g]kfndf a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/

ltgsf cfjZostfsf] cWoog

INTERNA
COMITE

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NAL

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N EVE

ICRC
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COMITE

TIO

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GE
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ICRC O{dn] Mkatmandu.kat@icrc.org
j]aMwww.icrc.org
j]aMfamilylinks.icrc.org
© ICRC, April 2009
cfj/0f kmf]6f] M kNnjL 9sfn÷cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=
 ljifo j:t'

kl/efiff c

;f/–;ª\If]k cf

!= kl/ro !

@= kLl8tx¿sf] ljj/0f @

@=! a]kQf JolQm / ltgsf kl/jf/ @

@=@ bf]ifL egL cleof]u nfu]sf JolQm tyf a]kQf kfl/Psf] kl/l:ylt @
@=# kLl8t tyf bf]ifL $

# ljlw %

#=! gd'gfsf] rog %

#=@ cg';Gwfgsf ljlw ^
#=# sfof{Gjog &
#=$ cg';Gwfgk|lt JolQmx¿sf] hjfkm *

$= kl/jf/x¿sf cfjZostf (

$=! cfjZostfsf tx (
$=@ a]kQf JolQmsf] cj:yf tyf tL sxfF 5g\ egL
yfxf kfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf !!
$=# dgf]j}1flgs tyf dgf]–;fdflhs k|efj;Fu ;DalGwt cfjZostf !^
$=$ cfly{s cfjZostf @!
$=% a]kQf JolQmsf >LdtLx¿sf ljlzi6 cfjZostf @$
$=^ Gofo @^
$=& kl/k"/0f @(
$=* /fHo tyf /fHosf ;+:yfx¿k|lt dgf]j[lQ #@
$=( sfg'gL tyf k|zf;lgs ;jfn ##

%= lgisif{ tyf l;kmfl/;x¿ #%

 kl/efiff

‘‘ ;z:q åGå cyjf cfGtl/s lx+;fsf] sf/0faf6 ljZj;gLo ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df kl/jf/x¿nfO{ s'g}
va/ 5}g /÷cyjf a]kQf elg ljj/0f ul/Psf] JolQmx¿nfO{ a]kQf JolQm egL a'l´G5 . kl/jf/ cyjf
gft]bf/ eGg]] zAbsf] k|of]u ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0f dfly Wofg lb+b} Jofks cy{df a'em\ g' kg]{ x'G5 / o; cGtu{t
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ tyf lgs6sf ;fyLx¿ klg kb{5g\ .
’’
o; b:tfj]hdf a]kQf JolQm eGgfn] g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 kl5 -@)%@ ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] b]lv @)^#
-cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=, lj=;+= @)%(_

sflt{s % ut];Ddsf] cjlwdf_ a]kQf ePsf JolQm elg a'em\g' kb{5 . tLdWo] w]/h } ;f] JolQm /fHosf
;'/IffsdL{ -g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf_ n] u/]sf] lu/k\mtf/L kl5 cyjf g]kfn
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ ;“u cfa4 sfo{stf{x¿n] sAhfdf lnPkl5 a]kQf ePsf lyP . a]kQfx¿ dWo]
yf]/} JolQm g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] ;z:q sf/afxLdf cyjf ;}lgs tyf ;'/Iff sf/afxLdf
dfl/Psf x'g ;Sb5g\ .

g]kfndf a]kQf JolQmx¿sf nflu zAb

cª\u|]hL efiffsf "Missing" cyjf "Disappeared" zAbsf] k|of]u a/fa/sf] 7Ls cy{ lbg] g]kfnL efiffdf s'g} zAb
5}gg\ . æa]kQfÆ eGg]] zAbsf] k|of]u æhah{:tL a]kQf kfl/Psf]Æ! eGg] cy{df k|foM dfgj clwsf/ ;Ë7gx¿åf/f
ul/G5 . åGåsf] ;dodf a]kQf kfl/g] sfo{sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{sf nflu k|foM ;w+} k|of]u ul/g] g]kfnL efiffsf]
zAb a]kQf xf] h;sf] cy{ of t a]kQf kfl/Psf, a]kQf ePsf] eGg]] ljz]if0fsf] k|of]u u/]/ o; cy{nfO{ a9L :ki6
kfg{ ;lsG5 . o; k|ltj]bgdf a]kQf zAb, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] ;fdfGo cy{df åGåsf] ;dodf a]kQf
JolQmx¿sf] ljj/0fsf] nfuL] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

!
æhah{:tL a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{Æ eg]sf] /fHosf k|ltlglw cyjf /fHoaf6 clVtof/L, ;xof]u cyjf ;xdlt k|fKt u/L To;sf cfwf/df sfd ug]{ JolQm cyjf JolQmx¿sf
;d"xåf/f ul/Psf] lu/k\mtf/L, y'gfdf /fVg] sfo{ cyjf :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ug]{ sfo{sf] s'g} klg ¿k xf] / o:tf] 36gfkl5 a]kQf kfl/Psf] JolQmnfO{ :jtGqtfaf6
jl~rt kfg]{ cyjf lghsf] cj:yf cyjf lgh sxfF 5g\ eGg]] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg OGsf/ ul/G5 / o:tf] sfo{af6 o:tf JolQm sfg'gsf] ;+/If0feGbf aflx/ kg{ hfG5g\
-hah{:tL a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{af6 ;a} JolQmsf] ;+/If0f;DgwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, wf/f @_

c
 ;f/–;ª\If]k

‘‘ ===j;Gt Ct'df gof“ kIfL+x¿ ufpg yfN5g\, afbn b]vf kb{5 / sf]OnL uLt ufpg yfNb5 . ;DejtM
Tof] sf]OnL d]/L 5f]/L x'g\ hf] cem} hLljt l5g\ / dnfO{ e]6g\ cfPlsl5g\ eGg]] efjgf cfdfsf] dgdf
p7\b5 .
’’ -a]kQf s]6Lsf a'jf, uf]/vf_

g]kfndf a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf cfjZostfx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] Jofks cg';Gwfgsf lgisif{x¿sf]
;f/–;ª\If]k k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf lbOPsf] 5 . /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldlt -cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=_ ;Fusf] s/f/cGtu{t,
o; ljifo–j:t' tyf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{;Fu kl/lrt afXo k/fdz{bftfåf/f of] cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] xf] .@

o; k|ltj]bgsf p2]Zo b'Oj{ 6f 5g\ M

– g]kfnsf] lj=;+=@)%@ b]lv @)^@ ;Ddsf] ;z:q åGådf a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] cfjfhnfO{
d'vl/t kfg'{ Ù
– lj=;+=@)^@ b]lv g]kfndf hf/L /x]sf] zflGt k|lqmofsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df To:tf kl/jf/sf cfjZostfx¿sf
;DaGwdf /fd|f] ;dembf/L ljsl;t ug{sf nflu ltgnfO{ hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg' .

cfjZostf dfly lbOPsf] hf]8 k|an ¿kdf sfg'gL 5nkmnaf6 pTkGg x'g] clwsf/d'vL k|d'v wf/0ffeGbf km/s
5 . lgliqmo cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] cfjZostfsf] cjwf/0ffeGbf of] km/s 5 / o;n] kLl8tx¿nfO{ k|ltlglwTj
k|bfg ub{5 / clwsf/ eg]sf] To:tf] j:t' xf] h;dfly bfaL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]] b[li6sf]0f ljBdfg 5 . cfjZostfsf]
cjwf/0ff ;xL 5 eGg]] s'/f g]kfndf ul/Psf] o; cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . kLl8tx¿, a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/ cyjf
c¿x¿nfO{ æpgLx¿ s] rfxG5g\Æ egL k|Zg ubf{ Psbd} yf]/}n] dfq clwsf/sf] efiff k|of]u ub{5g\ M

‘‘ oL ljifox¿sf af/]df dflg;x¿n] /]l8of]df s'/f u/]sf] xfdL ;'Gb5f}+ . t/ xfdL sxf“ sf]xL klg
cfPsf 5}gg\ / xfd|f] clwsf/sf af/]df xfdLnfO{ atfOPsf] 5}g . dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf af/]df
xfdLnfO{ s]xL klg yfxf 5}g .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsL a'xf/L, /f]Nkf_

@
y'gfdf /flvPsf JolQm tyf ;j{–;fwf/0f gful/snufot o'4df k|ToIf efu glnO/x]sf tyf kl5 efu glng] JolQmx¿sf] ;+/If0f ;'lglZrt ug{sf lgldQ ;z:q åGådf
ljZje/ cfO{=;L=cf/=;L= lqmofzLn /xG5 . lj=;+= @)%$ b]lv o;} sfof{bz ] adf]lhd g]kfndf cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=n] sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . lj=;+= @)^@ df åGå ;dfKt
ePotf a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ul/G5 eGg]] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{sf lgldQ clwsf/Lx¿ tyf To:tf JolQmsf
kl/jf/x¿–b'j;} uF ldnL cfO{=;L=cf/=;L= n] ;lqmotfk"js
{ sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .

cf
‘‘ ha pgLx¿n] xfd|f dflg;x¿nfO{ lnP/ uP, pgLx¿n] ltgnfO{ dfg{ x'b“ g} Yof], pgLx¿nfO{ af“Rg]
clwsf/ 5 -===_ eGg]] dnfO{ slxn]–sfxL“ nfUb5 . lu/k\mtf/L kl5 t''?Gt} pgLx¿nfO{ dfg'{ eg]sf] pgLx?nfO{
hgfj/x¿nfO{ h:t} Jojxf/ ug'{ xf] . pgLx¿n] s's'/nfO{ h:t} xfd|f dflg;x¿ k|lt Jojxf/ u/] . t/
clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] eGg]] s'/f 7\ofSs} dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
’’
-ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, du/fu9L, alb{of_

a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ ;To yfxf kfpg], k|tLsf/ ug]{, Gofo / kl/k"/0f k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 t/ o;
tYon] o; cWoogsf] qmddf e]l6Psf a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] kLl8t cj:yfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf nflu
ul/g] dfudf ;fx|} ;fgf] e"ldsfsf] lgjf{x u¥of] . clwsf/sf] efiff pgLx¿sf nflu afXo 5nkmnsf] ljifo /x]sf]
5 / pgLx¿sf nflu o:tf 5nkmnsf] s'g} cy{ 5}g . clwsf+z kl/jf/x¿ cfk"mn] ;fdgf ul//x]sf ;d:of tyf
oL ;d:ofx¿af6 x/]s lbg pTkGg x'g] cfjZostfx¿sf af/]df s'/f ub{5g\ / pgLx¿sf] kLl8t cj:yfaf6
pTkGg ;jfnx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ubf{ oxL g} pgLx¿sf] :jfefljs efiff x'G5 .

a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/sf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;lsGg, oL cfjZostf ltgsf kl/jf/x¿sf]
kl/l:ylt, lzIff tyf cfly{s kl/l:yltdfly lge{/ /xG5g\ . olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg w]/}h;f] kl/jf/x¿ k|fyldstfdf
;xdt 5g\ M a]kQf JolQmx¿sf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf pgLx¿ cfly{s ;xof]u rfxG5g\, hals yf]/} kl/jf/x¿n],
vf; u/L zxl/of tyf lzlIft kl/jf/x¿n] dfq, GofonfO{ k|fyldstfsf] ¿kdf pNn]v ub{5g\ .

cfkmGtsf] d[To' eO;Sof] eGg]] s'/f kl/jf/x¿ ljZjf; g} ug{ rfxFb}gg\, e]6 ul/Psf *) k|ltzt kl/jf/x¿n]
cfk\mgf] a]kQf gft]bf/sf ;DaGwdf s]xL dfqfdf c:ki6tf k|blz{t u/] . nf; ge]l6Psf] cj:yfdf ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf
pko'Qm sfh–lqmof ug]{ ljlw x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg w]/}h;f] kl/jf/x¿sf nflu d[To'sf] Ps dfq k|df0f eg] nf; g} xf] . o;
k|df0fljgf sfh–lqmof ug]{ s'/f :jLsfo{ g} 5}g M *# k|ltzt kl/jf/x¿nfO{ d[tssf] nf; g} rflxG5 . nf;
;fFlRrs} cfk\mg} cfkmGtsf] xf] eGg]] ljZjf; ug{sf nflu kl/jf/x¿nfO{ of t 8LPg\P k/LIf0f h:tf] j}1flgs
k/LIf0f of æ;To 36gfx¿sf] >[ª\vnfÆ sf] h?/t kb{5 h'g >[ª\vnfdf nf; tyf lrxfgnfO{ ltgsf] gft]bf/ a]kQf
ePsf] af/]df ltgn] yfxf kfPsf ljj/0fx¿;Fu ;DaGw ufFl;lbG5 .

o;/L e]6 ul/Psf w]/}h;f] JolQmn] dfgl;s cf3ft;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf nIf0fx¿ ePsf] atfP / tLdWo] yf]/}h;f] JolQm
dfgl;s /f]uaf6 czQm ePsf lyP . o;/L e]l6Psf w]/} JolQmx¿df bL3{sfnLg zf/Ll/s, z/L/nfO{ c;/ ug]{,
egL cg'dfg ul/Psf nIf0f e]l6P / a]kQf x'g'sf] bL3{sfnLg c;/ g} o;sf] sf/0f xf] egL pgLx¿ atfpFb5g\ .
a]kQf JolQmsf w]/} >LdtLx¿n] cfk\mgf] 3/df Psbd} lt/:sf/sf] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] 5 / o;sf] kmn:j¿k pgLx¿
;f;"–;;'/fåf/f lgsflnPsf 5g\, cfk\mg} /fhL–v'zLn] ltgn] 3/ 5f]8]sf 5g\ cyjf bogLo cj:yfdf ltgLx¿ 3/d}
al;/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx?sf] ;dfhn] a]kQf JolQmx¿sf] kl/jf/x¿ ;d:of a'´s ] f x'bg} g\ . a]kQf JolQmsf >LdtLx¿n]
ljwjfsf] h:tf] Jojxf/ ug{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf]df k|foM To;sf nflu ltgsf] lt/:sf/ ul/G5 .

s;}sf] gft]bf/ a]kQf 5 eg] o;af6 kl/jf/x¿ emg\ ul/a x'G5g\ . yf]/} kl/jf/x¿n] kl/jf/sf nflu vfgf h'6fpg]
sfo{df r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf 5g\ / cfly{s ¿kdf ;lqmo kl/jf/sf] ;b:o g} gePsf yf]/} kl/jf/x¿sf nflu
t dfUg'afx]s c¿ s'g} ljsNk g} 5}g . cfk\mgf cfly{s cfjZostfx¿nfO{ cfk"mn] vr{ ug{ g;Sg] j:t'sf b[li6af6
kl/jf/x¿n] oL cfjZostf JoQm u/]sf 5g\ / w]/}h;f] kl/jf/x¿sf nflu o:tf k|fyldstf eg]sf vfgf, lzIff
tyf :jf:Yo ;]jf x'g\ .

O
yf]/} kl/jf/x¿ eg] k|zf;lgs, 3/d"nLsf] cj:yf :ki6 gePsf] sf/0faf6 hUuf–hldg cyjf ;DklQsf] xssf]
:yfgfGt/0f ;DaGwL, ;jfn p7fpFb5g\ . k|efljt kl/jf/x¿dWo] w]/} kl/jf/ a]kQf JolQmsf] æsfg'gL x}l;otÆ
x'g'kb{5 eGg] kIfdf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ o:tf ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsof];\ .

x'g t Gofo pgLx¿sf] klxnf] k|fyldstf xf]Og t/ cfk\mgf cfkmGtx¿nfO{ a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf nflu lhDd]jf/
JolQmx¿dfly sf/afxL ul/of];\ eGg]] pgLx¿ rfxG5g\ . tL kl/jf/x¿ k|ToIf ¿kdf bf]ifL JolQmsf cltl/Qm,
;'/fsL, cfb]z lbg] JolQm tyf /fhgLlts txsf JolQmx¿nfO{ klg lhDd]jf/ 7fGb5g\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ klg ;hfo
lbg'kb{5 eGg]] ljZjf; ub{5g\ . w]/h } ;f] kl/jf/ dfkmL lbg] s'/fnfO{ 7f8} c:jLsf/ ub{5g\ . t/ cGbfflh !÷#
kl/jf/x¿ eg]] s]lx 7f]; ;t{sf] cfwf/ h:t} ;To / Ifltk'lt{, lbPdf dflkm lbg tof/ 5g\ . gofF sfg'g ag]kl5
bf]ifLdfly sf/afxL ug]{ / g]kfndf Gofo kfpg] s'/f ;Dej x'g5 ] eGg]] w]/s
} f] ljZjf; 5 M logLx¿dfly rnfOPsf]
d'2fdf kLl8tx¿sf] kx'r F x'gk' b{5 / l;4fGttM :yfgLo ¿kdf g} o:tf] d'2f rnfOg'kb{5 eGg] pgLx¿sf] wf/0ff 5 .

kl/jf/x¿sf] kl/k"/0f k|ltsf] dgf]j[lQ cfly{s ;xof]usf] cfjZostf tyf cflwsfl/s 3f]if0ffaf6 a9L k|efljt
5 . w]/}h;f] JolQmx¿sf nflu, h;sf] kl/0ffd eg]sf] cGtl/d /fxt sf] tTsfn dfu xf] / kl/k"/0f tyf
Ifltk"lt{{sf nflu eg] ;To lg¿k0f gx'Fbf;Dd kv{g} kb{5 . pgLx¿sf] cj:yfsf af/]df ha ;To yfxf x'G5,
To;kl5 a]kQf JolQmx¿nfO{ zxLb 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] / pgLx¿k|lt >4f~hln JoQm ug{sf lgldQ ltgsf] :df/s
agfPsf] x]g{ klg pgLx¿ rfxG5g\ .

/fHo kIfaf6 kLl8t ePsf w]/} JolQmx¿ dfcf]jfbLåf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] ;/sf/n] a]kQf JolQmsf] ;jfnnfO{
;Daf]wg ug]{5 eGg]] ljZjf; ub{5g\ hals g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ af6 kLl8t sf]xL klg o:tf] ljrf/;Fu ;xdt
5}gg\ . olb clwsf/Lx¿n] a]kQf JolQmsf ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]gg\ eg] tL kl/jf/dWo] sl/a cfwf kl/jf/
lj/f]w cfGbf]ngdf efu lng tof/ 5g\ / tLdWo] sl/a !% k|ltzt JolQmn] o;} ;jfndf gofF ljb|f]x z'¿ ug]{
kl/sNkgf ug{ ;Sb5g\ eGg]] s'/f atfPsf lyP egL oxfF pNn]v ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

cfk\mgf lgisif{x¿sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=n] tTsfn sf/afxL ug'{ cfjZos ePsf kfFr If]qx¿sf]
klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . oL x'g\ M ;ª\qmd0fsf] k|lqmofdf kLl8t tyf kLl8t kl/jf/sf ;Ë7gx¿sf] ;dfj]z kof{Kt
gx'g', a]kQf gft]bf/x¿sf] cj:yfsf af/]df kl/jf/x¿df clglZrttf ljBdfg /xg', a]kQf JolQm tyf ltgsf
kl/jf/x¿sf] x}l;otsf ;DaGwdf sfg'gL ;jfn, kl/jf/x¿sf] sl7g ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s cj:yf Pj+ dgf]j1} flgs
tyf dgf]–;fdflhs ;xof]usf nflu kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfox¿sf] cfjZostf .

dfly plNnlvt If]qx¿df a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n]
;Dk"0f{ cfjZos sbdx¿ rfNg'kb{5 egL cfO{=;L=cf/=;L= l;kmfl/; ub{5 . o:tf sbdx¿df kl/jf/sf ;Ë7gx¿sf]
;zQmLs/0f, ;DalGwt kl/jf/x¿nfO{ hjfkm lbg] p2]Zon] a]kQf JolQmx¿sf] cj:yf :ki6 kfg{sf lgldQ
;~rflnt ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf] :jtGq lgsfosf] u7gÙ a]kQf JolQm tyf
kl/jf/x¿sf] x}l;ot tyf clwsf/nfO{ :ki6 kfg{sf lgldQ th'{df ul/Psf sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿sf] cg'df]bgÙ
kl/jf/ tyf ltgsf ;b:ox¿sf cfjZostf tyf ;Í6fled'vtf adf]lhd ;xof]u sfo{qmd -cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
d]l8sn, dgf]j}1flgs cflb_ sf] th'{df / a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff ug]{
lbzflt/ sfd–sf/jfxL -h:t} M kl/k"/0f;DaGwL gLlt, :df/s v8f ug]{ sbd cflb_ kb{5g\ .

O{
 !=
kl/ro

!= kl/ro

g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGåsf] s|ddf sl/a !%,))) JolQmsf] d[To' -OG;]s, lj=;+= @)^#_ / !,#)) eGbf a9L JolQm
a]kQf b]lvG5 -cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=, lj=;+= @)^% a}zfv–h]i7_#

g]kfnsf] !) jif]{ åGå t ;dfKt ePsf] 5 t/ k|efljt JolQmx¿ eg] o;sf c;/x¿af6 cem} klg kL8f ef]lu/x]sf
5g\ . d[To' ePsf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿ zf]s dgfpg ;Sb5g\ / la:tf/} cfk\mgf] hLjgnfO{ gofF lsl;daf6 z'¿ ug{
;Sb5g\ t/ a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] kL8fsf] eg] s'g} cGt g} 5}g M 5f]/fx¿, >Ldfg\x¿ tyf 5f]/Lx¿ a]kQf
5g\ / tL sxfF 5g\ eGg]] s'/f yfxf kfpgsf nflu ltgsf kl/jf/x¿ cem} klg k|tLIff/t 5g\ . lj=;+= @)^@ df
åGå ;dfKt ePkl5 To;otf kl/jf/df a]kQf ;b:osf] cg'kl:yltsf] kmn:j¿k To:tf kl/jf/sf cfjZostfx¿nfO{
;Daf]wg ul/G5 eGg]] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of; ug{sf lgldQ cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=n] ;DalGwt ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿
tyf a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿;Fu ldn]/ sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .

cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=n] åGåsf] sf/0faf6 a]kQf elgPsf !,#)) eGbf a9L JolQmsf] /]s8{ tof/ kf/]sf] 5 / To:tf
JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ a]kQf JolQmsf] cj:yfaf/] s]xL yfxf 5}g . a]kQf JolQm ;DaGwL ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg
ul/g]5 / kl/jf/x¿nfO{ hjfkm lbOg]5 egL /fhgLlt1x¿n] g]kfndf zflGt k|lqmof z'¿ ePb]lv g} jrga4tf
JoQm ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf tyf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg nufot zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿k
lbg w]/} ;Demf}tfx¿df a]kQfsf] ;jfnnfO{ cNksfnLg ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug]{ k|lta4tf åGåsf ;+nUg kIfx¿n]
JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . logdf a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf] 5fgljg ug]{ cfof]u tyf ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf]
u7g klg kb{5g\ . of] k|ltj]bg n]Vg] j]nf;Dd kl/jf/x¿ eg] cem} o;sf] k|tLIffd} 5g\ .

lj=;+= @)^% sf] h]i7 / efb| dlxgfsf aLrdf a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] cfjZostfsf] cg';Gwfg ug{sf nflu
cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=n] afXo k/fdz{bftf;Fu s/f/gfdf u¥of] .$ ;f] k/fdz{bftfsf lgisif{x¿sf] ;f/–;ª\If]k o;
k|ltj]bgdf lbOPsf 5g\, o; cg';Gwfgsf p2]Zo a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] cfjfhnfO{ d'vl/t kfg'{ tyf
zflGt k|lqmofsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ åGåaf6 kLl8t JolQmx¿sf] cfjZostfsf ;DaGwdf ljBdfg ;dembf/Ldf
;'wf/ Nofpg' x'g\ . of] cg';Gwfg a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿df ;Lldt lyof] t/ klg cGo kLl8tx¿sf
cfjZostfx¿sf ;DaGwdf klg ;Defljt lzIff o;af6 u|x0f ug{ ;lsG5 . åGådf dfl/Psf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf
cfly{s cfjZostf klg a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf h:t} ;dfg x'g ;Sb5g\ . oxL s'/f ljwjfx¿n] cfk\mgf]
kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfox¿df ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿sf xsdf klg nfu" x'G5 .

#
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cg';Gwfg ug]{ JolQm ;fOdg /laG; of]s{ ljZjljBfnosf] o'4f]Q/ k'glg{df{0f tyf ljsf; PsfOdf kL=Pr\=8L= ub}{ x'gx' G' 5 / g]kfndf cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=sf] k|ltlglwsf]
¿kdf jxfFn] lj=;+= @)^@–@)^# df sfd ug'e { Psf] lyof] .

1
 @=
kLl8tx¿sf] ljj/0f

@=! a]kQf JolQm / ltgsf kl/jf/

a]kQf JolQm t k|ToIf ¿kdf kLl8t x'g] JolQm g} x'g\ t/ ltgn] cfk\mgf k5fl8 5f]8]/ hfg] kl/jf/x¿ klg kLl8t
x'g\ . o; cWoogsf] ljifo eg]sf åGåsf] kmn:j¿k a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿ x'g\ . a]kQf JolQm;Fusf] ;DaGw
adf]lhd JolQmx¿ k|efljt x'G5g\ / o:tf] ;DaGwsf] lgwf{/0f To:tf JolQmsf ;dfh tyf ;+:s[ltåf/f lgwf{l/t
dfqfaf6 ePsf] x'G5 . a]kQf JolQmx¿dWo] yf]/} -o;df pNn]vgLo ;ª\Vof ljBfyL{x¿sf] 5_ lzlIft tyf zxl/of
lyP t/ w]/}h;f] eg] u|fdL0f ls;fgsf] k[i7e"ld ePsf 5g\ . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/sf]
z}lIfs tx Go"g cyf{t\, d'l:snn] ;fIf/, cyjf lg/If/ / cfly{s cj:yf ljkGg /x]sf] 5 .

logdf hghflt ;d"xsf JolQmx¿ w]/} 5g\ / dw]zLx¿sf] a;f]af; ePsf lhNnfx¿df dw]zLx¿ klg w]/} 5g\ .

a]kQf JolQmx¿ dWo] () k|ltzt k'?if 5g\ / tLdWo] *! k|ltzt ljjflxt 5g\ . o;df cem yk s'/f s] 5 eg]
oLdWo] &! k|ltzt JolQm !* / #% jif{sf] aLrsf] pd]/df a]kQf x''gsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k kl/jf/x¿nfO{ sdfP/
kl/jf/sf] kfngkf]if0f ug]{ JolQm / dlxnfx¿n] k|foM afn–aRrf x'sf{pg'kg]{ pd]/df >Ldfg\ u'dfPsf 5g\ / o;n]
ltgsf] cfly{s ;'/IffnfO{ sdhf]/ kf/]sf] 5 .

o;/L cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf JolQmx¿ -o; cWoogsf k|of]hgsf nflu_ ufpFsf dlxnf, sd lzIff k|fKt u/]sf /
w]/}h;f] o:tf JolQm hg–hflt ;d"xsf /x]sf 5g\ . o; cWoogdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf a]kQf JolQmx¿ o;eGbf
klxn] !@ / @ jif{sf] aLrdf a]kQf x'g uPsf lyP / o:tf] ;/b/ cjlw eg] % jif{ /x]sf] 5 .

@=@ bf]ifL egL cleof]u nfu]sf JolQm tyf a]kQf kfl/Psf] kl/l:ylt

g]kfndf a]kQf kfl/Psf w]/}h;f] JolQmx¿ ltgsf] lu/k\mtf/L kl5 a]kQf ePsf lyP / kl/jf/x¿n] o;sf nflu
bf]ifL egL lhDd]jf/ /x]sf JolQmx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg ;Sb5g\ .

/fHosf lgsfo
s]xL JolQmx¿nfO{ a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf nflu /fHosf lgsfo lhDd]jf/ 5g\ egL zÍf ul/G5 / o;/L a]kQf kfl/Psf
36gfx¿ dWo] w]/} 36gf To:tf 5g\ h;df ;'/IffsdL{x¿n] 3/df g} dflg;x¿nfO{ lu/k\mtf/ u/]sf lyP . o:tf
36gfdf, a]kQf kfl/Psf cfkmGtx¿sf] cj:yf cyjf tL sxfF 5g\ eGg]] af/]df s'g} klg hfgsf/L ;fwf/0ftof
kl/jf/x¿n] kfPsf 5}gg\ .

2
‘‘ /h]gfsf dflg;x¿n] dnfO{ Toxf“ ghfg eg], uPdf pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ ufp“df lx+l8/x]sf] b]Vgf;fy
dfg]{5g\ eg] . t/ klg xfdL lr;fkfgLsf] h·n / gbLdf uof}+ . xfdLn] Toxf“ 6fpsf] gePsf / l5GgleGg
ePsf y'k|} nf;x¿ km\of“lsPsf]] b]Vof}+ . xfdL gbL leq k:of}+ / s]xL nf;x¿nfO{ lgsfNof}+ t/ d}n] s;sf]
nf; xf] egL Pp6}nfO{ klg lrlgg“ . xfdLx¿ ¿“b} lyof}+ / cfk\mgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o s;}sf] nf; e]l6OxflnG5
ls eg]/ htf;'s} vf]Hb} lyof}+ t/ 6fpsf] g} gePsf cyjf l5GgleGg ePsf nf;x¿n] ubf{ of] ;Dej
lyPg . xfdL ¿“b}–¿“b} 3/ kmSof}{+ .

g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_

’’ -alb{ofsL b'O{ 5f]/f a]kQf ePsL cfdf_

dfcf]jfbL lhDd]jf/ 5 egL zÍf ul/Psf dflg; a]kQf kfl/Psf 36gf dWo] w]/} 36gf u|fdL0f If]qdf ePsf 5g\ .
tLdWo] s]xL 36gfdf, a]kQf kfl/Psf] JolQmsf] nf; ufpFn]x¿n] b]v]sf 5g\ / w]/}h;f] 36gfdf a]kQf kfl/Psf]
JolQmsf] d[To'sf af/]df g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ n] ;fj{hlgs jQmJo hf/L u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] d[To' s:tf]
kl/l:yltdf eof] egL To;sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5}g / d[tssf cjz]if klg kl/jf/x¿nfO{ kmsf{OPsf] 5}g .

‘‘ ha -dfcf]jfbLx¿n]_ d]/f >Ldfgsf] ckx/0f u/], d ue{jtL lyP“ . pgLx¿n] d]/f >Ldfg\nfO{ 3fOt]
agfP/ v;L–af]sf h:t} jxf“sf] xTof u/] . ufp“n]x¿n] oL ;a rLh b]v]sf lyP t/ pgLx¿n] dnfO{ s]xL
klg atfpg ;s]gg\ . dfcf]jfbLx¿n] dnfO{ eg] .
’’
-ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, /f]Nkf_

dfcf]jfbLsf] sf/0faf6 a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf w]/}h;f] kl/jf/sf nflu o;/L kLl8t agfOg''sf] csf]{ kl/0ffd
lj:yfkg eof] . pgLx¿sf] 3/ /x]sf] If]qdf hf/L dfcf]jfbL lgoGq0fsf] 8/sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf] 3/–
v]t 5f]8]/ pgLx¿ of t lhNnf ;b/d'sfd, t/fO{sf] s'g} zx/ cyjf sf7df8f}+ uP . ljz]if ¿kdf o:tf
kl/jf/x¿ a9L hf]lvddf 5g\ lsgeg] logLx¿n] cfk\mgf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;fy} cfk\mgf] ;d'bfo;Fusf] ;Dks{
u'dfPsf 5g\ . ufpFdf g} a:g]x¿n] ;Defljt ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ;jfnx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 .

‘‘ d of] 3/ 5f]8]/ cGoq g} hfg rfxG5' . cGoyf d]/f] 5f]/f] dfl/g ;Sb5 -===_ clxn] xfdL cfk\mgf],
ufp“sf] k'Vof}{nL 3/df rf/}lt/af6 b':dgn] 3]l/P/ al;/x]sf 5f}+ . ck/fwLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ cem} r]tfjgL
lbO/x]sf 5g\, pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ ckx/0f u/L dfg]{5f}+ egL elg/x]sf 5g\ .
’’
-t/fO{sL Ps dlxnf h;sf >Ldfg\ / ;;'/fsf] :yfgLo dfcf]jfbLx¿n]
ckx/0f u/L ltgsf] xTof ul/of] eGg] ;'lgG5 ._

c1ft
w]/}h;f] 36gfx¿df a]kQfsf] kl/l:ylt :ki6 5}g . o; cGtu{t To:tf 36gf kb{5g\ h'g 36gfdf s'g} klg n8fs"
3/ kms]{sf] 5}g / lgh sxfF 5g\ eGg]] af/]df kl/jf/nfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L 5}g . o;leq g} To:tf 36gf klg kb{5g\
h'g 36gfx¿df ;j{–;fwf/0f gful/s a]kQf 5g\ / tL a]kQf x'gsf] kl/l:ylt :ki6 5}g M

3
‘‘ d cfk\mgf] 5f]/fsf af/]df ;f“lRrs} lrlGtt 5' . p;nfO{ s;n] lnP/ uof] eGg]] ;d]t dnfO{ yfxf
5}g . d]/f] dg / dl:tisdf ;w}“ v/fa ljrf/ cfO/xG5 / dnfO{ sdhf]/ / kfun agfp“5 . s'g}
/fhgLlts bn cyjf dflg;x¿n] d]/f] 5f]/fnfO{ kQf nufp“b5g\ eGg]] dnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g . s;}n] klg
p;nfO{ slxNo} klg b]v]sf] 5}g, To;}n] p;nfO{ s;/L nluof] / s;n] nUof] eGg]] s'/f atfpg
sl7g 5 .
’’
@=# kLl8t tyf bf]ifL
-a]kQf JolQmsL cfdf, alb{of_

kLl8t tyf bf]ifLnfO{ s'g} z[ªv

\ nfsf b'O{ ljk/Lt 5]pdf x]g{ rfxg] s'/f w]/s
} f nflu pko'Qm nfUb5 hals ljb|fx] sf]
cjlwdf kLl8t tyf bf]ifLsf >]0fLx¿ k|foM Ps–csf{eGbf km/s lyPgg\ / slxn]–sfxLF t logLx¿ Ps–csf{;Fu
hf]l8g k'Ub5g\ . t/fO{sf] s'g} Ps lhNnfdf s'g} Ps dflg; ;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnOof] h;sf gft]bf/nfO{ /fHon] a]kQf
kf/]sf lyP / ;f]xL lbg s]xL ;dokl5 Ps hgf dlxnf ;Fu e]6 eof] h;n] dfcf]jfbL sAhfdf /x]sf j]nf pgsf
>Ldfg\nfO{ a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf nflu ltg} dflg; lhDd]jf/ 5g\ egL tL dlxnfn] bfaL ul/g\ .

a]kQf JolQm cyjf ltgsf kl/jf/x¿sf aLrdf s;n] s:tf] e"ldsfsf] lgjf{x u¥of] eGg]] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{
k|of; o; k|ltj]bgdf ul/g] 5}g t/ ;a} kl/jf/sf clwsf/ ;dfg 5g\ eGg]] ;dembf/Lsf cfwf/df ;dfg ¿kdf
;a}sf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ JoQm ug]{ k|of; eg] o;df ul/g]5 .

4
 #=
ljlw

kLl8tx¿sf s]–s:tf cfjZostfx¿ 5g\ / ltgnfO{ s;/L JoQm ug]{ eGg]] s'/f c¿x¿nfO{ eGbf kLl8tx¿nfO{
g} ;a}eGbf a9L yfxf x'G5 eGg]] cjwf/0ffaf6 o; cg';Gwfgsf ljifo–j:t' lgb]{lzt 5g\ . To;sf/0f o;
cg';Gwfgsf] th'{df g} sf7df8f}+ tyf alb{ofsf o:tf kl/jf/sf ;Ë7gx¿;Fu ;xeflutf d"ns cfwf/df ul/Psf]
lyof] .% o:tf ;Ë7gx¿sf ;fy} tL ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o /x]sf kl/jf/x¿n] o; cg';Gwfg k|lqmofsf nIo tyf
ljlwsf] lgwf{/0f u/]sf lyP . cg';Gwfg ul/Psf JolQmx¿åf/f lgb]l{ zt ePsf] of] ljlw d"ne"t ¿kdf d'lQmd"nssf]
cjwf/0ff lyof] . cg';Gwfgsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ kfg]{ ;dodf g} a]kQf sfo{af6 ljlzi6 lsl;dn] / k|foM r/d ¿kdf
dlxnfx¿ dfly k|efj k/]sf] tYo :ki6 ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] kmn:j¿k ;j]{If0fdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;Dej eP;Dd
;aeGbf a9L ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] lyof] .

o:tf kl/jf/x¿;Fusf] ;+nUgtf tyf o;af6 lgM;[t k}/jLsf] cjwf/0ff — b'ja} f6 cg';Gwfg ug]{ JolQm tyf
cg';Gwfg ul/Psf JolQmsf aLrdf g}lts k|sl[ tsf] ;DaGw ljsf; ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'Uof] . ;j]I{ f0fsf lgisif{x¿
k|ltj]bgsf] ¿kdf k|sflzt ul/G5g\ eGg]] tYosf af/]df /fd|/L hfgsf/L lbO{ kl/jf/x¿sf] :jLs[lt lng] sfo{nfO{
o;n] ;lhnf] agfof] . lsgeg] ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/x¿n] o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ a'em]/ o;df ;xof]u pknAw u/fP . ljb]zL
cg';Gwfg stf{ / k[ys\ k|sl[ tsf] ;dfhdf ;zQmLs/0faf6 Psbd} jl~rt dflg;x¿sf aLrdf ljBdfg zlQm
;DaGwsf] sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] ;Defljt ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfo{df o:tf ;Ë7gx¿n] d2t u/] .^

#=! gd'gfsf] rog

;j]{If0fsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] gd'gf rogsf] 9fFrf tYofÍ ;Íng -cfO{=;L=cf/=;L= M lj=;+= @)^%_ sf] z'¿df
k|sflzt ;"rL xf] . g]kfnsf &% lhNnfdWo] !) lhNnfsf] 5gf]6 ul/of] / o;n] Psbd} a9L k|efljt lhNnf
;dfj]z ug{ ;Ifd agfof] / o;af6 If]q, ef}uflns ljefhg -t/fO{, kxf8 tyf lxdfnL If]qsf lhNnf_, hftLotf
tyf bf]ifL egL cleo'Qm kIf -/fHo, dfcf]jfbL_ adf]lhd ;a}nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ sfd klg o;af6 ;'lglZrt eof] .
oL !) lhNnfx¿df g]kfnsf a]kQf $# k|ltzt JolQmsf] ;ª\Vof /x]sf] 5 . ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn afx]s g]kfnsf]
kfrf}+ ljsf; If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ul/Psf] 5, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn If]qdf kLl8tx¿sf] ljj/0f dWo–klZrdf~rn
If]qsf] h:t}} 5 . o; 5gf}6df k|ltlglwTj ePsf] hftLo ld>0f klg ;dli6ut ¿kdf gd'gf rogsf] ld>0fs}
k|lt¿k 5 / /fHo kIf bf]ifL egL atfOPsf 36gfx¿sf cg'kft dfcf]jfbL kIf bf]ifL egL atfOPsf 36gf cg'¿k
g} k|efljt lhNnfx¿df t'ngfTds ¿kdf l:y/ cÍdf 5 .

oL lhNnfx¿df s'g} p2]Zoljgf g} 5gf]6 x/]s lhNnfsf] cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=sf] ;"rLaf6 ul/of] .

%
åGåsf] ;dodf a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] ;d"x agfP/ u7g ul/Psf u}/–;/sf/L ;Ë7gx¿ g} o:tf kl/jf/sf ;Ë7gx¿ x'g\ . s]xL ;Ë7gx¿ cf+lzs ¿kdf
cfa4 5g\ hals c¿ ;Ë7gx¿df vf; lhNnfdf a]kQf JolQmsf ;a} kl/jf/x¿ ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ rfx] h'g;'s} kIfdfly ltgsf gft]bf/x¿nfO{ a]kQf sfo{sf nflu
lhDd]jf/ 5g\ egL cleof]u nufOPsf] xf];\ .
^
;fOdg /laG;sf] cfufdL, …c kfl6{l;k]6/L ck|fr
] 6' OGy|fu] f| lkms l/;r{ ljy les\6d ckm u|fy] lxpdg /fO{6;
\ efof]n;
] gM :6l8ª km\ofdlnh\ ckm b l8l:ko8 Og kf]:6
slGkm\nS6 g]kfnÚ, Og cf]h/{ 8d, P= PG8 af]8, /f=-P8\;_, kfl6{l;k]6/L l/;r{ d]y8f]nf]lh; Og kf]:6 l8hf:6/÷slGkm\nS6 l/Sg;6\;g, cofsu]6, @)^%

5
o:tf kl/jf/sf ;DalGwt ;Ë7gx¿n] g} ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuLx¿sf] 5gf}6 u/] . o;af6 k|ltlglwTjd"ns
gd'gf t pknAw u/fpFb}g t/ klg o;af6 bf}+t/L ;d"xsf] ;+/rgf tof/ ug{ dbt ldNb5 . o;df vf; lhNnfsf
dfcf]jfbLaf6 kLl8tx¿ cyjf /fHo kIfaf6 kLl8tx¿, vf; hftLo ;d"xsf a]kQf JolQmx¿sf >LdtLx¿ cflb
;dfj]z ul/P .

a]kQf JolQmx¿ cGtjf{tf{ ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"x

lhNnf -cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=
bf]ifL egL cleof]u nfu]sf JolQm
g]skf– ;xefuLsf]
sf] ;"rL_ /fHo c1ft hDdf ;ª\Vof
dfcf]jfbL ;ª\Vof
afFs] (& ^ ) ) ^ ) )
alb{of @$) @* @ ! #! # !(
wflbª !# !) ) ) !) ! (
uf]/vf !^ & ) ) & @ !#
sf7df8f}+, nlntk'/, eQmk'/ !%! !! # ) !$ @ !^
/f]Nkf #^ @ % ) & ! *
l;/fxf, wg'iff ## & # ! !! ! (
hDdf &! !# @ *^ !) &$
tflnsf ! Mcw{–;+/rgfut cGtjf{tf{ tyf ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf nflu e]6 ul/Psf kl/jf/x¿sf] ;f/f+z

cGtjf{tf{sf nflu e]6 ul/Psf JolQmx¿sf] s'n ;ª\Vof -*^_ cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=sf] ;"rLdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ kLl8t
JolQmx¿sf] &=) k|ltzt 5 / ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmndf e]6 ul/Psf JolQmx¿ -&$ hgf_ ;f] ;"rLdf
/x]sf] JolQmsf] ;ª\Vofsf] ^ k|ltzt 5 . cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf kl/jf/x¿dWo] ^& k|ltzt hg–hfltsf -w]/} yf¿ t/
kxf8sf hg–hflt klg_ lyP, * k|ltzt blnt lyP / afFsL -@% k|ltzt_ a|fXd0f cyjf If]qL lyP . a]kQf
JolQmx¿ dWo (# k|ltzt k'?if lyP / cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsfdf ^@ k|ltzt dlxnf lyP . a]kQf JolQmx¿dWo] w]/}h;f]
!%–#) jif{sf] pd]/ ;d"xsf 5g\ / a]kQf xF'bfsf ;dodf !* jif{eGbf sd pd]/ ePsf ( hgf JolQmnfO{ klg
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

#=@ cg';Gwfgsf ljlw M

;j]{If0fdf k|of]u ul/Psf cg';Gwfgsf ljlwx¿sf] 5gf]6 ;Íng ul/Psf tYofÍx¿sf] pkof]lutfnfO{ clwstd
kfg{ / vf; u/L, o;df ljBdfg ljZj;gLotf tyf j}wtfdf /x]sf ljleGg] r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k|efjsf/L
58\s] hfFrsf] ;Defjgfdf j[l4 ug{sf nflu cg';Gwfgsf ljlwx¿nfO{ ld>0f ug{sf nflu ul/of] . o;sf]
kmn:j¿k ljleGg] ljlwx¿ k|of]udf NofOP M

• cw{–;+/rgfut cGtjf{tf{ M 5nkmnsf If]qx¿sf] lgwf{/0f klxn] g} lul/Psf] lyof] t/ ;fdfGoto cGtjf{tf{
() ldg]6 ;Ddsf] lyof] .

• ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmn M of] ;d"xut ¿kdf ul/Psf] cGtjf{tf{ lyof] / k|To]s ;xefuLnfO{ cfk\mgf
ljrf/ k|:t't ug{ df}sf k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] t/ o;df ;d"xleq 5nkmnsf] yk ultzLntfnfO{ klg ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] lyof] .

6
• ;xefuLx¿sf] cjnf]sg M of] 58\s] hfFrsf] yk cf}hf/ xf] lsgeg] cGtjf{tf{ tyf ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut
5nkmndf ;Íng ul/Psf df}lvs tYofÍx¿nfO{ k'li6 ug{ cyjf c:jLsf/ ug{ o;n] ;Ifd agfPsf] lyof] .
cfly{s cj:yf, ;d'bfo tyf kl/jf/leqsf ;DaGw tyf ;fdflhs cGtlqm{ofsf cGo ;"Id tTjx¿sf af/]df
clwsf+z tYofÍ k'li6 ug{ ;xefuLx¿sf] cjnf]sgn] ;Dej agfpFb5 . cGtjf{tf{sf] ;dodf, ljifo–s]lGb|t
;d"xut 5nkmndf / :ynut e|d0fsf ;dodf ;xefuLx¿sf] cjnf]sg tyf ltgsf] jftfj/0fsf af/]df
l6kf]6 ul/Psf] lyof] .

#=# sfof{Gjog

tYofÍ ;Íng ug]{ sfd $ dlxgf;Dd rNof] . o:tf kl/jf/x¿dWo] w]/} kl/jf/x¿nfO{ pgs} 3/df / s]xLnfO{
-sf7df8f}+df_ ltgn] sfd ug]{ 7fpFdf e]6 ul/of] . gd'gf rogsf] /0fgLlt cg'¿k 5flgPsf kl/jf/x¿ cGoq
-pbfx/0fsf nflu, kl/jf/sf ;Ë7gx¿sf] a}7sx¿df_ pknAw ePsf] cj:yfdf 3/aflx/ klg cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf]
lyof] .

k/Dk/fut txut Joj:yfsf] cy{ k|fo M s] x'G5 eg] kl/jf/sf s]xL ;b:ox¿ -ljz]if ¿kdf afa' cyjf h]7f] 5f]/f_
nfO{ cGtjf{tf{ lbg] d'Vo JolQmsf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/G5 . w]/}h;f]nfO{ ;d"xut ¿kdf ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/nfO{ g} e]l6GYof]
/ o;sf] kl/0ffd s] eof] eg] kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmndf h:t}, 5nkmndf
of]ubfg ug{ cj;/ k|fKt eof] . of] ;sf/fTds x'g ;Sb5 . lvGg kfg]{ klg x'g ;Sg] 5nkmndf o;af6 pknAw
x'g] ;xof]usf nflu dfq xf]Og, clkt' kl/jf/leqsf] ultzLntfdf o;n] cGt1f{g klg k|bfg ug]{ ePsfn] of]
;sf/fTds x'g ;Sb5 . dlxnfx¿, ljz]if u/L a]kQf JolQmsf >LdtLx¿ dfly ;aeGbf a9L k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf]
5 eGg]] tYo z'¿sf cGtjf{tf{x¿af6 :ki6 eof], To;}n] cGtjf{tf{ ubf{ ;Sbf] a]kQf JolQmsf] >LdtL / cfdf;Fu
s'/f ug{ vf]lhof] . To;}n] kfl/jfl/s ;d"xleq klg >LdtLx¿ ;fdflhs lt/:sf/af6 ;aeGbf a9L k|efljt x'g
;Sb5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿n] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf ;fdflhs tyf kfl/jfl/s bafax¿nfO{ oyfzSo k"0f{ ¿kdf yfxf
kfpgsf nflu ;Dej ePsf] v08df pgLx¿;Fu 5'§} cyjf a]kQf JolQmsf cGo >LdtLx¿ ;Fu} k|fyldstf lbP/
pgLx¿;Fu s'/f ul/of] .

;a} cGtjf{tf{ tyf ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnx¿df cg';Gwfgstf{n] cu'jfO u/]sf lyP . k|foM ;a} cGtjf{tf{x¿df
Ps hgf cg';Gwfg ;xfos ;Fu} lyP / tL ;xfossf] e"ldsf efiffut tyf ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf bf]efif]sf] sfd ug'{
lyof] . cGtjf{tf{sf] ;~rfng g]kfnL, yf¿ / d}lynL efiffdf& ul/Psf] lyof] / To;} cg'¿k pko'Qm ;d'bfox¿af6
;xfosx¿ lnOPsf lyP . hDdf kfFr hgf ;xfosx¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof], tLdWo] b'O{ hgf To:tf kl/jf/sf
;Ë7gx¿sf ;b:o / a]kQf JolQmsf gft]bf/x¿ lyP / tLdWo] b'O{ hgf dlxnf lyP . ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut* ;a}
5nkmndf o;sf] cfof]hgf ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] To:tf kl/jf/sf ;Ë7gsf ;b:o lyP cyjf pgL
cg';Gwfgstf{ ;Fu} uPsf lyP / kl/jf/;Fu ul/Psf yf]/} cGtjf{tf{x¿df cg';Gwfgstf{ ;Fu} uPsf To:tf]
;Ë7gsf k|ltlglw klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP .

&
yf¿ efiff cflbaf;L hg–hflt yf¿x¿sf] efiff xf] . of] g]kfnsf] ;dy/ e"efu t/fO{sf] Pp6} dfq ;aeGbf 7"nf] cflbjf;L ;d"x xf] . d}lynL efiff t/fO{sf] dw];L
;d'bfosf efiffx¿dWo]sf] Pp6f efiff xf] .
*
Pp6f o:tf] ;d"xut 5nkmn wflbªsf] s'g} 7fpFdf To:tf] ;Ë7gsf k|ltlglwsf] pkl:yltljgf g} ;~rfng ul/of] hxfF To:tf kl/jf/sf] ;Ë7g ;lqmo 5}g .

7
#=$ cg';Gwfgk|lt JolQmx¿sf] hjfkm
dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gsf k|df0fx¿sf] ;Íng ug]{ p2]Zon] dfgj clwsf/ ;Ë7gx¿n] w]/} k6s s]xL
kl/jf/x¿nfO{ e]l6;s]sf lyP . k6s–k6s cfk\mgf syf bf]xf]¥ofP/ eGbf klg pgsf kIfdf s'g} sfd–sf/afxL
ul/Psf] cem} klg pgLx¿n] b]Vg kfPsf lyPgg\ . To;}n] o; k|lt oL kl/jf/x¿ lg/fz lyP . km]l/ csf]{ Ps
k6s cfk\mgf] syf atfpg pgLx¿;Fu dfu ul/Psf] lyof] . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ s]xL ;ts{ kf/]sf] lyof] M

‘‘ lj=;+= @)%@ , o'4 z'¿ ePb]lv g} xfd|f gft]bf/ tyf ;fyLx¿nfO{ a]kQf 5g\ . o;/L xfdLnfO{ e]6\g]
k|lqmof hf/L eO/x]sf] 5 . o; jif{ tkfO{“ cfpg'eof] / ut ;fn cfO{=;L=cf/=;L= / dfgj clwsf/sf
dfG5] xfdLnfO{ e]6\g ufp“d} cfPsf lyP . t/ o;n] s'g} lg0ff{os ¿k lnPsf] 5}g -===_ xfdLnfO{ kf]v/Lsf]
h:tf] Jojxf/ ul/G5 / dflg;x¿ o;nfO{ axfgf agfp“b} o; kf]v/Ldf kf}8L v]Ng cfp“b5g\ .
’’
-uf]/vfsf a]kQf JolQmsf bfh'_

olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg, o; cWoogdf To:tf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/P h;;Fu cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=n] dfq e]6 u/]sf]
lyof] / Tof] kl/jf/ km]l/ s'/f ug{ pT;flxt lyP . o; k|lqmofsf ;a} r/0fx¿df To:tf kl/jf/sf ;Ë7gx¿sf]
;+nUgtf lyof] . o;sf ;fy} a]kQf sfo{sf ;DaGwdf vfln k|df0fx¿ ;Íng ug]{ sfo{ eGbf km/s ltgsf
cfjZostfx¿sf af/]df klg s;}n] cle?lr k|blz{t ul//x]sf] lyof] . o; tYosf] sf/0faf6 ;Dejt M o;
k|lqmofdf kl/jf/x¿sf] ljZjf;sf] dfqf a9\g uof] .

‘‘ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o tx nufot ;a} 7fp“df cfk\mgf ;d:of atfpg xfdL k'lu;s]sf 5f}“ . a]kQf
kfl/Psf JolQmx¿nfO{ ca ;fj{hlgs ul/G5 eGg]]af/]df xfdL v'zL 5f}+ . tkfO{sf] e|d0fn] xfdLnfO{
cfzfjfbL agfof] . xfdL v'zL 5f}+ . tkfO{n] o;sf] Jofks k|rf/ ug'{x'g]5 eGg]] xfd|f] ck]Iff 5 . xfd|f]
kL8fdf tkfO{+n] w]/} ;xfg'e"lt k|bz{g ug'{ePsf] 5 eGg]] xfdLnfO{ o; k6s nfu]sf] 5 .
’’
-ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, sf7df8f}+_

8
 $=
kl/jf/x¿sf cfjZostf

kl/jf/sf cfjZostf l:y/ x'Fb}gg\ / o:tf cfjZostfx¿ a]kQfsf] ;dob]lv jt{dfg ;do;Dd ljsl;t
eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg]] tYo cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=n] b]v]sf] 5 . zx/L / u|fdL0f If]q, ;DkGg / ljkGgsf aLrdf dfq xf]Og,
kl/jf/leq} ;d]t cfjZostfx¿ km/s–km/s x'G5g\ . oL cfjZostfx¿ a]kQf JolQm cyjf JolQmx¿;Fu
kl/jf/sf] x/]s ;b:osf] ;DaGwsf] lgs6tfsf cfwf/df km/s x'G5g\ / o;/L g} oL kl/jf/leq JolQmsf] cj:yfsf
cfwf/df klg km/s x'G5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm, k'?ifx¿ k|foM /fhgLltdf ;+nUg x'g] ub{5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿
dlxnfx¿sf t'ngfdf ;jfnx¿nfO{ Gofosf] ;jfnsf] ¿kdf tyf ltgsf cfkmGtnfO{ zlxb 3f]if0ff ug'{kg]{
;jfnnfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbg ;Sb5g\ hals >LdtLsf nflu eg] kl/jf/leq pgsf] x}l;otsf] k'gM:yfkg ug'{g}
k|fyldstf x'g ;Sb5 .

$=! cfjZostfsf tx
cGtjf{tf{sf] ;dodf ;f]lwPsf] klxnf] k|Zg kl/jf/sf k|fyldstfx¿sf ;DaGwdf v'nf k|Zg lyof] M æpgLx¿sf
gft]bf/nfO{ a]kQf x'g'sf] sf/0faf6 o; ;DaGwdf s] ul/Psf] kl/jf/x¿ x]g{ rfxG5g\ <Æ kl/jf/nfO{ ;Defljt
¿kdf k|efljt ug]{ sfo{af6 pTkGg x'g] k"jf{ux| nfO{ sd ug{sf lgldQ c¿ k|Zgx¿ ug'e { Gbf klxn] of] k|Zg
ul/Psf] lyof] . kl/jf/x¿ cfk"mn] rfx]hlt a9LeGbf a9L / sdeGbf sd hjfkm lbg ;Sby] . cfjZostfsf
;DaGwdf ;aeGbf a9L tLg lsl;dsf pQ/ cfPsf] kfOof] M

• a]kQf JolQmsf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf hjfkm cyf{t\ ;To M æs] pgL dl/;s] cyjf hLljt} 5g\ <Æ eGg] lyof] .
o;nfO{ a]kQf JolQm æsxfF 5g\Æ eGg]] yfxf kfpg] cfjZostf eGg]] zAbfjnL k|of]u u/L w]/}h;f] JoQm
ul/Psf] lyof] -^$ k|ltzt_ .
• cfly{s ;xof]u, w]/} h;f] æIfltk"lt{Æ cyjf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf nflu lzIff, cf}iflw pkrf/ tyf /f]huf/Ldf
;'ljwfsf] dfu eGg]] zAbfjnLdf JoQm ul/Psf] -^@ k|ltzt_ .
• Gofo, lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ ;hfosf ¿kdf -@( k|ltzt_ .

w]/}h;f] kl/jf/sf] ;aeGbf a9L k|fyldstf eg]sf a]kQf gft]bf/sf] cj:yf cyjf tL sxfF 5g\ eGg]] af/]df yfxf
kfpg' / cfly{s ;xof]u kfpg' x'g\ . s] pgLx¿ s;}n] ;hfo kfPsf] x]g{ rfxG5g\ egL lj:tf/df ;f]w]sf v08df
eg] …rfxG5f}+Ú egL clwsf+z kl/jf/n] atfP . To;sf/0f dfly plNnlvt ljj/0fdf lbOPsf cfjZostfx¿
t'ngfTds k|fyldstfsf tx x'g\, ljleGg ljsNkx¿ eg] tL xf]Ogg\ .

cfk\mgf cfkmGtx¿nfO{ km]l/ e]6\g] cyjf tL a]kQf x'gsf] l:yltsf ;DaGwdf /x]sf] c:ki6tfsf] ;dfwfg xf];\ eGg]]
Psbd} k|an tyf :jfefljs OR5f kl/jf/x¿df 5 . ltgsf cfkmGtx¿ kms{g]5}gg\ eGg]] s'/f w]/}h;f] kl/jf/

9
cfkm}+ :jLsf/ ug{ rfxFb}gg\ . olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg pgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f] ul/a tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf ePsfn] / a]kQf
JolQm w]/}h;f] sdfO u/]/ kl/jf/sf] kfng–kf]if0f ug]{ d'Vo JolQm ePsfn] pgLx¿n] Psbd} h?/L cfly{s
cfjZostfsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf 5g\ .

‘‘ To; 36gfsf] sf/0faf6 xfd|f] hLjgdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . To; jif{ xfdLn] hldg hf]Tg klg
;s]gf}+ . pgLx¿ -pgsf a]kQf b'O{ 5f]/f_ n] v]t–af/L / 3/leqsf ;a} cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ub{y] / 3/leq
/ 3/aflx/–b'j} y/L ;f/f sfd pgLx¿n] g} ;“efNby] . d]/f c¿ s]6f–s]6Lx¿ w]/} ;fgf lyP . tgfjn]
ubf{ d la/fdL k/]“ / sdhf]/ eP“ . d]/L gfltgL la/fdL k/L / /fd|f] cf}iflw pkrf/ klg x'g ;s]g . k"/}
3/ g} :tAw lyof] . d]/f sdhf]/ >Ldfg\n] xfd|f] x]/rfx ug]{ sf]l;; ug'{eof] t/ o;af6 klg s'g} kmfObf
ePg . To; jif{ hldgdf klg s]xL klg pTkfbg x'g ;s]g . To; jif{ xfd|f] hLjgdf ;Dk"0f{ s'/f ;'Svf g}
/Xof] .

xfd|f 5f]/fx¿ uPkl5 xfdL ulx/f] zf]sdf 5f}+ -===_ vfgf, n'uf–kmf6f] / cf}iflw h:tf xfdLnfO{
h]–h:tf rLh rflxGy], Tof] ;a} xfdLn] ;fk6L lnof}+ / csf]{ jif{ xfdLn] Tof] lt¥of}+ . ca d]/f c¿ b'O{6f
5f]/f klg zf/Ll/s ¿kdf ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ t/ v]tdf sfd ug]{ cg'ej pgLx¿ ;“u 5}g . olb d]/f
5f]/fx¿ clxn] oxf“ ePsf eP x/]s s'/f km/s x'GYof] / xfd|f] hLjg w]/} ;lhnf] x'GYof] . xfdLnfO{ o;
3/df s'g} s'/fsf] klg sdL x'g kfp“b}gYof] . olb pgLx¿n] d]/f 5f]/fx¿nfO{ kmsf{OlbPsf v08df
o;afx]s d c¿ s'g} klg rLh rfxGg“ .
’’ -a]kQf b'O{ 5f]/fsL cfdf, alb{of_

Gofosf] cfjZostf jf:tljs x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg ltgsf cfkmGt, 5f]/f cyjf >Ldfg\nfO{ s] eof] eGg]] s'/f k'li6
gePsf] sf/0faf6 of] dfu sdhf]/ x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

‘‘ pgLx¿ -bf]ifLx¿_ sf] x'g\ / s;nfO{ ;hfo lbg'kb{5 eGg]] s'/f dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . d]/f] 5f]/f lkmtf{
kfpgsf nflu d d/L–d/L vf]Hb} 5' . olb pm cfPg eg] pgLx¿n] xfd|f] x]/rfx ug'{kg]{ 5 . cNksfnLg
¿kdf Ifltk"lt{af6 ;xof]u k'Ub5 t/ d]/f] 5f]/fn] t xfd|f] hLjgsf] cGt;Dd g} xfd|f] x]/ljrf/
ub{Yof] .
’’
km/s–km/s kl/jf/, km/s–km/s cfjZostf
-a]kQf JolQmsL cfdf, alb{of_

;a} kl/jf/sf k|fyldstf Pp6} 5}gg\, o;/L g} cfjZostf klg Pp6} 5}gg\ . o; tYonfO{ dfly pb\wt[ u|fdL0f
dlxnf;Fu sf7df8f}+sf kl/jf/x¿sf] t'ngf u/]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . sf7df8f}+sf kl/jf/x¿ /fhgLlts ljifo–j:t';Fu
kl/lrt ePsf x'G5g\ / pgLx¿ cfk\mgf cfjZostfnfO{ a9L :ki6 ¿kdf JoQm ug{ ;Sb5g\ . a]kQf JolQmsf
kl/jf/x¿n] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf w]/}h;f] cfjZostfx¿sf] ;6Ls ¿k/]vf oxL xf] M

‘‘ ;j{k|yd, pgLx¿n] xfd|f >Ldfg\x¿ lkmtf{ ug'{kb{5 . olb pgLx¿n] lkmtf{ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eg], pgLx¿n]
s;/L ltgnfO{ df/], slxn] / s;n] pgLx¿nfO{ df¥of] eGg]] af/]df ;To / tYo ljj/0f pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{
lbg'kb{5 . bf]ifLx¿n] u/]sf st'{tsf nflu ltgnfO{ ;hfo lbg'kb{5 . xfd|f] kl/jf/ / xfd|f s]6fs]6Lx¿sf
nflu, ljz]if u/L lzIffsf nflu ltgLx¿n] s]xL Joj:yf ldnfO lbg'kb{5 / ;/sf/n] xfdLnfO{ Ifltk"lt{
lbg'kb{5 . h;/L eP klg xfdL t cfk\mgf] hLjg af“lr/x]sf 5f}+ t/ o; ufp“df To:tf dlxnfx¿ klg 5g\

10
h;nfO{ x/]s lbg vfgf h'6fpg klg sl7g eO/x]sf] 5 . tL dlxnfx¿sf af/]df ;/sf/n] uDeL/tfk"j{s
;f]Rg'kb{5 / ;f]xL adf]lhd sfd ug'{kb{5 .
’’ -a]kQf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sL >LdtL, sf7df8f}+_

v'nf klxnf] k|Zg -dfly pb\w[t ul/Psf]_ k|Zgsf] hjfkmnfO{ alb{ofsf To:tf kl/jf/x¿af6 k|fKt hjfkm;Fu bfFh]/
x]bf{ t'ngfTds k|fyldstfsf af/]df ljBdfg pNn]vgLo dtleGgtf :ki6 x'G5 . alb{ofdf cToflws ¿kdf kLl8t
JolQmx¿ u|fdL0f ls;fg ;d'bfosf 5g\ eGg]] s'/f oxfF pNn]vgLo 5 . -tflnsf @_

sf7df8f}+ alb{of

cj:yfsf af/]df hjfkm )=*% )=&)

cfly{s ;xof]u )=#* )=^)
Gofo )=^( )=)&

tflnsf @ M ;fdfGo k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf k|fyldstfsf] pNn]v ug]{ kl/jf/x¿sf] c+z

sf7df8f}+l:yt kl/jf/x¿ a9L lzlIft tyf a9L dfqfdf ltgsf] /fhgLlts/0f ePsf] x'G5 / o;sf ;fy}
clwsf/sf] sfg'gL efiff k|of]u ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] a9L ;Dks{df pgLx¿ cfPsf x'G5g\ . of] To;}sf] kl/0ffd xf] .

$=@ a]kQf JolQmsf] cj:yf tyf tL sxf“ 5g\ egL yfxf kfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf

‘‘ olb pgLx¿n] clxn] xfdLnfO{ ;f“rf] s'/f atfp“b5g\ eg] 7Ls} 5, To;kl5 c¿ s'/f x'“b} hfg]5g\ .
;aeGbf klxnf] s'/f t kQf nufpg' xf] -===_ klxnf] s'/f eg]sf] ;To lg¿k0f xf] / Gofosf] s'/f To;kl5
cfp“b5 .
’’ -ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, uf]/vf_

kl/jf/x¿sf] k[i7e"ld h:tf];'s} eP klg / 7fpF h'g;'s} eP klg w]/} kl/jf/x¿sf] klxnf] k|fyldstf eg]sf]
pgLx¿ dl/;s]sf 5g\ jf hLljt} 5g\ egL cfk\mgf gft]bf/x¿sf] cj:yfsf af/]df e/kbf]{ hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{ xf] .
t/ w]/}h;f] a]kQf sfo{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k'li6 ul/g'kb{5 eGg]] klg pgLx¿ rfxG5g\, lsgeg] o;af6 a]kQf
36gf ePsf] lyof] eGg]] af/]df zÍf p7fpg] k|of; s;}n] ug{ kfpFb}g / bf]ifLx¿n] cfk\mgf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ c:jLsf/
ug{ kfpFb}gg\ .

hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ k|of; / hfgsf/Lsf] cefj

kl/jf/nfO{ cfk\mGt a]kQf 5 eGg]] af/]df cflwsfl/s ¿kdf s'g} klg hfgsf/L w]/}h;f] kl/jf/nfO{ lbOPsf] 5}g .
w]/h
} ;f] kl/jf/x¿n] ltgnfO{ lu/k\mtf/ ul/Psf] cfk\mg} cfFvfn] b]vs
] f lyP cyjf b]Vg] c¿ dfG5]x¿n] pgLx¿nfO{
hfgsf/L lbPsf lyP . w]/}h;f] 36gfdf bf]ifL sf] xf] eGg]] af/]df s'g} zÍf 5}g .

cfk\mgf gft]bf/x¿nfO{ a]kQf agfOPsf] 5 eGg]] yfxf x'g] lalQs} To:tf JolQmsf] vf]hL ug]{ sfd clwsf+z
kl/jf/x¿n] t'?Gt} z'¿ u/]sf lyP . ;z:q åGåsf] cjlwdf kl/l:ylt vt/gfs x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg cfkmGtx¿nfO{ s]

11
eof] eGg]] s'/f kQf nufpg w]/} kl/jf/x¿af6 w]/} k|of; ePsf x'g\ . 3/d} lu/k\mtf/ ul/Psf JolQmsf xsdf eg]
;f]em} cfk\mgf gft]bf/ sxfF 5g\ egL ;f]Wgsf nflu ;fdfGotof kl/jf/x¿ k|x/L rf}sL, :yfgLo k|zf;g cyjf
:yfgLo ;}lgs sfof{nodf uPsf lyP . w]/}h;f] oL lgsfox¿n] ltgsf af/]df s'g} hfgsf/L ePsf] s'/fnfO{ g}
OGsf/ u/] . To;kl5 dfq} tL JolQm æa]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmÆ eP .

kl/jf/x¿n] Ps} vfnsf] hfgsf/L -lghnfO{ lx/f;tdf /flvPsf] 5 eGg]] k|ToIfbzL{x¿n] lbPsf] ljj/0f_ k|fKt
ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t ;DalGwt lgsfox¿åf/f lbOPsf hjfkm eg] k|foM s'g} klg tYo s'/f cyjf hfgsf/Lsf]
7f8f] OGsf/L x'GYof] . To:tf tYo cyjf hfgsf/L Psbd} ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] x'Gy] / lglZrt ¿kdf ;Gtf]ifhgs
x'Fb}gy] . kl/jf/x¿nfO{ klxn] g} s]xL ljj/0f yfxf ePsf] x'GYof] / To:tf ljj/0fsf cfwf/df a]kQf JolQm sxfF 5g\
eGg]] af/]df cflwsfl/s lgsfosf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ yfxf ePsf] x'GYof] lsgeg] a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{df ltgLx¿ ;+nUg
/x]sf x'Gy] . tL JolQmnfO{ æst}–g–st}Æ /flvPsf] x'g'kb{5 eGg]] pgLx¿sf] dgdf cem} nfuL g} /x]sf] 5 .

‘‘ pm cem} hLljt 5 eGg]] af/]df xfdLn] (( k|ltzt cfzf dfl/;s]sf 5f}+ t/ klg pm hLljt} 5 ls eGg]]
! k|ltzt cfzf t cem} af“sL g} 5 . pm hLljt x'g ;Dej 5}g eGg]] s'/fsf] yk ljZjf; o;
-cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=af6 k|fKt hfgsf/L_ n] lbnfof] . olt x'“bf–x'“b} klg a]kQf ;DaGwdf lj:t[t hfgsf/L k|fKt
gu/]sf] s/0fn] ubf{ pm hLljt 5}g eGg]] s'/f dfly xfdLnfO{ k"/} kTof/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g -===_ o;df pm sxf“
/ s;/L d¥of] eGg]] s'/f s'g} pNn]v 5}g . o;sf cltl/Qm, d/]kl5 nf; sxf“ /flvPsf] lyof] eGg]] s'/f
klg atfOPsf] 5}g .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf bfh', uf]/vf_
a]kQf kl/l:yltsf] af/]df :ki6 hfgsf/Lsf] cefjn] ubf{ xNnf k}mng] 7fpF x'G5 . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf sbdsf
;dfgfGt/ sbdsf] ¿kdf k|foM ;a} kl/jf/x¿n] JolQmut lx;faaf6 cfk\mg} 5fglagnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf lyP .
/fHo cyjf dfcf]jfbL — h'g;'s} eP tfklg a]kQf JolQmnfO{ sAhfdf /fVg] kIfdfly cfk\mgf] k|efj 5 egL bfaL
ug]{ JolQmx¿n] o:tf s]xL kl/jf/x¿;Fu ;Dks{ /fv]sf lyP . hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{sf nflu cflwsfl/s tyf
cglws[t ;|f]tnfO{ ;do–;dodf k};f ltl/Psf] lyof] . ltgnfO{ 5'6fpg d dbt ub{5' egL o:tf kl/jf/sf
gft]bf/x¿nfO{ jrg lbP/ To:tf kl/jf/x¿af6 k};f c;'n ug{sf lgldQ ;'/IffsdL{x¿;Fu cfk\mgf] ;DaGw 5
egL s]xL 7ux¿n] s]xL 7fpFx¿df bfaL u/]sf lyP . a]kQf gft]bf/x¿sf] vf]hLdf s]xL kl/jf/x¿n] 7"nf] /sd
vr{ u/]sf 5g\ / o;af6 pgLx¿nfO{ C0f nfUg uPsf] 5 .

‘‘ p;sf] vf]hLsf nflu d}n] To:t} # b]lv $ nfv;Dd vr{ u/]+ . pm s'g} 7fp“df x'g ;Sb5 egL s]xL
dfG5]x¿n] eg] . To;}n] of] /sd vr{ eof] . To; 7fp“df t'?Gt} d}n] gft]bf/x¿nfO{ k7fP“ . o;/L g} s;}n]
pm lbNnLdf 5 eGof], d}n] ¿=!),))) .– lbP/ s]xL dflg;x¿nfO{ lbNnL k7fP“, To;/L g} d}n] dflg;x¿nfO{
sf7df8f},+ lj/f6gu/, k~hfa h–h;n] h'g–h'g 7fp“df 5 eGy], tL–tL 7fp“df d}n] dflg;x¿nfO{ k7fP“ /
ljleGg 7fp“sf xft x]g]{ dflg;x¿nfO{ b]vfp“bf klg d]/f] w]/} vr{ eof] .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf bfh', l;/fxf_

wfdL–emfFqmLx¿n] cfk"mn] ;f]w]sf k|Zgx¿sf] t'?Gt} hjfkm lbg] ePsfn] s]xL kl/jf/x¿sf nflu wfdL–emfFqmLx¿
hfgsf/Lsf e/kbf{ ;|f]t x'g ;Sb5g\ . g]kfnsf w]/}h;f] ;+:s[ltx¿df vfln ladf/Lsf nflu dfq xf]Og, ltgsf

12
c¿ Ifdtfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ klg wfdL–emfFqmLx¿;Fu k/fdz{ lng] ul/G5 . ;fFlRrs} slxn]–sfxLF s'g} gft]bf/nfO{
xflg–gf]S;fgL k'¥ofPsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k cyjf cfkmGtsf] e"tn] ubf{ klg dflg; ladf/L kb{5 egL 7fGg] ul/G5 .

tn k|:t't pbfx/0fdf, Ps yf¿ dlxnfn] ;jf{TdjfbL k/Dk/f ePsf wfdL–emfFqmL cyf{t\ u'?jfsf ;fy;fy}
ef/tLo lxGb' k/Dk/fsf afafnfO{ b]vfOg\ M

‘‘ d yf¿ u'?af / ef/tLo afafsxf“ uP“ . pgLx¿sf] egfOadf]lhd jxf“ ljb]zdf x'g'xG5 / cem} hLljt
x'g'xG5 . d]/f >Ldfg\ h·n / kxf8sf] af6f] eP/ lx+l8/xg' ePsf] dnfO{ P]gfdf u'?jfn] b]vfpg' eof] /
jxf“ csf]{ d'n'sdf x'g'x'G5 eg]/ ef/tLo afafn] eGg'eof] . Ps xKtf;Dd cfk\mgf] 3/df u'?afnfO{ /fVg d}n]
C0f lng'k¥of] .
’’ -a]kQf yf¿ JolQmsL >LdtL, alb{of_

o:t} csf]{ 36gfdf s'g} dlxnfsf >Ldfg\ dl/;s]sf] k'li6 u'?afn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 M

‘‘ d # y/L wfdL–emf“qmLsxf“ uP“ . tLdWo] b'O{ hgfn] jxf“ cem} hLljt x'g'x'G5 eg] / Ps hgfn] jxf“
hLljt x'g'x'Gg egL dnfO{ atfP . of] # jif{ cl3sf] s'/f xf] . Ps lbg d]/L 5f]/L k]6 b'v]sfn] 56\k6fO/x]sL
lyO{ . To; /ft d}n] u'?afnfO{ af]nfP“ . >Ldfg\ dfl/g'eof] / jxf“sf] ToxL cfTdfn] dnfO{ b'Mv lbO/x]sf]
5 egL To; /ft u'?afn] dnfO{ atfpg'eof] .
’’ -a]kQf yf¿ JolQmsL >LdtL, afFs]_

a]kQf JolQmsf] cfTdf;Fu, k|foM ;kgfdf ;Dks{ ePsf] s'/f c¿x¿n] atfP / o;n] pgsf cfkmGt hLljt g} 5g\
eGg]] s'/fdf pgLx¿nfO{ cfZj:t kf/]sf] lyof] M

‘‘ Ps k6s d}n] p;nfO{ ;kgfdf b]v]+ . p;n] d;“u s'/f ul//x] h:tf] dnfO{ nfUof] . sfd ug]{ 7fp“df
g} pm a:g] s'/f p;n] dnfO{ elg/x]sf] lyof] . dnfO{ p;sf] cfTdfn] b'Mv lbO/x]sf] 5}g . kl/jf/sf]
;b:onfO{ s'g} g/fd|f] s'/f eof] eg] k/Dk/f cg';f/sf xfd|f] s'nb]jtfn] xfdLnfO{ b'Mv lbG5g\ t/
clxn];Dd s'nb]jtfn] xfdLnfO{ s]xL u/]sf 5}gg\ . oL ;a s'/fx¿n] ubf{ pm cem} hLljt 5 eGg]] s'/fdf
xfdLnfO{ ljZjf; 5 .
’’ -a]kQf yf¿ s]6fsL cfdf, alb{of_

x/]s hftLo ;d"xdf pgLx¿n] k/fdz{ lng] wfdL–emfFqmLx¿ x'G5g\ . s'g} kl/jf/n] of] af6f] ;dfTb5 ls ;dfTb}g
eGg]] s'/f pgLx¿sf] lzIffsf] tx tyf k/Dk/fk|lt pgLx¿sf] dgf]j[lQdfly e/ kb{5 . t/ oxfF s] :ki6 x'g'kb{5
eg] a]kQf JolQmx¿sf nflu o; lsl;dsf] ljZjf;df x'g] kx'Fr ;fFlRrs} jf:tljs x'G5 / ltgsf cfkmGtsf]
cj:yfsf af/]df ltgsf] ;dembf/L dfly o;sf] pNn]vgLo k|efj kb{5 . xNnf, ;Í]t / wfdL–emfFqmLaf6 k|fKt
hfgsf/L zÍf:kb x'G5g\ / logsf] hfFr ug]{ s'/f c;Dej g} x'G5 t/ klg ltgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f]n] of] hfgsf/L
e/kbf]{ 5 egL cem} ljZjf; ub{5g\ / o;/L pgLx¿n] Jou|tfk"j{s vf]lh/x]sf] hjfkm pgLx¿nfO{ k|fKt x'G5 .
o;n] cfk\mgf gft]bf/x¿sf] vf]hL hf/L /fVgsf nflu yk k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ub{5 .

13
a]kQf JolQmsf] d[To'sf] k|df0f k|fKt ug]{ sfo{df sl7gfO / nf;sf] cfjZostf
w]/}h;f] kl/jf/x¿ cfk\mgf cfkmGt d/]sf x'g ;Sb5g\ eGg]] s'/f :jLsf/ ug{ Psbd} rfxFb}gg\ / To;sf/0f
pgLx¿sf] cj:yfsf af/]df k|df0f k|fKt ug]{ pTs[i6 clenfiff pgLx¿df /x]sf] dx;''; ub{5g\ . olb ;fFlRrs}
pgLx¿ dl/;s]sf 5g\ eg] a]kQf JolQm d/]sf] af/]df s'g} zÍf g/xg] u/L kTof/ nfUg] hfgsf/Lsf] cfjZostf
pgLx¿nfO{ 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, sfhlqmof k"/f ug{sf nflu k|foM ;a}h;f] kl/jf/nfO{ of t nf; of d[To' ePsf]
eGg]] lg:;Gb]x k|df0f rflxG5 egL g]kfnsf] ljleGg k/Dk/fsf JolQmx¿ atfpFb5g\ M

‘‘ p;nfO{ ;f“lRrs} s] eof] eGg]] af/]df xfdLnfO{ lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] cfjZostf 5 . pm sxf“ / s;/L
dfl/of] eGg]] s'/f xfdL yfxf kfpg rfxG5f}+ h;n] ubf{ xfdL p;sf] sfh–lqmof ug{ ;sf}+ . 36gfsf nflu
lhDd]jf/ -===_ sf] gfd klg xfdLnfO{ rflxG5 . s'g} klg cj:yfdf, olb pm 5}g eg], pm dl/;Sof] eGg]]
s'/fsf] k'li6 x'g'kb{5 eGg]] xfdL rfxG5f}+ . pm kms]{/ cfp“5 ls cfp“b}g eGg]] af/]df xfdLnfO{ z°fdf /flvg'
x'“b}g . nf; sxf“ ufl8Psf] lyof] eGg]] s'/f pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ b]vfpg} kb{5 sDtLdf klg xfdLnfO{ ls t
nf; rflxG5, ls t pm d¥of] eGg]] s'/fdf kTof/ kfg]{ s'g} lrx\g xfdLnfO{ rflxG5 .
’’
-a]kQf JolQmsf bfh', uf]/vf_

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k|Zg g;f]lwPsf nf; rfxg] lrxfg kof{Kt nf; rflxb}g nf; kfpg
;ls+b}g eGg]
ljZjf;
lrq ! M kl/jf/x¿sf nflu a]kQf cfk\mgf gft]bf/sf] nf;sf] cfjZostf

14
k|Zg ul/Psf kl/jf/ dWo] *% k|ltzt kl/jf/n] nf; kfpg rfx]sf] s'/f lrq ! n] b]vfpFb5 . dfly pNn]v
ul/;lsP h:t}, wfld{s /Llt–l/jfhsf nflu nf; cfjZos x'g] dfq xf]Og, cfk\mgf gft]bf/ ;fFlRrs} dl/;s] egL
kl/jf/x¿n] kSsf u/L ljZjf; ug{ ;Sg] w]/} yf]/} pkfox¿ dWo] nf; klg Ps xf] . Ps–ltxfO kl/jf/x¿nfO{ of]
k|Zg g} ;f]lwPg lsgeg] ltgsf cfkmGt dl/;s] eGg]] s'/fdf ltgLx¿ ljZjf; g} ub}{gy] . To;sf/0f of] ;jfn
p7fpg' g} plrt 7flgPg .

n'uf–kmf6f] cyjf sfuhftsf cfwf/df ltgsf] nf;sf] klxrfg ug{ kl/jf/x¿ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ -unt_ eGg] wf/0ff
kl/jf/x¿df ljBdfg 5 . clwsf/Lx¿n] klxrfg ug]{5g\ eGg]] s'/fdf ;fdfGotof kl/jf/x¿nfO{ ljZjf; g} 5}g .
o; k|lqmofsf] ;~rfng :jtGq lgsfox¿åf/f ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 eGg]] s'/fnfO{ pgLx¿ k|fyldstf lbG5g\ egL
s]xL kl/jf/ pNn]v ub{5g\ . nf;sf cjz]ifx¿sf] klxrfgsf nflu cFuflng] sfo{–ljlwsf af/]df w]/} kl/jf/x¿nfO{
yfxf 5}g . a]kQfsf gft]bf/x¿ d/]sf klg x'g ;Sb5g\ eGg]] s'/fsf] sNkgf ltgLx¿n] slxNo} gu/]sf] sf/0faf6
To:tf] lbgsf] ltgLx¿n] slxNo} klg sNkgf g} u/]sf 5}gg\ h'g lbg lghsf] nf; ltgLx¿sxfF k7fOg]5 .

lrxfg g} kof{Kt 5 eg]/ klg s]xL kl/jf/x¿n] atfP t/ clwsf+z kl/jf/x¿n] o;nfO{ c:jLsf/ g} u/] M

‘‘ pgLx¿n] ltgsf] lrxfg b]vfPdf klg ljZjf; ug{ sl7g x'g]5 . ljZjf; ug{sf nflu d lrxfg vf]tNg]
/ pgsf] sfh–lqmof /fd|f];“u ug]{ s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5' .
’’ -a]kQf dlxnfsL cfdf, alb{of_

‘‘
5 .
k|df0fsf nflu / xfd|f] wd{ adf]lhd sfh–lqmof ug{sf lgldQ klg -lrxfgsf] pTvgg_ ug'{ cfjZos

’’ -ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, wg'iff_

‘‘ nf; km]nf kfg'{ ;f“lRrs} dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . pgLx¿n] 7f]; ¿kdf k|df0f glbpGh]n xfdL ljZjf; ug{
;Sb}gf}+ . pgLx¿n] c¿s} lrxfg b]vfO /x]sf 5g\ ls < s;nfO{ s] yfxf < dflg;x¿n] pm dfl/of] egL
atfP tf klg xfdL ltgdfly cem} klg ljZjf; ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ .
’’ -a]kQf k'?ifsL cfdf, alb{of_

w]/} kl/jf/x¿sf nflu, ljz]if u/L lg/If/ kl/jf/x¿sf nflu, ltgsf gft]bf/sf] d[To'sf] kof{Kt k|df0f s'g} klg
sfuhft x'Fb}g . pgLx¿sf] ;+:s[ltdf d[To' eg]sf] To:tf] rLh xf] h;sf] cg'e"lt k|ToIf ¿kdf kl/jf/n] ub{5g\ .
k|df0fsf] o; cfjZostf /fHon] w]/} 6f9f /fv]sf] tYo / /fHodfly pgLx¿sf] cljZjf;n] ubf{ emg\ hl6n
agfPsf] 5 .

‘‘ c¿ s;}sf] xf8–vf]/ b]vfP/ clwsf/Lx¿n] e"m6f] s'/f ug{ ;Sb5g\ -===_ dfl/Psf] ldlt, 7fp“ /
pgLx¿n] nf; uf8]sf] 7fp“sf] pNn]v u/L olb -xfdLn]_ lj:t[t ljj/0f -k|fKt u¥of}_+ eg] ljZjf; ug]{ 7fp“
/xG5–xf], xfdLnfO{ y'k}| ;f“rf] ljj/0f rflxG5, lu/k\mtf/Lsf nflu sf] lhDd]jf/ lyof] eGg]] nufot lj:t[t
ljj/0f xfdLnfO{ pknAw u/fOg' kb{5 . clwsf/Lx¿n] NofPsf s'g} klg xf8–vf]/dfly xfdL ljZjf;
ub}{gf}+ .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf bfh', uf]/vf_

15
pgLx¿sf gft]bf/ dl/;s]sf 5g\ / pgLx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] nf; ;fFlRrs} ltgs} gft]bf/sf] xf] egL pgLx¿n]
ljZjf; ug{sf nflu kl/jf/x¿n] b'O{6f d'Vo ljsNk ;'emfjsf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . klxnf] ljsNk 8L=Pg\=P=
k/LIf0f åf/f ul/Psf] ;sf/fTds klxrfg x'g ;Sb5 M uf]/vfsf] kl/jf/sf Ps hgf ;b:on] æ8L=Pg\=P=
k/LIf0f;lxt xf8–vf]/ xfdLnfO{ a'emfpg' kb{5Æ eGg]] ;'emfj lbP . t/ 8L=Pg\=P= k|lqmof;Fu ;fdfGotof w]/}
kl/jf/ kl/lrt 5}gg\ / o:tf] k/LIf0f ltgsf nflu s'g cg'kftdf kTof/ nfUbf] x'G5 eGg]] s'/f :ki6 5}g . o:tf]
cfg'j+lzs k/LIf0fsf] ljsNk ;Tosf kof{Kt k|df0f' :yflkt ug'{ xf] h;af6 k|foM kl/jf/ lu/k\mtf/Lsf k|ToIfbzL{
ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ pTvgg u/L lgsflnPsf] tyf pgLx¿ ;dIf k|:t't ul/Psf] nf; / a]kQf sfo{sf aLrdf
;DaGw :yflkt x'g]5 . lu/k\mtf/Lkl5 ltgsf gft]bf/x¿nfO{ y'gfdf sxfF /flvof], sxfF / s;/L lghsf] xTof
ul/of] eGg]] s'/f kl/jf/x¿nfO{ atfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . o; hfgsf/Ldf lhDd]jf/ JolQmsf gfdx¿ klg ;dfj]z
ul/g' kb{5 egL kl/jf/x¿n] 7fg]sf 5g\ / o;/L o;n] Gofosf] k|ToIf dfu{nfO{ k|z:t ug]{5 . ;aeGbf kl5Nnf]
k6s pgLx¿n] hLljt cj:yfdf cfk\mgf gft]bf/nfO{ e]6]sf lyP / To:tf] ;dosf] 36gfx¿nfO{ cfkmGtsf
cjz]ifx¿;Fu ;DaGw x'g] u/L e/kbf{ 36gfx¿ pgLx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf v08df pgLx¿ ;Gt'i6 x'g
;Sb5g\ eGg]] s'/fdf kl/jf/x¿n] ljZjf; u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

sfh–lqmof
wfld{s dgf]j[lQ tyf d[To'kl5 k"/f ug'{kg]{ sfh–lqmof ;DaGwL st{Jox¿n] d[To'sf ;DaGwdf wf/0ffsf] lgdf{0f
ub{5g\ / kl/jf/sf nflu cjz]ifx¿sf] dxŒjdfly hf]8 lbG5g\ . lxGb' g]kfnLx¿sf nflu nf;nfO{ hnfpg] tyf
sfh–lqmofsf] /Llt–l/jfh To:tf] k|lqmof xf] h'g k|lqmofaf6 cfTdf d'Qm x'G5 / cfTdf kf/ x'g] s'/fsf] ;xhLs/0f
ub{5 . oL /Llt–l/jfh k"/f gul/Pdf cfTdf, ;DejtM k|]tsf] ¿kdf 8'ln/xg]5 . d[tssf nflu oL /Llt–l/jfh
;DkGg ug'{ dxŒjk"0f{ 5 / o:tf] sfh–lqmof ug'{cl3 zÍfsf] n]z dfq klg g/xg] u/L lgh JolQm d/]sf] eGg]] s'/f
yfxf x'g} kg]{ s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

‘‘ xfdLn] 5f]/fsf] sfh–lqmof gu/]sfn] ;dfhdf cem} xfd|f] a]OHht ul/G5 . To;}n] 5f]/fsf] sfh–
lqmof ug'{ xfd|f] nflu cfjZos 5 -===_æolb ltd|f] 5f]/f dfl/Psf] lyof] eg] ltdLx¿n] p;sf] sfh–lqmof ug}{
k5{Æ egL ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ eGb5g\ . t/ xfd|f] 5f]/f] dfl/of] eGg]] g} xfdL ljZjf; g} ub}{gf}+, To;}n]
xfdLn] sfh–lqmof u/]sf 5}gf}+ .
’’ -a]kQf ljBfyL{sf lxGb' afa', wg'iff_

hg–hflt, d';ndfg / af}4 wdf{jnDaL h:tf cGo ;d'bfox¿sf /Llt–l/jfh km/s 5g\ t/ kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo–
b'j}sf] sf/0fsf nflu o:tf sfh–lqmof ug}{ kg]{ cfjZostf eg] ;dfg 5g\ . olb d[To' ePsf] s'/f kSsf ePsf]
5 / nf; kfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g eg] s]xL k/Dk/fx¿df nf;sf] ;§f cGo s'g} j:t', pbfx/0fsf nflu 3fF;sf]
k'tnfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

$=# dgf]j1} flgs tyf dgf]–;fdflhs k|efj;“u ;DalGwt cfjZostf

dgf]j1
} flgs c;Gt'nglt/ ;Í]t ug]{ s]xL lSnlgsn nIf0fx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ of] ;j]I{ f0f ;Ifd eP klg, g t o;
cg';Gwfgsf ljlw, g t cg';Gwfg ug]{ JolQmsf] ljz]if 1fg g}, s'g} klg dfgl;s /f]usf] lgbfg ug{ pko'Qm lyP .
a¿ o;sf] ;§f kl/jf/dfly k/]sf] k|efjsf af/]df ;fdfGo 1fg pknAw u/fpg] o:tf] Jofj;flos n]vfhf]vf /

16
;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostfsf ;DaGwdf lgisif{x¿ lgsfNg] k|of; o; k|ltj]bgdf ul/g]5 .

d[To'sf] ;DefjgfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ / ltgsf cfkmGt kms{g]5g\ eGg]] låljwfsf aLrdf ltgLx¿ 5g\ / a]kQf
cfkmGtx¿nfO{ s] ePsf] lyof] eGg]] af/]df ltgLx¿ :ki6 5}gg\ — o:tf] tYonfO{ s]xL xb;Dd o; cg';Gwfgsf
qmddf e]l6PsfdWo] *) k|ltzt kl/jf/x¿n] k|blz{t u/] .

#)
@*

@%

@)
!& !& !&

!%

!)

% $

)
hLljt hLljt eGg] c:ki6 c:ki6 d/]sf] eGg] d/]sf]
c:ki6
lrq @ M a]kQf JolQmsf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf kl/jf/x¿sf] ljZjf;

hfgsf/Lsf] cefj / gft]bf/ u'ds

] f] c:ki6 cj:yf
pgLx¿nfO{ hLljt g} ;dft]/ nluPsf] lyof], To;}n] pgLx¿ hLljt g} kms{g' kb{5 egL lu/k\mtf/ ul/Psf
elgPsf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿n] hf]8 lbP . ltgsf gft]bf/x¿ cem} hLljt 5g\ egL ljZjf; ug{sf nflu
kl/jf/x¿;Fu w]/} sf/0fx¿ 5g\ M ltgsf] lu/k\mtf/Lkl5 s]xL ;do ;Dd ltgn] pgLx¿nfO{ e]6]sf lyP,
ltgLx¿;Fu} y'gfdf /flvPsf JolQmx¿af6 c¿ kl/jf/x¿n] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]sf lyP . w]/} h;f] 36gfx¿df t
uf]Ko aGbL u[x cyjf a]kQf JolQmx¿nfO{ ljb]z nluPsf] 5 eGg]] af/]df sfNklgs syfx¿ klg atfOg yfn] /
oL syfx¿sf] k|of]u cfzfnfO{ hufO/fVgsf nflu kl/jf/åf/f ul/of] .

‘‘ y'k|} dflg;x¿ w]/} jif{kl5 kmls{P/ cfPsf 5g\ . To;}n] d]/f] >Ldfg\ klg kms{g' x'G5 eGg]] dnfO{ cem}
cfzf 5 . d}n] To:tf pbfx/0fx¿ b]v]sL 5' . x'g ;Sb5, jxf“nfO{ s'g} 7fp“df n'sfP/ /flvPsf] 5 -===_
cx“, To; lsl;d -jxf“ hLljt x'g ;Sg'x'Gg_ af6 d}n] slxNo} klg ;f]r]sL 5}g . jxf“ ;kgfdf cfpg'x'G5,
o;n] dnfO{p jxf“ kms{gx' G' 5 eGg]] ljZjf; nfUb5 -===_ jxf“sf] :jf:Yo s:tf] xf]nf / kof{Kt vfgf t kfO/xg'
ePsf] xf]nf cflb h:tf s'/fsf] dnfO{ ;w}+ kL/ nflu/xG5 . a]kQf JolQmx¿sf af/]df ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff
gu?Gh]n d]/f >Ldfg\ kms{g] cfzf d ul//xG5' .
’’ -a]kQf k'?ifsL >LdtL, alb{of_

17
olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg w]/} kl/jf/x¿sf nflu o; c:ki6tfsf] ;dfwfg k"0f{ ¿kdf ePsf] 5}g M

‘‘ p;nfO{ st} y'gfdf /flvPsf] x'g ;Sb5 eGg]] emLgf] cfzf cem} af“sL 5 . a]kQf kfl/Psf] egL
tkfO+{n] eg]sf] cy{ oxL g} xf] . hg o'4sf] qmddf dfl/Psf c¿ ;fyLx¿sf xsdf, ltgnfO{ slxn] / sxf“
dfl/Psf] lyof] eGg]] af/]df xfdLn] lj:t[t hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]sfn] ltgsf] sfh–lqmof ul/of] . t/ xfd|f]
xsdf eg], p;nfO{ lu/k\mtf/ ul/Psf] s'/f dfq yfxf 5, o; afx]s c¿ s'g} s'/f xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
o;n] ubf{ cem} hLljt x'g ;Sb5 eGg]] emLgf] cfzf xfd|f] dgsf] s'g} s'gfdf /lx/x]sf] 5 .
’’
-a]kQf JolQmsf bfh', uf]/vf_

;DejtM ltgsf cfkmGt d/]sf x'g ;Sb5g\ egL ljZjf; ug{sf nflu kl/jf/x¿;Fu ePsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] sf/0f
s] 5 eg] ;do laTb} uPsf] 5 / ltgsf gft]bf/ ce}m klg kms]{sf 5}gg\ . ;a} hgf b'O{ jif{eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd
a]kQf 5g\ / s'g}–s'g} dfldnfdf t o:tf] cjlw !@ jif{;Ddsf] 5 M

‘‘ bfh' dg'e
{ of] eGg]] s'/fdfly xfdL ljZjf; g} ug{ ;Sb}gf},+ xfdLn] clxn];Dd s'g} hfgsf/L g} kfPsf
5}gf}+, xfdLn] s'g} k|df0f g} kfPsf 5}gf}+ . To;}n] ubf{ xfdLdf cfzf 5 . cem} klg xfdLnfO{ emLgf] cfzf 5“b}
5 M of] $ of % jif{ cl3sf] s'/f xf] t/ cem} yf]/} eg] klg cfzf xfdLdf 5“b} 5 . d]/f] 5f]/f s'g} lbg 3/
kms{g] 5 egL d]/L cfdfn] cfzf ul//xg' ePsf] 5 .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsL alxgL, sf7df8f}+_

‘‘ d]/f] 5f]/f nufot lu/k\mtf/ ul/Psf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿ dfl/P egL /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un]
atfPsf] 5 . ltgsf] d[To'nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ k|df0f clxn] ;Dd 5}g . ljutdf s]xL dfG5]x¿ d/]sf egL
3f]if0ff ul/of] t/ kl5 pgLx¿nfO{ hLljt} km]nf kfl/of] .
’’ -a]kQf o'jfsf afa', wg'iff_

nfdf] ;do lat]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ cfzf sd x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 t/ dl/;s]sf] eg] 5}g .

a]kQf JolQmsf] cj:yfsf af/]df w]/}h;f] kl/jf/df km/s dt x'g ;Sb5 . a]kQf cfk\mgf gft]bf/sf] ;Defljt
kl/0ffd d[To' x'g ;Sb5 egL kl/jf/sf k'?if ;b:ox¿n] a'em]sf 5g\ hals dlxnfx¿, vf; u/L >LdtL /
cfdfx¿ eg] o:tf] lgisif{ lgsfNg g} rfxFb}gg\ .

a]kQf JolQmsf af/]df ;"rgfsf] cefjn] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ b'MvbfoL clglZrttfsf] cj:yfdf k'¥ofOlbPsf]
5 / o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf tLj| afwf pTkGg x'g ;Sb5g\ . cGtjf{tf{sf] cjlwdf tn n]lvP adf]lhd
dgf]j1
} flgs k|ltlqmofsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] M

w]/}h;f] kl/jf/x¿df a]kQfsf] 36gfx¿n] a]kQf JolQmsf af/]df lg/Gt/ ;f]lr/xg], lg+b|f gkg]{, To:tf JolQmsf
af/]df nuftf/ ;kgf b]lv/xg] / lrGtfsf] efjgf cs:dft\ p7\g] ;d:of pTkGg ePsf 5g\ . a]kQfsf] 36gfaf6
pTkGg o:tf nIf0fx¿ e]6 ul/Psf JolQmx¿dWo] %% k|ltztn] atfPsf lyP M

18
‘‘ xfdL xfd|f a]kQf dflg;x¿nfO{ lbgsf] %) b]lv !)) k6s ;Dd ;DemG5f}+, of] w]/} tLj| kL8f xf] .
/ftdf s;}n] 9f]sf 9S9SofPsf] ;'lgof] ls jxf“ cfpg'eof] ls eGg]] cem} nflu/xG5 . o; kL8fn] dnfO{
===dgsf] s'/f s;/L JoQm ug]={ == of] kL8f slxNo} klg 6'l·b}g h:tf] nfUb5, af“rG' h]n of] kL8f xfdL ;“u}
/lx/xG5 . a]kQf JolQm sxf“ x'g'x'G5 eGg]] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] eP w]/} ;lhnf] x'GYof] . xfdL ;w}+
cfzfjfbL 5f}+ lsgeg] d ;fyLnfO{ e]6]/ cfp“5' egL jxf“ 3/af6 lg:sg' ePsf] lyof] .
’’
-a]kQf ljBfyL{ g]tfsL >LdtL, sf7df8f}+_

atfOPsf w]/} ;kgfx¿sf] ;DaGw a]kQfsf] 36gf eGbf klg a]kQf JolQm;Fu 5 . w]/}h;f] 36gfsf] ;DaGw t vfgf
cyjf cf/fd ;DaGwL lrGtfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;kgf b]Vg] JolQmn] a]kQf JolQmnfO{ ;f] pknAw u/fpg k|of; u/]sf]
s'/f;Fu 5 . o;sf] cy{ dfgl;s cf3ftsf] 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt dfgl;s cf3ft kl5sf] tTj ;DaGwL c;Gt'ng
xf] eg]/ eGg] vf]lhPsf] xf]Og, a¿ ljz]if u/L a]kQf dlxnf gft]bf/x¿sf aLrdf a]kQf ;DalGw 36gfdf b]vf kg]{
pQ/bfloTj cyjf ck/fwsf] efjgflt/ ;Í]t ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] .

o;sf cltl/Qm, kl/jf/sf @& k|ltzt ;b:ox¿, tLdWo] w]/}h;f] dlxnf ;b:ox¿n] a]kQfsf] 36gfsf] sf/0fn]
ubf{ ePsf] egL bL3{sfnLg zf/Ll/s nIf0fx¿sf af/]df lzsfot u/] . o:tf nIf0f k|foM lg/Gt/sf] tgfj /
lrGtfsf kl/0ffd lyP M

‘‘ ha–ha d :jf:Yo k/LIf0fsf nflu hfG5', lrGt] /f]u nfu]sf] 5 egL 8fS6/ dnfO{ eGb5g\ . d
cf}iflw vf“b} 5' -===_ d]/f] 5f]/fnfO{ klg o:t} /f]u, cyf{t lrGtfaf6 pTkGg x'g] /f]u nfu]sf] 5 . pm ;fg} x'“bf
pmM a]xf]z x'g] ub{Yof] / pkrf/sf qmddf d}n] p;nfO{ w]/} 7fp“df lnP/ uP“ . p;sf] lrGtf g} /f]usf] ;|f]t
xf] egL 8fS6/n] eg] -===_ pgn] dnfO{ lgb|f nfUg] cf}iflw lbPsf 5g\ .
’’ -a]kQf k'?ifsL >LdtL, uf]/vf_

‘‘ of] kL/ slxNo} g6'l·g] /x]5 . o; ;d:ofn] ubf{ xfdLn] dfgl;s kL/ ef]Ug'k/]sf] 5 / dfgl;s kL/n]
ubf{ c¿ zf/Ll/s kL/ lg:s]sf 5g\ .
’’ -ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, sf7df8f}+_
pkrf/df k|efjsf/L kxF'rsf] dfWodaf6 afx]s oL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] s;/L ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; u/]sf lyP
eGg]] af/]df kl/jf/x¿n] vf;} s'/f atfPgg\ . ck/fwLx¿dfly d'2f rnfpg] / ltgnfO{ ;hfo lbg] lx;fan] Gofo
ul/Psf] x]g{ kfPdf To;n] ædfgl;s j]bgfnfO{ sd ug]{ 5Æ egL s]xL kl/jf/x¿n] eg] . s]xL kl/jf/x¿sf] kx'Fr
cf}iflw, vf; u/L lgb|f nfUg] uf]nL cyjf lvGgtf sd ug]{ cf}iflw, df 5 t/ Psbd} yf]/} kl/jf/x¿nfO{ dfq s'g}
cf}krfl/s k|s[ltsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf cyjf cf}iflwsf] k|of]u g} gu/L ul/g] pkrf/ ljlwdf kxF'r 5 . cfk\mgf
;d:ofx¿ 5nkmn ug{ ;lsg] bf}+t/L ePdf To;af6 w]/} kmfObf x'g] s'/fsf] k|df0f w]/} kl/jf/x¿n] lbP t/
dfgl;s /f]u ;DaGwL / dgf]–;fdflhs ;'ljwfx¿sf] cefjaf6 eg] ;a} kLl8t lyP .

s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:o, vf; u/L afa'–cfdf a]kQf ePsf] 36gfx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ sl7gfO x'G5 . afa'–
cfdfsf] cg'kl:yltsf af/]df a'e\mg]] / To;sf] ;fdgf ug]{ s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] Ifdtf ;DaGwL cj:yfsf] lgwf{/0f To:tf]
kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf jo:sx¿n] s;/L ;fdgf ub{5g\ eGg]] s'/fn] ub{5 . x'ls{;s]sf s]6fs]6Lx¿ cfk\mgf cfdf–
afa'sf af/]sf] clglZrt cj:yfsf af/]df ;r]t x'g ;Sb5g\ / cfdf–afa'x¿n] o:tf] kl/l:yltdf gft]bf/ u'ds
] f] af/]df
ljBdfg c:ki6tfsf] ;fdgf ubf{ h:tf] ;d:of ef]Ub5g\, To:t} ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf pgLx¿n] klg u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 M

19
‘‘ s]6fs]6Ln] j]nf–j]nfdf afa'sf af/]df k|Zg ub{5g\ . of] xfd|f] nflu ;a}eGbf 7"nf tgfjsf]] ljifo xf] .
cl:tsf lbg c¿ ;a} s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] dfemdf ;ft jif{sf] d]/f] 5f]/fn] rf“8} cfk\mgf afa'nfO{ 3/ kmsf{Olbg
eujfg\ ;“u k|fy{gf u¥of] . oL ;f/f s'/f ;xg dnfO{ w]/} ufx|f] eof] . p;sf afa' kms]{/ cfpg'x'G5 eg]/
p;nfO{ g t ljZjf; lbnfpg ;s]sf 5f}+, g t ca jxf“ kms{g'x'Gg eg]/ g} atfpg ;s]sf 5f}+ .
’’
-ljifo –s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL_

klxn]s} cj:yfdf kms{g ;Sg] u'0f / ;fdgf ug]{ ;+oGq

cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf w]/}h;f] JolQmx¿n] s8f vfnsf dgf]j}1flgs ;d:of÷c;Gt'ng JoQm gu/]sf] sf/0faf6
logdf klxn]s} cj:yfdf kms{g ;Sg] u'0f -dfgl;s cf3ft k'¥ofpg] vfnsf] kl/l:yltsf] k|efj ;xg ;Sg]
JolQmx¿sf] Ifdtf_ kof{Kt dfqfdf /x]5 eGg] b]lvof] . c¿ s;};Fu cfk\mgf ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{ s'/f
g} o:tf] kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug]{ ;+oGq xf] egL Psbd} a9L 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . o:tf] ;xof]usf] dxTjdfly tL
JolQmx¿sf] ;sf/fTds hjfkmdf Psbd} hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] h'g JolQm To:tf kl/jf/sf ;Ë7gx¿ ;Fu lgoldt
;Dks{df /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] ;+oGqdf, cfk\mgf] ;d:of a'‰g]] dfq xf]OgÙ a¿ p:t} ;d:of ;d]t ef]lu/x]sf]
s'g} JolQmsf] ;Dks{df /xg] ePsfn] o;af6 To:tf d'Vo ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg g} x'G5 .

‘‘ xf], p:t} ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf JolQmx¿ ;“u xfdL cfk\mgf ;d:of af“8r'8“ ub{5f}+ t/ >Ldfg\ x'g] dlxnfx¿
;“u eg] xfdL of] s'/f slxNo} klg ub}g{ f}+ lsgeg] xfdL pgLx¿nfO{ kL/ kfg{ / b'Mv lbg rfx“bg} f},+ xfdL vfln
;fyLx¿ ;“u dfq} of] s'/f ub{5f}+ . d'Vo s'/f s] xf] eg] hf] kLl8t 5g\, pgn] dfq of] dx;''; ug{
;Sb5g\ .
’’
dgf]–;fdflhs k|efj / o;;Fu ;DalGwt cfjZostf
-a]kQf JolQmsL >LdtL, sf7df8f}+_

cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf $& k|ltzt JolQmx¿n] kl/jf/sf cyjf ;d'bfodf cfk"mn] s'/f ug{ ;Sg] s'g} klg JolQm
gePsf] s'/f atfP . cfk\mgf] ;d:of a'lemlbg] s'g} klg JolQm geP/ PSnf] k/]sf JolQmx¿sf] ;Í6 o;af6 k|s6
x'G5 . o;/L g}, cfk\mgf] kl/jf/ cyjf ;d'bfoleq ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf JolQmx¿ g} PlSng] ;aeGbf a9L
;Defjgf x'G5 eGg]] s'/f klg o;af6 k|s6 x'G5 . a]kQf JolQmsf c¿ kl/jf/x¿ ePsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t
>LdtLx¿ cfk\mgf ;d:ofsf af/]df dlxnfx¿;Fu} s'/f ug{ rfxG5g\ .

a]kQf JolQmsf] cj:yf ;DaGwL ;To s'/f yfxf ePdf cfkmGt u'dfPsf] sf/0faf6 k/]sf] k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{
;Ifd x'g] lyP egL o;nfO{ cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf ;Dejt M ;aeGbf a9L :ki6 ¿kdf kl/jf/x¿n] lnPsf 5g\
M

‘‘ olb ;/sf/n] jf:tljs tYo :ki6 kf/]df / k|df0f ;lxt 7fp“ / nf; b]vfPdf xfd|f] kL/ zfob sd
x'g ;Sb5, xf]Og eg] xfd|f kL8f / ;d:of sd ug]{ s'g} pkfo 5}g -===_ pgLx¿ dfl/P cyjf ltgnfO{ s]
eof] eGg]] s'/fsf af/]df :ki6 3f]if0ff ug'{ dfgl;s j]bgf sd ug{sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
’’
-ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, wg'iff_

20
a]kQf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf kLl8tsf s]6fs]6L tyf afa'–cfdfaf6 x'g] k|ltlqmof tyf ltgsf cfjZostf kLl8tsf
>Ldfg\÷>LdtLsf o:tf 36gf k|ltsf k|ltlqmof tyf cfjZostfeGbf km/s x'g ;Sb5g\ t/ klg o:tf 36gfaf6
k|efljt d'Vo PsfO eg] kl/jf/ g} xf] . o:tf] l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug]{ ;+oGq klg kl/jf/ g} x'G5 . g]kfnsf xsdf
of] lj:tfl/t cyjf ;+o'Qm kl/jf/ xf] / kl/jf/ g} ;fdflhs ;Ë7gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ tTj klg x'g\ . kmn:j¿k,
cfjZostfsf ;fy;fy} ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf af/]df 5nkmn ubf{ JolQm eGbf kl/jf/ dfly g} hf]8 lbOg]5 .

lxGb' k/Dk/fcg';f/ s;}sf] d[To'sf] sf/0faf6 sf]xL ljwjf x'g uPsf] 5 eg] tL eGbf a"9L ljwjfx¿n] ev{/ ljwjf
ePsL dlxnfsf] xftaf6 r'/f, 3fF6Laf6 kf]t] / dËn;"q tyf dfnf lgsfNb5g\ / ltgnfO{ 9'Ëfdf /fv]/ k'm6fpFb5g\ .
dlxnf ljjflxt ePsf] ;Í]t lbg] pgsf] lgwf/sf] 6Lsf / l;Gb"/ kvfln lbG5g\ . o;/L pgsf] ljwjfkg z'¿
x'G5 . h'g dlxnfsf >Ldfg\ a]kQf 5g\, To:tf dlxnfx¿n] ;fdfGotof l;Gb"/, r'/f, dËn;"q / 6Lsf nufO/xG5g\
/ pgLx¿ cfk"m ljwjf ePsf] 7fGb}gg\ .

‘‘ d}n] s'g} sfh–lqmof u/]sL 5}g . ljjfxsf lrx\gx¿ d}n] cem} nufO/x]sL 5' . d}n] jxf“ d/]sf] g}
b]v]sL 5}g, To;}n] d}n] oL lrx\g nufO/x]sL 5' M zfob jxf“ st} hLljt g} x'g'x'G5 .
’’
-a]kQf JolQmsL >LdtL, afFs_]

c¿ ljwjfx¿n] h:tf] Jojxf/ ub{5g\, To:t} Jojxf/ ug{ oL dlxnfx¿ lsg dflg/x]sf 5}gg\ eGg]] s'/f ltgsf
;d'bfox¿n] a'‰b}gg\ / o;af6 k|foM ;d'bfodf tgfjsf] l;h{gf x'G5 .

$=$ cfly{s cfjZostf

‘‘ d]/f ;fydf b'O{ 5f]/f / Pp6L a'xf/L lyOg\ . Tof] ;do ;Dem“bf d cem} klg dg yfDg ;lSbg“ . d]/f]
kl/jf/ ;'vL lyof] . tkfO{+ sNkgf ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 < clxn] d ufp“df dfUb} lx+8\5' . s'g} ;dodf 3/df d;“u
;a} s'/f lyP / b'O{ 5f]/f sdfpg] lyP, clg, clxn] d dfUg] ePsL 5' .
’’
-a]kQf b'O{ 5f]/fsL cfdf, alb{of_

a]kQf JolQmx¿ dWo] w]/} -() k|ltzt_ JolQm k'?if 5g\ . k'?ifx¿ g} g]kfnL ;dfhdf sdfO u/]/ kl/jf/sf] kfng–
kf]if0f ug]{ JolQm x'g\ . oLdWo] w]/}h;f] JolQm ev{/s} pd]/sf lyP h'g pd]/df kl/jf/sf nflu ltgn] ug]{ of]ubfg
dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . x'g t cfk\mgf] gft]bf/ a]kQf x'gsf] sf/0faf6 ;f] kl/jf/ k"/} ul/a x'G5 eGg]] s]xL 5}g t/ klg
sdfO ug]{ pd]/sf] JolQm u'dfPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ o;af6 kl/jf/sf] cfly{s ;'/Iff lglZrt ¿kdf sd x'g hfG5,
a]kQfsf] 36gfn] ubf{ To:tf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] ;dli6ut hLljsf]kfh{g sd x'g uPsf] 5 M klxn] u'hf/f
rnfO/x]sf kl/jf/x¿ r/d ul/aLsf] cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g\ . o;sf] kmn:j¿k, ul/aLsf sf/0f h];'s} eP tfklg
o; k|ltj]bgdf 5nkmn ul/Psf cfjZostfx¿ dWo] w]/h } ;f] cfjZostf g]kfnsf ;aeGbf ul/ax¿sf cfjZostf
h:t} 5g\ .

a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] d"NofÍg cfly{s c;'/Iffsf] dfqfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] lyof] -tflnsf #_ . oxfF
æcfjZostfÆ sf] kl/efiff k|foM ;j{q g} vfgf, cf}iflw pkrf/ tyf s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] lzIffsf ¿kdf ul/Psf] lyof] .

21
 cfly{s ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf c+z

pNn]v gug]{ )=@@

dWod )=%(
– s]xL cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Ifd gePsf
uDeL/ )=!%
– w]/} cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Ifd gePsf
tLj| )=)$
– vfgfsf nflu dfUb} lx+8\g'kg]{

tflnsf # M cGtjf{tf{sf] ;dodf e]l6Psf, a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] cfly{s x}l;otsf] ;f/f+z

o;sf r/d dfldnf eg]sf To:tf kl/jf/sf dfldnfx¿ 5g\ h'g kl/jf/x¿df ltgsf] kfng–kf]if0f ug{sf nflu
cfly{s ¿kdf ;lqmo s'g} JolQm g} afFsL /x]sf 5}gg\ . a"9f–kfsf JolQmx¿sf] kfng–kf]if0f ug{sf nflu a]kQf
JolQm afx]s cGo s'g} 5f]/f–5f]/L g} 5}gg\ cyjf hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ Ifdtf gePsf 3/–d"nL g} dlxnf ePsf
kl/jf/x¿ o;df ljz]if pNn]vgLo 5g\ . o:tf] kl/l:yltsf xsdf, kl/jf/x¿ of t ;d'bfosf] bofdfly lge{/
5g\ cyjf dfu]/ u'hf/f rnfpg tL afWo ePsf 5g\ .

‘‘ jxf“ x'g'x'Gg, To;}n] ;a} s'/f sl7g ePsf] 5 . dnfO{ af“Rg g} w]/} sl7g 5 . d la/fdL k/]+ eg] s;}n]
klg dnfO{ k};fsf] ;xof]u ub}{g . d]/f] kl/jf/df sfd ug]{ / ;f] C0f ltg]{ sf]xL klg dfG5] 5}g, To;}n]
s;}n] klg dnfO{ C0f lb+b}g . d]/f l5d]sL, d]/f] ;d'bfon] dnfO{ s'g} klg d2t ub}{g .
’’
-a]kQf JolQmsf] >LdtL, alb{of_

‘‘ g]kfnL kl/jf/df, 5f]/f] u'dfpg' eg]sf] k]G;g u'dfpg' xf] .

’’
-a]kQf JolQmsf afa', wg'iff_

dfcf]jfbLaf6 kLl8t ePsf w]/} JolQmx¿ lj:yflkt ePsf 5g\ . ljz]if ¿kdf o;sf] kl/0ffd s] ePsf] 5 eg]
hldgdf kx'Fr gePsf] sf/0fn] hLljsf]kfh{g k"/} u'Dg uPsf] 5 M /f]Nkfsf kLl8tx¿sf] Pp6f ;d"x lhNnf
;b/d'sfd lnafªdf lj:yflkt ePsf 5g\ / pgLx¿ kl/jf/sf] kfng–kf]if0fsf nflu b}lgs Hofnfbf/Ldf k"0f{
¿kdf lge{/ 5g\ .

cfkmGtsf] vf]hL ug]{ sfo{df vr{ ug{ sl7g x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg s]xL kl/jf/x¿n] 7"nf] wg–/flz vr{ u/]sf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLn] s;}nfO{ lnP/ uPsf] 5 eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf :yfgLo sfo{stf{x¿n] lkm/f}tLsf] ¿kdf kl/jf/x¿;Fu
/sd dfu u/] t/ lkm/f}tL ltbf{ klg ckx/0f ul/Psf JolQmnfO{ lj/n} dfq d'Qm ul/of] .

‘‘ d]/f] xsdf pgLx¿n] d]/f] ;a} ;DklQ, d]/f] >Ldfg\sf n'uf;d]t pgLx¿n] lnP/ uP . pgLx¿n] #–
$ nfv ¿k}of“ lnP/ uP pgLx¿ ;do–;dodf dsxf“ cfO/xGy] / pgnfO{ d'Qm ug{sf lgldQ xflsdx¿nfO{
v'zL kfg{sf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ yk k};f rflxof] egL dnfO{ eGy] . d}n] d]/f / 5f]/Lsf uxgf a]r]+ /
xflsdx¿nfO{ v'zL kfg{sf nflu pgLx¿n] dfu]sf] /sd pgLx¿nfO{ lbP“ . o;/L pgLx¿n] ;Dk"0f{ s'/f
d]/f] >Ldfg\ / ;DklQ lnP/ uP .
’’ -ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, sf7df8f}+}_

22
w]/}h;f] kl/jf/sf nflu pgLx¿n] ug'{k/]sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] Tofu eg]sf] :jf:Yo ;]jf / lzIff x'g\ . cfk\mgf
gft]bf/sf] a]kQf 36gfsf] k|ToIf kl/0ffdsf] ¿kdf w]/} kl/jf/x¿n] cfk\mgf] :jf:Yo lub}{ uPsf] b]v]sf 5g\ /
:jf:Yo ;]jfdf vr{ ug{ ;Sg] cfly{s Ifdtfsf] cefj klg ;Fu;Fu} pTkGg ePsf] 5 .

kl/jf/x¿åf/f k|fKt ;xof]u

a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf &( jf]6f d'2fsf ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nfsf] kmn:j¿k o:tf s]xL
kl/jf/ -oL dWo] # kl/jf/ cGtjf{tf{sf] qmddf e]l6Psf lyP_ n] Ifltk"lt{ :j¿k ¿= !,)),))).– k|fKt u/]sf lyP .
o;afx]s, ;–;fgf] ;xof]u b'O{ ;|f]taf6 pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] M ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf
cGo lgsfox¿ / /fhgLlts bn . åGåaf6 kLl8t JolQmx¿nfO{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpgsf lgldQ cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=åf/f
;~rflnt n3' cfly{s kxn sfo{qmdaf6 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf kl/jf/x¿n] ;xof]u k|fKt u/]sf lyP . /fHo kIfaf6
a]kQf JolQmsf] s]xL kl/jf/x¿nfO{ g]skf–dfcf]jfbLåf/f klg ;xof]u pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . ufpFsf w]/}
kl/jf/x¿n] ePsf] Ifltsf nflu :ki6 ¿kdf Ifltk"lt{sf] ¿kdf e'QmfgL tyf cf}iflw pkrf/ h:tf vf; vr{
Aoxf]g{sf nflu k6s] e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf lyP . o:tf] ;xof]u lhNnf:t/Lo dfcf]jfbL ;Ë7gsf] dfWodaf6
:yfgLo cfwf/df pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] .

cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g ePotf g]skf–dfcf]jfbLsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf dGqfno tyf cGo ;DalGwt sfof{nox¿df
a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/sf sltko ;b:ox¿nfO{ /f]huf/L ;d]t pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . g]skf–dfcf]jfbLåf/f
pknAw u/fOPsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;xof]u ;xfotf k|fKt ug]{ kl/jf/sf] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{;Fu /x]sf] s'g}–g–s'g} k|sf/sf]
;DaGwdf cfwfl/t lyof] / g]skf–dfcf]jfbLaf6 kLl8t ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/x¿ :ki6 ¿kdf o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf
lyPgg\ .

kl/jf/x¿åf/f ck]Iff ul/Psf] ;xof]u

kl/jf/x¿;Fu ePsf w]/} 5nkmnx¿df, Psk6s ul/g] e'QmfgLsf ¿kdf lbOg] Ifltk"lt{ cyjf kl/k"/0fsf] ck]Iff
pgLx¿n] u/]sf 5}gg\, clkt' cf}iflw pkrf/ tyf a]kQf JolQmsf s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] lzIffdf ;xof]u nufot vf;
If]qdf bL3{sfnLg ;xof]usf] ck]Iff pgLx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ egL tL kl/jf/x¿n] atfP .

‘‘ åGåaf6 kLl8t JolQmx¿ k};f cyjf Ifltk"lt{ xf]Og, a¿ ltgsf s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] eljiosf] k|Tofe"lt
rfxG5g\ .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf bfh', afFs]_

‘‘ pgLx¿n] kLl8tx¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kb{5, pgLx¿n] xfd|f s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ k9fO lbg'kb{5 . g]kfndf
kl/jf/sf bz hgfnfO{ kfNgsf lglDt Ps hgfn] sfd ug'{ kb{5 / ToxL dflg; xfd|f] kl/jf/af6
a]kQf 5 .
’’ - a]kQf JolQmsL cfdf, sf7df8f}+_

hxfF;Dd kl/jf/x¿sf] ;DaGw 5, o;sf] ;dfwfg eg]sf] b}lgs hLjgsf cfjZostfx¿sf lgldQ k};f ltg{sf
nflu lbuf] pkfo pgLx¿nfO{ k|bfg ug'{ xf] . o;sf] cy{ s] x'g ;Sb5 eg] a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] lzIff /
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt ;/sf/n] ug'{ kb{5 cyjf cfDbfgLsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ /f]huf/L tL kl/jf/x¿nfO{ lbg'kb{5 .

23
o;/L eljiosf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ cfly{s ;'/Iff pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . x'g t kl/jf/x¿n] k]G;gsf] cjwf/0ffsf]
pNn]v u/]sf 5}gg\ t/ o;n] klg ltgsf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . -kl/R5]b $=&
ækl/k"/0fÆ klg x]g'{xf];\_ .

$=% a]kQf JolQmsf >LdtLx¿sf ljlzi6 cfjZostf

;+o'Qm kl/jf/ eg]sf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ tTjx¿ x'g\ . ;+o'Qm kl/jf/n] cfly{s tyf ;+j]ufTds ¿kdf
7"nf] ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg ;Sb5g\ . olb JolQmx¿ kl/jf/af6 6fl9Psf 5g\ eg] kl/jf/df ;aeGbf 7"nf] tgfj
pTkGg ug]{ Ps dfq sf/0f klg aGg ;Sb5 . k/Dk/fut kl/jf/x¿df zlQm–;DaGwx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . o; zlQm–
;DaGwdf a"9f–kfsfx¿sf] k|e'Tj /xG5 / o;df sd pd]/sf >LdtLx¿ To:tf] txsf] ;aeGbf kL++wdf /xG5g\ .
pgLx¿n] ;f;"x¿sf] cf1fsf/L x'g' kb{5 eGg]] 7flgG5 . ev{/sf dlxnfx¿ kl/jf/ leq cfk\mgf] x}l;otsf nflu
cfk\mgf] >Ldfg\ cyjf 5f]/f–5f]/Lx¿, ltgdf klg cem a9L 5f]/fx¿ dfly lge{/ /xG5g\ . ev{/sf dlxnfx¿sf
>Ldfg a]kQf 5g\ / kl/jf/ leq ltgLx¿sf] x}l;ot sd dfqfdf dfq :yflkt ePsf] 5 eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf
kl/jf/ leqsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;d:ofsf ¿kdf o;nfO{ x]l/g' kb{5 .

dlxnfn] cfk\mgf] kl/jf/ 5f]8]/ lx+l8g\ eg] /÷cyjf k'gM ljjfx ul/g\ eg] o;nfO{ ljjfx u/]sf] 3/ k|lt / ltgsf
>Ldfg k|lt ul/Psf] ljZjf;3ftsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 / o;df pgn] 7"nf] lt/:sf/sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cfk\mgf
>Ldfg\ dl/;s]sf 5g\ egL w]/} dlxnfn] ljZjf; gug]{ sf/0faf6 klg k'gM ljjfx ug]{ s'/f cem hl6n ag]sf]
5 . To;sf/0f k'glj{jfxnfO{ pgLx¿n] ljsNksf] ¿kdf ljrf/ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . afn–aRrf gePsL dlxnfsf xsdf
pgL ;fFlRrs} 3/ 5f]8]/ lx+8\g / km]l/ ljjfx ug{ ;lS5g\ . o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k a]kQfsf] >LdtL -a'xf/L_ nfO{
kl/jf/ leq 3/ 5f]8]/ efUg vf]Hg] cj;/sf] k|ltIff ul//x]sL dlxnfsf] ¿kdf kl/jf/ leq x]l/G5 / ljz]if ¿kdf
csf]{ dflg; ;Fu kf]On uP/ o:tf] 36gf x'G5 . o;n] k|foM a]kQf JolQmsf >LdtLx¿nfO{ lt/:sf/ ug{] lbzflt/
k|j[Q u/fpFb5 M

‘‘ olb dnfO{ jl/kl/ b]v] eg] d]/f ;f;"–;;'/fn] j]Zof, af]S;L, ljwjf cflb h:tf v/fa zAb eg]/
dnfO{ ufnL ub{5g\ .
’’ -ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, stlg{of, alb{of_

sfd ug]{ / k};f sdfpg] cj;/ dlxnfx¿nfO{ gePsfn] 3/–kl/jf/sf nflu cfly{s of]ubfg ug{ pgLx¿ ;Ifd
5}gg\ . o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k, kl/jf/sf nflu sdfP/ s]xL klg gNofpg] t/ pgnfO{ vfln kfln/xg'kg]{ JolQmsf
¿kdf pgLx¿nfO{ x]l/G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, pgLx¿sf nflu kl/l:ylt Psbd} sl7g x'Fbf klg cfly{s k/–
lge{/tfsf] l:yltn] ubf{ pgLx¿ cfk\mgf] kfl/jfl/s 3/ 5f]8\g ;Sb}gg\ .

‘‘ olb xfdLn] 3/ 5f]8o\ f}+ / pgLx¿nfO{ xfdLn] cfk\mgf] cg'xf/ b]vfPgf}+ eg] pgLx¿ r"k nfUg]5g\ t/
af“Rgsf nflu / s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] x]/ljrf/ ug{sf nflu xfd|f] s'g} cfDbfgL gx'g' g} ;d:of xf] . olb xfd|f
s]6fs]6Lx¿sf nflu lgMz'Ns lzIff / xfd|f nflu /f]huf/L x'g] xf] eg] :jtGq x'g / cfk\mg} dfq x]/rfx
ug{sf nflu t Hofnfbf/L sfd g} kof{Kt x'G5 .
’’
-ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, stlg{of, alb{of_

24
dlxnfx¿sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] cfjZostf eg]sf] To; lsl;daf6 kl/jf/leq ltgsf] x}l;ot a9fpg] cj;/ ltgnfO{
k|bfg ug'[{ xf] h'g lsl;daf6 cj;/ k|bfg ubf{ cfk\mgf ;f;"–;;'/f;Fu a:g' kg]{ ltgsf] ;fdflhs bfloTjnfO{
ltgn] k"/f ug{ ;s"g\ t/ ;fy–;fy} kl/jf/sf] ;dfg ;b:osf] ¿kdf ltgsf] ;Ddfg klg x'g ;sf];\ . cfly{s
:jtGqtf eof] eg] o; ;Fu;Fu} kl/jf/ leq a:g] cyjf 3/ 5f]8]/ hfg] eGg]] af/]df :jtGq lg0f{o ug]{ cj;/
ltgnfO{ k|fKt x'G5 . o:tf kl/jf/x¿sf nflu :jLs[t ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ cyjf kl/k"/0fsf gf6sLo c;/x¿ x'g
;Sb5g\ M olb a]kQf JolQmsf] >LdtLnfO{ Psd'i6 ¿kdf Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fOof] eg] ;f] /sd ltgaf6 kl/jf/n]
lng ;Sg]5 t/ lgoldt ¿kdf ltgnfO{ k]G;g pknAw u/fpg] xf] eg] lg/Gt/ kl/jf/nfO{ of]ubfg ul//xg]
JolQmsf ¿kdf kl/jf/ leq ltgsf] x}l;ot o;n] a9fpg]5 eGg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .

‘‘ x/]s dlxgf k]G;g e'QmfgL ul/of] eg] To;n] xfd|f] kl/jf/nfO{ d2t ug{ ;Sb5 . olb pgLx¿n]
Ifltk"lt{sf ¿kdf Psd'i6 /sd xfdLnfO{ lbP eg] To; k};fn] s] ul/;\ eg]/ kl/jf/n] dnfO{ ;f]Wg]5 .
olb d}n] k]G;g kfP“ eg], dnfO{ nfUb5, 5f]/f–5f]/Lsf] lzIffsf nflu d of] /sd vr{ ug]5
{ ' / eljiosf
nflu klg s]xL art ug]{ 5' .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf] >LdtL, wflbª_

kl/jf/leq dlxnfx¿sf] lt/:sf/ u/fpg] ;d:ofx¿n] ;d'bfodf klg o:t} kl/l:ylt v8f ug{ ;Sb5g\ M
;d'bfodf xfdLnfO{ ;d:of 5g\ egL cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf !* k|ltzt dlxnf tyf a]kQf JolQmsf ;Dk"0f{ >LdtL
dWo] @* k|ltztn] atfP . o;sf sf/s tTjx¿ w]/} 5g\ . tLdWo], pbfx/0fsf nflu, oxfF pNn]v ug'{kg]{ o:tf
tTjx¿df dlxnfsf] j}jflxs x}l;otsf af/]df ljBdfg c:ki6tf, ljjfxsf lrx\gx¿ nufO/xg] s'/fdfly dlxnfx¿sf]
hf]8 / ;fy} a]kQf JolQmsf >LdtLx¿ s'g}–g–s'g} ¿kdf gofF ¿kdf gofF >Ldfg\sf] vf]hLdf ;+nUg x'G5g\ egL
kl/jf/df k/]sf] k|efj kb{5g\ .

‘‘ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ ;“u ;DaGw /fd|f] 5}g . ha d c¿ s;};“u s'g} s'/f dfUg hfG5', d;“u s'g} cj}w
;DaGw ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 egL c¿x¿ 7fG5g\, clg, sf]xL klg ca dnfO{ d2t ug{ cfp“bg} g\ lsgeg] d cem}
pd]/sL g} 5' .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf] >LdtL, l;/fxf_

Pp6} o:t} r/d 36gfdf dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]sf dflg;x¿n] pgs} 3/df pgdfly xftkft ug]{ sf]l;; u/] .
dlxnfsf a]kQf >Ldfg\x¿sf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 hjfkm k|fKt ePdf To;n] ltgsf] x}l;ot :ki6 kf/]/
pgLx¿k|lt ul/g] lt/:sf/sf] cGt ug]{ 5 egL Ps dlxnfn] atfOg\ M

‘‘ xfdL ;s];Dd sf]l;; ub}{ 5f}+ t/ /fHon] ;d'bfosf oL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ul/lbg' kb{5 eGg]] dnfO{
nfUb5 . xfd|f dflg;x¿sf] d[To' eO;Sof] egL ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf v08df xfdL pgLx¿sf] sfh–
lqmof ug]{ lyof}+ / ljjfxsf lrx\gx¿ km\of“lslbg] lyof}+ . o;f] u/]df xfdLnfO{ ljjflxtf dlxnfsf n'uf /
lrx\gx¿df b]Vg] ;d:of t sDtLdf klg ;d'bfonfO{ kb}{gYof] . olb d]/f >Ldfg\ hLljt g} x'g'x'G5 eg]
pgLx¿n] jxf“sf] gfd k|sflzt ug'{ kb{5 h;n] ubf{ ;d'bfo r"k x'g ;sf];\ .
’’
-ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, u'nl/of, alb{of_

25
$=^ Gofo
cGo s'g} klg cfjZostfsf t'ngfdf a]kQf JolQmsf] kl/jf/sf nflu Gofosf af/]df w]/} elg ;lsPsf] 5 /
n]lv;lsPsf] klg 5 . w]/} kl/jf/x¿sf nflu of] klxnf] k|fyldstfdf kb}{g t}klg o;sf] lhDd]jf/L w]/} kl/jf/sf
nflu To:tf] rLh 5 h'g rLh Psbd} dxTjk"0f{ 5 / clwsf+z JolQm bf]ifLx¿ dfly d'2f rnfOg' kb{5 eGg]]
rfxG5g\ .

Gofosf] cy{ s] xf] egL kl/jf/x¿nfO{ ;f]Wbf pgLx¿n] lbPsf hjfkm tflnsf $ df b]vfOP adf]lhdsf 5g\ M

Gofosf] cy{ c+z

d'2f rnfpg] )=%$

Ifltk"lt{ )=$%
;To÷cj:yfsf af/]df hjfkm )=#!
;Ddfg )=)&
tflnsf $ M Gofosf] ¿kdf kl/jf/n] s]nfO{ lnPsf 5g\ -PseGbf a9L hjfkm lbg ;lsg] cj:yfdf_

Gofosf] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ cËsf] ¿kdf d"2f rnfpg] sfdnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 t/ cfly{s ;xof]u Pj+ ;To lg¿k0fn]
klg kl/jf/x¿sf] Gofok|ltsf] cjwf/0ffdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb5g\ . bf]ifLx¿nfO{ Hofg ;hfo lbOPsf],
oftgf lbOPsf] cyjf ltgsf kLl8tx¿sf] h:t} cj:yf ePsf] x]g{ rfxG5f}+ egL eGg]] b[li6sf]0faf6 abnf lng]
OR5f o; qmddf e]l6Psf JolQm dWo] * k|ltztn] JoQm u/] eg] ^* k|ltztn] ;hfosf] cfjZostf 5 egL atfP M

‘‘ h;sf 5f]/fx¿ dfl/Psf 5g\, To:tf xfd|f ;fyLx¿ eGb5g\, æh;n] xfd|f 5f]/fx¿nfO{ df/], pgLx¿n]
xfd|f 5f]/fx¿nfO{ df/]sf] h:t} lsl;daf6 ltgnfO{ klg dfg'{ kb{5 .Æ t/ xfdL o;f] eGb}gf}+ . ;j{k|yd,
xTofsf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ lu/k\mtf/ ul/g' kb{5 / ltgdfly d'2f rnfOg' kb{5 . bf]ifLnfO{ xfd|}
cfFvf cufl8 ;hfo lbOPsf] xfdL x]g{ rfxG5f}+ .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf bfh', uf]/vf_

eljiosf nflu pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf b08xLgtfnfO{ cGt ug'{ cfjZos 5 eGg]] ;dembf/L klg oL dWo]sf cNk;ª\Vos
JolQmx¿df 5 M

‘‘ a]kQf kfg]{ 36gfsf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ ;hfo lbP/ g]kfndf pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{ kb{5
h;n] ubf{ eljiodf o:tf sfd gbf]xf]l/o"g\ .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf] >LdtL, sf7df8f}+_

‘‘ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{sf] ;§f dflg;x¿sf] xTof ug]{ ;/sf/L ;'/IffsdL{x¿nfO{ ;hfo lbg'kb{5 . ;hfo
o:tf] x'g'kb{5 sL ;/sf/L hflu/ vfg]x¿n] o:tf] uNtL km]l/ gbf]xf]¥ofpg\ .
’’
-a]kQf JolQmsf] alxgL, /f]Nkf_

26
pgLx¿sf] 3fp lgsf] kfg]{ k|lqmofsf] cËsf] ¿kdf d'2f rnfpg] / ;hfo lbg] sfo{sf] e"ldsfnfO{ klg s]xL
kl/jf/x¿n] Gofof]lrt 7x¥ofP M

‘‘ olb Gofo k|bfg ul/of] eg] / bf]ifLdfly d'2f rnfOof] tyf ltgnfO{ ;hfo lbOof] eg] o;n] lglZrt
¿kdf dfgl;s j]bgfnfO{ sd ug]{5 .
’’ -ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, wg'iff_

s;dfly d'2f rnfpg] <

kl/jf/sf gft]bf/x¿nfO{ a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{ ug]{ s;dfly d'2 rnfpg' kb{5 egL pgLx¿ 7fGb5g\ egL kl/jf/x¿nfO{
;f]lwPsf] lyof]

c+z
k|ToIf ¿kdf bf]ifL )=^%
;'/fsL )=@(
cfb]z lbg] JolQm )=!(
/fhgLlt1 )=!#

tflnsf % M s;nfO{ ;hfo lbg' kb{5 egL kl/jf/ 7fGb5g\

k|ToIf ¿kdf bf]ifL JolQmx¿ o; ;"rLdf ;aeGbf dfly 5g\ / of] :jfefljs klg xf] t/ o; ;Gbe{df ;'/fsL tyf
bf]ifLsf dltof/x¿sf] klg pNn]v ul/of] . alb{ofdf ;'/fsLx¿sf] k|of]u Jofks ¿kdf ul/Psf] lyof] / ;'/fsLx¿
dfly d'2f rnfOg' kb{5 eGg]] kIfdf w]/}sf] ;dy{g b]lvof] . ;Í6sfnsf] cjlwdf alb{ofdf cftÍsf] jftfj/0f
lyof], log} tL ;'/fsL lyP h;n] s;nfO{ lnP/ hfg] eGg]] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ub{y] / a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x?nfO{
;d'bfodf ltg} JolQmx¿;Fu al;/xg' kb{Yof] . To;}n] o;f] elgPsf] xf] egL cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

l;4fGtt M s'g} klg d'2f :yfgLo ¿kdf rnfOg' kb{5 eGg]] kIfdf ;aeGbf a9L ;femf dt JoQm ePsf] lyof]
lsgeg] o;af6 To;df kLl8t kl/jf/x¿sf] ;aeGbf a9L kx'Fr x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf d'2f rnfpg] sfo{df
eg] s'g} cle?lr lyPg / sf7df8f}+df rnfOg] d'2fdf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr x'g]5}g eGg]] af/]df pgLx¿df lrGtf
lyof] .

‘‘ olb d'2f rnfpg] sfo{sf] /]l8of]af6 k|;f/0f ul/of] eg] klg sf7df8f}s + f] :6];g /]l8of]df ks8\g
;lsG5 eGg]] s'g} k|Tofe"lt 5}g . xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g t/ xfdL glhs}sf] ufp“nfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5f}+ . xfdL
:ki6;“u g]kfnL efiff a'e\mg ;Sb}gf}+ . tkfO{+h:t} oxf“ cfpg] / s] eof] egL xfdLnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] s'g}
dfG5] xfdLn] kQf nufpg' kb{5 .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf] >LdtL, afFs]_

27
dfkmL
k|Zg ;f]lwPsfx¿ dWo] ^( k|ltztn] dfkmL lbg] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/] / ltgLx¿ dWo] w]/n
} ] ;zQm ¿kdf o;f] eg] M

‘‘ [bf]ifLsf nflu dfkmL lbg] af/]df] cx“, of] 7Ls 5}g . o;df xfdL slxNo} klg dGh'/ x'“b}gf}+ . olb
;/sf/n] o;f] ug]{ sf]l;; u¥of] eg] xfdL ;/sf/sf] lj?4 hfg]5f}+ .
’’
-a]kQf JolQmsf >LdtLx¿, sf7df8f}+_

‘‘ tYosf af/]df ;To s'/f :ki6 ul/g' kb{5 t/ bf]ifLx¿nfO{ eg] dfkmL lbg' x'“b}g . pgLx¿nfO{ dfkmL
lbOof] eg] kLl8t kl/jf/x¿sf] dfgl;stf clxn] h:tf] 5, To:t} /lx/xg]5 . To;sf/0f dfkmL lbOg'
x'“b}g .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf] >LdtL, l;/xf_

cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf dWo] #! k|ltztn] dfkmL lbg ;lsg] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . oL dWo] cfwf eGbf a9Ln] s]xL]
zt{sf] cfwf/df dfq dfkmL lbg ;lsg]] wf/0ff JoQm u/] . cfb]zsf] kfng ug]{ tNnf] bhf{sf JolQmx¿nfO{ dfkmL
lbg ;lsG5 / a]kQf JolQmx¿sf ;DaGwdf dfu ul/Pdf lghnfO{ k|s6 ul/g' kb{5 eGg]] zt{x¿ x'g' kb{5 eGg]]
pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ 5 M

‘‘ olb pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf] uNtL sa'n ub{5g\ / s] ePsf] lyof], d}n] eGg vf]hs
] f], pgLx¿n] sxf“ / slxn]
df/] eGg]] af/]df lj:t[t ljj/0f xfdLnfO{ pknAw u/fp“b5g\ / pgLx¿n] nf; sxf“ /fv]sf 5g\ egL
xfdLnfO{ b]vfp“b5g\ eg] pgLx¿nfO{ dfkmL lbg ;lsG5, t/, olb o:tf] x'“b}g eg], ltgnfO ;hfo
lbg' kb{5 .
’’ -ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, sf7df8f}+_

‘‘ olb bf]ifLx¿n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] uNtL :jLsf/ ub{5g\ eg] pgLx¿nfO{ dfkmL lbg' kb{5 t/ ;To s'/fsf]
eg] 3f]if0ff ul/g' kb{5 .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf] >LdtL, l;/fxf_

kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / Gofo

a]kQf JolQmsf clwsf+z kl/jf/x¿ u|fdL0f If]qdf, ufpFx¿df a:b5g\ . oL ufpFx¿df kl/jf/x¿ ;fdflhs
;DaGwx¿sf] ;3g ;~hfnsf cË /x]sf x'G5g\ . cfk\mgf] s'g} gft]bf/ a]kQf x'g] 36gfn] oL ;DaGwx¿nfO{
sdhf]/ kfb{5 / s'g} kl/jf/ cyjf JolQmk|lt ;d'bfosf] dgf]j[lQdf o;n] kl/jt{g NofpFb5 . o;/L e]6 ul/Psf
!@ k|ltzt kl/jf/x¿n] ltgnfO{ cfk\mgf] ;d'bfodf pNn]vgLo cyjf tLj| ;d:of cem} ljBdfg 5g\ egL atfP .
o:tf ;d:ofx¿df To:tf 36gfx¿ klg kb{y] h'g 36gfdf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ wDsL lbOPsf] lyof] cyjf o:tf]
wDsLsf] sf/0faf6 kl/jf/x¿ cfk\mgf] 3/af6 lj:yflkt ePsf lyP . a]kQf JolQmsf] kl/jf/sf ;d:ofx¿sf]
;DaGw Jofks ljefhg ;Fu 5 h'g ljefhg åGåsf] s'g} Ps cyjf csf]{ kIf;Fu ;DalGwt JolQmx¿sf aLrdf
/xG5 . /fHo kIfaf6 a]kQf kfg{ nufOPsf egL atfOPsf JolQmsf w]/} kl/jf/x¿nfO{ cfk\mg} ;d'bfosf
;'/fsLx¿sf] o;df e"ldsf 5 eGg]] s'/f yfxf 5 / o;n] ubf{ o:tf ljefhgx¿ lg/Gt/ hf/L /x]sf 5g\ M

28
‘‘ ===xfdL ;'/fsLx¿sf] 3/df uPsf 5f}+ / tL 3/df ltgsf afa'–cfdf a:b5g\ . xfdLn] tL kl/jf/x¿nfO{
wDSofof}+ / of] af6f] eP/ glx+8\g", lx“8]df xfdL lynf]lynf] x'g] u/L lkl6lbg]5f}+ eg]/ atfof}+ . To; j]nfb]lv
;'/fsLx¿ of] af6f] lx+8\b}gg\ . ltgsf cfdfx¿n] s]xL eg]sf 5}gg\ . d}n] s]xL s'/f eg]sf] v08df pgL r"k
nfUbl5g\ .
’’ -ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, gf}/Ëf, alb{of_

o;/L k|efljt ;d'bfox¿ leq d]nldnfksf ;fy;fy} ;To tyf Gofosf] k|lqmof z'¿ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 eGg]]
;Í]t oL lgisif{x¿n] lbG5g\ .

$=& kl/k"/0f

w]/} kl/jf/x¿sf nflu clwsf/Lx¿n] kl/k"/0f :j¿k ug{ ;Sg] ;aeGbf 7"nf] sfd eg]sf] ltgsf] cfkmGtsf]
cj:yfsf af/]df ltgnfO{ hjfkm lbg' xf] M

‘‘ Pp6f s'/f xfdLn] a'em\ g ;s]sf 5}gf},+ dflg;x¿ xfd|f efjgf a'em\ g] sf]l;; lsg ub{g} g\ < xfdLnfO{
xfd|f >Ldfg\ rflxPsf] 5, c¿ s]xL klg rflxPsf] 5}g . xfd|f >Ldfg\ sxf“ 5g\ eGg] af/]df ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
hfgsf/L lbOof];\ eGg]] xfdL rfxG5f}+ . u}/–;/sf/L ;·7gx¿ xfdL sxf“ cfp“b5g\ / Ifltk"lt{sf af/]df
s'/f ub{5g\, o;af6 xfdLnfO{ /L; p7\5 .

Ifltk"lt{ / p4f/ ;xfotf

’’ -a]kQf JolQmsL cfdf, alb{of_

cfk\mgf cfkmGtx¿sf af/]df ;To kQf nufpg] s'/faf6 kl/jf/x¿sf] Wofg cGoq x6fpgsf lgldQ Ifltk"lt{
:j¿k e'QmfgL lbg] s'/f p7fOPsf] xf] eGg]] ulx/f] lrGtf w]/} kl/jf/x¿df 5 / o; ¿kdf ;To lg¿k0f eO;s]kl5
dfq Ifltk"lt{sf] s'/f cfpg' kb{5 egL w]/} kl/jf/n] cfk\mgf] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L ;To kQf nufpg'
eGbf klxn] Ifltk"lt{ lbOPdf ;f] :jLsf/ gug]{ s'/f tLdWo] &$ k|ltzt kl/jf/n] atfP M

‘‘ ;j{ky| d, s] ePsf] lyof] egL ;To yfxf kfpg xfdL rfxG5f}+ -===_ klxnf] s'/f, xfd|f] kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿sf af/]df xfdLn] tYo yfxf kfpg' k¥of] . cGoyf Ifltk"lt{ :jLsfo{ 5}g . vfln Ifltk"lt{ dfq
kfP/ To;n] xfd|f] dg / d'6'nfO{ zfGt kfg}{ ;Sb}gg\ . k};f cyjf Ifltk"lt{ xfd|f] xftdf k/]df klg pgLx¿nfO{
s] eof] eGg] af/]df xfdL ;“w} ;f]rL g} /xg]5f}+ . pgLx¿nfO{ kQf gnufpGh]n / ltgsf] sfh–lqmof gu?Gh]n
ltgsf] cfTdfn] xfdLnfO{ ;tfO /xg]5 .
’’ -a]kQf b'O{ bfh''–efOsL cfdf, alb{of_
kl/jf/x¿n] kl/k"/0f eGg]] zAbsf] k|of]u slxNo} klg u/]gg\, Ifltk"lt{ eGg]] zAbsf] k|of]u lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul/Psf]
lyof] / Ifltk"lt{sf af/]df g} a9L 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . o;af6 cfly{s ;xof]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 eGg]]
s'/f k|ltlalDat x'GYof] . olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg s]xL JolQmx¿n] kl/k"/0fsf] cjwf/0ff a'em]sf] s'/f atfP M

‘‘ Ifltk"lt{ eg]sf] cfly{s /sd xf] / To;kl5 of] [of] ljifo g}]] aGb -x'G5_ . t/ kl/k"/0fsf] cy{ eg]
:df/s, ;w}+ l6sfp x'g] j:t' x'g\ . kl/k"/0f cGtu{t sfg'g adf]lhdsf] Gofo klg kb{5 -===_ kl/k"/0f leq
unt sfd sa'n ug]{ s'/f klg kb{5 .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf afa', wg'iff_

29
kl/k"/0f zAbsf] cy{ yfxf gkfPsf] :yfgdf ;d]t o; cjwf/0ff cGtu{t Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t kb{5 egL atfP M

‘‘ Ifltk"lt{ lbg'sf] cy{ k|ToIf ¿kdf ;To sa'n gu/] tfklg cfk"mn] u/]sf] uNtL :jLsf/ ug'{ xf] .
;f“lRrs}, Ifltk"lt{ lbg'sf] cy{[cfk"mn] u/]sf] uNtLsf nflu] /fHon] hl/jfgf ltg'{ xf] .
’’
-a]kQf JolQmsf bfh', uf]/vf_

‘‘ s'g} dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ k};f;“u bf“Hg ;ls+b}g . To;}n] k|z:t k};f lt/] klg of] kof{Kt x'g ;Sb}g .
To; sf/0f, ;j{ky| d xfd|f cfkmGtx¿nfO{ /fli6«o zxLb 3f]if0ff ug'{ kb{5 / ;/sf/n] zxLbsf kl/jf/sf]
¿kdf xfdLnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ul/Psf] lr7L lbg' kb{5 . a"9f–kfsfx¿sf nflu k]G;g, a]/f]huf/ ;b:ox¿nfO{
pko'Qm /f]huf/L cyjf a]/f]huf/ eQf, dflyNnf] sIff ;Dd afn–aflnsfx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIff cflb
h:tf ;'ljwfx¿ zxLbsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .
’’
-ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmn, wg'iff_

tTsfnLg cfly{s ;xof]usf] cfjZostf / /fxtsf] s'/f p7fP/ cfk\mgf cfkmGtx¿sf af/]df ;To lg¿k0f ljgf
s'g} klg Ifltk"lt{ :jLsf/ ug]{ clgR5fsf aLrdf /x]sf] b'ljwfsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ k|of; s]xL kl/jf/x¿n] u/] M

‘‘ /fxtsf] ¿kdf pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ ¿= ! nfv lbP eg] d of] lnG5', olb pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ Ifltk"lt{
eg]/ atfP eg] of] lng] s'/} x'“b}g .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf] >LdtL, wflbª_

Ifltk"lt{ cyjf kl/k"/0fnfO{ Psk6s lbOg] e'QmfgLsf] ¿kdf / To; kl5 of] aGb g} x'g] ljifosf] ¿kdf t'ngfTds
¿kdf yf]/} kl/jf/n] 7fg]sf 5g\ . a]kQf JolQmn] p;sf] hLjge/ kl/jf/sf], ljz]iftM cfdf–afa'sf] kfng–kf]if0f
ug{sf nflu sfd u/]sf] x'GYof] / o;/L o;df kl/jf/sf nflu bL3{sfnLg ;xof]usf] cfjZostf cGtlg{lxt 5 .

‘‘ Ifltk"lt{ ljgf ltgdf lge{/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ af“Rg g} sl7g x'g]5 . d]/} s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] d}n]
cfdf–afa'sf] x]/rfx ul//x]sf] 5' -===_ To:tf s]xL 36gfx¿ klg 5g\ h'g 36gfx¿df s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] x]/rfx
ug]{ sf]xL klg 5}gg\ lsgeg] ltgsf s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ 5f]8]/ afa' a]kQf kfl/Psf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
>LdtLn] s] ug{ ;Sbl5g\ < pgsf] s'g} /f]huf/L 5}g / hldgaf6 x'g] pTkfbg klg kl/jf/sf cfjZostf
k"/f ug{sf nflu kof{Kt 5}g . o;afx]s, s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] lzIff / cf}iflw pkrf/sf nflu klg vr{ Aoxf]g{
g;Sg] pgsf] ;d:of 5“b}5 .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf bfh', uf]/vf_

o; sf/0f, kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf nflu /f]huf/L cyjf hldgsf] ¿kdf kl/jf/x¿n] k|foM o; dfunfO{ /fv]sf
5g\ . hldg eg]sf] w]/}h;f] g]kfnLsf nflu k'FhLsf] k/Dk/fut ¿k xf] / hldg ePdf s[lifsf] dfWodaf6 o;n]
cfDbfgL ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sb5 M

‘‘ ;/sf/n] kLl8t kl/jf/sf sDtLdf klg Ps hgf ;b:osf nflu /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf klg ldnfpg'
kb{ 5 .
’’ -ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, wg'iff_

30
‘‘ /fHosf ;'/IffsdL{x¿åf/f xTof ul/Psf JolQmsf kl/jf/sf nflu cfjf;sf lglDt ;/sf/n] hUuf
pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 / ltgsf] s]6fs]6Lsf] lzIffsf nflu Joj:yf ldnfOlbg' kb{5 .
’’
-ljifo–s]lGb|t ;d"xut 5nkmnsf ;xefuL, wg'iff_

;Ddfg / :df/ssf] lgdf{0f

‘‘ d}n] klxn] g} eg] h:t}, d'ns

' df kl/jt{g Nofpgsf lglDt oL kl/jf/x¿n] u/]sf] of]ubfgsf] sb/
;/sf/n] ug'{ kb{5 -===_ d/]sfx¿nfO{ zxLb 3f]if0ff ug'{ kb{5 / ltgsf gfddf k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf ug{
;lsG5 . k};f dfq ;a} s'/f xf]Og, k};f cfh cfp“5 / ef]ln ;lsG5 . ;aeGbf dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f t ;Ddfg
xf] .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf bfh', uf]/vf_
x'g t ;Ddfg eg]sf] cf+lzs ¿kdf cfly{s ;xof]udf kx'Fr k|fKt ug'{ klg xf] t/ of] eg]sf] kl/jf/sf] dtnfO{
sb/ ug'{ klg xf] . d'n'sdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;a}n] ;sf/fTds egL :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ / o; kl/jt{gdf
ltgsf cfkmGtx¿n] e"ldsfsf] lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ / tL cfkmGtnfO{ dxTj lbOg' kb{5 eGg]] tL kl/jf/x¿sf] dt
5 . ;Ddfg ug]{ ;+oGq s:tf] x'g' kb{5 egL k|Zg ubf{ s]xL kl/jf/x¿n] Ifltk"lt{sf] ¿kdf of] x'g ;Sb5 egL
pNn]v u/] lsgeg] Ifltk"lt{ eg]sf] cfk"mn] u/]sf] uNtL ;/sf/n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] s'g} pkfo xf] M of] ;Ddfgsf]
¿kdf ul/g] kl/k"/0f xf] .

cfk\mgf gft]bf/x¿nfO{ lbOg' kg]{ x}l;ot k|bfg ul/Psf] cfk"mn] b]Vg rfx]sf] ljifonfO{ :ki6 ug{sf nflu w]/}
kl/jf/x¿ zxfbt eGg]] zAbsf] efiff k|of]u ub{5g\ / of] cf+lzs ¿kdf Ifltk"lt{;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5 . klxn]sf
zxLbx¿, ljz]if u/L lj=;+= @)^@ sf] hg–cfGbf]ngsf zxLbx¿k|lt ul/Psf] Jojxf/ b]v]sf] cg'ejaf6 cf+lzs
¿kdf o:tf] dgf]j[lQsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . ;f] hg–cfGbf]ngsf zxLbx¿sf] ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] / ltgsf
kl/jf/x¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{:j¿k cfy{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] .

‘‘ xf], of] -:df/s_ Oltxf; lgdf{0fsf] sb/ ug{sf lgldQ cTofjZos 5 .

’’
-a]kQf JolQmsf 5f]/f, l;/fxf_
o; ;j]{If0fsf] cjlwdf e]l6Psf kl/jf/x¿n] a]kQf JolQmx¿sf nflu :df/ssf] cfjZostfsf af/]df pNn]v u/]
t/ olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg a]kQf JolQmx¿sf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf yfxf gx'Gh]n :df/s lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/fdf clgR5f
pgLx¿n] k|s6 u/] . :df/s agfpg' kg]{ s'/fsf] pNn]v ug]{ dWo] ^* k|ltztn] o:tf] :df/s To:tf] s'g} rLh x'g'
kb{5, h'g :yfgLo xf];\ eGg]] rfxGy] .

‘‘ /fi6«sf nflu pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf] hLjgsf] alnbfg u/] . To;sf/0f pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfg ug{} kb{5 . xfdL
ul/a gePsf] eP :df/s lgdf{0f ug]{ lbzfdf xfdL g} kxn ug]{ lyof}+ -===_ a]kQf JolQmsf gfddf ljBfnodf
5fqfjf; cyjf k':tsfno g} klg xfdL agfpg ;Sb5f}+ -===_ ltgsf gfddf rf}tf/L cyjf åf/ cyjf
k':tsfno cyjf s'g} ;fgf] :df/s g} klg xfdL agfpg ;Sb5f}+ . x'g t xfdL To:tf] rLh agfpg ;Sb}gf}+
h'g /fHon] agfpg] h:tf] eJo xf];\ t/ klg /fHon] agfPg eg] klg xfdL cfk\mg} kxndf s]xL agfpg
rfxG5f}+ . /fi6«sf nflu JolQm -xfd|f bfh'–efO_ n] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg efjL k':tfn] ;lDem/x"g\ eGg]] xfdL
rfxG5f}+ .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf bfh', uf]/vf_

31
$=* /fHo tyf /fHosf ;+:yfx¿k|lt dgf]jl[ Q
of] cg';Gwfg ul//x]sf] ;dodf ;/sf/n] ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] d:of}bf ljw]os k|sflzt u¥of]
/ o;sf af/]df ltgsf] dt hfGg kl/jf/x¿nfO{ k|Zg ;f]lwof] . x'g t e]6 ul/Psf dWo] @# k|ltzt kl/jf/n]
k|:tfljt cfof]usf af/]df s]xL s'/f ;'g]sf lyP t/ ;fx|} yf]/} dfq o;sf af/]df lj:t[t ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg
;Ifd lyP . o; cfof]usf af/]df ;'g]sf %# k|ltzt kl/jf/n] o;sf af/]df gsf/fTds dt JoQm u/], ^ k|ltzt
o;sf] kIfdf lyP / c¿ afFsLn] s'g} dt JoQm u/]gg\ . o;/L kl/jf/x¿sf] d'Vo dgf]j[lQ eg]sf] Ps lsl;dsf]
c1fg xf] M o; cfof]usf af/]df ;/sf/sf] s] of]hgf 5 eGg]] s'/f w]/}h;f]nfO{ cln–cln dfq yfxf 5 . dfkmL
lbgsf nflu o; cfof]usf] th'{df ul/Psf] xf] eGg] a'emfO To:tf dflg;x¿df 5 h'g dflg;x¿nfO{ o; cfof]usf
af/]df cln–cln dfq hfgsf/L 5 M

‘‘ d}n] [;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf af/]df] ;'g]sf] 5' . Tof] bf]ifLx¿nfO{ dfkmL lbgsf nflu
xf] . dnfO{ lj:tf/df eg] yfxf 5}g .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf 5f]/f, l;/fxf_

k|:tfljt cfof]un] k|jw{g ug{ vf]h]sf] cy{df æd]nldnfkÆ eg]sf] dfkmL h:t} xf] egL Ps hgf /fd|};Fu ;';"lrt
JolQmn] cfk\mgf] dt JoQm u/]/ o;} cg'¿k pgn] l6Kk0fL u/] M

‘‘
xf] .
xfdLnfO{ ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u rflx+bg} , xfdLnfO{ rflxPsf] ;To lg¿k0f cfof]u dfq

’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf bfh', alb{of_

olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg dfkmLsf] ;jfnsf cltl/Qm ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u ;DaGwL ljw]ossf af/]df k|foM
sf]xL klg l6Kk0fL ug{ ;dy{ lyPgg\ .

/fHo ablnPsf] 5 / ca lx+;f x'bF g} eGg]] cfZjf;g cGo kLl8tx¿ h:t} a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿ klg rfxG5g\ .
;/sf/n] a]kQf JolQmsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{5 eGg]] ck]Iffsf af/]df bf]ifL egL cleof]u nufOPsf
JolQmsf cfwf/df w|'jLs/0f ePsf] kfOof] M /fHo kIfaf6 kLl8t kfl/Psf egL atfOPsf &! k|ltztn] o;
;jfnsf] ;Daf]wg x'g] ck]Iff u/] / dfcf]jfbL kIfaf6 kLl8t ePsf egL atfOPsf dWo] eg] @@ k|ltztn] dfq
o:tf] ck]Iff u/] . xfn ;+o'Qm ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf] /fhgLlts kf6L{sf tkm{af6 kLl8t ePsf JolQmx¿
/fHosf ;+:Yffx¿k|lt ulx/f] cljZjf; /x]sf] tYo o;df k|ltlalDat x'G5 .

‘‘ gof“ ;/sf/sf g]tfx¿ klg a]kQfsf] 36gf / dflg;x¿nfO{ oftgf lbg] sfo{df ;+nUg ePsf]
sf/0faf6 d zt–k|ltzt g} t ljZj:t 5}g . olb k]ml/ klg o:t} vfnsf] kl/l:ylt pTkGg eof] eg] oL
g]tfx¿dfly klg d'2f rnfOG5 . To; sf/0f pgLx¿ klg o:tf k|fjwfgx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{af6 6f9}
/xG5g\ . clxn]sf] ;/sf/n] o:tf sfd ub{5 egL d ljZjf;k"j{s eGg ;lSbg“ . clxn]sf] kl/jlt{t
kl/l:yltdf klg pgLx¿n] s]xL ug{ ;s]gg\ eg] pgLx¿n] hgtfsf] ljZjf; u'dfpg]5g\ .
’’
-a]kQf JolQmsf afa', /fHo kIfaf6 kLl8t elgPsf, wg'iff_

32
olb ;/sf/ a]kQf JolQmsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ c;kmn ePsf v08df pgLx¿n] rfNg ;Sg] s'g} sfd–
sf/afxLk|lt w]/} kl/jf/x¿n] efUojfbL cjwf/0ff -s] ug]{<_ agfPsf 5g\ t/ klg /fHo kIfaf6 kLl8tx¿ dWo]
clwsf+zn] o;df k|ltlqmof JoQm ug]{, tL dWo]sf cfwf /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'g] / s]xL yf]/} JolQm
-!% k|ltzt_ ;z:q ljb|f]x z'¿ ug{ tof/ /x]sf] egL pgLx¿n] atfP .

‘‘ olb ;/sf/n] sfd u5{ eg], / ;f] sfd ug{ ;do nfU5 eg] xfdL kv{g tof/ 5f},+ t/ kf6L{n] xfdLnfO{
wf]sf lbof] eg] xfdL cfk\mg} kf6L{sf lj?4 xltof/ p7fpg lxlRsrfpg]5}gf}+ .
’’
-a]kQf JolQmsf >LdtLx¿, sf7df8f}+_

$=( sfg'gL tyf k|zf;lgs ;jfn

u|fdL0f If]qsf clwsf+z g]kfnLx¿sf] h:t}, a]kQf JolQmsf w]/} kl/jf/sf] /fHo;Fu cf}krfl/s ;DaGw Psbd} sd
5 . pgLx¿n] k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ tyf ;'ljwfx¿nfO{ lgodg ug]{ P]g–sfg'g tyf tL clwsf/ tyf ;'ljwf
k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfjZos sfo{ ljlw÷cfjZostfx¿sf af/]df pgLx¿nfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g .

a]kQf JolQmx¿sf] x}l;otnfO{ dfGotf glbOPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ x/]s lbg ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ Jofjxfl/s ;jfnx¿sf
af/]df sf/afxL ug{sf lglDt kl/jf/x¿sf nflu s'g} sfg'gL ;+/rgf pknAw 5}g eGg]] klg o;sf] cy{ x'G5 . oxfF
pNn]v ug}{ kg]{ yk af]emsf] s'/f s] klg 5 eg] s]xL clwsf/ tyf dflg;x¿sf] aLrsf] ;DaGwsf ljifodf /fli6«o
sfg'geGbf k/Dk/f a9L k|efjzfnL x'G5g\ . To;sf/0f, >Ldfg\ u'dfPafkt pQ/flwsf/, afn–aflnsfsf] ;+/If0f
cyjf k]G;gsf] ;'ljwfsf] s'/f ha p7\5, ta a]kQf JolQmsf >LdtLx¿sf nflu s'g} k|efjsf/L sfg'g ;+/If0f
pknAw 5}g .

To:tf s}of}+ If]qx¿ 5g\ h'g If]qx¿df a]kQfsf gft]bf/x¿sf] clglZrt tyf st} s'g} clen]v gePsf] cj:yfsf]
kmn:j¿k s]xL kl/jf/n] ;fFlRrs} ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf u/]sf 5g\ . hldg / ;DklQsf nflu nfn k'hf{ / cGo
b:tfj]h cfjZos kb{5g\ / To;}n] oL pgLx¿sf nflu cToGt} h?/L k|zf;lgs ;jfn ePsf 5g\ . o; ;jfnsf]
pNn]v e]6 ul/PsfdWo] !$ k|ltztn] u/]sf lyP M

‘‘ x'g t hldg d]/f afa'sf] gfddf 5}g t/ klg hldg xfd|f] gfddf ;fg{ sl7g 5 lsgeg] sfg'g adf]lhd
hldg ;aeGbf klxn] afa'sf] gfddf ;fg'k{ b{5 / To;kl5 aNn xfd|f] gfddf . d[To'sf] k|df0fkq gePsfn] of]
w]/} sl7g 5 .
’’ -a]kQf JolQmsf 5f]/f, l;/xf_

c¿ k|zf;lgs ;jfnx¿, ljz]if u/L k]G;gsf ;jfn klg p7\b5g\ . k]G;g kfpg] lgh JolQm dl/;s]sf] egL
cflwsfl/s ¿kdf k|dfl0ft gx'Gh]n ;f]em} k|ToIf ¿kdf k]G;g kfpg] JolQm afx]s c¿ s;}n] klg k]G;g lemSg
kfpFb}gg\ .

33
‘‘ jxf“sf] lu/k\mtf/Lkl5 xfdL gjnk/f;Ldf a:g cfof}+ t/ xfd|f] ;a} ;DklQ uf]/vfdf g} 5 . x'g t
uf]/vf xfdL hGd]sf] lhNnf xf] t/ xfdL Toxf“ hfg / ;DklQsf] ef]u–rng ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ . d]/L cfdfn] d]/f
afa'sf] k]G;g cem} kfpg' ePsf] 5}g / ;/sf/n] ;DklQ a]Rg] clwsf/ ce}m xfdLnfO{ lbPsf] 5}g .
’’
-a]kQf JolQmsf 5f]/f, sf7df8f}+_

a]kQf JolQmsf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf w]/} kl/jf/x¿sf] dgf]j[lQaf6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] ltgsf cfkmGtx¿nfO{ vfln
d/]sf] egL 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] b]v]/ dfq pgLx¿ v'zL x'Fb}gg\ . t/ sfg'gL tyf k|zf;lgs ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fdgf
ul//x]sf JolQmx¿ c¿ b]z -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ch]{lG6gf, af]l:gof_ x¿df nfu" ul/P h:tf] k|rngsf] kIfdf
5g\ . tL b]zx¿df æa]kQfÆ elg cflwsfl/s x}l;ot k|bfg ul/G5 h'g x}l;otåf/f a]kQf JolQmnfO{ d/]sf] egL
3f]if0ff ul/Fb}g t/ sfg'gL k|of]hgsf nflu pm cg'kl:yt 5 eGg]] 3f]if0ff ul/G5 / o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ;DklQ,
k]G;g cflb pQ/flwsf/Lx¿df ;fg{ ;lsG5 . k|df0f kq hf/L u/L cyjf cflwsfl/s ?kdf s;}nfO{ a]kQf 3f]if0ff
ul/Psf] v08df a]kQf JolQmsf] cj:yf ;DaGwL ;To tYo kQf nufpgsf] ;§f clwsfl/x¿n] ;f] 3f]if0ffnfO{
cfkm\gf] bfloTjsf] ;fFrf] cy{df ;dfwfg eGg]5g\ eGg] a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] ulx/f] cfzÍf lyof] . h];'s}
eP tfklg k|zf;lgs ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf clwsf+z JolQmx¿n] a]kQf egL o;/L 3f]if0ff ug]{ k|:tfjnfO{
;dy{g u/] .

34
 %=
lgisif{ tyf l;kmfl/;x¿

o; cWoogaf6 a]kQf cfk\mgf gft]bf/ u'dfPsf] sf/0faf6 k/]sf Jofjxfl/s c;/ vf; u/L cfly{s k|efj ;fdgf
ul//x]sf dflg;x¿sf] Ps ;d"x, hf] cfkm\gf cfkmGt hLljt g} 5g\ cyjf dl/;s] eGg] af/]df yfxf gkfPsf]
sf/0faf6 pTkGg ;+j]ufTds tgfjnfO{ ;xg] k|of; ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg]] tl:j/ phfu/ x'G5 . o:tf kl/jf/x¿n]
;fdgf ul//x]sf sl7gfOx¿ w]/} 5g\ / tL Ps–csf{;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . oL sl7gfOx¿af6 ltgsf] b}lgs hLjgsf
ljleGg kIf k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . o;sf nflu ax'kIfLo cjwf/0ffsf] cfjZostf 5 .

a]kQf JolQmsf ;jfnx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf lgldQ g]kfnL clwsf/Lx¿åf/f ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ljutdf ul/Psf
k|lta4tfx¿sf] ;Ddfg ug'{ Psbd} h?/L 5 eGg] o; cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . kl/jf/x¿sf] x}l;ot tyf a]kQf
cfk\mgf gft]bf/x¿sf] cj:yf yfxf kfpg] ltgsf] clwsf/—oL b'j} ;'lglZrt ul/Og' kb{5 / o; ;jfnnfO{
;Daf]wg ug]{ af/]df ;/sf/sf] c;dy{tf cyjf OR5fsf af/]df To:tf kl/jf/x¿df ljBdfg ljZjf;sf] cefjnfO{
;Daf]wg ul/g' kb{5 .

hah{:tL a]kQf kfl/g] ;jfnsf af/]df sf/jfxL ug{sf lgldQ cfof]u u7g ug]{ af/]df tof/L eO/x]sf 5g\ t/
a]kQf JolQmsf ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/sf cfjZostfx¿sf] k"lt{ To; cfof]uaf6 x'G5 ls x'Fb}g eGg] af/]df jt{dfg
;dodf ce}m :ki6 eO;s]sf] 5}g . o; cWoogsf lgisif{ tyf tL kl/jf/ cfkm}+n] JoQm u/]sf cfjZostfx¿sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=n] d'Vo l;kmfl/;x¿ u/]sf] 5 . oL l;kmfl/;x¿sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 tL kl/jf/sf
cfjZostfx¿ k"lt{ ug{ dbt k'Ug]5 .

kl/jf/x¿sf] yfxf kfpg' kg]{ clwsf/sf] ;DdfgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{sf lgldQ

/fHosf] lgsfosf ;DaGwdf l;kmfl/;

• /fHosf] o:tf] lgsfosf] sfof{b]z v'nf x'g} kb{5 / a]kQf JolQmsf ;jfnsf af/]df /fHon] ug]{ sfd–
sf/afxLx¿df ;dGjo sfod ug]{ clwsf/ o:tf] lgsfodf x'g} kb{5 . a]kQfsf] kl/l:yltsf af/]df /, olb
;fGble{s ePdf, a]kQf gft]bf/sf] d[To' ePsf] kl/l:yltsf af/]df kl/jf/x¿nfO{ hjfkm pknAw u/fpg'
o;sf] sfd–st{Jo x'g} kb{5 . o; cGtu{t :yfg, ;do / d[To'sf] sf/0f / ;f] JolQmsf] cjz]ifx? sxfF 5g\
eGg]] s'/f kg}{ kb{5 . o; p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu, /fHosf] ;f] lgsfon] ;Defljt ;a} ;|f]tx¿af6 k|fKt
hfgsf/Lsf] ;Íng, s]Gb|Ls[t ¿kdf hfgsf/LnfO{ /fVg] sfo{ / ltgsf] kl/dfh{g–ljZn]if0f ;lqmo ¿kdf ug'{
kb{5 .

• a]kQf JolQm ;j{–;fwf/0f gful/s cyjf n8fs" – hf];'s} eP tfklg åGåsf] kmn:j¿k a]kQf x'g uPsf
;Dk"0f{ 36gfnfO{ /fHosf] ;f] lgsfon] ;Daf]wg ug}{ kb{5 . hah{:tL a]kQf kfl/Psfx¿sf] ;jfndf dfq ;f]
cfof]un] cfk"mnfO{ ;Lldt kfg'{ x'Fb}g .

35
• /fHosf] To:tf] lgsfoåf/f ;~rflnt ultljlw tyf xfl;n ul/Psf pknlAwx¿sf af/]df a]kQf JolQmsf
kl/jf/x¿nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf hfgsf/L lbg'kb{5 . b'u{d If]qdf /x]sf kl/jf/x? nufot ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/nfO{
/fHosf] ;f] lgsfo;Dd kx'Fr k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;|f]t–;fwg pknAw u/fOg} kb{5 .

• cg';Gwfgsf nflu tyf a]kQf elgPsf JolQmsf cjz]ifx¿sf] pTvgg Pj+ klxrfg ug{sf nflu ;f]
cfof]usf] kxF'r ljz]if1x¿sf] ;]jfdf x'g} kb{5 . d[To'sf k|df0fkq hf/L ul/G5g\, klxrfg ePsf JolQmsf
kl/jf/sxfF tL k7fOG5g\ / kLl8tsf cjz]ifx¿ ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ ;Ddfg k"j{s lkmtf{ ul/G5g\ eGg] s'/f
o; cfof]un] ;'lglZrt ug}{ kb{5 . s'g} d'gfl;a zÍf g/xg] u/L d[To' ePsf] egL 7flgPsf JolQmsf] cjz]if
km]nf kfg]{ k|of; c;kmn ePsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t ltgsf gft]bf/sf af/]df pko'Qm cflwsfl/s lnlvt
hfgsf/L tL kl/jf/x¿n] kfpFb5g\ eGg] s'/f ;f] cfof]un] ;'lglZrt ug}{ kb{5 . ;gfvt x'g g;s]sf
cjz]ifx¿nfO{ dof{lbt ¿kdf ;]nfOG5 eGg] s'/f /fHosf] ;f] cfof]un] ;'lglZrt ug}{ kb{5 .

• olb s'g} a]kQf JolQmsf] d[To' ePsf] s'/f k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 eg], ;f] JolQmnfO{ s] ePsf] lyof] eGg] af/]df
clwsf/Lx¿n] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf To;nfO{ k'li6 ub{5g\ eGg] s'/f /fHosf] ;f] lgsfon] ;'lglZrt ug}{ kb{5 .

• b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd /fHosf] To:tf] lgsfosf] sfg'gL cfwf/ ;zQm x'g' kb{5 M

• a]kQf JolQmsf af/]df s] ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf lgldQ sbdx¿
rfNg] / pko'Qm sfo{ljlwnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg]Ù

• /fhgLlts cyjf cGo s'g} cfwf/df e]befj gu/L a]kQf JolQmsf gft]bf/ Pj+ cfl>tx¿sf] ;fdflhs
tyf cfly{s nfe k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u/L a]kQf JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot lgwf{l/t ug]{
sfg'gÙ

• dfgjLo cjz]ifx¿sf] Joj:yfkg tyf JolQmut ljj/0fsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL .

kl/jf/x¿sf sfg'gL cfjZostfsf ;DaGwdf l;kmfl/;

• ;DalGwt JolQmx¿nfO{ a]kQf JolQm ;DaGwL ljz]if x}l;ot k|bfg ul/g' cfjZos 5 h'g x}l;otåf/f To:tf
JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] sl7g kl/l:yltnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg ul/of];\ / d[tssf kl/jf/x¿nfO{
pknAw u/fOPh:t} ;dfg sfg'gL, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s nfedf To:tf kl/jf/x¿sf] kx'Fr xf];\ .

• a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿n] pkef]u ul//x]sf] b08xLgtfnfO{ cGt ug]{ k|of]hgsf lgldQ
Goflos ;+oGqdf kx'Fr k|fKt ug{sf nflu tL kl/jf/x¿nfO{ /fHosf] ;f] lgsfon] dbt ug}{ kb{5 .

• d'2f rnfpg] sf/afxLsf cltl/Qm, a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ egL kQf nfu]sf JolQmx¿sf af/]df
5fglag ug{sf nflu cyjf /fHosf ;+:yfx¿df /x]sf] kbaf6 ltgnfO{ avf{:t ug{sf nflu ;/sf/n]
sfo{ljlw th'{df ug'{kb{5 h;n] ubf{ kLl8tsf kl/jf/x¿n] tL ;+:yfx¿ k|lt k'gM ljZjf; sfod ug{ ;s"g\ .

36
kl/jf/x¿sf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s cfjZostfx¿ ;DaGwL l;kmfl/;x?
• kLl8tx¿åf/f cfkm} JoQm ul/Padf]lhdsf ltgsf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{sf lgldQ kl/k"/0f ;DaGwL lj:t[t
/fli6«o gLltsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug}{ kb{5 . a]kQf JolQmsf >LdtLx¿n] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf
sl7gfOx¿nfO{ o:tf gLltsf] th'{df ubf{ k"0f{ ¿kdf Wofg lbOg' kb{5 . o; gLltdf s]–s:tf ;'ljwfx¿df
To:tf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] clwsf/ 5 eGg] :ki6 x'g] u/L ls6fg ul/Psf] x'g} kb{5 / To; clwsf/sf]
;Ddfg ul/g] s'/f To; gLltdf ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] x'g} kb{5 . /fli6«o gLltdf b]xfodf n]lvPsf ljifox¿
;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 M

• a]kQf JolQmsf 5f]/f–5f]/Lx¿sf z}lIfs cfjZostf Ù

• a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/sf hLljsf]kfh{g ;DaGwL cfjZostf Ù

• a]kQf JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿sf] :jf:Yo ;]jf .

• o;sf ;fy} ;/sf/sf] cGtl/d /fxt a]kQf JolQmsf ;a} kl/jf/sxfF k'Ub5 eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu
sbdx¿ rfNg} kb{5 .

kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfox¿sf nflu dgf]j1} flgs tyf ;fdflhs ;xof]usf ;DaGwdf
l;kmfl/;

• ljz]if sfo{qmd tyf :d[lt pT;jx¿sf] cfof]hgf ul/g' kb{5 / åGån] ;dli6ut ¿kdf ;dfhdf tyf
kLl8tx¿ tyf ljz]if u/L tL JolQmx¿df k'¥ofPsf] kL8fnfO{ sb/ ug]{ dfWodsf] ¿kdf :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o
:t/df :df/sx¿sf] :yfkgf ul/g' kb{5 .

• To:tf kl/jf/sf ;Ë7gx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] dbt ug}{ kb{5 h;n] ubf{ kl/jf/x¿n] cfk;df e]6 ug{ ;s"g\ /
hjfkmsf] vf]hL ug]{ ;dli6ut k|lqmofdf ltgsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsof];\ .

• a]kQf;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿af6 ;d'bfox¿df pTkÌ ljefhgnfO{ sd ub}{ n}hfgsf lgldQ ;/sf/n]
pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf ljefhg cGtu{t To:tf ljefhg klg kb{5g\ h'g ljefhgnfO{ Goflos
k|lqmofx¿af6 ;Daf]wg ug{ ;ls+b}g .

/f]syfdsf pkfox¿sf ;DaGwdf l;kmfl/;

• cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g tyf dfgj clwsf/ sfg'gsf lnvtx¿sf] kIf /fi6«sf] ¿kdfM ;z:q åGå tyf
lx+;fsf cGo kl/l:yltx¿sf ;dodf dflg;x¿nfO{ a]kQf x'g glbgsf lgldQ, a]kQf JolQm tyf ltgsf
kl/jf/x¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{sf lgldQ / a]kQf kfg]{ sfo{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿dfly d'2f
rnfpg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{sf lgldQ ljleGg sbdx¿sf] ;dfj]z g]kfnn] /fli6«o sfg'gdf ug'{ kb{5 /
ltgnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg' kb{5 .

37
38
cfO{=;L=cf/=;L= sf] nIo

/]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldlt -cfO{=;L=cf/=;L=_ lgikIf, t6:y /

:jtGq ;Ë7g xf] h;sf] Ps dfq dfgjLo nIo ;z:q åGå /
lx+;fsf cGo kl/l:yltx¿af6 kLl8t JolQmx¿sf] hLjg / dof{bfsf]
;+/If0f ug'{ / pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg' xf] .

cfO{=;L=cf/=;L= n] dfgjLo sfg'g / ljZjJofkL dfgjLo l;4fGtx¿sf]

k|jw{g / ltgnfO{ ;'b[9 kf/]/ kL8fnfO{ /f]Sg] k|oTg klg ub{5 .

;g\ !*^# df :yflkt cfO{=;L=cf/=;L= af6 g} h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿

tyf cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; tyf /]8lqm;]G6 cleofgsf] pTklQ ePsf]
xf] . o;n] ;z:q åGå / lx+;fsf cGo kl/l:yltx¿df cleofgåf/f
;~rflnt cGt/f{li6«o ultljlwx¿sf] lgb]{zg / ;dGjo ub{5 .
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