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Electronic
geometry
five basic
shapes
molecular
geometry
Linear
180
trigonal planar
120
tetrahedral
109.5
trig. bipyramidal
90, 120, 180
octahedral
90, 180
Linear
Trig planar,
bent
Tetrahedral,
Trig. pyramidal,
bent
trig.bipyramidal,
see saw,
T-shaped,
linear
octahedral,
square pyramidal,
square planar
Samples
Imperfect Geometry:
When electron groups attach to different size atoms the ideal bond
angles are affected
CH2O ideally should be trigonal planar with angles of 120 each.
In reality the angle between the smaller H atoms is smaller.
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atom
CO2 is nonpolar
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Chemical bonds between atoms occur when atomic orbitals interact with those in
another atom to form a new molecular orbital with two electrons. Sigma bonds
(direct overlap) are stronger than pi bonds (indirect overlap).
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Double bond:
CH2O
C
3 sp2 hybridized orbitals and
1 p unhybridized orbital
H
1 s orbital on each
O
1 s unhybridized orbital and
3 p unhybridized orbitals
Triple bond:
C2H2
C
2 sp hybridized
orbitals and
2 p unhybridized
orbitals
H
1 s orbital on each
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Pi () py or pz molecular orbitals
MO Guidelines:
Electrons belong to the molecule, not the individual atoms
For this class, limit most of the discussion and examples to diatomic
species such as: H2, O2, CN-1, HF.
Occasionally this gives a more accurate electronic structure than VB
Combination of two atomic orbitals makes a molecular orbital
Bonding orbitals are sigma or pi orbitals. Sigma orbitals directly overlap
and pi orbitals indirectly overlap
Antibonding* sigma or pi orbitals create a node between the atoms with no
overlap
Two atomic s orbitals combine to form a lower energy bonding and a
higher energy * antibonding* orbital
six atomic p orbitals combine to form lower energy bonding orbitals,
and 2 degenerate orbitals and higher energy antibonding*
orbitals,and 2 degenerate orbitals
Predicts paramagnetic or diamagnetic behavior
Predicts bond order
Compares bond lengths and bond strengths
For diatomic molecules with fewer than 15 total electrons like N2, energy
increases as follows: s, 1s*, 2s, 2s*, 2p,2p, 2p, 2p*, 2p*, 2p*
For diatomic molecules with 15 or more total electrons like O2, energy
increases as follows: s, 1s*, 2s, 2s*, 2p,2p,2p, 2p*, 2p*, 2p*
Magnetic behavior of O2
Diatomic oxygen is attracted to
a magnetic field, indicating
paramagnetic behavior, so it
has unpaired electron(s)
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P a g e | 10
P a g e | 11
a)
h)
b)
i)
c)
j)
d)
k)
e)
l)
f)
g)
m)
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Fill in the following tables: First page follows octet and duet rules, second page has extended octets.
#of electron number of
electronic
molecular
bond angles
rough
an example
regions and bonded
geometry
geometry
3-D
molecule or ion
VB hybrid
atoms
name
name
sketch
H2
CO
any
1
linear
linear
OO
(180)
HF
N2
CN-1
CO2
3
sp2
120
bent
or angular
109.5
trigonal
pyramidal
H2O
#of electron
regions and
VB hybrid
number of
bonded
atoms
5
electronic
geometry
name
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molecular
geometry
name
bond angles
rough
3-D
sketch
an example
molecule or ion
trigonal
bipyramidal
see-saw
180
3
90
(120)
5
sp3d
octahedral
BrF5
6
sp3d2
square
planar
Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes. Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Theories
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Examples:
1. The valence bond hybrid atomic orbitals sp3 are used by both C in CH4 and O in H2O. Yet, the
bond angles between atoms in H2O are less than in CH4. Explain.
2. Describe completely the main features of each of the following and explain what useful information
we gain from each.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Lewis Structures
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory
Valence Bond (VB) theory
Molecular Orbital (MO) theory
3. a) Draw all possible resonance Lewis structures for NO3-1. Include formal charges and the correct
angles.
b)
Draw the "realistic" hybrid resonance structure with appropriate angles that takes and
average of the Lewis structures in part a. Include formal charges (fractions) and bond
orders (fractions). Include nonbonding electrons on central atom but not on terminal
atoms.
c)
Sketch the valence bond (bubble) probability picture of one of the NO3-1 resonances.
Identify and label the hybridized orbitals. Identify sigma and pi bonds.
4. Draw and identify the cis and trans isomers for 1,2-dichloroethene, C2H2Cl2
5.
Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes. Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Theories
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Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes. Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Theories
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K2SO3
Answer questions
below for SO3-2