ME C314

Power Plant Engineering

BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Dr. Morapakala Srinivas

Associate Professor, Mechanical

BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Lecture 1: Indian Power Sector Scenario

and basics of Power plants

Electricity in the World and

India
India has the fifth largest generation capacity in the
world. The top four countries, viz., US, Japan, China and
Russia together consume about 49 per cent of the total
power generated globally.

The average per capita consumption of electricity in

India is estimated to be 704 kWh during 2008-09,
compared to the US (~15,000 kWh) and China (~1,800
kWh).
The world average stands at 2,300 kWh.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

17th Electric Power Survey

Year

2011-12
2016-17
2021-22

Annual Peak Electrical Load

at Power Station Bus Bars
(MW)
152746
218209
298253

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Types of Power Plants

Thermal power station
Hydro power station
Gas turbine power station
Nuclear power station
Diesel engine power station
Renewable power station

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Indian Fuel Mix

(as on 28.02.11)

Fuel
Total Thermal

Hydro (Renewable)
Nuclear
Renewable Energy

MW
% share
111324.48
64.75
92418.38
53.76
17706.35
10.30
1199.75
0.70
37367.40
21.73
4780.00
2.78
18454.52
10.73

TOTAL

171926.40

Coal
Gas
Oil

100.00
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Typical Layout of a Thermal

Power Plant

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Cycle of operation

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Power for All by 2012

The Ministry of Power has set a goal - Mission 2012: Power
for All.
A comprehensive Blueprint for Power Sector development has
been prepared encompassing an integrated strategy for the
sector development with following objectives:- Sufficient power to achieve GDP growth rate of 8%
- Reliability of power
- Quality power
- Optimum power cost
- Commercial viability of power industry
- Power for all

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Power for All by 2012

(as on 28.02.11)

Power Sector at a Glance "ALL INDIA"

Sector
State Sector
Central Sector
Private Sector
Total

MW
% share
82,452.58
47.96
52,712.63
30.66
36,791.19
21.38
1,71,926.40
100.00
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Coal The World

Coal currently fuels 40% of the world
electricity and this proportion is set to
remain static over the next 30 years.
About 70% of the world's steel production
is based on coal.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Coal Reserves in India

(as on 01.04.2009 - in billion tonnes)
Type of coal
All India : Total

Proved

Indicated

Inferred

Total

105.72

123.57

37.92

267.21

4.61

0.70

0.00

5.31

12.45

12.06

1.88

26.39

Semi-coking

0.48

1.00

0.22

1.70

Non-coking

87.70

109.71

35.31

232.72

High sulphur

0.48

0.09

0.51

1.08

Lignite

5.36

25.54

8.18

39.08

Prime-coking
Medium-coking

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Extractable Coal Reserves 1

The coal that can be extractedtaking into
account geological, technical, and economic
aspects - is only a small fraction of our total
coal inventories, without taking into account
the no-go areas.
The extremely high figure of 267.21 billion
tonnes has created a false and risky notion
that India is quite comfortably placed with
over 100 years of domestic coal supply at its
disposal.
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Coal Power Sector

In India, about 77% of the total

coal output is consumed in the
power sector.

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Coal Indian States 1

Chhattisgarh is the largest coal

producing state with a share of
about 20.7%, followed closely by
Orissa and Jharkhand having
contribution of 20.0% and 19.5%.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Coal Indian States 2

Next in order of share in the total
production
were,
Madhya
Pradesh
(14.5%),
Andhra
Pradesh
(9.0%),
Maharashtra (7.9%), West Bengal (4.6%)
and Uttar Pradesh (2.4%).
The remaining 1.40% of coal production
accrued from the states of Assam, Jammu
& Kashmir and Meghalaya.
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Coal Mining Profile 1

In 2008-09, share of production of
raw coal from opencast (OC) mines
was 88% against 12% from
underground (UG) mines.

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Coal Mining Profile 2

Opencast mines damage a large land surface
area, displace people from their ancestral
homesteads and cause agricultural losses.
But the method is cost effective, recovery is
high, comparatively better in safety aspects
and is considered to be a modern method.
Surface mining requires large areas of land to
be temporarily disturbed.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Coal Mining Profile 3

As on 31.3.2009, there were 561 operating
mines for coal in the country, out of which
197 were opencast while 332 were
underground mines. The remaining 32
were mixed collieries.
There were 537 public sector mines and
24 mines in private sector.

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Location of Coal and Lignite

Resources

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Characteristics of Indian Coal

Deposits
LIMITED RESERVES OF COKING COAL
HIGH ASH AND LOW CALORIFIC VALUES ( 40% &
ABOVE & AVERAGE 4000 K.CAL./KG-UHV)
MISMATCH IN LOCATION OF DEPOSITS AND
MAJOR CONSUMPTION CENTRES
HIGH COST OF TRANSPORT

PIT HEAD PRICE

ROYALTY/CESS/SALES TAX
TRANSPORTATION

43%
13%
44%

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Coal Movement in India

Bulk of coal is transported by rail 47 %
Road transportation 27 %.
Pit-head consumer by dedicated merry-goround (MGR) rail link 19 %.
Coastal consumers in southern part of
India by rail and sea route
2 %
(extrapolated).
Limited aerial ropeway and cross country
belt conveyors 5 %
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Constraints in Transportation
1
It is estimated that 47.33% amounting to 514
million tonnes of beneficiated coal + superior
grade coal is likely to be transported through
national rail network / rail-cum-sea network for
consumers located beyond coal field areas.
The transportation of huge volume of the
countries production of about 1061 million
tonnes by the end of 2024-25 will be a gigantic
task as bulk of the coal has to be transported to
power utility and other industries.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Constraints in Transportation
2
In order to enable the vast movement of
coal, the Central Electricity Authority has
identified through a study by NRSA, 90
potential sites in four states.
Of these, 31 are in six districts of Gujarat,
23 in two districts of Maharashtra, 27 in
eight districts of Tamil Nadu and 9 in three
districts
of
Andhra
Pradesh
for
development of coastal power projects.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Coal Demand Projection @ 8%

GDP growth

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Coal Demand Supply Gap

1400
1,267
1200

Demand

Supply

1,079

1000

1,086

942

Million tonnes

828
778

800

598

600

400

550

334

354
326
314

404
381
363
375
354
336

446
397

474

421

493
454

533

490

200

0
FY 01 FY 02 FY 03 FY 04 FY 05 FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 FY 09 FY 10

FY 16

FY 22

FY 25

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XIth Plan Coal Demand

Projections

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XIth Plan Coal Supply

Projections

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Coal Demand Supply Gap

2011-12 at 142 MT

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Decade Ahead for Coal

Industry

Huge coal demand.

Massive investments.
Significant technological up-gradation.
Large scale mining operations.
Increased productivity from underground
mines.
Increase in captive coal mining.
Increased coal imports.
Shortage of skilled manpower.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus