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Part 1: DC CIRCUITS
v iR kiR kv
v1 i1 R i1 i2
v (i1 i2 ) R i1 R i2 R v1 v2
v2 i2 R
12i1 4i2 vS 0
12i1 4i2 vS 0
vx 2 i1
R4
R3
R1
4
i1
R4
i2
Vs
3vx
i1 6i2
12
vs 12 V
0.158 A
vS i0 i2
76
i2 76
Because, this circuit is linear circuit applying the linearity property gives:
vS 24 V i0 i2 2.0,158 0,316 A
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through)
an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or
currents though) that element due to each independent source acting alone.
Superposition is not limited to circuit analysis but is applicable in many field
where cause and effect bear a linear relationship to one another.
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
III. Superposition
Ex 4.2: Using the superposition theorem, find v0.
Since there are two sources, let:
v0 v01 v02
+
v0 R1
- 2
R4 5
20V
8A
R2 3
R4 5
v0
R1
20V
- 2
iR1
8
5 4 A v02 2.4 8V
2 3 5
Finally, we find:
R2 3
+ R1
v0
- 2
R4 5
8A
v0 v01 v02 8 4 12 V
III. Superposition
Ex 4.3: Using the superposition theorem, find i0.
R1
i0 i01 i02
R3 1
4A
+ -
i0
5i0
R2
R5
4
20V
i1 4 A
Loop 2:
Loop 3:5i1 i2
R4
R1
i1 i01 4 i01
i01 3,06 A
i2
10i3 5i01 0
R3
i1
i01 1
4A
R2
5
0
+ -
5i01
R5
i3
4
8
III. Superposition
Ex 4.3: Using the superposition theorem, find i0.
R1
R3 1
4A
R5
4
20V
i4 10i5 20 5i02 0
R4
i5 i02
i02 3,53 A
R1
i0 i01 i02 0, 47 A
i4
3
R3
+ -
i02 1
R2
i5 5i02 0
In loop 5, we have:
+ -
i0
5i0
R2
5i02
i5
R5
20V
9
III. Superposition
R4 8
i1 i2 i3
R2 4
R1 4
i
12V
R3
12
12
i1
2A
R1 / /( R2 R4 ) R3 6
24V
R4 8
R4 8
3A
24
iR4
1,75 A
( R1 / / R3 ) R2 R4
i2
R2 4
R1 4
R1i
1A
R1 R3
i1
i2
R3
3
R2 4
R1 4
12V
R3
3
10
III. Superposition
R4 8
1 1
1
8 4 v2 4 v1 3
1 1 1 v 1 v 0
4 4 3 1 4 2
R2 4
R1 4
R3
12V
2v1 3v2 24
v2 3,33v1
v1 3V i3 1A
Thus: i i1 i2 i3 2 1 1 2 A
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
3A
R4 8
R1 4
v1
v2
R2 4
i3
R3
3
3A
11
III. Superposition
Ex 4.5: Using the superposition theorem, find i.
The circuit has three sources, let: i
i1 i2 i3
R1
i
16V
i2
i3
Thus:
R2 2
R1 6
12
0,75 A
628
R3
i1
16V
4
2 0,5 A
628
12V
4A
16
i1
1A
628
R3 8
R2 2
R1 6
R3 8
i1
i i1 i2 i3 0,75 A
12
13
a
iS
vS
b
R
+
-
vS RiS
vS
iS
R
a
iS
vS
b
Notes:
The arrow of the current source is directed toward the positive terminal of
the voltage source.
The source transformation is not possible when R = 0 (ideal voltage source)
or R = (ideal current source).
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
14
R1
R2
vs1
R3
R4 3
v0
R3
12V
- 8
3A
R6
is1
12
4A
vS1 3 R1 12 V
iS1
R4
;
R5 R1 4
R6 R4 3
+
v0 R3
- 8
R8
is3
R8 R7 / / R6 2
iS 3 iS1 iS 2 2 A
R7
is2
R3
R6
is1
R7 R2 R5 6
vS 1
iS 2 R 2 A
7
R8 . R3
2.8
v0 iS 3
2
3,2 V
R3 R8
10
15
5V
R1
5A
i0
R2
R3
R6 R1 / / R2 2
R7 R4 R5 5
;
iS 3 iS1 iS 2 10,5 A
iS1 R 7,5 A
R6 R7
R
i vS 2 3 A
8 R R 1, 43
6
7
S 2 R7
R8
i0 iS 3
1,78 A
R8 R3
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
R5
3A
5V
R7
R6
vS2
R3
vS1
R6
R3
iS1
R7
iS2
i0
R3
R8
iS3
16
4
R1 2
+
vx R2
- 2
6V
6
6-V independent voltage source: iS 3 A
2
Dependent current source: vS1 0,25vx . R3 vx
R4 R1 / / R2 1
vS 2 iS R4 3V
Applying KVL:
The largest loop: 3 5i vx
18 0
Loop containing vS2 and R4: 3 i vx 0
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
18V
R3
4
R1
0,25vx
R2
iS
R3
+
vx
i 4,5 A
vx 7,5V
+
-
18V
R4
vS2
vS1
4
vx
+
-
18V
17
ix
iS
2i x
0, 4ix
5
3, 4ix
10
4A
We transform:
ix 4 0, 4ix
R1
4A
R2
4 0, 4ix
R1 R2 3
3
2ix
ix
iS
R1
R2
10
4
ix 0,39 A
3
18
V. Thevenins theorem
In practice, a particular element in a
circuit is variable (called load) while other
Linear
two-terminal
circuit
Load
RTh
VTh
Load
19
V. Thevenins theorem
Finding VTh: VTh is the open-circuit voltage across
the terminals.
Linear
two-terminal
circuit
VTh VOC
-
Finding RTh:
Network has no dependent sources.
RTh Rin
b
RTh
v0
i0
i0
v0
a
Linear circuit with
all independent
sources set equal to
zero
v0
i0
RTh
v0
i0
20
V. Thevenins theorem
Thevenins theorem is very important in circuit analysis:
Help simplify a circuit: Replace a large circuit by a single independent
voltage source and a single resistor.
Easily to determine the current and voltage on the load
a
IL
IL
Linear
circuit
RL
b
VTh
IL
RTh RL
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
VTh
RL
b
RL
VL RL I L
VTh
RTh RL
21
V. Thevenins theorem
Ex 4.10: Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the
circuit. Find the current through RL = 6, 16, 36
Calculating RTh:
i1
32V
R1 R2
R3 4
RTh
R1 R2
R3
i
R2 2
12
1
2A
RL
b
32 VTh
VTh
2
VTh 30 V
Calculating VTh: Applying nodal analysis gives
R1
12
VTh
30
I
When RL = 16:
30
IL
3A
10
When RL = 36:
30
IL
0,75 A
40
30
IL
1,5 A
20
22
R1 6
V. Thevenins theorem
Ex 4.11: Find i by using the Thevenins theorem
4
12V
Calculating RTh:
a
i
R3
2A
12.4
RTh ( R1 R2 ) / / R3
3
12 4
12 V
V
2 V 15V
6
10
V
15
VTh
R3
.4 6 V
R2 R3
64
VTh
6
1,5 A
RTh R4 1 3
23
R4
- +
RTh
v0 1
i0 i0
1
i
A
2
v
2(
i
i
)
0
x
1
2
6
6
R
Th
3
2
3
i0
2vx
R4 2
R2 2
5A
+
4 vx
-
R3
6
b
- +
i1
+
4 vx
-
2vx
R4 2
R2 2
i2
R3
6
i3
v0 = 1V
24
2ix
ix
R1
R2
2
b
v0
Applying nodal analysis gives: i0 ix 2ix
4
0 v0
v0
Applying Ohms law: ix
2
2
v0
2ix
ix
i0
R1
R2
v
v v
v
v
i0 ix 0 0 0 0 v0 4i0 RTh 0 4
4
2 4
4
i0
Note that:
The negative value of RTh means that the circuit is supplying power by the
dependent source.
This example shows how a dependent source and resistors could be used
to simulated negative resistance.
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
25
Linear
two-terminal
circuit
b
RN RTh
Finding IN:
IN isc
RN
IN
b
a
Linear
two-terminal
circuit
isc = IN
b
VTh
IN
RTh
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
26
voc
RN
isc
27
8
R1
12V
5(4 8 8)
RN ( R1 R2 R3 ) / / R4
4
5 4 88
R3 8
R2
R1
i1
i1 2 A
i2 isc IN 1A
20i2 4i1 12 0
i2
2A
12V
R4
2A
i3 2 A
25i4 4i3 12 0
VTh
IN
1A
RN
R3
R2
a
i3
R1
i4
2A
R4
VTh = voc
12V
R3
- 28
R1
R2
3
R3
15V
4A
Finding RN
RN ( R1 R2 ) / / R3
6.6
3
66
R1
15V
i1
R2
3
R3
4A
i2
i1 4 A
27
6i2 27 i2 isc IN
4,5 A
6
3(i1 i2 ) 3i2 15 0
29
2Ix
ix R2
5
R1
4
v0
ix
0,2 A i0 ix 2ix 3ix 0,6 A
5
v
1
RN 0
1,67
i0 0,6
10V
2Ix
ix R2
i0
R1
10 10
ix
2A
R2 5
IN iSC 6 A
iSC ix 2ix 2 4 6 A
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
1V
ix
2Ix
R2
5
R1
4
10V
iSC = IN
30
Linear
circuit
VTh
RL RTh
p i RL
R
p pmax
L
RTh RL
a I
L
RL
VTh
RTh
i
RL
pmax
VTh
4 RTh
31
RTh R1 / / R2 R3 R4 9
12V
A
6i1 12(i1 i2 ) 12 i1
i2 2 A
i2 2 A
Applying KVL around the outer loop to get VTh: 6i1 3i2
R4 2
Finding VTh:
R3 3
R1 6
i1
R2
12
i2
2A
RL
b
VTh 12 VTh 22 V
RTh 9
VTh2
22 2
13, 44W
4. RL 4.9
32
R1 2
+ vx -
R3
R2
1
9V
+
-
3vx
4
RL
33