Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Oshore Hydrostatics
(Lecture Code OT4620)
J.M.J. Journe and W.W. Massie
November 5, 2003
1
1. Miscellaneous on Static Loads
One has a large open tank with three 100 mm diameter drain holes in its bottom. There
is atmospheric pressure all around the tank. Before the tank is lled with water ( = 1000
kg/m3) each hole is closed o in a dierent way:
A vertical steel pipe - just as long as the height of the tank sides - is used to close o one
hole. The pipe has a diameter of 200 mm with a seal along its lower edge. The pipe
weighs 600 N.
The second opening is closed o by a steel ( = 7850 kg/m3 ) disk, 200 mm in diameter,
with a seal along its perimeter. The plate weighs 70 N and has a nylon cord leading
to the water surface.
The third opening has a plywood ( = 750 kg/m3 ) cover which weighs 7 N. It is otherwise
identical to the steel cover.
Questions:
a) With the pipe and the two covers in place, can the tank be lled?
b) Assuming that the tank has been lled to a depth of 5 m, which of the three drains
will be easiest to open? Explain also why!
Solutions:
a) The tank can be lled. The pressures on the pipe and covers act only on the sides
till the water depth is higher than the top of the covers. The seals prevent water
pressure from working on the bottom of the covers so that the wooden cover does
not oat!
b) Force to remove cover:
Force to lift pipe:
F = weight of pipe = 600 N
Force to lift steel cover:
F1 = gh A = 1000 9:81 5
0:22 = 1541 N
4
F2 = weight of cover = 70 N
F = F1 + F2 = 1541 + 70 = 1611 N
Force to lift wood cover:
F = F1 + F2 = 1541 + 7 = 1548 N
So, pipe is easiest to lift!
2
2. Miscellaneous on Static Floating Stability
Questions:
a) What is the relation between a ships mass and its volume of displacement.
b) Give a denition (in words) of:
- the center of gravity of a structure, G,
- the center of buoyancy of a structure, B,
- the initial metacenter, M , and
- the metacenter, N :
c) Prove for a rectangular pontoon that:
I
BM = T
r
and
IT
1
2
BN =
1 + tan
r
2
f) Prove that for a wall-sided ship, the vertical separation of B and G at angle of heel
is given by:
1
2
BZ = BG + BM tan cos
2
where BG and BM relate to the upright condition.
Show that - when this ship has a free uid surface in a wall-sided tank - the previous
expression becomes:
BG = BGS +
where the subscripts S and
1
BM GS G F tan2 cos
2
1
P = BG (cos 1) + BM tan sin gr
2
h) A wall-sided vessel with a negative GM lolls to an angle 0 . Express this angle in
terms of GM and BM.
i) A laden rectangular barge with a breadth of 6.00 m has a metacentric height of GM =
0:20 m when oating at a uniform draft of 3.00 m. Calculate the angle of loll 0.
3
j) A small mass is added to a wall-sided ship on the center line at such a position as to
leave trim unchanged. Show that the metacentric height is reduced if the mass is
added at a height above keel greater than T GM , where T is the draft.
k) A rectangular homogeneous block (30 m long, 7 m wide and 3 m deep) is half as dense
as the water in which it is oating. Calculate the metacentric height, GM , and the
stability lever arm, GZ, at 15 degrees and 30 degrees heel.
l) In one way or another, you are involved in the design process of converting an existing
ship with a length of about 200 meters into a stone-dumping vessel. You have been
informed that the location of the center of buoyancy, B, at the fully laden draft and
zero trim has been determined (via hydrostatic calculations) at 3.25 meters in front
of the amidships section. However, accurate mass calculations show you that the
center of gravity, G, of the ship in this loading condition will be of about 4.75 meters
in front of the amidships section.
Assuming correct hydrostatic calculations, what will be your comment on this information with respect to the actual under-water geometry of the vessel?
m) One has a glass tube nearly lled with water and closed at each end.
We have also an hourglass (in Dutch: zandloper) oating in the water in the tube.
The hourglass has a maximum diameter a bit less than the internal diameter of the
tube. The total weight of the hourglass (including the sand in it) is only slightly less
the weight of the same total volume of water - it just barely oats.
If we abruptly invert the glass tube then:
- the air bubble comes to the top immediately,
- the hourglass remains at the bottom, and
- the sand moves slowly from the upper hourglass chamber to the lower one.
Some time later, the hourglass slowly rises to the top of the tube.
Explain why it initially stays at the bottom!
Solutions:
a) m = r
b)
c) Scribanti formula; for derivation see textbook.
d) There is no water plane area, so IT = 0 which yields BM = BN = 0
e) BM =
IT
r
1
3
12 LB
LBT
f)
g)
h) = arctan
i) = 32:3 degrees.
2jGM j
BM
B2
12T
4
j)
k) GM = 1:972 m, GZ (15) = 0:536 m and GZ (30) = 1:047 m.
l) Because of a stability lever arm - between the centers of buoyancy and gravity - the
ship will trim until this arm becomes zero.
m) Initially, the hourglass has a negative GM and it heels against the glass tube. As
a consequence, it remains at the bottom due to friction. After a certain time the
GM becomes positive and the hourglass gets an upright position without friction
anymore. Then it rises slowly to the top of the tube.
5
3. Float-On Float-O Pontoon
6
f) Determine the GM -value at an even keel draft of 7.50 meter, supposing that water had
just covered the deck.
g) Determine the GM -value, when the pontoon has been sunk down until an even keel
draft of 11.50 meter.
Now, the pontoon picks up a drill-rig, with the following specications:
upright even keel condition
mass = 4920 ton
K G = 20.00 meter
water plane dimensions: 40 x 40 meter
no free surfaces of liquids in any tank
h) Determine the initial metacentric height of the rig.
i) Determine the initial metacentric height of pontoon+rig, supposing that they just hit
each other when de-ballasting the pontoon during loading of the rig (centre of rig
above centre of pontoon).
j) Determine the initial metacentric height of pontoon+rig when all water ballast has
been removed from the pontoon.
k) Determine the angle of heel when, due to an inaccurate loading of the pontoon, the
centre of the rig is amidships but 1.0 meter outside the middle line plane of the
pontoon.
Solutions:
a) G 0: amidships at middle line plane with K G0 = 4.02 m and G 0M0 = 45.15 m.
b) 1 = 0:380
c) T1i = 1.28, 2.00, 2.04 and 2.76 m, respectively.
d) 2 = 1:160.
e) GM = 9.93 m.
f) GM = 1.55 m.
g) GM = 1.62 m.
h) GM = 25.94 m.
i) GM = 5.51 m.
j) GM = 10.86 m.
k) = 2:610 .
7
Detailed Solutions
Volume of displacement r 0 of empty pontoon:
r0
=
=
L B T0
108:00 30:00 1:55 = 5022 m3
=
=
r0
1:000 5022 = 5022 ton
=
=
wb l b h
1:000 27:00 7:50 7:50 = 1519 ton
Centre of gravity of water ballast in a fully lled tank with respect to half the length of
the pontoon, the middle line plane and the base plane:
xwb
ywb
zwb
=
=
=
13:50 m
+3:75 m
+3:75 m
=
=
:
T1
2:02
=
= 1:01 m
2
2
8
Metacenter above centre of buoyancy B1M1 :
B1M1
=
=
1
LB 3
IT
B2
12
=
=
r1
LBT1
12 T 1
2
30:00
= 37:13 m
12 2:02
wb ywb
(0 + wb ) tan 1
1519 3:75
= 34:18 m
(5022 + 1519) tan(1:460)
=
=
=
=
1
tan2 1
2
B1 M1 0:000325 0:00
B1 M1
Herewith is the position of the centre of gravity of the pontoon including water ballast
KG 1 known:
K G1
=
=
KB1 + B1 M1 G1M1
1:01 + 37:13 34:18 = 3:96 m
For the empty pontoon, the position of the centre of gravity KG 0 follows from the rst
moment of masses of the pontoon including water ballast with respect to the base plane:
1 KG1 =
(pontoon + wb)
0 K G0 + wb zwb
(pontoon)
(wb)
So:
K G0
=
=
1 K G1 wb zwb
0
(5022 + 1519) 3:96 1519 3:75
= 4:02 m
5022
T0
1:55
=
= 0:78 m
2
2
9
Metacenter above centre of buoyancy B0M0 :
B0M0
=
=
1
IT
LB 3
B2
= 12
=
r0
LBT0
12 T 0
2
30:00
= 48:39 m
12 1:55
=
=
K B0 + B0M0 K G0
0:78 + 48:39 4:02 = 45:15 m
=
=
1
IL
BL3
L2
= 12
=
r1
LBT1
12 T1
2
108:00
= 481:19 m
12 2:02
=
=
K B1 + B1M1L KG 1
1:01 + 481:19 3:96 = 478:24 m
A longitudinal shift of the centre of gravity of the water ballast over a distance xwb will
result in a trim angle 1.
Replace this shift by a trimming moment MH L:
MHL = wb g xwb cos 1
The longitudinal righting stability moment of the pontoon MSL is:
MSL = 0 + wb g G 1M1L sin 1
Because of the equilibrium MHL = MSL , it follows for the trim angle 1:
tan 1
=
=
wb xwb
(0 + wb ) G 1M1L
1519 13:50
= 0:380
(5022 + 1519) 478:24
10
Solution of Part 3-c
Determine the drafts at the four angular points of the pontoon during the inclination
experiment.
Half the heel displacement is:
B
30:00
tan 1 =
tan(1:460 ) = 0:38 m
2
2
Half the trim displacement is:
L
108:00
tan 1 =
tan(0:380 ) = 0:36 m
2
2
Drafts at angular points of pontoon:
Starboard aft:
2.02 + 0.38 + 0.36 = 2.76 m
Starboard forward: 2.02 + 0.38 0.36 = 2.04 m
Port side aft:
2.02 0.38 + 0.36 = 2.00 m
Port side forward: 2.02 0.38 0.36 = 1.28 m
Solution of Part 3-d
Determine the angle of heel 2 in case of an 80 per cent lled tank, during the inclination
experiment.
Mass of water ballast wb in the 80 per cent lled tank:
wb = 0:80 1519 = 1215 ton
Centre of gravity of water ballast in the 80 per cent lled tank with respect to half the
length of the pontoon, the middle line plane and the base plane:
xwb
ywb
zwb
13:50 m
+3:75 m
0:80 3:75 = +3:00 m
=
=
=
=
=
So :
L B T2
1:000 108:00 30:00 T2 = 5022 + 1215
T2 = 1:92 m
T2
1:92
=
= 0:96 m
2
2
The position of the centre of gravity K G2 follows from the rst moment of masses of the
pontoon and the water ballast with respect to the base plane:
2 K G2 = 0 K G0 + wb zwb
So:
KG2
=
=
0 KG0 + wb z wb
2
5022 4:02 1215 3:00
= 3:82 m
5022 + 1215
11
Metacenter above centre of buoyancy B2M2 :
1
LB 3
IT
B2
12
B2M2 =
=
=
r2
LBT2
12 T 2
2
30:00
=
= 39:06 m
12 1:92
Herewith is the initial metacentric height of the pontoon with the 80 per cent lled tank
with frozen water ballast G 2M2 known:
G2M2
=
=
K B2 + B2M2 K G2
0:96 + 39:06 3:82 = 36:20 m
Now we let the water ballast unfreeze and the reduction G2G 02 of the metacentric height
becomes:
G2 G02
=
=
wb it
r2
1
1:000 12
27:00 7:503
= 0:15 m
1:000 (5022 + 1215)
Herewith is the reduced initial metacentric height of the pontoon with the 80 per cent lled
tank G02 M2 known:
G02 M2
=
=
G2M2 G 2G02
36:20 0:15 = 36:05 m
=
=
wb ywb
2 G02M 2
1215 3:75
(5022 + 1215) 36:05
or: 2 = 1:160
Note 1:
In this exercise, the eect of the free surface in the tank is very small.
In case of frozen cargo, the angle of heel 2 would be:
tan 2
=
=
wb ywb
2 G2M 2
1215 3:75
(5022 + 1215) 36:20
or: 2 = 1:150
12
Note 2:
The small reduction of the metacentric height has been obtained in the design of the
pontoon by a subdivision in the transverse direction in 4 compartments. As a result of
this, the transverse moment of inertia (second moment of areas) of the free surface of the
water ballast i t has been reduced considerably.
With a tank over the full breadth, the reduction G2G 02 of the metacentric height would be:
G 2G02
wb it
r2
1
1:000 12
27:00 30:003
= 9:78 m
1:000 (5022 + 1215)
=
=
=
=
LBT
108:00 30:00 7:50 = 24300 m3
=
=
r
1:025 24300 = 24908 ton
=
=
0
24980 5022 = 19886 ton
=
=
wb
LB
19886
= 5:98 m
1:025 108:00 30:00
Centre of gravity of total water ballast with respect to half the length of the pontoon, the
middle line plane and the base plane:
xwb
ywb
=
=
zwb
0:00 m
0:00 m
h
5:98
=
= 2:99 m
2
2
For the ballasted pontoon, the position of the centre of gravity K G follows from the rst
moment of masses of the empty pontoon and the water ballast with respect to the base
plane:
K G = 0 KG 0 + wb z wb
13
So:
KG
0 KG 0 + wb z wb
=
=
T
7:50
=
= 3:75 m
2
2
=
=
1
IT
LB 3
B2
= 12
=
r
LBT
12 T
2
30:00
= 10:00 m
12 7:50
The reduction of the metacentric height GG 0 due to the free surface of the water ballast
becomes:
GG 0
=
=
wb it
r
1
16 1:025 12
27:00 7:503
= 0:62 m
24908
=
=
KB + BM K G GG0
3:75 + 10:00 3:20 0:62 = 9:93 m
IT
r
The transverse moment of inertia (second moment of areas) of the water plane can be
found by subtraction of moments of inertia of rectangles:
IT
=
=
o
1 n
9:00 30:003 16:003 + 18:00 30:003 23:003
12
39428 m4
=
=
1
3
3
2
2
2
9:00 7:00 + 18:00 3:50 + 9:00 7:00 11:50 + 18:00 3:50 13:25
12
39428 m4
14
With this, the metacenter above centre of buoyancy BM becomes:
IT
39428
=
= 1:62 m
r
24300
BM =
KB + BM KG GG0
3:75 + 1:62 3:20 0:62 = 1:55 m
=
=
=
=
r
1:025 25308 = 25941 ton
=
=
0
25941 5022 = 20919 ton
wb
LB
20919
= 6:30 m
1:025 108:00 30:00
=
=
Centre of gravity of total water ballast with respect to half the length of the pontoon, the
middle line plane and the base plane:
xwb
ywb
=
=
zwb
0:00 m
0:00 m
h
6:30
=
= 3:15 m
2
2
For the ballasted pontoon, the position of the centre of gravity K G follows from the rst
moment of masses of the empty pontoon and the water ballast with respect to the base
plane:
K G = 0 KG 0 + wb z wb
So:
KG
=
=
0 KG 0 + wb z wb
15
Centre of buoyancy above keel K B follows from the rst moment of volumes of the individual parts of the under water geometry of the pontoon with respect to the base plane:
r KB =
=
So:
100701
= 3:98 m
25308
Metacenter above centre of buoyancy BM :
KB =
BM =
IT
39428
=
= 1:56 m
r
25308
The reduction of the metacentric height GG 0 due to the free surface of the water ballast
becomes:
GG 0
wb it
r
1
16 1:025 12
27:00 7:503
= 0:60 m
25941
=
=
=
=
KB + BM KG GG0
3:98 + 1:56 3:32 0:60 = 1:62 m
r rig
T rig
K B rig
BM rig
GM rig
rig
4920
=
= 4800 m3
1:025
rrig
4800
=
= 3:00 m
Lrig Brig
40:00 40:00
T rig
3:00
=
= 1:50 m
2
2
1
3
2
Lrig Brig
Brig
ITrig
40:002
= 12
=
=
= 44:44 m
r rig
Lrig Brig Trig
12 Trig
12 3:00
KB rig + BM rig K Grig = 1:50 + 44:44 20:00 = 25:94 m
16
Volume of displacement r of pontoon:
r = 24300 + 2 (9:00 7:00 + 18:00 3:50) (10:50 7:50) = 25056 m3
Total mass of displacement of pontoon:
=
=
r
1:025 25056 = 25683 ton
=
=
0
25683 5022 = 20661 ton
=
=
wb
LB
20661
= 6:22 m
1:025 108:00 30:00
Centre of gravity of total water ballast with respect to half the length of the pontoon, the
middle line plane and the base plane:
xwb
ywb
=
=
zwb
0:00 m
0:00 m
h
6:22
=
= 3:11 m
2
2
For the ballasted pontoon + rig, the position of the centre of gravity K G follows from the
rst moment of masses of the empty pontoon, the water ballast and the rig with respect
to the base plane of the pontoon:
( + rig) KG = 0 K G0 + wb zwb + rig zrig
With z rig = 7:50 + 20:00 = 27:50 meter, it is found:
KG
=
=
The centre of buoyancy above keel KB follows from the rst moment of volumes of the
individual parts of the under water geometry of the pontoon and the rig with respect to
the base plane of the pontoon:
(r + rrig) KB =
17
So:
141129
= 4:73 m
25056 + 4800
Metacenter above centre of buoyancy BM :
KB =
IT
39428 + 40:00 40:003
=
= 8:47 m
r + rrig
25056 + 4800
BM =
The reduction of the metacentric height GG 0 due to the free surface of the water ballast
becomes:
GG 0
=
=
wb it
r
1
16 1:025 12
27:00 7:503
= 0:51 m
25056 + 4800
=
=
KB + BM KG GG0
4:73 + 8:47 7:18 0:51 = 5:51 m
KB
BM
KG
GG0
GM
=
=
9942
=
= 9700 m3
1:025
r
9700
=
= 3:00 m
LB
108:00 30:00
T
3:00
=
= 1:50 m
2
2
IT
B2
30:002
=
=
= 25:00 m
r
12 T
12 3:00
5022 4:02 + 4920 27:50
= 15:64 m
5022 + 4920
0:00 m
K B + BM K G = 1:50 + 25:00 15:64 = 10:86 m
=
=
tan
or: = 2:610
18
4. Metacentric Height
=
=
=
gr GZ
gr GN sin
gr GM + MN sin
19
=
=
1
gr GM + BM tan2 sin
2
MH = 0
This equilibrium at = 20 gives the following equation with the unknowns BM and GM :
1
GM + BM tan2 = 0
2
or:
GM + 0:000610 BM = 0
=
=
1
gr GM + BM tan2 sin
2
MH = 250 g 15:00 cos
This equilibrium at = 170 gives a second equation with the unknowns BM and GM :
1
1:000 g 12000 GM + BM tan2 (170 ) sin(170) = 250 g 15:00 cos(170 )
2
or:
GM + 0:046736 BM = 1:0221
The solution of these two equations with the unknowns BM and GM gives:
= 22:16 m
= 0:01 m
BM
GM
The position of the original centre of gravity G0 follows from the rst moment of masses
of the ship with hoisted cargo with respect to the base plane:
12000 K G = 12000 K G0 + 250 (25:00 3:00)
From this follows the vertical shift of the centre of gravity:
G0G = KG KG 0 =
The metacentric height before the unloading operations of the cargo becomes:
G 0M
=
=
G 0G + GM
0:46 0:01 = 0:45 m
20
5. Unloading a Pontoon
21
Detailed Solutions
Solution of Part 5-a
300
=
= 300 m3
1:000
The pontoon is laden with the centre of gravity of the two masses together at the centre
of the water plane, so it will sink down parallel to the water plane. The under water hull
form is a rectangular pontoon at an even keel condition without heel.
So:
T
KB
BM
r
300
=
= 1:25 m
LB
40:00 6:00
T
1:25
=
= 0:625 m
2
2
IT
B2
6:002
=
=
= 2:40 m
r
12 T
12 1:25
The vertical position of the centre of gravity of the laden pontoon follows from the rst
moment of masses with respect to the base plane:
KG = 0 KG 0 + 2 p (D + zp)
So:
KG
=
=
0 K G0 + 2 p (D + zp)
=
=
KB + BM KG
0:625 + 2:40 2:05 = 0:975 m
=
=
gr GM + M N sin
1
gr GM + BM tan2 sin
2
22
2. Replace the shift of the mass p in a horizontal direction over a distance c to the actual
place by a heeling moment MH , which depends on the angle of heel too.
MH = p g c cos
3. Finally, the equilibrium MS = MH should be fullled.
gr GM +
or:
1
BM tan2 sin = p g c cos
2
1
pc
GM + BM tan2 tan =
2
r
250
=
= 250 m3
1:000
Due to the parallel sinkage, the under water hull form remains a rectangular pontoon at
an even keel condition without heel, so:
T
KB
BM
r
250
=
= 1:04 m
LB
40:00 6:00
T
1:04
=
= 0:52 m
2
2
IT
B2
6:002
=
=
= 2:89 m
r
12 T
12 1:02
The vertical position of the centre of gravity of the laden pontoon follows from the rst
moment of masses with respect to the base plane:
r K G = r0 KG 0 + p (D + zp )
So:
KG
=
=
r0 K G0 + p (D + z p)
r
200 1:20 + 50 (2:50 + 1:25)
= 1:71 m
250
=
=
KB + BM KG
0:52 + 2:89 1:71 = 1:70 m
As pointed out before, an equilibrium will be achieved when the righting stability moment
MS equals the heeling moment MH :
GM +
1
pc
BM tan2 tan =
2
r
23
Inserting the calculated data in this equation gives:
1:70 +
or:
1
87:5
2:89 tan2 tan =
2
1:000 250
This third degree equation in tan can be solved iteratively by the Regula-Falsi method,
by calculating the left hand side LHS of the equation as a function of until a value equal
to the value of the right hand side RHS = 0:350 has been found:
= 10:00 ! LHS = 0:308
= 15:00 ! LHS = 0:483
= 11:20 ! LHS = 0:348
= 11:30 ! LHS = 0:351
RHS = 0:350
So: 11:30.
Solution of Part 5-c
Two tanks will be lled up to an equal height hwb with water ballast (wb = 1.000 ton/m3).
The distance ywb of the centre of the water ballast to the middle line plane is 1.50 meter.
The pontoon is in an upright position, when the heeling moment MH caused by the mass
p is equal to the moment of the water ballast Mwb:
MH
=
=
p g yp = 50:0 g 1:75
Mwb = wb g ywb = wb g 1:50
87:5
= 58:33 ton
1:50
hwb
zwb
wb
58:33
=
= 58:33 m3
wb
1:000
rwb
58:33
=
= 0:97 m
2 lt bt
2 10:00 3:00
hwb
0:97
=
= 0:485 m
2
2
0 + p + wb = 200 + 50 + 58:33 = 308:33 ton
308:33
=
= 308:33 m3
1:000
The under water hull form is a rectangular pontoon at an even keel condition without heel.
So:
T
KB
BM
GG 0
r
308:33
=
= 1:285 m
LB
40:00 6:00
T
1:285
=
= 0:64 m
2
2
IT
B2
6:002
=
=
= 2:335 m
r
12 T
12 1:285
P
1
2 1:000 12
10:00 3:003
wb it
=
= 0:145 m
r
308:33
24
The vertical position of the centre of gravity of the laden and ballasted pontoon follows
from the rst moment of masses with respect to the base plane:
K G = 0 KG 0 + p (D + zp ) + wb zwb
So:
KG
=
=
=
=
KB + BM K G GG0
0:64 + 2:335 1:48 0:145 = 1:35 m
25
6. Lift Operation by a Pontoon
26
moment MS in relation to the angle of heel .
The righting stability moment of the pontoon (with frozen fuel) is given by:
gr GN sin
=
=
gr GM + M N sin
1
2
gr GM + BM tan sin
2
Due to the free surface of the fuel in one of the double bottom tanks (unfreezing the
frozen fuel) this righting stability moment will be reduced by:
gr GG 00 sin = gr GG0 1 +
1
tan2 sin
2
Then the righting stability moment of the pontoon with liquid fuel becomes:
MS = gr GM +
1
1
BM tan2 GG 0 1 + tan2
2
2
sin
2. Replace the shift of the mass p in a horizontal direction over a distance c to the actual
place by a heeling moment MH , which depends on the angle of heel too.
MH = p g c cos
3. Finally, the equilibrium MS = MH should be fullled.
1
1
gr GM + BM tan2 GG0 1 + tan2
2
2
or:
sin = p g c cos
1
1
pc
2
2
0
GM + BM tan GG 1 + tan tan =
2
2
r
The solution of this third degree equation in tan gives the angle of heel .
=
=
=
1900
=
= 1900 m3
1:000
The under water hull form is a rectangular pontoon at an even keel condition without heel,
so:
T
KB
BM
r
1900
=
= 2:64 m
LB
60:00 12:00
T
2:64
=
= 1:32 m
2
2
IT
B2
12:002
=
=
= 4:55 m
r
12 T
12 2:64
27
The vertical position of the centre of gravity of the laden pontoon follows from the rst
moment of masses with respect to the base plane:
KG = 0 KG 0 + p zp
So:
KG
=
=
0 KG0 + p zp
=
=
KB + BM KG
1:32 + 4:55 4:47 = 1:40 m
The reduction of the initial metacentric height due to the free surface of the fuel in the
double bottom tanks is:
GG0
=
=
f it
1 lf b3f
= f 12
r
1
0:900 12 20:00 6:003
= 0:17 m
1900
As pointed out before, an equilibrium will be achieved when the righting stability moment
MS equals the heeling moment MH :
1
1
GM + BM tan2 GG0 1 + tan2
2
2
tan =
pc
r
1
1
1:40 + 4:55 tan2 0:17 1 + tan2
2
2
tan =
or:
2:190 tan3 + 1:230 tan = 0:421
100 8:00
1:000 1900
This third degree equation in tan can be solved iteratively by the Regula-Falsi method,
by calculating the left hand side LHS of the equation as a function of until a value equal
to the value of the right hand side RHS = 0:421 has been found:
= 10:00 ! LHS = 0:229
= 15:00 ! LHS = 0:372
= 20:00 ! LHS = 0:553
= 16:30 ! LHS = 0:414
= 16:50 ! LHS = 0:421
RHS = 0:421
So: 16:50.
28
7. Deckload on a Drill Platform
29
Detailed Solutions
Empty drilling platform:
r0
0
=
=
= 8086:5 m3
T0
8388:6
=
= 8184:0 m3
1:025
100
1:025
= 0:575 m
6 (3:002)
T0 + T0 = 25:000 + 0:575 = 25:575 m
BMT
BML
KG
GMT
=
=
=
=
GML
Moment of equilibrium
The righting stability moment MS is given by:
gr GN sin
=
=
gr GM + M N sin
1
2
gr GM + BM tan sin
2
Replace the shift of the mass p in a horizontal transverse direction over a distance c to the
actual place by a heeling moment M H, which depends on the angle of heel too.
MH = p g c cos
The equilibrium MS = MH should be fullled, so:
1
2
gr GM + BM tan sin = p g c cos
2
30
or:
1
pc
GM + BM tan2 tan =
2
or:
GMT +
1
p cy
BMT tan2 tan =
2
1
100 30:00
0:66 + 18:70 tan2 tan =
2
8184:0
which gives a third degree equation in tan :
9:35 tan3 + 0:66 tan = 0:3576
This third degree equation in tan can be solved iteratively by the Regula-Falsi method,
by calculating the left hand side LHS of the equation as a function of until a value equal
to the value of the right hand side RHS = 0:3576 has been found:
= 10:000 ! LH S = 0:1676
= 15:000 ! LH S = 0:3567
= 15:020 ! LH S = 0:3577
RHS = 0:3576
So: 15:020.
So, the solution of this third degree equation in tan gives: 15:00
The longitudinal moment of equilibrium gives:
or:
GML +
1
p cx
BML tan2 tan =
2
1
100 40:00
4:12 + 22:16 tan2 tan =
2
8184:0
which gives a third degree equation in tan :
11:08 tan3 + 4:14 tan = 0:4768
This third degree equation in tan can be solved by the Regula-Falsi method, as shown
before for tan :
= 5:000 ! LHS = 0:3696
= 10:00 ! LHS = 0:7907
= 6:270 ! LHS = 0:4696
= 6:360 ! LHS = 0:4768
RH S = 0:4768
So: 6:360 .
So, the solution of this third degree equation in tan gives: 6:40
The drafts at the corners of the platform can be found by a linear superposition of the
eects of heel and trim:
TA
TC
TD
TF
=
=
=
=
T
T
T
T
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
38:10 m
29:18 m
13:05 m
21:97 m
31
To bring the platform again in an upright position two columns have to be lled partly
with water ballast:
column C has to be lled with 100 ton of water ballast:
hC =
100
= 3:45 m
3:002
200
= 6:90 m
3:002
T =
r1
1:025
B1 M 1
KG 1
G1M 1
=
=
2 4 3:004
it
=
= 0:015 m
r1
8476:7
=
=
G1M1 G1 G01
1:46 0:015 = 1:44 m
32
8. Loading a Semi-Submersible
=
=
gr GN sin = gr GM + M N sin
1
2
gr GM + BM tan sin
2
2. Replace the shift of the mass p in a horizontal direction over a distance c to the actual
place by a trimming moment MH , which depends on the angle of trim too.
MH = p g c cos
33
3. Finally, the equilibrium MS = MH should be fullled.
1
2
gr GM + BM tan sin = p g c cos
2
or:
1
pc
GM + BM tan2 tan =
2
r
The solution of this third degree equation in tan gives the angle of trim .
Detailed further Working-out
Displacements of empty and laden semi-submersible:
14074
r =
=
= 14074 m3
1:000
BM
The vertical position of the centre of gravity of the laden semi-submersible follows from
the rst moment of masses with respect to the base plane:
KG = 0 KG 0 + p zp
So:
0 KG 0 + p z p
GM
=
=
KB + BM KG
5:94 + 12:91 16:91 = 1:94 m
As pointed out before, an equilibrium will be achieved when the righting stability moment
MS equals the trimming moment MH :
GM +
1
pc
BM tan2 tan =
2
r
34
Inserting the calculated data in this equation gives:
or:
1
100 50:00
1:94 + 12:91 tan2 tan =
2
1:000 14074
6:455 tan3 + 1:940 tan = 0:3553
This third degree equation in tan can be solved iteratively by the Regula-Falsi method,
by calculating the left hand side LHS of the equation as a function of until a value equal
to the value of the right hand side RHS = 0:3553 has been found:
= 10:00 ! LHS = 0:3775
= 5:000 ! LHS = 0:1741
= 9:450 ! LHS = 0:3527
= 9:510 ! LHS = 0:3553
RH S = 0:3553
So: 9:50.
The drafts at the 4 columns are:
TA
TB
=
=
35
9. Loading a Drill Platform
36
Detailed Solutions
Empty drilling platform:
r0
0
=
=
T0
1201:6
=
= 1201:6 m3
1:000
1201:6
= 5:10 m
3 4 10:002
BM
KG
GM
=
=
T
5:10
=
= 2:55 m
2
2
IT
3 4 5:004 + 4 10:002 20:202 + 2 4 10:002 10:102
=
= 41:23 m
r
1201:6
1154:5 30:00 + 47:1 50:40
= 30:80 m
1201:6
KB + BM KG
2:55 + 41:23 30:80 = 12:98 m
When expecting a small heel angle, the righting stability moment MS is given by:
MS = gr GM sin
Replace the shift of the mass p in a horizontal direction over a distance c to the actual
place by a heeling moment MH :
MH = p g c cos
The equilibrium MS = MH should be fullled, so:
gr GM sin = p g c cos
or:
tan =
So the angle of heel becomes:
pc
47:1 25:10
=
= 0:0758
GM
1201:6 12:98
= 4:330
=
=
=
37
Solution of Part 9-c
Heel will be avoided when the moment due to the water ballast equals the moment due to
the load MH :
wb 20:20 = MH = 1182:21
58:5
= 0:75 m
10:002
r1
T1
1260:1
=
= 1260:1 m3
1:000
1260:1
= 5:35 m
3 4 10:002
BM1
KG
GM
=
=
T1
5:35
=
= 2:67 m
2
2
3 4 5:004 + 4 10:002 20:202 + 2 4 10:002 10:102
IT
=
= 39:32 m
r1
1260:1
1201:6 30:80 + 58:5 0:375
= 29:39 m
1260:1
K B + BM K G
2:67 + 39:32 29:39 = 12:60 m
it
=
r1
5:004
= 0:039 m
1260:1
=
=
G01M1 G 1G01
12:60 0:39 = 12:21 m
38
10. Buckling of a Drill String
Questions:
a) Explain why a drill string in a deep oil well lled with mud will buckle, even though
the entire string is under tension when hanging in air.
b) What is the eect (on buckling) of adding an additional downward force on the top of
the drill string?
Solutions:
a) When the well is lled with mud an upward vertical pressure force acts on the bottom
of the string. This places the lower segment in compression; an unconstrained column
in compression. If its length is long enough, it will buckle.
b) If we assume that the end of the string is on the well bottom (but that the mud pressure
still acts on it) then adding weight on top will only increase the compression at the
lower end and aggravate the situation.