Theyindicatethat2000speciesoffloweringplanthavebeenfound
growingthereandthatthetidalThamessupports120speciesoffish.[134]Theyalsostatethatover60
speciesofbirdnestincentralLondonandthattheirmembershaverecorded47speciesofbutterfly,1173
mothsandmorethan270kindsofspideraroundLondon.London'swetlandareassupportnationally
importantpopulationsofmanywaterbirds.Londonhas38SitesofSpecialScientificInterest(SSSIs),two
NationalNatureReservesand76LocalNatureReserves.[135]
Amphibiansarecommoninthecapital,includingsmoothnewtslivingbytheTateModern,andcommon
frogs,commontoads,palmatenewtsandgreatcrestednewts,however,nativereptilessuchasslowworms,
commonlizards,grasssnakesandadders,aremostlyonlyseeninouterLondon.[136]
FoxonAyresStreet,Southwark,
SouthLondon
AmongotherinhabitantsofLondonare10,000foxes,sothatthere
arenow16foxesforeverysquaremile(2.6squarekilometres)of
London.Theseurbanfoxesarenoticeablybolderthantheircountry
cousins,sharingthepavement(sidewalk)withpedestriansand
raisingcubsinpeople'sbackyards.Foxeshaveevensneakedintothe
HousesofParliament,whereonewasfoundasleeponafiling
cabinet.AnotherbrokeintothegroundsofBuckinghamPalace,
reportedlykillingsomeofQueenElizabethII'sprizedpink
flamingos.Generally,however,foxesandcityfolkappeartoget
along.Asurveyin2001bytheLondonbasedMammalSociety
foundthat80percentofLondonerslikedhavingthemaround.[137]
OthermammalsfoundinGreaterLondonarehedgehogs,rats,mice,rabbit,shrew,vole,andsquirrels,[138]
InwilderareasofOuterLondon,suchasEppingForest,awidevarietyofmammalsarefoundincluding
hare,badger,field,bankandwatervole,woodmouse,yellowneckedmouse,mole,shrew,andweasel,in
additiontofox,squirrelandhedgehog.AdeadotterwasfoundatTheHighway,inWapping,aboutamile
fromtheTowerBridge,whichwouldsuggestthattheyhavebeguntomovebackafterbeingabsencea
hundredyearsfromthecity.[139]TenofEngland'seighteenspeciesofbatshavebeenrecordedinEpping
Forest:soprano,nathusiusandcommonpipistrelles,noctule,serotine,barbastelle,daubenton's,brown
Longeared,natterer'sandleisler's.[140]
AmongthestrangesightsseeninLondonhavebeenawhaleintheThames,[141]whileTheBBCTwo
programme"NaturalWorld:UnnaturalHistoryofLondon",showspigeonsusingtheLondonUnderground
togetaroundthecity,asealthattakesfishfromfishmongersoutsideBillingsgateFishMarket,andfoxes
thatwill"sit"ifgivensausages.[142]
HerdsofredandfallowdeeralsoroamfreelywithinmuchofRichmondandBushyPark.Aculltakesplace
eachNovemberandFebruarytoensurenumberscanbesustained.[143]EppingForestisalsoknownforits
fallowdeer,whichcanfrequentlybeseeninherdstothenorthoftheForest.Ararepopulationof
melanistic,blackfallowdeerisalsomaintainedattheDeerSanctuarynearTheydonBois.Muntjacdeer,
whichescapedfromdeerparksattheturnofthetwentiethcentury,arealsofoundintheforest.While
Londonersareaccustomedtowildlifesuchasbirdsandfoxessharingthecity,morerecentlyurbandeer
havebecomingaregularfeature,andwholeherdsoffallowandwhitetaileddeercomeintoresidential
areasatnighttotakeadvantageoftheLondon'sgreenspaces.[144]ThereareinLondonalsomanymuntjak
deer,butbecausetheyareshyitislesscommontoseethem.[145]
Demography
Withincreasingindustrialisation,London'spopulationgrewrapidly
throughoutthe19thandearly20thcenturies,anditwasforsometime
inthelate19thandearly20thcenturiesthemostpopulouscityinthe
worlduntilovertakenbyNewYorkCityin1925.Itspopulationpeaked
at8,615,245in1939immediatelybeforetheoutbreakoftheSecond
WorldWar,buthaddeclinedto7,192,091atthe2001Census.
However,thepopulationthengrewbyjustoveramillionbetweenthe
2001and2011Censuses,toreach8,173,941inthelatterenumeration.
However,London'scontinuousurbanareaextendsbeyondtheborders
ofGreaterLondonandwashometo9,787,426peoplein2011,[29]
whileitswidermetropolitanareahasapopulationofbetween12and
14milliondependingonthedefinitionused.[147][148]Accordingto
Eurostat,Londonisthemostpopulouscityandmetropolitanareaof
theEuropeanUnionandthesecondmostpopulousinEurope(orthird
ifIstanbulisincluded).Duringtheperiod19912001anet
726,000immigrantsarrivedinLondon.[149]
Theregioncoversanareaof1,579squarekilometres(610sqmi).The
populationdensityis5,177inhabitantspersquarekilometre
(13,410/sqmi),[150]morethantentimesthatofanyotherBritish
region.[151]Intermsofpopulation,Londonisthe19thlargestcityand
the18thlargestmetropolitanregionintheworld.Asof2014,London
hasthelargestnumberofbillionaires(BritishPoundSterling)inthe
world,with72residinginthecity.[152]Londonranksasoneofthe
mostexpensivecitiesintheworld,alongsideTokyoandMoscow.[153]
Ethnicgroups
AccordingtotheOfficeforNationalStatistics,basedonthe2011
Censusestimates,59.8percentofthe8,173,941inhabitantsofLondon
wereWhite,with44.9percentWhiteBritish,2.2percentWhiteIrish,
0.1percentgypsy/Irishtravellerand12.1percentclassifiedasOther
White.
20.9percentofLondonersareofAsianandmixedAsiandescent.19.7
percentareoffullAsiandescent,withthoseofmixedAsianheritage
comprising1.2ofthepopulation.Indiansaccountfor6.6percentof
thepopulation,followedbyPakistanisandBangladeshisat2.7percent
each.Chinesepeoplesaccountfor1.5percentofthepopulation,with
2011UnitedKingdomCensus[146]
Countryofbirth
Population
UnitedKingdom 5,175,677
India
262,247
Poland
158,300
Ireland
129,807
Nigeria
114,718
Pakistan
112,457
Bangladesh
109,948
Jamaica
87,467
SriLanka
84,542
France
66,654
Somalia
65,333
Kenya
64,212
UnitedStates
63,920
Ghana
62,896
Italy
62,050
Turkey
59,596
SouthAfrica
57,765
Germany
55,476
Australia
53,959
Romania
44,848
Philippines
44,199
Cyprus
43,428
Portugal
41,041
Lithuania
39,817
China
39,452
Afghanistan
37,680
Iran
37,339
Arabscomprising1.3percent.A
further4.9percentareclassified
as"OtherAsian".
Spain
35,880
Uganda
32,136
Brazil
31,357
15.6percentofLondon's
populationareofBlackandmixedBlackdescent.13.3percentareof
fullBlackdescent,withthoseofmixedBlackheritagecomprising2.3
percent.BlackAfricansaccountfor7.0percentofLondon's
population,with4.2percentasBlackCaribbeanand2.1percentas
"OtherBlack".5.0percentareofmixedrace.
Ethnicgroupsinthe2011census
[154]
White(59.8%)
Asian(18.4%)
Black(13.3%)
Mixed(5%)
Arab(1.3%)
Other(2.1%)
1997.
AcrossLondon,BlackandAsianchildrenoutnumberWhiteBritish
childrenbyaboutsixtofourinstateschools.[155]However,White
childrenrepresented62percentofLondon's1,498,700populationaged
0to15,accordingtoestimatesfromtheOfficeforNationalStatistics
from2009,with55.7percentofthepopulationaged0to15being
WhiteBritish,0.7percentWhiteIrishand5.6percentfromotherEU
Whitebackgrounds.[156]InJanuary2005,asurveyofLondon'sethnic
andreligiousdiversityclaimedthatthereweremorethan300
languagesspokeninLondonandmorethan50nonindigenous
communitieswithapopulationofmorethan10,000.[157]Figuresfrom
theOfficeforNationalStatisticsshowthat,in2010,London'sforeign
bornpopulationwas2,650,000(33percent),upfrom1,630,000in
Londonethnicitydemographicsfromthe 2011census[154]
The2011censusshowed
Ethnicity
Population
that36.7percentof
White
4,887,435
GreaterLondon's
populationwereborn
(British,Irish,Other)
[158]
outsidetheUK.
The
Asian
1,511,546
tabletotherightshows
(Bangladeshi,Chinese,Indian,Pakistani,Other)
the20mostcommon
Black
1,088,640
foreigncountriesofbirth
(African,Caribbean,Other)
ofLondonresidentsin
2011,thedateofthelast
Mixed
405,279
publishedUK
(White&Asian,White&BlackAfrican,White&BlackCaribbean,Other)
[146]
Census.
Aportionof
Arab
106,020
theGermanborn
Other
175,021
populationarelikelyto
beBritishnationalsborn
toparentsservingintheBritishArmedForcesinGermany.[159]EstimatesproducedbytheOfficefor
NationalStatisticsindicatethatthefivelargestforeignborngroupslivinginLondonintheperiodJuly
2009toJune2010werethoseborninIndia,Poland,theRepublicofIreland,BangladeshandNigeria.[160]
Religion
ReligioninLondon(2011census)[161]
Religion
Christian
Noreligion
Muslim
Undeclared
Hindu
Jewish
Sikh
Buddhist
Other
Percent(%)
48.4%
20.7%
12.4%
8.5%
5.0%
1.8%
1.5%
1.0%
0.6%
Accordingtothe2011Census,thelargestreligious
groupingsareChristians(48.4percent),followedby
thoseofnoreligion(20.7percent),Muslims(12.4per
cent),noresponse(8.5percent),Hindus(5.0percent),
Jews(1.8percent),Sikhs(1.5percent),Buddhists(1.0
percent)andother(0.6percent).
LondonhastraditionallybeenChristian,andhasalarge
numberofchurches,particularlyintheCityofLondon.
ThewellknownStPaul'sCathedralintheCityand
SouthwarkCathedralsouthoftheriverareAnglican
administrativecentres,[162]whiletheArchbishopof
Canterbury,principalbishopoftheChurchofEnglandandworldwideAnglicanCommunion,hashismain
residenceatLambethPalaceintheLondonBoroughofLambeth.[163]
ImportantnationalandroyalceremoniesaresharedbetweenStPaul'sandWestminsterAbbey.[164]The
AbbeyisnottobeconfusedwithnearbyWestminsterCathedral,whichisthelargestRomanCatholic
cathedralinEnglandandWales.[165]DespitetheprevalenceofAnglicanchurches,observanceisverylow
withintheAnglicandenomination.Churchattendancecontinuesonalong,slow,steadydecline,according
toChurchofEnglandstatistics.[166]
LondonisalsohometosizeableMuslim,Hindu,Sikh,andJewish
communities.NotablemosquesincludetheEastLondonMosquein
TowerHamlets,thefirstmosquesintheEuropeanUniontobe
permittedtobroadcasttheadhan,LondonCentralMosqueonthe
edgeofRegent'sPark[167]andtheBaitulFutuhMosqueofthe
AhmadiyyaMuslimCommunity.Followingtheoilboom,
increasingnumbersofwealthyMiddleEasternMuslimshavebased
themselvesaroundMayfairandKnightsbridgeinwest
London[168][169]andtherearelargeMuslimcommunitiesinthe
StPaul'sCathedral
easternboroughsofTowerHamletsandNewham.[170]LargeHindu
communitiesareinthenorthwesternboroughsofHarrowand
Brent,thelatterofwhichishometoEurope'slargestHindutemple,NeasdenTemple.[171]Londonisalso
hometo42Hindutemples.ThereareSikhcommunitiesinEastandWestLondon,particularlyinSouthall,
hometooneofthelargestSikhpopulationsandthelargestSikhtempleoutsideIndia.[172]
ThemajorityofBritishJewsliveinLondon,withsignificantJewishcommunitiesinStamfordHill,
Stanmore,GoldersGreen,Finchley,Hampstead,HendonandEdgwareinNorthLondon.BevisMarks
SynagogueintheCityofLondonisaffiliatedtoLondon'shistoricSephardicJewishcommunity.Itisthe
onlysynagogueinEuropewhichhasheldregularservicescontinuouslyforover300years.Stanmoreand
CanonsParkSynagoguehasthelargestmembershipofanysingleOrthodoxsynagogueinthewholeof
Europe,overtakingIlfordsynagogue(alsoinLondon)in1998.[173]ThecommunitysetuptheLondon
JewishForumin2006inresponsetothegrowingsignificanceofdevolvedLondonGovernment.[174]
Accent
TherearemanyaccentsthataretraditionallythoughtofasLondonaccents.Themostwellknownofthe
LondonaccentslongagoacquiredtheCockneylabel,whichisheardbothinLondonitself,andacrossthe
widerSouthEastEnglandregionmoregenerally.[175]Theaccentofa21stcentury'Londoner'varies
widelywhatisbecomingmoreandmorecommonamongsttheunder30showeverissomefusionof
Cockneywithawholearrayof'ethnic'accents,inparticularCaribbean,whichformanaccentlabelled
MulticulturalLondonEnglish(MLE).[176]TheotherwidelyheardandspokenaccentisRP(Received
Pronunciation)invariousforms,whichcanoftenbeheardinthemediaandmanyofothertraditional
professionsandbeyond,althoughthisaccentisnotlimitedtoLondonandSouthEastEngland,andcanalso
beheardselectivelythroughoutthewholeUKamongstcertainsocialgroupings.
Economy
Londongeneratesapproximately20percentoftheUK's
GDP[177](or$446billionin2005)whiletheeconomyofthe
LondonmetropolitanareathelargestinEuropegenerates
approximately30percentoftheUK'sGDP(oranestimated
$669billionin2005).[178]Londonisoneofthepreeminent
financialcentresoftheworldandvieswithNewYorkCityas
themostimportantlocationforinternationalfinance.[179][180]
TheCityofLondonisoneofthelargest
London'slargestindustryisfinance,anditsfinancialexports
makeitalargecontributortotheUK'sbalanceofpayments.
Around325,000peoplewereemployedinfinancialservicesin
Londonuntilmid2007.Londonhasover480overseasbanks,morethananyothercityintheworld.Over
85%(3.2million)oftheemployedpopulationofgreaterLondonworksintheservicesindustries.Because
ofitsprominentglobalrole,London'seconomyhadbeenaffectedbytheLate2000sfinancialcrisis.
However,by2010theCityhasrecoveredputinplacenewregulatorypowers,proceededtoregainlost
groundandreestablishedLondon'seconomicparitywithNewYork.[181]TheCityofLondonishometo
theBankofEngland,LondonStockExchange,andLloyd'sofLondoninsurancemarket.
financialcentresintheworld[13][15]
OverhalfoftheUK'stop100listedcompanies(theFTSE100)andover100ofEurope's500largest
companieshavetheirheadquartersincentralLondon.Over70percentoftheFTSE100arewithin
London'smetropolitanarea,and75percentofFortune500companieshaveofficesinLondon.[182]
Alongwithprofessionalservices,mediacompaniesareconcentrated
inLondonandthemediadistributionindustryisLondon'ssecond
mostcompetitivesector.[183]TheBBCisasignificantemployer,
whileotherbroadcastersalsohaveheadquartersaroundtheCity.
ManynationalnewspapersareeditedinLondon.Londonisamajor
retailcentreandin2010hadthehighestnonfoodretailsalesofany
cityintheworld,withatotalspendofaround64.2billion.[184]The
PortofLondonisthesecondlargestintheUnitedKingdom,
handling45milliontonnesofcargoeachyear.[185]
CanaryWharfisamajorbusinessand
financialcentreandishometosome
oftheUK'stallestbuildings
Londonhasfivemajorbusinessdistricts:theCity,Westminster,CanaryWharf,Camden&Islingtonand
Lambeth&Southwark.Onewaytogetanideaoftheirrelativeimportanceistolookatrelativeamountsof
officespace:GreaterLondonhad27millionm2ofofficespacein2001,andtheCitycontainsthemost
space,with8millionm2ofofficespace.Londonhassomeofthehighestrealestatepricesinthe
world.[186][187]
AgrowingnumberoftechnologycompaniesarebasedinLondonnotablyinEastLondonTechCity,also
knownasSiliconRoundabout.ThecitywillbeamongthefirsttoreceiveageoTLD,inspringorsummer
2014.[188]
InFebruary2014LondonwasrankedastheEuropeanCityoftheFuture[189]inthe2014/15listbyFDi
Magazine.[190]
LondonhasthehighestpropertypricesofanyEuropeancityaccordingtotheOfficeforNationalStatistics
andtheEuropeanOfficeofStatistics.[191]OnaveragethepricepersquaremetreincentralLondonis
24,252(April2014).ThisishigherthanthepropertypricesinotherG8EuropeancapitalcitiesBerlin
3,306,Rome6,188andParis11,229.[192]
Thegasandelectricitydistributionnetworksthatmanageandoperatethetowers,cablesandpressure
systemsthatdeliverenergytoconsumersacrossthecityaremanagedbyNationalGridplc,ScotiaGas
Networks[193]andUKPowerNetworks.[194]
Tourism
Londonisapopularcentrefortourism,oneofitsprimeindustries,
employingtheequivalentof350,000fulltimeworkersin2003,[195]while
annualexpenditurebytouristsisaround15billion.[196]Londonattracts
over14millioninternationalvisitorsperyear,makingitEurope'smost
visitedcity.[197]Londonattracts27millionovernightstayvisitorsevery
year.[198]In2010thetenmostvisitedattractionsinLondonwere:[199]
1. BritishMuseum
2. TateModern
3. NationalGallery
4. NaturalHistoryMuseum
5. ImperialWarMuseum
6. ScienceMuseum
7. VictoriaandAlbertMuseum
8. MadameTussauds
9. NationalMaritimeMuseum
10. TowerofLondon
TheNaturalHistory
Museum
Housingcrisis
Thousandsofhomelessfamiliesfindthemselvesstuckinemergencyaccommodationforatleasttwo
years.[200]AgrowthinthenumberofUKhouseholdsisraisedbyhomelesscharityShelterwhostatethat:
Thisgrowthisaresultofpeoplelivinglonger,morepeoplelivingaloneorinsmallerhouseholds,andnet
migration.[201]
Transport
Transportisoneofthefourmainareasofpolicyadministeredbythe
MayorofLondon,[202]howeverthemayor'sfinancialcontroldoes
notextendtothelongerdistancerailnetworkthatentersLondon.In
2007heassumedresponsibilityforsomelocallines,whichnow
formtheLondonOvergroundnetwork,addingtotheexisting
responsibilityfortheLondonUnderground,tramsandbuses.The
publictransportnetworkisadministeredbyTransportforLondon
(TfL)andisoneofthemostextensiveintheworld.Cyclingisan
increasinglypopularwaytogetaroundLondon.TheLondon
CyclingCampaignlobbiesforbetterprovision.[203]
AblackLondontaxi,alsoknownasa
hackneycarriage.
ThelinesthatformedtheLondonUnderground,aswellastrams
andbuses,becamepartofanintegratedtransportsystemin1933
whentheLondonPassengerTransportBoard(LPTB)orLondonTransportwascreated.Transportfor
London(TfL),isnowthestatutorycorporationresponsibleformostaspectsofthetransportsystemin
GreaterLondon,andisrunbyaboardandacommissionerappointedbytheMayorofLondon.[204]
Air
Londonisamajorinternationalairtransporthubwiththelargest
cityairspaceintheworld.EightairportsusethewordLondonin
theirname,butmosttrafficpassesthroughsixofthese.London
HeathrowAirport,inHillingdon,WestLondon,isthebusiestairport
intheworldforinternationaltraffic,andisthemajorhubofthe
nation'sflagcarrier,BritishAirways.[207]InMarch2008itsfifth
terminalwasopened.[208]Therewereplansforathirdrunwayanda
sixthterminalhoweverthesewerecancelledbytheCoalition
Governmenton12May2010.[209]InSeptember2011apersonal
rapidtransitsystemwasopenedatHeathrowtoconnecttoanearby
carpark.[210]
Heathrow(Terminal5pictured)isthe
busiestairportintheworldfor
internationaltraffic. [205][206]
Similartraffic,withsomecheapshorthaulflights,isalsohandledatGatwickAirport,southofLondonin
WestSussex.[211]
StanstedAirport,northeastofLondoninEssex,isalocalUKhubandLutonAirporttothenorthof
LondoninBedfordshire,catersmostlyforcheapshorthaulflights.[212][213]LondonCityAirport,the
smallestandmostcentralairport,inNewham,EastLondon,isfocusedonbusinesstravellers,witha
mixtureoffullserviceshorthaulscheduledflightsandconsiderablebusinessjettraffic.[214]
LondonSouthendAirport,eastofLondoninEssex,isasmaller,regionalairportthatmainlycatersfor
cheapshorthaulflights.Itrecentlywentthroughalargeredevelopmentprojectincludingabrandnew
terminal,extendedrunwayandanewrailwaystationofferingfastlinksintothecapital.
Busesandtrams
London'sbusnetworkisoneofthelargestintheworld,running24
hoursaday,withapproximately8,500buses,morethan700bus
routesandaround19,500busstops.[215]In2013,thenetworkhad
morethan2billioncommutertripsperannum,morethanthe
Underground.[215]Around850millionistakeninrevenueeach
year.Londonhasthelargestwheelchairaccessiblenetworkinthe
world[216]and,fromthe3rdquarterof2007,becamemore
accessibletohearingandvisuallyimpairedpassengersasaudio
visualannouncementswereintroduced.Thedistinctivereddouble
deckerbusesareaninternationallyrecognisedtrademarkofLondon
transportalongwithblackcabsandtheTube.[217][218]
Thereddoubledeckerbusisan
iconicsymbolofLondon
Londonhasamoderntramnetwork,knownasTramlink,centeredonCroydoninSouthLondon.The
networkhas39stopsandfourroutes,andcarried28millionpeoplein2013.[219]SinceJune2008Transport
forLondonhascompletelyownedTramlink,anditplanstospend54mby2015onmaintenance,renewals,
upgradesandcapacityenhancements.SinceApril2009alltramshavebeenrefurbished.[220]
Cablecar
London'sfirstandonlycablecar,knownastheEmirateAirLineorThames
cablecaropenedinJune2012.CrossingtheRiverThames,linking
GreenwichPeninsulaandtheRoyalDocksintheeastofthecity,thecable
carisintegratedwithLondon'sOysterCardticketingsystem.
Cycling
CyclinginLondonhasenjoyedarenaissancesincetheturnofthe
Millennium.Cyclistsenjoyacheaper,andoftenquicker,wayaroundtown
thanthoseusingpublictransportorcars,andthelaunchoftheBarclays
CycleHireschemeinJuly2010hasbeensuccessfulandgenerallywell
received.
Portandriverboats
BarclaysCycleHiredocking
stationinSouthwarkStreet
Frombeingthelargestportintheworld,thePortofLondonisnowonlythesecondlargestintheUnited
Kingdom,handling45milliontonnesofcargoeachyear.[185]MostofthisactuallypassesthroughthePort
ofTilbury,outsidetheboundaryofGreaterLondon.
LondonhasfrequentriverboatservicesontheThamesknownasThamesClippers.Theserunuptoevery
20minutesbetweenEmbankmentPierandNorthGreenwichPier.TheWoolwichFerry,with2.5million
passengerseveryyear,[221]isafrequentservicelinkingtheNorthandSouthCircularRoads.Other
operatorsrunbothcommuterandtouristboatservicesinLondon.
Rail
UndergroundandDLR
TheLondonUndergroundcommonlyreferredtoastheTube,isthe
oldest,[222]andsecondlongest[36]metrosystemintheworld.The
systemserves270stations[223]andwasformedfromseveralprivate
companies,includingtheworld'sfirstundergroundelectricline,the
CityandSouthLondonRailway.[224]Itdatesfrom1863.
OverthreemillionjourneysaremadeeverydayontheUnderground
network,over1billioneachyear.[225]Aninvestmentprogrammeis
TheLondonUndergroundisthe
attemptingtoreducecongestionandimprovereliability,including
world'soldestandsecondlongest
6.5billion(7.7billion)spentbeforethe2012Summer
rapidtransitsystem
Olympics.[226]Londonhasbeencommendedasthecitywiththe
bestpublictransport.[227]TheDocklandsLightRailway,which
openedin1987,isasecond,morelocalmetrosystemusingsmallerandlightertramtypevehicleswhich
serveDocklandsandGreenwich.
Suburban
Thereare366railwaystationsintheLondonTravelcardZoneson
anextensiveabovegroundsuburbanrailwaynetwork.South
London,particularly,hasahighconcentrationofrailwaysasithas
fewerUndergroundlines.LondonhousesBritain'sbusieststation
Waterloo,withover184millionpeopleusingtheinterchange
stationcomplex(whichincludesWaterlooEaststation)each
year.[228][229]ClaphamJunctionisthebusieststationinEuropeby
thenumberoftrainspassing.Mostraillinesterminatearoundthe
centreofLondon,runningintoeighteenterminalstationswiththe
exceptionoftheThameslinktrainsconnectingBedfordinthenorth
andBrightoninthesouthviaLutonandGatwickairports.[230]
CrowdsduringrushhouratWaterloo
station
WiththeneedformorerailcapacityinLondon,Crossrailisduetoopenin2018.Itwillbeanewrailway
linerunningeasttowestthroughLondonandintotheHomeCountieswithabranchtoHeathrow
Airport.[231]ItisEurope'sbiggestconstructionproject,witha15billionprojectedcost.[232][233]
InterCityandInternational
LondonisthecentreoftheNationalRailnetwork,with70%ofrail
journeysstartingorendinginLondon.[234]Likesuburbanrail
services,RegionalandInterCitytrainsdepartfromseveraltermini
aroundtheCityCentre,linkingLondonwiththerestofBritain
including:Cambridge,Bristol,Cardiff,Exeter,Birmingham,
Sheffield,Southampton,Leeds,Manchester,NewcastleuponTyne,
EdinburghandGlasgow.
Since2007highspeedEurostartrainslinkSt.PancrasInternational
withLille,Paris,andBrussels.JourneytimestoParisandBrussels
oftwoandaquarterhoursandonehour50minutesrespectively
makeLondonclosertocontinentalEuropethantherestofBritainby
virtueoftheHighSpeed1raillinktotheChannelTunnel[235]while
thefirsthighspeeddomestictrainsstartedinJune2009linking
KenttoLondon.[236]Thereareplansforasecondhighspeedline
betweenLondonandtheWestMidlands.
StPancrasrailwaystationisthemain
terminalforhighspeedEurostarand
HS1services,aswellassuburban
ThameslinkandEastMidlandsTrains
services.
Roads
AlthoughthemajorityofjourneysinvolvingcentralLondonare
madebypublictransport,cartraveliscommoninthesuburbs.The
innerringroad(aroundthecitycentre),theNorthandSouth
Circularroads(inthesuburbs),andtheouterorbitalmotorway(the
M25,outsidethebuiltuparea)encirclethecityandareintersected
byanumberofbusyradialroutesbutveryfewmotorways
penetrateintoinnerLondon.TheM25isthelongestringroad
motorwayintheworldat121.5mi(195.5km)long.[237][238]TheA1
andM1connectLondontoLeeds,andNewcastleandEdinburgh.
TheA102,nearGreenwich.Thiswas
Aplanforacomprehensivenetworkofmotorwaysthroughoutthe
oneofthefewroutesproposedinthe
city(theRingwaysPlan)waspreparedinthe1960sbutwasmostly
RingwaysPlanwithinInnerLondon
cancelledintheearly1970s.In2003,acongestionchargewas
tobebuilt.
introducedtoreducetrafficvolumesinthecitycentre.Withafew
exceptions,motoristsarerequiredtopay10perdaytodrivewithin
adefinedzoneencompassingmuchofcentralLondon.[239][240]Motoristswhoareresidentsofthedefined
zonecanbuyagreatlyreducedseasonpasswhichisrenewedmonthlyandischeaperthanacorresponding
busfare.[241]Londonisnotoriousforitstrafficcongestion,withtheM25motorwaythebusieststretchin
thecountry.Theaveragespeedofacarintherushhouris10.6mph(17.1km/h).[242]Londongovernment
initiallyexpectedtheCongestionChargeZonetoincreasedailypeakperiodUndergroundandbususersby
20,000people,reduceroadtrafficby10to15percent,increasetrafficspeedsby10to15percent,and
reducequeuesby20to30percent.[243]Overthecourseofseveralyears,theaveragenumberofcars
enteringthecentreofLondononaweekdaywasreducedfrom195,000to125,000carsa35percent
reductionofvehiclesdrivenperday.[244]
Education
Tertiaryeducation
Londonisamajorcentreofhighereducationteachingandresearch
andits43universitiesformthelargestconcentrationofhigher
educationinstitutesinEurope.[24]In2008/09ithadahigher
educationstudentpopulationofaround412,000(approximately17
percentoftheUKtotal),ofwhomaround287,000wereregistered
forundergraduatedegreesand118,000werestudyingat
postgraduatelevel.[245]In2008/09therewerearound97,150
internationalstudentsinLondon,approximately25percentofall
internationalstudentsintheUK.[245]
Anumberofworldleadingeducationinstitutionsarebasedin
London.Inthe2014QSWorldUniversityRankings,Imperial
CollegeLondonisrankedjoint2ndintheworld(alongsideThe
UniversityofCambridge),UniversityCollegeLondon(UCL)is
ranked5th,andKing'sCollegeLondon(KCL)isranked16th.[246]
TheLondonSchoolofEconomicshasbeendescribedastheworld's
leadingsocialscienceinstitutionforbothteachingandresearch.[247]
TheLondonBusinessSchoolisconsideredoneoftheworld's
leadingbusinessschoolsandin2010itsMBAprogrammewas
rankedbestintheworldbytheFinancialTimes.[248]
With120,000studentsinLondon,[249]thefederalUniversityof
LondonisoneofthelargestcontactteachinguniversitiesinEurope.
ItincludesfourlargemultifacultyuniversitiesKing'sCollege
London,QueenMary,RoyalHollowayandUCLandanumberof
smallerandmorespecialisedinstitutionsincludingBirkbeck,the
CourtauldInstituteofArt,Goldsmiths,GuildhallSchoolofMusic
andDrama,theInstituteofEducation,theLondonBusinessSchool,
theLondonSchoolofEconomics,theLondonSchoolofHygiene&
TropicalMedicine,theRoyalAcademyofMusic,theCentral
SchoolofSpeechandDrama,theRoyalVeterinaryCollegeandthe
SchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies.[250]Membersofthe
UniversityofLondonhavetheirownadmissionsprocedures,and
someawardtheirowndegrees.
King'sCollegeLondon,established
byRoyalCharterhavingbeen
foundedbyKingGeorgeIVand
DukeofWellingtonin1829,isone
ofthefoundingcollegesofthe
UniversityofLondon.
TheWilkinsBuildingatUniversity
CollegeLondon
ThereareanumberofuniversitiesinLondonwhichareoutsideof
theUniversityofLondonsystem,includingBrunelUniversity,City
UniversityLondon,ImperialCollegeLondon,KingstonUniversity,LondonMetropolitanUniversity,
MiddlesexUniversity,UniversityofEastLondon,UniversityofWestLondonandUniversityof
Westminster,(withover34,000students,thelargestunitaryuniversityinLondon),[251]LondonSouthBank
University,MiddlesexUniversity,UniversityoftheArtsLondon(thelargestuniversityofart,design,
fashion,communicationandtheperformingartsinEurope),[252]UniversityofEastLondon,theUniversity
ofWestLondonandtheUniversityofWestminster.Inadditiontherearethreeinternationaluniversitiesin
LondonRegent'sCollege,RichmondUniversityandSchillerInternationalUniversity.
LondonishometofivemajormedicalschoolsBartsandThe
LondonSchoolofMedicineandDentistry(partofQueenMary),
King'sCollegeLondonSchoolofMedicine(thelargestmedical
schoolinEurope),ImperialCollegeSchoolofMedicine,UCL
MedicalSchoolandStGeorge's,UniversityofLondonandhasa
largenumberofaffiliatedteachinghospitals.Itisalsoamajor
centreforbiomedicalresearch,andthreeoftheUK'sfiveacademic
healthsciencecentresarebasedinthecityImperialCollege
Healthcare,King'sHealthPartnersandUCLPartners(thelargest
suchcentreinEurope).[253]
ThefrontfaadeoftheRoyalCollege
ofMusic
ThereareanumberofbusinessschoolsinLondon,includingCass
BusinessSchool(partofCityUniversityLondon),HultInternationalBusinessSchool,ESCPEurope,
EuropeanBusinessSchoolLondon,ImperialCollegeBusinessSchoolandtheLondonBusinessSchool.
Londonisalsohometomanyspecialistartseducationinstitutions,includingtheAcademyofLiveand
RecordedArts,theLondonContemporaryDanceSchool,RADA,theRoyalCollegeofArt,theRoyal
CollegeofMusicandTrinityLaban.
Primaryandsecondaryeducation
ThemajorityofprimaryandsecondaryschoolsandfurthereducationcollegesinLondonarecontrolledby
theLondonboroughsorotherwisestatefundedleadingexamplesincludeCityandIslingtonCollege,
Ealing,HammersmithandWestLondonCollege,LeytonSixthFormCollege,TowerHamletsCollegeand
BethnalGreenAcademy.TherearealsoanumberofprivateschoolsandcollegesinLondon,someoldand
famous,suchasCityofLondonSchool,Harrow,StPaul'sSchool,UniversityCollegeSchool,Highgate
SchoolandWestminsterSchool.
Culture
Leisureandentertainment
WithintheCityofWestminster,theentertainmentdistrictofthe
WestEndhasitsfocusaroundLeicesterSquare,whereLondonand
worldfilmpremieresareheld,andPiccadillyCircus,withitsgiant
electronicadvertisements.[254]London'stheatredistrictishere,as
aremanycinemas,bars,clubsandrestaurants,includingthecity's
Chinatowndistrict(inSoho),andjusttotheeastisCoventGarden,
anareahousingspecialityshops.ThecityisthehomeofAndrew
LloydWebber,whosemusicalshavedominatedtheWestEnd
theatresincethelate20thcentury.[255]TheUnitedKingdom'sRoyal
PiccadillyCircus
Ballet,EnglishNationalBallet,RoyalOperaandEnglishNationalOperaarebasedinLondonandperform
attheRoyalOperaHouse,theLondonColiseum,Sadler'sWellsTheatreandtheRoyalAlbertHallaswell
astouringthecountry.[256]
Islington's1mile(1.6km)longUpperStreet,extendingnorthwardsfrom
Angel,hasmorebarsandrestaurantsthananyotherstreetintheUnited
Kingdom.[257]Europe'sbusiestshoppingareaisOxfordStreet,ashopping
streetnearly1mile(1.6km)long,makingitthelongestshoppingstreetin
theUnitedKingdom.OxfordStreetishometovastnumbersofretailersand
departmentstores,includingtheworldfamousSelfridgesflagshipstore.[258]
Knightsbridge,hometotheequallyrenownedHarrodsdepartmentstore,lies
tothesouthwest.
LondonishometodesignersVivienneWestwood,Galliano,Stella
McCartney,ManoloBlahnik,andJimmyChooamongothersitsrenowned
artandfashionschoolsmakeitaninternationalcentreoffashionalongside
HarrodsinKnightsbridge
Paris,Milan,andNewYorkCity.Londonoffersagreatvarietyofcuisineas
aresultofitsethnicallydiversepopulation.Gastronomiccentresincludethe
BangladeshirestaurantsofBrickLaneandtheChinesefoodrestaurantsofChinatown.[259]
Thereisavarietyofannualevents,beginningwiththerelativelynewNewYear'sDayParade,fireworks
displayattheLondonEye,theworld'ssecondlargeststreetparty,theNottingHillCarnivalisheldduring
thelateAugustBankHolidayeachyear.TraditionalparadesincludeNovember'sLordMayor'sShow,a
centuriesoldeventcelebratingtheannualappointmentofanewLordMayoroftheCityofLondonwitha
processionalongthestreetsoftheCity,andJune'sTroopingtheColour,aformalmilitarypageant
performedbyregimentsoftheCommonwealthandBritisharmiestocelebratetheQueen'sOfficial
Birthday.[260]
Literature,filmandtelevision
Londonhasbeenthesettingformanyworksofliterature.The
literarycentresofLondonhavetraditionallybeenhillyHampstead
and(sincetheearly20thcentury)Bloomsbury.Writersclosely
associatedwiththecityarethediaristSamuelPepys,notedforhis
eyewitnessaccountoftheGreatFire,CharlesDickens,whose
representationofafoggy,snowy,grimyLondonofstreetsweepers
andpickpocketshasbeenamajorinfluenceonpeople'svisionof
earlyVictorianLondon,andVirginiaWoolf,regardedasoneofthe
foremostmodernistliteraryfiguresofthe20thcentury.[261]
KeatsHouse,whereKeatswrotehis
OdetoaNightingale.Thevillageof
Hampsteadhashistoricallybeena
literarycentreinLondon.
ThepilgrimsinGeoffreyChaucer'slate14thcenturyCanterbury
TalessetoutforCanterburyfromLondonspecifically,fromthe
Tabardinn,Southwark.WilliamShakespearespentalargepartofhislifelivingandworkinginLondon
hiscontemporaryBenJonsonwasalsobasedthere,andsomeofhisworkmostnotablyhisplayThe
Alchemistwassetinthecity.[261]AJournalofthePlagueYear(1722)byDanielDefoeisa
fictionalisationoftheeventsofthe1665GreatPlague.[261]LaterimportantdepictionsofLondonfromthe
19thandearly20thcenturiesareDickens'novels,andArthurConanDoyle'sSherlockHolmesstories.[261]
ModernwriterspervasivelyinfluencedbythecityincludePeterAckroyd,authorofa"biography"of
London,andIainSinclair,whowritesinthegenreofpsychogeography.
Londonhasplayedasignificantroleinthefilmindustry,andhasmajorstudiosatEalingandaspecial
effectsandpostproductioncommunitycentredinSoho.WorkingTitleFilmshasitsheadquartersin
London.[262]LondonhasbeenthesettingforfilmsincludingOliverTwist(1948),Scrooge(1951),Peter
Pan(1953),The101Dalmatians(1961),MyFairLady(1964),
MaryPoppins(1964),Blowup(1966),TheLongGoodFriday
(1980),NottingHill(1999),LoveActually(2003),VForVendetta
(2005),SweeneyTodd:TheDemonBarberOfFleetStreet(2008)
andTheKing'sSpeech(2010).Notableactorsandfilmmakersfrom
LondonincludeCharlieChaplin,AlfredHitchcock,MichaelCaine,
HelenMirren,GaryOldman,ChristopherNolan,JudeLaw,Tom
Hardy,KeiraKnightleyandDanielDayLewis.Asof2008,the
BritishAcademyFilmAwardshavetakenplaceattheRoyalOpera
House.Londonisamajorcentrefortelevisionproduction,with
SherlockHolmesMuseum,Baker
studiosincludingBBCTelevisionCentre,TheFountainStudiosand
Street,London,bearingthenumber
TheLondonStudios.Manytelevisionprogrammeshavebeensetin
221B
London,includingthepopulartelevisionsoapoperaEastEnders,
broadcastbytheBBCsince1985.
Museumsandartgalleries
Londonishometomanymuseums,galleries,andotherinstitutions,
manyofwhicharefreeofadmissionchargesandaremajortourist
attractionsaswellasplayingaresearchrole.Thefirstofthesetobe
establishedwastheBritishMuseuminBloomsbury,in1753.
Originallycontainingantiquities,naturalhistoryspecimensandthe
nationallibrary,themuseumnowhas7millionartefactsfrom
aroundtheglobe.In1824theNationalGallerywasfoundedto
housetheBritishnationalcollectionofWesternpaintingsthisnow
occupiesaprominentpositioninTrafalgarSquare.
TheBritishMuseum
Inthelatterhalfofthe19thcenturythelocaleofSouthKensington
wasdevelopedas"Albertopolis",aculturalandscientificquarter.
Threemajornationalmuseumsarethere:theVictoriaandAlbertMuseum(fortheappliedarts),theNatural
HistoryMuseumandtheScienceMuseum.TheNationalPortraitGallerywasfoundedin1856tohouse
depictionsoffiguresfromBritishhistoryitsholdingsnowcomprisetheworld'smostextensivecollection
ofportraits.[263]ThenationalgalleryofBritishartisatTateBritain,originallyestablishedasanannexeof
theNationalGalleryin1897.TheTateGallery,asitwasformerlyknown,alsobecameamajorcentrefor
modernartin2000thiscollectionmovedtoTateModern,anewgalleryhousedintheformerBankside
PowerStation.
Music
Londonisoneofthemajorclassicalandpopularmusiccapitalsoftheworldandishometomajormusic
corporations,suchasEMIandWarnerMusicGroupaswellas
countlessbands,musiciansandindustryprofessionals.Thecityis
alsohometomanyorchestrasandconcerthalls,suchasthe
BarbicanArtsCentre(principalbaseoftheLondonSymphony
OrchestraandtheLondonSymphonyChorus),CadoganHall(Royal
PhilharmonicOrchestra)andtheRoyalAlbertHall(The
Proms).[256]London'stwomainoperahousesaretheRoyalOpera
HouseandtheColiseumTheatre.[256]TheUK'slargestpipeorganis
TheRoyalAlbertHallhostsconcerts
attheRoyalAlbertHall.Othersignificantinstrumentsareatthe
andmusicalevents
cathedralsandmajorchurches.Severalconservatoiresarewithinthe
city:RoyalAcademyofMusic,RoyalCollegeofMusic,Guildhall
SchoolofMusicandDramaandTrinityCollegeofMusic.
Londonhasnumerousvenuesforrockandpopconcerts,including
largearenassuchasEarlsCourt,WembleyArenaandtheO2Arena,
aswellasmanymidsizedvenues,suchasBrixtonAcademy,the
HammersmithApolloandtheShepherd'sBushEmpire.[256]Several
musicfestivals,includingtheWirelessFestival,areheldinLondon.
ThecityishometothefirstandoriginalHardRockCafeandthe
AbbeyRoadStudioswhereTheBeatlesrecordedmanyoftheirhits.
Inthe1960s,1970sand1980s,musiciansandgroupslikeElton
John,PinkFloyd,DavidBowie,Queen,TheKinks,TheRolling
Stones,TheWho,EricClapton,LedZeppelin,TheSmallFaces,
IronMaiden,FleetwoodMac,ElvisCostello,CatStevens,The
Police,TheCure,Madness,TheJam,DustySpringfield,Phil
Collins,RodStewartandSade,derivedtheirsoundfromthestreets
andrhythmsvibratingthroughLondon.[264]
AbbeyRoadStudios,3AbbeyRoad,
StJohn'sWood,CityofWestminster,
London
Londonwasinstrumentalinthedevelopmentofpunkmusic,[265]withfiguressuchastheSexPistols,The
Clash,[264]andVivienneWestwoodallbasedinthecity.MorerecentartiststoemergefromtheLondon
musicsceneincludeGeorgeMichael,KateBush,Seal,SiouxsieandtheBanshees,Bush,theSpiceGirls,
Jamiroquai,Blur,TheProdigy,Gorillaz,Mumford&Sons,Coldplay,AmyWinehouseand
Adele.[266][267][268]Londonisalsoacentreforurbanmusic.InparticularthegenresUKgarage,drumand
bass,dubstepandgrimeevolvedinthecityfromtheforeigngenresofhiphopandreggae,alongsidelocal
drumandbass.BlackmusicstationBBCRadio1Xtrawassetuptosupporttheriseofhomegrownurban
musicbothinLondonandintherestoftheUK.
Recreation
Parksandopenspaces
ThelargestparksinthecentralareaofLondonarethreeoftheeightRoyalParks,namelyHydeParkandits
neighbourKensingtonGardensinthewest,andRegent'sParktothenorth.[269]HydeParkinparticularis
popularforsportsandsometimeshostsopenairconcerts.Regent'sParkcontainsLondonZoo,theworld's
oldestscientificzoo,andisnearthetouristattractionofMadameTussaudsWaxMuseum.[270][271]Primrose
HillinthenorthernpartofRegent'sParkat256feet(78m)[272]isapopularspottoviewthecityskyline.
ClosetoHydeParkaresmallerRoyalParks,GreenParkandSt.
James'sPark.[273]Anumberoflargeparkslieoutsidethecity
centre,includingtheremainingRoyalParksofGreenwichParkto
thesoutheast[274]andBushyParkandRichmondPark(thelargest)
tothesouthwest,[275][276]HamptonCourtParkisalsoaroyalpark,
but,becauseitcontainsapalace,itisadministeredbytheHistoric
RoyalPalaces,unliketheeightRoyalParks.[277]
ClosetoRichmondParkisKewGardenswhichhastheworld's
largestcollectionoflivingplants.In2003,thegardenswereputon
theUNESCOlistofWorldHeritageSites.[278]Therearealso
numerousparksadministeredbyLondon'sboroughCouncils,
AerialviewofHydePark
includingVictoriaParkintheEastEndandBatterseaParkinthe
centre.Somemoreinformal,seminaturalopenspacesalsoexist,
includingthe320hectare(790acre)HampsteadHeathofNorth
London,[279]andEppingForest,whichcovers2,476hectares
(6,118.32acres)[280]intheeast.BotharecontrolledbytheCityof
LondonCorporation.[281][282]HampsteadHeathincorporates
KenwoodHouse,theformerstatelyhomeandapopularlocationin
St.James'sParklakewiththeLondon
thesummermonthswhereclassicalmusicalconcertsareheldbythe
Eyeinthedistance
lake,attractingthousandsofpeopleeveryweekendtoenjoythe
music,sceneryandfireworks.[283]EppingForestisapopularvenue
forvariousoutdooractivities,includingmountainbiking,walking,horseriding,golf,angling,and
orienteering.[284]
Walking
WalkingisapopularrecreationalactivityinLondon.Areasthat
provideforwalksincludeWimbledonCommon,EppingForest,
HamptonCourtPark,HampsteadHeath,theeightRoyalParks,
canalsanddisusedrailwaytracks.[285]Accesstocanalsandrivers
hasimprovedrecently,includingthecreationoftheThamesPath,
some28miles(45km)ofwhichiswithinGreaterLondon,andThe
WandleTrailthisruns12miles(19km)throughSouthLondon
alongtheRiverWandle,atributaryoftheRiverThames.[286]Other
longdistancepaths,linkinggreenspaces,havealsobeencreated,
includingtheCapitalRing,theGreenChainWalk,LondonOuter
OrbitalPath("Loop"),JubileeWalkway,LeaValleyWalk,andthe
Diana,PrincessofWalesMemorialWalk.[287]
Sports
CarshaltonPonds,ontheWandle
TrailintheLondonBoroughof
Sutton
LondonhashostedtheSummerOlympicsthreetimes:in1908,
1948,and2012.[290][291]ItwaschoseninJuly2005tohostthe
2012OlympicsandParalympics,makingitthefirstcitytohostthe
modernGamesthreetimes.[25]Thecitywasalsothehostofthe
BritishEmpireGamesin1934.[292]In2017Londonwillhostthe
WorldChampionshipsinAthletics.[293]
London'smostpopularsportisfootballandithasfourteenLeague
footballclubs,includingsixinthePremierLeague:Arsenal,
Chelsea,CrystalPalace,QueensParkRangers,TottenhamHotspur,
andWestHamUnited.[294]InMay2012,Chelseabecamethefirst
LondonclubtowintheUEFAChampionsLeague.
From1924,theoriginalWembleyStadiumwasthehomeofthe
Englishnationalfootballteam.Ithostedthe1966FIFAWorldCup
Final,withEnglanddefeatingWestGermany,andservedasthe
venuefortheFACupFinalaswellasrugbyleague'sChallenge
Cupfinal.[295]ThenewWembleyStadiumservesexactlythesame
purposesandhasacapacityof90,000.[296]
FiveAvivaPremiershiprugbyunionteamsarebasedinLondon,
(LondonIrish,Saracens,Wasps,LondonWelshandHarlequins),
althoughcurrentlyonlyHarlequinsandSaracensplaytheirhome
gameswithinGreaterLondon.[297]LondonScottishplayinthe
RFUChampionshipclubandotherrugbyunionclubsinthecity
includeRichmondF.C.,RosslynParkF.C.,WestcombePark
R.F.C.andBlackheathF.C..TwickenhamStadiuminsouthwest
Londonisthenationalrugbyunionstadium,andhasacapacityof
82,000nowthatthenewsouthstandhasbeencompleted.[298]
TherearetwoprofessionalrugbyleagueclubsinLondonthe
SuperLeaguesideLondonBroncoswhoplayatTheHivein
EdgwareandtheChampionshipOnesideLondonSkolarsinWood
Green,Haringeyinaddition,HemelStagsfromHemelHempstead
northofLondonandOxfordRugbyLeaguefromOxfordalsoplay
intheChampionshipOne.
WembleyStadium,homeofthe
Englandfootballteam,hasa90,000
capacity.ItistheUK'sbiggeststadium
Twickenham,homeoftheEngland
rugbyunionteam,hasan82,000
capacity,theworld'slargestrugby
unionstadium
CentreCourtatWimbledon.First
playedin1877,theChampionshipsis
theoldesttennistournamentinthe
world. [288]
OneofLondon'sbestknownannualsportscompetitionsisthe
WimbledonTennisChampionships,heldattheAllEnglandClub
inthesouthwesternsuburbofWimbledon.[299]PlayedinlateJune
toearlyJuly,itistheoldesttennistournamentintheworld,and
widelyconsideredthemostprestigious.[300][301][302]
CricketinLondonisservedbytwoTestcricketgroundsLord's
(homeofMiddlesexC.C.C.)inStJohn'sWood[303]andtheOval
(homeofSurreyC.C.C.)inKennington.[304]Lord'shashostedfour
Lord'sCricketGroundiswidely
referredtoasthe"homeof
finalsoftheCricketWorldCup.
cricket". [289]
OtherkeyeventsaretheannualmassparticipationLondon
Marathon,inwhichsome35,000runnersattempta26.2miles(42.2km)coursearoundthecity,[305]andthe
OxfordandCambridgeBoatRaceontheRiverThamesbetweenPutneyandMortlake.[306]
Seealso
ListofcompaniesbasedinLondon
ListofrestaurantsinLondon
ListoftwintownsandsistercitiesintheUnitedKingdomLondon
OutlineofEngland
WatersupplyandsanitationinLondon
Notes
1. ^Seealso:IndependentcityNationalcapitals.
2. ^TheLondonMayorisnottobeconfusedwiththeLordMayorofLondonwhoheadstheCityofLondon
Corporation,whichadministerstheCityofLondon.
3. ^RankingsofcitiesbymetropolitanareaGDPcanvaryasaresultofdifferencesinthedefinitionofthe
boundariesandpopulationsizesoftheareascompared,exchangeratefluctuationsandthemethodusedto
calculateoutput.LondonandParisareofbroadlysimilarsizeintermsoftotaleconomicoutputwhichcanresult
inthirdpartysourcesvaryingastowhichisdefinedashavingthefifthandsixthlargestcityGDPintheworld.
AreportbytheMcKinseyGlobalInstitutepublishedin2012estimatedthatLondonhadacityGDPofUS$751.8
billionin2010,comparedtoUS$764.2billionforParis,makingthemrespectivelythesixthandfifthlargestin
theworld.AreportbyPricewaterhouseCooperspublishedinNovember2009estimatedthatLondonhadacity
GDPmeasuredinpurchasingpowerparityofUS$565billionin2008,comparedtoUS$564billionforParis,
makingthemrespectivelythefifthandsixthlargestintheworld.TheMcKinseyGlobalInstitutestudyuseda
metropolitanareawithapopulationof14.9millionforLondoncomparedto11.8millionforParis,whilstthe
PricewaterhouseCoopersstudyusedametropolitanareawithapopulationof8.59millionforLondoncompared
to9.92millionforParis.
4. ÂccordingtotheEuropeanStatisticalAgency,LondonhasthelargestLargerUrbanZonewhichuses
conurbationsandareasofhighpopulationasitsdefinition.Arankingofpopulationwithinmunicipalboundaries
placesLondonfirst.However,theUniversityofAvignoninFranceclaimsthatParisisfirstandLondonsecond
whenincludingthewholeurbanareaandhinterland,thatistheoutlyingcitiesaswell.
5. ^GreaterLondonisnotacityinthesensethatthewordappliesintheUnitedKingdom,thatofhavingcitystatus
grantedbytheCrown.
6. ÂccordingtotheCollinsEnglishDictionarydefinitionof'theseatofgovernment',[103]Londonisnotthe
capitalofEngland,asEnglanddoesnothaveitsowngovernment.AccordingtotheOxfordEnglishReference
Dictionarydefinitionof'themostimportanttown'[104]andmanyotherauthorities.[105]
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Categories: London Arthurianlocations Britishcapitals CapitalsinEurope
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Thispagewaslastmodifiedon25January2015,at03:21.
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13.6 9.5 7.2 3.8 0.4

4.6 6.3 12.0

55.2 40.9 41.6 43.7 49.4

114.6 168.7 198.5

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