St Pauls Cathedral

This article is about St Pauls cathedral in London, sionary saints Fagan, Deruvian, Elvanus, and Medwin.
England. For other cathedrals of the same name, see St. None of that is considered credible by modern historiPauls Cathedral (disambiguation).
ans but, although the surviving text is problematic, either Bishop Restitutus or Adelphius at the 314 Council
of Arles seems to have come from Londinium.[5] The loSt Pauls Cathedral, London, is an Anglican cathedral,
the seat of the Bishop of London and the mother church cation of Londiniums original cathedral is unknown. The
present structure of St Peter upon Cornhill was designed
of the Diocese of London. It sits at the top of Ludgate
Hill, the highest point in the City of London. Its dedica- by Christopher Wren following the Great Fire in 1666 but
tion to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church it stands upon the highest point in the area of old Lonon this site, founded in AD 604.[1] The present church, dinium and medieval legends tie it to the citys earliest
dating from the late 17th century, was designed in the Christian community. In 1999, however, a large and orexcavated,
English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren. Its con- nate 5th-century building on Tower Hill was
[8][9]
which
might
have
been
the
citys
cathedral.
struction, completed within Wrens lifetime, was part of
a major rebuilding programme which took place in the The Elizabethan antiquarian William Camden argued
city after the Great Fire of London.[2]
that a temple to the goddess Diana had stood during
the site occupied by the medieval St
The cathedral is one of the most famous and most recog- Roman times on[10]
Pauls
cathedral.
Christopher Wren reported that he
nisable sights of London, with its dome, framed by the
had
found
no
trace
of
any such temple during the works
spires of Wrens City churches, dominating the skyline for
to
build
the
new
cathedral
after the Great Fire, and
[3]
300 years. At 365 feet (111 m) high, it was the tallest
Camdens
hypothesis
is
no
longer
accepted by modern
building in London from 1710 to 1962, and its dome is
[11]
archaeologists.
also among the highest in the world. In terms of area, St
Pauls is the second largest church building in the United Bede records that in AD 604 St Augustine consecrated
Kingdom after Liverpool Cathedral.
Mellitus as the rst bishop to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom
St Pauls Cathedral occupies a signicant place in the na- of the East Saxons and their king, Sberht. Sberhts untional identity of the English population.[4] It is the central cle and overlord, thelberht, king of Kent, built a church
to St Paul in London, as the seat of the new
subject of much promotional material, as well as post- dedicated
[12]
bishop.
It is assumed, although unproven, that this rst
card images of the dome standing tall, surrounded by the
Anglo-Saxon
cathedral stood on the same site as the later
[4]
smoke and re of the Blitz. Important services held at
medieval
and
the present cathedrals.
St Pauls have included the funerals of Lord Nelson, the
Duke of Wellington, Sir Winston Churchill and Margaret
Thatcher; Jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria; peace
services marking the end of the First and Second World
Wars; the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady
Diana Spencer, the launch of the Festival of Britain and
the thanksgiving services for the Golden Jubilee, the 80th
Birthday and the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. St
Pauls Cathedral is a busy working church, with hourly
prayer and daily services.

1
1.1

On the death of Sberht in about 616, his pagan sons

expelled Mellitus from London, and the East Saxons reverted to paganism. The fate of the rst cathedral building is unknown. Christianity was restored among the
East Saxons in the late 7th-century and it is presumed
that either the Anglo-Saxon cathedral was restored or a
new building erected as the seat of bishops such as Cedd,
Wine and Earconwald, the last of whom was buried in
the cathedral in 693. This building, or a successor, was
destroyed by re in 962, but rebuilt in the same year.[13]
King thelred the Unready was buried in the cathedral on
his death in 1016. The cathedral was burnt, with much of
the city, in a re in 1087, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle.[13]

History
Pre-Norman cathedrals

A list of the 16 archbishops of London was recorded 1.2 Old St Pauls

by Jocelyne of Furness in the 12th century, claiming
Londons Christian community was founded in the 2nd Main article: Old St Pauls Cathedral
century under the legendary King Lucius and his mis1

2
The fourth St Pauls, generally referred to as Old St Pauls,
was begun by the Normans after the 1087 re. A further re in 1136 disrupted the work, and the new cathedral was not consecrated until 1240. During the period
of construction, the style of architecture had changed
from Romanesque to Gothic and this was reected in the
pointed arches and larger windows of the upper parts and
East End of the building. The Gothic ribbed vault was
constructed, like that of York Minster, of wood rather
than stone, which aected the ultimate fate of the building.

HISTORY

open-air preaching took place.

In the Great Fire of London of 1666, Old St Pauls was
gutted. While it might have been possible to reconstruct
it, a decision was taken to build a new cathedral in a modern style. This course of action had been proposed even
before the re.

1.3 Present St Pauls

Old St Pauls before 1561, with intact spire

An aerial view of St Pauls

An enlargement program commenced in 1256. This

'New Work' was consecrated in 1300 but not complete
until 1314. During the later Medieval period St Pauls was
exceeded in length only by the Abbey Church of Cluny
and in the height of its spire only by Lincoln Cathedral
and St. Marys Church, Stralsund. Excavations by Francis Penrose in 1878 showed that it was 585 feet (178 m)
long and 100 feet (30 m) wide (290 feet or 87 m across
the transepts and crossing). The spire was about 489 feet
(149 m).

The task of designing a replacement structure was ofcially assigned to Sir Christopher Wren on 30 July
1669.[15] He had previously been put in charge of the rebuilding of churches to replace those lost in the Great
Fire. More than fty City churches are attributable
to Wren. Concurrent with designing St Pauls, Wren
was engaged in the production of his ve Tracts on
Architecture.[16]

By the 16th century the building was starting to decay.

Under Henry VIII and Edward VI, the Dissolution of the
Monasteries and Chantries Acts led to the destruction of
interior ornamentation and the cloisters, charnels, crypts,
chapels, shrines, chantries and other buildings in St Pauls
Churchyard. Many of these former religious sites in the
churchyard, having been seized by the Crown, were sold
as shops and rental properties, especially to printers and
booksellers, who were often Puritans. In 1561 the spire
was destroyed by lightning, an event that was taken by
both Protestants and Roman Catholics as a sign of God's
displeasure at the other faction.

Wren had begun advising on the repair of the Old St

Pauls in 1661, ve years before the Great Fire of London in 1666.[17] The proposed work included renovations to both interior and exterior that would complement
the Classical facade designed by Inigo Jones in 1630.[18]
Wren planned to replace the dilapidated tower with a
dome, using the existent structure as a scaold. He produced a drawing of the proposed dome, showing that it
was at this stage at which he conceived the idea that it
should span both nave and aisles at the crossing.[19] After
the re, It was at rst thought possible to retain a substantial part of the old cathedral, but ultimately the entire structure was demolished in the early 1670s to start
afresh.

In the 1630s a west front was added to the building by

Englands rst classical architect, Inigo Jones. There
was much defacing and mistreatment of the building by
Parliamentarian forces during the Civil War, and the old
documents and charters were dispersed and destroyed.[14]
During the Commonwealth, those churchyard buildings
that were razed supplied ready-dressed building material for construction projects, such as the Lord Protectors
city palace, Somerset House. Crowds were drawn to the
northeast corner of the churchyard, St Pauls Cross, where

In July 1668 Dean William Sancroft wrote to Christopher

Wren that he was charged by the Archbishop of Canterbury, in agreement with the Bishops of London and Oxford, to design a new cathedral that was handsome and
noble to all the ends of it and to the reputation of the City
and the nation.[20] The design process took several years,
but a design was nally settled and attached to a royal warrant, with the proviso that Wren was permitted to make
any further changes that he deemed necessary. The result was the present St Pauls Cathedral, still the second

1.4

Since 1900

largest church in Britain and with a dome proclaimed as

the nest in the world.[21] The building was nanced by a
tax on coal, and was completed within its architects lifetime, and with many of the major contractors employed
for the duration.
The topping out of the cathedral (when the nal stone
was placed on the lantern) took place on 26 October
1708, performed by Wrens son Christopher Jr and the
son of one of the masons.[22] The cathedral was declared
ocially complete by Parliament on 25 December 1711
(Christmas Day).[23] In fact, construction was to continue
for several years after that, with the statues on the roof
only being added in the 1720s. In 1716 the total costs
amounted to 1,095,556[24] (143 million in 2015).[25]
1.3.1

Consecration

The iconic St Pauls Survives taken on 29 December 1940 of St

Pauls during The Blitz

On 2 December 1697, only 32 years and 3 months after the Great Fire destroyed Old St Pauls, the new cathedral was consecrated for use. The Right Reverend Henry
Compton, Bishop of London, preached the sermon. It
was based on the text of Psalm 122, I was glad when
they said unto me: Let us go into the house of the Lord.
The rst regular service was held on the following Sunday.

moved by a bomb disposal detachment of Royal Engineers under the command of Temporary Lieutenant
Robert Davies. Had this bomb detonated, it would have
totally destroyed the cathedral, as it left a 100-foot (30
m) crater when later remotely detonated in a secure
location.[32] As a result of this action, Davies and Sapper
George Cameron Wylie were both awarded the George
Cross.[33] Davies George Cross and other medals are on
Opinions of Wrens cathedral diered, with some loving display at the Imperial War Museum, London.
it: Without, within, below, above, the eye / Is lled with
One of the best known images of London during the war
unrestrained delight,[26] while others hated it: ...There
was a photograph of St Pauls taken on 29 December 1940
was an air of Popery about the gilded capitals, the heavy
during the "Second Great Fire of London" by photograarches...They were unfamiliar, un-English...[27]
pher Herbert Mason, from the roof of the Daily Mail in
Tudor Street showing the cathedral shrouded in smoke.
Lisa Jardine of Queen Mary, University of London, has
written:[34]

St Pauls, seen across the River Thames, 1850

1.4

Since 1900

1.4.1

War damage

The cathedral survived during the Blitz it was struck by

bombs on 10 October 1940 and 17 April 1941. The rst
strike destroyed the high altar, while the second strike on
the north transept left a signicant hole in the oor above
the crypt. [28][29] The latter bomb is believed to have detonated in the upper interior above the north transept and
the force was sucient to shift the entire dome laterally
by a small amount. [30][31]

Wreathed in billowing smoke, amidst the

chaos and destruction of war, the pale dome
stands proud and glorious indomitable. At the
height of that air-raid, Sir Winston Churchill
telephoned the Guildhall to insist that all reghting resources be directed at St Pauls. The
cathedral must be saved, he said, damage to the
fabric would sap the morale of the country.
1.4.2 Restoration
Extensive copper, lead and slate renovation work on the
Dome in 1996 by John B. Chambers. A 15-year restoration project one of the largest ever undertaken in the
UK was completed on 15 June 2011.[35]
1.4.3 Occupy London

In October 2011 an anti-capitalism Occupy London enOn 12 September 1940 a time-delayed bomb that had campment was established in front of the cathedral. The
struck the cathedral was successfully defused and re- cathedrals nances came under scrutiny. It was claimed

MINISTRY

that the cathedral was losing revenue of 20,000 per day. of the cathedral.[40]
[36]
Canon Chancellor Giles Fraser resigned, warning that
to evict the anti-capitalist activists would constitute vio Dean The Very Revd Dr David Ison (since 25 May
lence in the name of the Church.[37] The encampment
2012)[41]
was evicted at the end of February 2012, after legal action by the City Corporation.[38]
Pastor The Rt Revd Michael Colclough (since 20
April 2008) is responsible for the pastoral needs of
the sta and all visitors to the cathedral.[42]

Ministry

St Pauls Cathedral is a busy church with three or four services every day, including Matins, Eucharist and Evening
Prayer or Evensong. In addition, the Cathedral has many
special services associated with the City of London, its
corporation, guilds and institutions. The cathedral, as the
largest church in London, also has a role in many state
functions such as the service celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. The cathedral is generally
open daily to tourists, and has a regular program of organ
recitals and other performances.[39] The Bishop of London is The Right Reverend Richard Chartres who was installed in January 1996.

Chancellor The Revd Canon Mark Oakley (since

11 January 2013). Previously Treasurer of St Pauls,
Canon Oakley is in charge of the cathedrals educational outreach to schools and the public.[43]
Precentor The Revd Canon Michael Hampel
(since 25 March 2011), is responsible for music at
the cathedral.[44]
Treasurer Revd Preb Philippa Boardman (May
2013) is responsible for nance and for the cathedral building.[45]

2.1.1 College of Minor Canons

There are three Minor Canons who co-ordinate many aspects of the daily running of the cathedral, conducting
services, arranging liturgy and music, acting as chaplain,
and facilitating the needs of visitors and school groups.
Sacrist The Revd Jason Rendell (since June 2007),
has been appointed as Chaplain to the Bishop of
Chichester (June 2013).[39][40]
Chaplain The Revd Sarah Eynstone (since 12 January 2010 installation)[46]
Succentor The Revd Jonathan Coore (since 19
September 2012 installation)[47]

2.2 Music
See also: List of musicians at English cathedrals

2.2.1 Organ

St Pauls during a special service in 2008

2.1

Dean and chapter

The organ was commissioned from Bernard Smith in

1694.[48] The current instrument is the fourth-largest in
Great Britain in terms of number of pipes (7,266), with
5 manuals, 189 ranks of pipes and 108 stops, enclosed
in an impressive case designed in Wrens workshop and
decorated by Grinling Gibbons.[49]

The Chapter comprises the Dean and four Residentiary Details of the organ from the National Pipe Organ RegCanons, each with a dierent responsibility in the running ister

3.1
2.2.2

Development of the design

Choir

St Pauls Cathedral has a choir of men and boys which

sings regularly at services. The earliest records of the
choir date from 1127. The present choir consist of up to
thirty boy choristers, eight probationers, and the Vicars
Choral, twelve men who are professional singers. During
school terms the choir sings at Evensong ve times per
week, the service on Mondays being sung by a visiting
choir (or occasionally said) and that on Thursdays being
sung by the Vicars Choral without the boys. On Sundays
the choir also sings at Matins and Eucharist.[50]

5
a nave. His critics, members of a committee commissioned to rebuild the church and members of the clergy,
decried the design as being too dissimilar from other English churches to suggest any continuity within the Church
of England. Another problem was that the entire design would have to be completed all at once because of
the eight central piers that supported the dome, instead
of being completed in stages and opened for use before
construction nished, as was customary. Wren considered the Great Model his favourite design, and thought
it a reection of Renaissance beauty.[16] After the Great
Model, Wren resolved to make no more models or publicly expose his drawings, which he found to do nothing
but lose time, and subject his business many times, to
incompetent judges.[52] The Great Model survives and
is housed within the Cathedral itself.

Many distinguished musicians have been organists, choir

masters and choristers at St Pauls Cathedral including the
composers John Redford, Thomas Morley, John Blow,
Jeremiah Clarke and John Stainer, while well known performers have included Alfred Deller, John Shirley-Quirk, Wrens fourth design is known as the Warrant design beAnthony Way and the conductors Charles Groves and cause it was axed a Royal warrant for the rebuilding.
In this design Wren sought to reconcile Gothic, the prePaul Hillier, and the poet Walter de la Mare.
dominant style of English churches, to a better manner
of architecture. It has the longitudinal Latin Cross plan
of a medieval cathedral. It is of one and a half storeys
3 Wrens cathedral
and has classical porticos at the west and transept ends,
inuenced by Inigo Joness addition to Old St Pauls.[52]
3.1 Development of the design
It is roofed at the crossing by a wide shallow dome supporting a drum with a second cupola from which rises
Sir Christopher Wren
a spire of seven diminishing stages. Vaughan Hart has
Said, I am going to dine with some men.
suggested that inuence may have been drawn from the
If anyone calls,
oriental pagoda in the design of the spire. Although not
Say I'm designing Saint Pauls.
used at St Pauls, the concept was applied in the spire of St
A clerihew by Edmund Clerihew Bentley
Brides, Fleet Street.[16] This plan was rotated slightly on
In the designing of St Pauls, Christopher Wren had to its site so that it aligned not with true east, but with sunmeet many challenges. He had to create a tting cathe- rise on Easter of the year construction began. This small
was informed by Wrens knowldral to replace Old St Pauls, both as a place of worship change in conguration
[18]
edge
of
astronomy.
and as a landmark within the City of London. He had
to satisfy both the requirements of the church and the
tastes of a royal patron. As well as respecting the essentially Medieval tradition of English church building that
had grown and developed to accommodate the liturgy,
Wren was familiar with contemporary Renaissance and
Baroque trends in Italian architecture, and had visited
France, where he studied the work of Franois Mansart.
St Pauls went through ve general stages of design. The
rst survives only as a single drawing and part of a model.
The scheme (usually called the First Model Design) appears to have consisted of a circular domed vestibule The Greek Cross Design
(possibly based on the Pantheon in Rome) and a rectangular church of basilica form. The plan may have been inuenced by the Temple Church. It was rejected because
it was not thought stately enough[51] Wrens second design was a Greek cross, which was thought by the clerics
not to full the requirements of Anglican liturgy.[52]
Wrens third design is embodied in the Great Model of
1673. The model, made of oak and plaster, cost over
500 (approximately 32,000 today) and is over 13 feet
(4 m) tall and 21 feet (6 m) long.[53] This design retained The Warrant Design
the form of the Greek Cross design but extended it with

3 WRENS CATHEDRAL

St Pauls, as it was built

Cross-section showing the brick cone between the inner

and outer domes

3.2

Final design

The nal design as built diers substantially from the ofcial Warrant design.[54] Wren received permission from
the king to make ornamental changes to the submitted
design, and Wren took great advantage of this. Many of
these changes were made over the course of the thirty
years as the church was constructed, and the most significant was to the dome: He raised another structure over
the rst cupola, a cone of brick, so as to support a stone
lantern of an elegant gure... And he covered and hid
out of sight the brick cone with another cupola of timber
and lead; and between this and the cone are easy stairs
that ascend to the lantern (Christopher Wren, son of Sir
Christopher Wren). The nal design was strongly rooted William Dickinsons plan for the oor paving (170910)
in St. Peters Basilica in Rome. The saucer domes over
the nave were inspired by Franois Mansart's Church of
the Val-de-Grce, which Wren had seen during a trip to
Paris in 1665.[16]
3.3 Structural engineering
The date of the laying of the rst stone of the cathedral
is disputed. One contemporary account says it was on 21
June 1675, another on 25 June and a third on 28 June.
There is, however, general agreement that it was laid in
June 1675. Edward Strong later claimed it was laid by
his elder brother, Thomas Strong, one of the two master
stonemasons appointed by Wren at the beginning of the
work.[55]

Wrens challenge was to construct a large cathedral on

the relatively weak clay soil of London. St Pauls is unusual among cathedrals in that there is a crypt, the largest
in Europe, under the entire building rather than just under the eastern end.[56] The crypt serves a structural purpose. Although it is extensive, half the space of the crypt
is taken up by massive piers which spread the weight of
the much slimmer piers of the church above. While the

7
towers and domes of most cathedrals are supported on and balustrades.[49] The ball and cross on the dome were
four piers, Wren designed the dome of St Pauls to be provided by an armorer, Andrew NIblett.[67]
supported on eight, achieving a broader distribution of
weight at the level of the foundations.[57] The foundations
settled as the building progressed, and Wren made struc4 Description
tural changes in response.[58]
One of the design problems that confronted Wren was to
create a landmark dome, tall enough to visually replace
the lost tower of St Pauls, while at the same time appearing visually satisfying when viewed from inside the building. Wren planned a double-shelled dome, as at St Peters
Basilica.[59] His solution to the visual problem was to separate the heights of the inner and outer dome to a much
greater extent than had been done by Michelangelo at St
Peters, drafting both as catenary curves, rather than as
hemispheres. Between the inner and outer domes, Wren
inserted a brick cone which supports both the timbers
of the outer, lead covered dome and the weight of the
ornate stone lantern that rises above it. Both the cone
and the inner dome are 18 inches thick and are supported Plan
by wrought iron chains at intervals in the brick cone and
around the cornice of the peristyle of the inner dome to St Pauls Cathedral is built in a restrained Baroque style
which represents Wrens rationalisation of the tradiprevent spreading and cracking.[57][60]
tions of English Medieval cathedrals with the inspiraThe Warrant Design showed external buttresses on the
tion of Palladio, the Classical style of Inigo Jones, the
ground oor level. These were not a classical feature and
Baroque style of 17th-century Rome, and the buildings
were one of the rst elements Wren changed. Instead
by Mansart and others that he had seen in France.[2] It
he made the walls of the cathedral particularly thick to
is particularly in its plan that St Pauls reveals Medieval
avoid the need for external buttresses altogether. The
inuences.[57] Like the great Medieval cathedrals of York
clerestorey and vault are reinforced with ying buttresses,
and Winchester, St Pauls is comparatively long for its
which were added at a relatively late stage in the design
width, and has strongly projecting transepts. It has much
[61]
to give extra strength. These are concealed behind the
emphasis on its facade, which has been designed to descreen wall of the upper storey which was added to keep
ne rather than conceal the form of the building behind
the buildings classical style intact, to add sucient visual
it. In plan, the towers jut beyond the width of the aisles
mass to balance the appearance of the dome and which,
as they do at Wells Cathedral. Wrens brother was the
by its weight, counters the thrust of the buttresses on the
Bishop of Ely, and Wren was familiar with the unique oclower walls.[57][59]
tagonal lantern tower over the crossing of Ely Cathedral
which spans the aisles as well as the central nave, unlike
the central towers and domes of most churches. Wren
3.4 Designers, builders and craftsmen
adapted this characteristic in designing the dome of St
[57]
In section St Pauls also maintains a medieval
During the extensive period of design and rationalisation Pauls.
form,
having
the aisles much lower than the nave, and a
Wren employed from 1684 Nicholas Hawksmoor as his
[16]
dened
clerestory.
Between 1696 and 1711 William
principal assistant.
Dickinson was measuring clerk.[62] Joshua Marshall (until
his early death in 1678), and Thomas and his brother Edward Strong were master masons, the latter two working 4.1 Exterior
on the construction for its entirety. John Langland was
the master Carpenter for over thirty years.[49] Grinling From the exterior, the most visible and most notable feaGibbons was the chief sculptor, working in both stone on ture is the dome, which rises 365 feet (111 m) to the
the building itself, including the pediment of the north cross at its summit,[68] and still dominates views of the
portal, and wood on the internal ttings.[49] The sculptor City. The height of 365 feet was deliberate as Wren had
Caius Gabriel Cibber created the pediment of the south a considerable interest in astronomy. St Pauls was until
transept[63] while Francis Bird was responsible for the the late 20th century, the tallest building on the city skyrelief in the west pediment depicting the Conversion of line, designed to be seen surrounded by the delicate spires
St Paul, as well as the seven large statues on the west of Wrens other city churches. The dome is described
front.[64][65] The oor was paved by William Dickinson by Banister Fletcher as probably the nest in Europe,
in black and white marble in 170910[66] Jean Tijou was by Helen Gardner as majestic, by Nikolaus Pevsner as
responsible for the decorative wrought ironwork of gates one of the most perfect in the world and in a statement

DESCRIPTION

by John Summerson that Englishmen and even some for- stages. The most unusual characteristic of this structure is
eigners consider it to be without equal.[69][70][71][72]
that it is of square plan, rather than circular or octagonal.
The tallest stage takes the form of a tempietto with four
columned porticos facing the cardinal points. Its lowest
level is surrounded by the Golden Gallery and its upper
level supports a small dome from which rises a cross on a
golden ball. The total weight of the lantern is about 850
tons.[69]
4.1.2 West front

The dome

4.1.1

Dome

Wren drew inspiration from Michelangelos dome of St

Peters Basilica, and that of Mansart's Church of the Valde-Grce which he had visited.[72] Unlike those of St Peters and Val-de-Grce, the dome of St Pauls rises in two
clearly dened storeys of masonry, which, together with a
lower unadorned footing, equal a height of about 95 feet.
From the time of the Greek Cross Design it is clear that
Wren favoured a continuous colonnade (peristyle) around
the drum of the dome, rather than the arrangement of alternating windows and projecting columns that Michelangelo had used and which had also been employed by
Mansart.[71] Summerson suggests that he was inuence
by Bramantes Tempietto in the courtyard of San Pietro
in Montorio.[73] In the nished structure, Wren creates a
diversity and appearance of strength by placing niches between the columns in every fourth opening.[73] The peristyle serves to buttress both the inner dome and the brick
cone which rises internally to support the lantern.
Above the peristyle rises the second stage surrounded by
a balustraded balcony called the Stone Gallery. This
attic stage is ornamented with alternating pilasters and
rectangular windows which are set just below the cornice, creating a sense of lightness. Above this attic rises
the dome, covered with lead, and ribbed in accordance
with the spacing of the pilasters. It is pierced by eight
light wells just below the lantern, but these are barely visible. They allow light to penetrate through openings in
the brick cone, which illuminates the interior apex of this
shell, partly visible from within the cathedral through the
ocular opening of the lower dome.[57]

The West Front

For the Renaissance architect designing the west front of

a large church or cathedral, the universal problem was
how to use a facade to unite the high central nave with
the lower aisles in a visually harmonious whole. Since
Alberti's additions to Santa Maria Novella in Florence,
this was usually achieved by the simple expedient of linking the sides to the centre with large brackets. This is
the solution that Wren saw employed by Mansart at Valde-Grce. Another feature employed by Mansart was a
boldly projecting Classical portico with paired columns.
Wren faced the additional challenge of incorporating towers into the design, as had been planned at St Peters Basilica. At St Peters, Carlo Maderno had solved this problem
by constructing a narthex and stretching a huge screen facade across it, dierentiated at the centre by a pediment.
The towers at St Peters were not built above the parapet.
Wrens solution was to employ a Classical portico, as at
Val-de-Grce, but rising through two storeys, and supported on paired columns. The remarkable feature here
is that the lower storey of this portico extends to the full
width of the aisles, while the upper section denes the
nave that lies behind it. The gaps between the upper stage
of the portico and the towers on either side are bridged
by a narrow section of wall with an arch-topped window.

The lantern, like the visible masonry of the dome, rises in The towers stand outside the width of the aisles, but

4.1

Exterior

wishes, in 1718.[74] The internal bays are marked externally by paired pilasters with Corinthian capitals at the
lower level and Composite at the upper level. Where the
building behind is of only one storey (at the aisles of both
nave and choir) the upper storey of the exterior wall is
sham.[69] It serves a dual purpose of supporting the buttresses of the vault, and providing a satisfying appearance
when viewed rising above buildings of the height of the
17th century city. This appearance may still be seen from
Above the main cornice, which unites the towers with the
portico and the outer walls, the details are boldly scaled, across the River Thames.
in order to read well from the street below and from a dis- Between the pilasters on both levels are windows. Those
tance. The towers rise above the cornice from a square of the lower storey have semi-circular heads and are surblock plinth which is plain apart from large oculi, that on rounded by continuous mouldings of a Roman style, risthe south being lled by the clock, while that on the north ing to decorative keystones. Beneath each window is a
is void. The towers are composed of two complementary oral swag by Grinling Gibbons, constituting the nest
elements, a central cylinder rising through the tiers in a stone carving on the building and some of the greatest
series of stacked drums, and paired Corinthian columns architectural sculpture in England. A frieze with similar
at the corners, with buttresses above them, which serve swags runs in a band below the cornice, tying the arches of
to unify the drum shape with the square plinth on which the windows and the capitals. The upper windows are of a
it stands. The entablature above the columns breaks for- restrained Classical form, with pediments set on columns,
ward over them to express both elements, tying them to- but are blind and contain niches. Beneath these niches,
gether in a single horizontal band. The cap, like a bell- and in the basement level, are small windows with segshaped miniature dome, supports a gilded nial, a pineap- mental tops, the glazing of which catches the light and viple supported on four scrolling angled brackets, the top- sually links them to the large windows of the aisles. The
most expression of the consistent theme.
height from ground level to the top of the parapet is apThe transepts each have a semi-circular entrance portico. proximately 110 feet.
screen two chapels located immediately behind them.
The lower parts of the towers continue the theme of the
outer walls, but are dierentiated from them in order to
create an appearance of strength. The windows of the
lower storey are smaller than those of the side walls and
are deeply recessed, a visual indication of the thickness
of the wall. The paired pilasters at each corner project
boldly.

Wren was inspired in the design by studying engravings of

Pietro da Cortona's Baroque facade of Santa Maria della
Pace in Rome.[74] These projecting arcs echo the shape
of the apse at the eastern end of the building.
4.1.3

Walls

The nave, looking towards the choir

St Pauls from the south-east with the tower of the destroyed

Church of St Augustine to the right.

The building is of two storeys of ashlar masonry, above a

basement, and surrounded by a balustrade above the upper cornice. The balustrade was added, against Wrens The choir, looking towards the nave

10

DESCRIPTION

4.2.1 Dome

4.2

Interior

Internally, St Pauls has a nave and choir each of three

bays. The entrance from the west portico is through a
square domed narthex, anked on either side by chapels:
the Chapel of St Dunstan to the north and the Chapel
of the Order of St Michael and St George to the south
side.[57] The nave is 91 feet (28 m) in height and is separated from the aisles by an arcade of piers with attached
Corinthian pilasters rising to an entablature. The bays,
and therefore the vault compartments, are rectangular,
but Wren has ingeniously roofed these spaces with saucershaped domes and surrounded the clerestorey windows
with lunettes.[57] The vaults of the choir have been lavishly decorated with mosaics by Sir William Blake Richmond.[57] The dome and the apse of the choir are all approached through wide arches with coered vaults which
contrast with the smooth surface of the domes and punctuate the division between the main spaces. The transept
extend to the north and south of the dome and are called
(in this instance) the North Choir and the South Choir.
The choir holds the stalls for the clergy and the choir,
and the organ. These wooden ttings, including the pulpit and Bishops throne, were designed in Wrens oce
and built by joiners. The carvings are the work of Grinling Gibbons who Summerson describes as having astonishing facility and suggests that Gibbons aim was to reproduce popular Dutch ower painting in wood.[49] Jean
Tijou, a French metalworker, provided various wrought
iron and gilt grills, gates and balustrades of elaborate design, of which many pieces have now been combined into
the gates near the sanctuary.[49]

The interior of the dome showing how Thornhills

painting continues an illusion of the real architectural
features.

This view of an arch spanning the aisle shows how Wren

succeeded in giving an impression of eight equal arches.
The main internal space of the cathedral is that under the
central dome which extends the full width of the nave
and aisles. The dome is supported on pendentives rising
between eight arches spanning the nave, choir, transepts,
and aisles. The eight piers that carry them are not evenly
spaced. Wren has maintained an appearance of eight
equal spans by inserting segmental arches to carry galleries across the ends of the aisles, and has extended the
mouldings of the upper arch to appear equal to the wider
arches.[59]

Above the keystones of the arches, at 99 feet (30 m) above

the oor and 112 feet (34 m) wide, runs a cornice which
supports the Whispering Gallery so called because of its
acoustic properties: a whisper or low murmur against its
wall at any point is audible to a listener with an ear held to
The cathedral is some 574 feet (175 m) in length (in- the wall at any other point around the gallery. It is reached
cluding the portico of the Great West Door), of which by 259 steps from ground level.
223 feet (68 m) is the nave and 167 feet (51 m) is the The dome is raised on a tall drum surrounded by pilasters
choir. The width of the nave is 121 feet (37 m) and across and pierced with windows in groups of three, separated
the transepts is 246 feet (75 m).[75] The cathedral is thus by eight gilded niches containing statues, and repeating
slightly shorter but somewhat wider than Old St Pauls.
the pattern of the peristyle on the exterior. the dome

4.3

Artworks, tombs and memorials

rises above a gilded cornice at 173 feet (53 m) to a height

of 214 feet (65 m). Its painted decoration by Sir James
Thornhill shows eight scenes from the life of St Paul set
in illusionistic architecture which continues the forms of
the eight niches of the drum.[64] At the apex of the dome
is an oculus inspired by that of the Pantheon in Rome.
Through this hole can be seen the decorated inner surface
of the cone which supports the lantern. This upper space
is lit by the light wells in the outer dome and openings in
the brick cone. Engravings of Thornhills paintings were
published in 1720.[76]

11
are the work of by Godfrey Allen and Stephen Dykes
Bower.[56] The apse was dedicated in 1958 as the American Memorial Chapel.[77] It was paid for entirely by donations from British people.[78] The Roll of Honour contains the names of more than 28,000 Americans who
gave their lives while on their way to, or stationed in, the
United Kingdom during the Second World War.[79] It is
in front of the chapels altar. The three windows of the
apse date from 1960 and depict themes of service and
sacrice, while the insignia around the edges represent
the American states and the US armed forces. The limewood panelling incorporates a rocket a tribute to Americas achievements in space.[80]

4.3 Artworks, tombs and memorials

The choir, looking east

The south choir organ

St Pauls at the time of its completion, was adorned by
sculpture in stone and wood, most notably that of Grinling Gibbons, by the paintings in the dome by Thornhill,
and by Jean Tijous elaborate metalwork. It has been
further enhanced by Sir William Richmonds mosaics
and the ttings by Dykes Bower and Godfrey Allen.[56]
Other artworks in the cathedral include, in the south aisle,
William Holman Hunt's copy of his painting The Light of
the World, the original of which hangs in Keble College,
Oxford. In the north choir aisle is a limestone sculpture
The apse and high altar
of the Madonna and Child by Henry Moore, carved in
1943.[56] The crypt contains over 200 memorials and numerous burials. Christopher Wren was the rst person to
be interred, in 1723. On the wall above his tomb in the
4.2.2 Apse
crypt is written: Lector, si monumentum requiris, circum[81]
The eastern apse extends the width of the choir and is the spice.
full height of the main arches across choir and nave. It is The largest monument in the cathedral is that to the Duke
decorated with mosaics, in keeping with the choir vaults. of Wellington by Alfred Stevens. It stands on the north
The original reredos and high altar were destroyed by side of the nave and has on top a statue of Wellington
bombing in 1940. The present high altar and baldacchino astride his horse Copenhagen. Although the equestrian

12
gure was planned at the outset, objections to the notion
of having a horse in the church prevented its installation
until 1912. The horse and rider are by John Tweed. The
Duke is buried in the crypt.[56]
The tomb of Horatio, Lord Nelson is located in the crypt,
next to that of Wellington.[82] The marble sarcophagus
which holds his remains was made for Cardinal Wolsey
but was disused as the cardinal fell from favour.[56] At
the eastern end of the crypt is the Chapel of the Order
of the British Empire, instigated in 1917, and designed
by Lord Mottistone.[56] There are many other memorials commemorating the British military, including several
lists of servicemen who died in action, the most recent
being the Gulf War.
Also remembered are Florence Nightingale, J. M. W.
Turner, Hubert Parry, Samuel Johnson, Lawrence of
Arabia and Sir Alexander Fleming as well as clergy and
residents of the local parish. There are lists of the Bishops
and cathedral Deans for the last thousand years. One of
the most remarkable sculptures is that of the Dean and
poet, John Donne. Before his death, Donne posed for his
own memorial statue and was depicted by Nicholas Stone
as wrapped in a burial shroud, and standing on a funeral
urn. The sculpture, carved around 1630, is the only one
to have survived the conagration of 1666 intact.[56] The
treasury is also in the crypt but the cathedral has very few
treasures as many have been lost, and on 22 December
1810 a major robbery took almost all of the remaining
precious artefacts.[83]

5 EDUCATION, TOURISM AND THE ARTS

Great Paul, cast in 1881 by Taylors bell foundry
of Loughborough, Leicestershire, at 16 tons was the
largest bell in the British Isles until the casting of the
Olympic Bell for the 2012 London Olympics.[85] This bell
has traditionally sounded at 1 o'clock each day. Great
Paul has not been rung for several years because of a
broken chiming mechanism.[86] The clock bells included
Great Tom which was moved from St Stephens Chapel
at the Palace of Westminster and has been recast several
times, the last time by Richard Phelps. It chimes the hour
and is traditionally tolled on occasions of a death in the
royal family, the Bishop of London, or the Lord Mayor
of London, although an exception was made at the death
of the US president James Gareld.[87] It was last tolled
for the death of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, in
2002.[85] In 1717, Richard Phelps cast two more bells that
were added as quarter jacks that ring on the quarterhour. Still in use today, the rst weighs 13 long hundredweight (1,500 lb; 660 kg), is 41 inches (1,000 mm)
in diameter and is tuned to A at; the second weighs 35
long hundredweight (3,900 lb; 1,800 kg) and is 58 inches
(1,500 mm) in diameter and is tuned to E at.
The north-west tower contains a peal of 12 bells by Taylor of Loughborough hung for change ringing and the
original service or Communion Bell dating from 1700
and known as the Banger which is rung before 8.00 am
services.[85]

5 Education, tourism and the arts

The funerals of many notable gures have occurred at

the cathedral, including those of Lord Nelson, the Duke
of Wellington, Winston Churchill, George Mallory and 5.1 Interpretation Project
Margaret Thatcher.[84]
The Interpretation Project is a long term project concerned with bringing St Pauls to life for all its visitors.
In 2010, the Dean and Chapter of St Pauls opened St
Pauls Oculus, a 270 lm experience that brings 1400
years of history to life.[88] Located in the former Treasury
in the crypt, the lm takes visitors on a journey through
the history and daily life of St Pauls Cathedral. Oculus
360 view of the interior near the High Altar.
was funded by American Express Company in partnership with the World Monuments Fund, J. P . Morgan, the
Gareld Weston Trust for St Pauls Cathedral, the City of
London Endowment Trust and AIG.
4.4 Clock and bells
In 2010, new touchscreen multimedia guides were also
launched. These guides are included in the price of admission. Visitors can discover the cathedrals history,
architecture and daily life of a busy working church
with these new multimedia guides. They are available
in 12 dierent languages: English, French, German,
Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, Russian, Mandarin,
Japanese, Korean and British Sign Language (BSL). The
guides have y-through videos of the dome galleries and
zoomable close-ups of the ceiling mosaics, painting and
photography. Interviews and commentary from experts
include the Dean of St Pauls, conservation team and the
The south-west tower also contains four bells of which Director of Music. Archive lm footage includes major
The south-west tower contains a clock, of which the
present mechanism was built in 1893 by Smith of Derby
incorporating a design of escapement by Edmund Denison Beckett similar to that used by Edward Dent on the
'Big Ben' mechanism in 1895. The clock mechanism is
5.8 metres long and is the most recent of the clocks introduced to St Pauls Cathedral over the centuries. Since
1969 the clock has been electrically wound with equipment designed and installed by Smith of Derby, relieving the clock custodian from the work of cranking up the
heavy drive weights.

5.2

St Pauls Cathedral Arts Project

13

The gilt statue of Saint Paul at the top of St Pauls Cross in the
cathedral precinct

repair work.[90]

5.2 St Pauls Cathedral Arts Project

The south-west tower

services and events from the cathedrals history.

5.1.1

Charges for sightseers

St Pauls charges for the admission of those people who

are sightseers, rather than worshippers; the charge is
16.50 (15 when purchased online).[89] Outside service
times, people seeking a quiet place to pray or worship
are admitted to St Dunstans Chapel free of charge. On
Sundays people are admitted only for services and there
is no sightseeing. The cathedral explains that the charge
to sightseers is because St Pauls receives little regular or
signicant funding from the Crown, Church or the State
and relies on the income generated by tourism to allow
the building to continue to function as a centre for Christian worship, as well as to cover general maintenance and

The St Pauls Cathedral Arts Project is an ongoing programme which seeks to explore the encounter between art
and faith. Projects have included installations by Gerry
Judah, Antony Gormley, Rebecca Horn, Yoko Ono and
Martin Firrell.
In 2014, St Pauls commissioned British artist Gerry Judah to create an artwork in the nave of the cathedral to
commemorate the 100th anniversary of the beginning of
the First World War. This has resulted in two spectacular sculptures consisting of three-dimensional white cruciforms to reect the meticulously maintained war graves
of northern France and further aeld. Each sculpture is
also embellished with miniaturised destroyed residential
blocks depicting war zones in the Middle East Syria,
Baghdad, Afghanistan thus connecting one hundred
years of warfare.[91]
Internationally acclaimed artist Bill Viola has been commissioned to create two altarpieces for permanent display
in St Pauls Cathedral. The project commenced production in mid-2009 with completion in early 2012. Following the extensive programme of cleaning and repair of

14

6 SEE ALSO

the interior of St Pauls, completed in 2005, Bill Viola

has been commissioned to create two altarpieces on the
themes of Mary and Martyrs. These two multi-screen
video installations will be permanently located at the end
of the Quire aisles, anking the High Altar of the Cathedral and the American Memorial Chapel where US Service men and women who gave their lives in the Second
World War are commemorated. Each work will employ
an arrangement of multiple plasma screen panels congured in a manner similar to historic altarpieces. The
screens will be mounted on hinged panels, allowing them
to be closed.

an incidental location such as the staircase of the southwest tower which has appeared in several movies including Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.

In Summer 2010, St Pauls chose two new works by the

British artist Mark Alexander to be hung either side of
the nave. Both entitled Red Mannheim, Alexanders large
red silkscreens are inspired by the Mannheim Cathedral
altarpiece (173941), which was damaged by bombing
in the Second World War. The original sculpture depicts
Christ on the cross, surrounded by a familiar retinue of
mourners. Rendered in splendid giltwood, with Christs
wracked body sculpted in relief, and the ourishes of ora
and incandescent rays from heaven, this masterpiece of
the German Rococo is an object of ravishing beauty and
intense piety.

St Pauls Cathedral has appeared numerous times in

Doctor Who, most notably the 1968 episode, "The
Invasion". In one scene, a group of Cybermen are
shown climbing out of some manholes in Central
London, before descending a stairway in front of the
Cathedral.

In March 2010, Flare II, a sculpture by Antony Gormley, was installed in the dramatic setting of the Geometric
Staircase.[92]
In 2007, Dean and Chapter commissioned public artist
Martin Firrell to create a major public artwork to mark
the 300th anniversary of the topping-out of Wrens building. The Question Mark Inside consisted of digital text
projections to the cathedral dome, West Front and inside onto the Whispering Gallery. The text was based on
blog contributions by the general public as well as interviews conducted by the artist and the artists own views.
The project presented a stream of possible answers to the
question: 'what makes life meaningful and purposeful,
and what does St Pauls mean in that contemporary context?' The Question Mark Inside opened on 8 November
2008 and ran for eight nights.

5.3

Depictions of St Pauls

St Pauls Cathedral has been depicted many times in

paintings, prints and drawings. Among the well-known
artists to have painted it are Canaletto, Turner, Daubigny,
Pissarro, Signac, Derain, Lloyd Rees,
5.3.1

Photography and lm

St Pauls Cathedral has been the subject of many photographs, most notably the iconic image of the dome surrounded by smoke during the Blitz.(see above) It has also
been used in lms and TV programmes, either as the focus of the lm, as in the episode of Climbing Great Buildings; as a feature of the lm, as in Mary Poppins; or as

Films in which St Pauls has appeared include:

Lawrence of Arabia (1962) shows the exterior of the
building and T E Lawrences bust.
Mary Poppins (1964) shows the front and outside of
the Cathedral, though it shows the space from the
missing clock, when that was caused by bombing
during World War II, 30 years after the lm was set.

Saint Pauls is seen briey in the Goodies episode

"Kitten Kong" (1971). During his rampage through
London, Twinkle does damage to various London
landmarks, including Saint Pauls Cathedral, which
has its dome knocked o when he bursts out of the
centre of the famous church.
In the BBC educational programme "A Guide to
Armageddon, (1982) a 1-megaton nuclear weapon
is detonated over London, with St Pauls used as
ground zero.
The Madness of King George (1994) shows the Geometric Staircase in the South West Bell Tower.
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)
shows the Geometric Staircase in the South West
Bell Tower.
Industrial Revelations: Best of British Engineering
Buildings, with Rory McGrath series 5, episode 1,
2008, focuses on St Pauls Cathedral.
Sherlock Holmes (2009) shows the North side of
the West Steps, and the Geometric Staircase in the
South West Bell Tower.
Climbing Great Buildings (2010)
Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) depicts St Pauls
in 23rd-century London along with other notable
modern-day London buildings.[93]

6 See also
Cyril Raikes (re watching on the dome of St Pauls
in the Second World War)
Category:Burials at St Pauls Cathedral
List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom

15
List of churches and cathedrals of London
Paternoster Square
St Pauls Cathedral School
Tall buildings in London
The Light of the World (painting)

[12] Bede (1969), Colgrave, Bertram; Mynors, R. A. B.,

eds., Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Oxford:
Clarendon, pp. 1423
[13] Garmonsway, G. N., trans. (1953), The Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle, London: Dent
[14] Kelly 2004
[15] Campbell (2007), p. 26.

References

Notes
[1] B. Weinreb & C. Hibbert. The London Encyclopaedia
p. 778.
[2] Helen Gardner; Fred S. Kleiner, Christin J. Mamiya,
Gardners Art through the Ages. Thomson Wadsworth,
(2004) ISBN 0-15-505090-7
[3] Sir John Betjeman, A Pictorial History of English Architecture, John Murray, (1970), ISBN 0-7195-2640-X
[4] Rebecca Pierce, National Identity and the British Empire:
the Image of Saint Pauls Cathedral, Masters Thesis, Marshall University (2004)
[5] Nomina Episcoporum, cum Clericis Suis, Quinam, et ex
Quibus Provinciis, ad Arelatensem Synodum Convenerint ["The Names of the Bishops with Their Clerics who
Came Together at the Synod of Arles and from which
Province They Came"] from the Consilia[6] in Thackery[7]
[6] Labb, Philippe & Gabriel Cossart (eds.) Sacrosancta
Concilia ad Regiam Editionem Exacta: quae Nunc Quarta
Parte Prodit Actior [The Sancrosanct Councils Exacted for
the Royal Edition: which the Editors Now Produce in Four
Parts], Vol. I: Ab Initiis r Christian ad Annum CCCXXIV ["From the Beginning of the Christian Era to
the Year 324"], col. 1429. The Typographical Society
for Ecclesiastical Books (Paris), 1671. (Latin)
[7] Thackery, Francis. Researches into the Ecclesiastical and
Political State of Ancient Britain under the Roman Emperors: with Observations upon the Principal Events and
Characters Connected with the Christian Religion, during
the First Five Centuries, pp. 272 . T. Cadell (London),
1843. (Latin) & (English)
[8] Denison, Simon (June 1995). News: In Brief. British
Archaeology. Council for British Archaeology. Retrieved
30 March 2013.
[9] Sankey, D. (1998). Cathedrals, granaries and urban vitality in late Roman London. In Watson, Bruce. Roman
London: Recent Archaeological Work. JRA Supplementary Series 24. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology. pp. 7882.

[16] Vaughan Hart (2002). Nicholas Hawksmoor: Rebuilding

Ancient Wonders. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300-09699-6.
[17] Campbell (2007), p. 10.
[18] Lang (1956), pp. 4763.
[19] Summerson, p 204
[20] Summerson, p. 223
[21] Banister Fletcher
[22] Keene, et al (eds) (2004), p. 219
[23] Campbell (2007), p. 161.
[24] Campbell (2007), p. 69.
[25] UK CPI ination numbers based on data available from
Gregory Clark (2014), "What Were the British Earnings
and Prices Then? (New Series)" MeasuringWorth.
[26] Wright, James, The Choire,(London, 1693)
[27] Tinniswood, Adrian (2001), His Invention so Fertile: A
Life of Christopher Wren, London: Oxford Press, p.31
[28] Jardine, Lisa (15 May 2006). Homage to Highbury.
BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
[29] St. Pauls Cathedral in London Hit by Bomb.
[30] Cutting edge technology reveals historical secrets of St
Pauls in new TV series.
[31] Time Scanners: St. Pauls Cathedral.
[32] 1942531 Sapper George Cameron Wylie. Bomb Disposal: Royal EngineersGeorge Cross. 33 Engineer
regiment, RE website. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
[33] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34956. pp. 5767
5768. 27 September 1940. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
[34] Jardine, Lisa (15 May 2006). Homage to Highbury.
BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
[35] BBC News St Pauls Cathedral completes 40m
restoration project. Bbc.co.uk. 15 June 2011. Retrieved
23 November 2011.

[10] Camden, William (1607), Britannia (in Latin), London:

G. Bishop & J. Norton, pp. 3067

[36] Walker, Peter; Butt, Riazat (27 October 2011). St Pauls

may seek injunction to move Occupy London activists.
Guardian (London). Retrieved 30 October 2011.

[11] Clark, John (1996). The Temple of Diana. In Bird,

Joanna et al. Interpreting Roman London. Oxbow Monograph 58. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 19.

[37] Ward, Victoria (28 October 2011). Giles Fraser resignation: 'I couldn't face Dale Farm on the steps of St Pauls'".
Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 30 October 2011.

16

[38] St Pauls protest: Occupy London camp evicted. BBC.

28 February 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
[39] St Pauls website
[40] St Pauls website, Who are we?

REFERENCES

[71] Nikolaus Pevsner, pp. 32426

[72] John Summerson, p. 236
[73] Summerson, p. 234

[41] St Pauls Cathedral Appointment of Ison as Dean

[74] Michael Leapman, Eyewitness Travel Guide to Great

Britain, Dorling Kindersley, (1995) ISBN 0751300055

[42] Cathedral School Report, 2008. Retrieved 26 October

2014.

[75] St. Pauls Cathedral. The History Channel. Retrieved

18 April 2008.

[43] St Pauls Cathedral Oakley appointed Chancellor

[44] St Pauls Cathedral Installation of Hampel as Precentor

[76] Entered in the Entry Book at Stationers Hall on 7 May

1720 by Thornhill. The Bodleian Librarys deposit copy
survives (Arch.Antiq.A.III.23).

[45] St Pauls Cathedral New Canon Treasurer

[77] St. Pauls Cathedral American Memorial Chapel

[46] Fitzwilliam College Chapel Lent Term 2010

[47] St Pauls Cathedral Sermon for Installation of Coore as
Succentor

[78] Pauls Cathedral, St. (28 November 2006). Explore

St. Pauls. explore-stpauls.net. Retrieved 28 November
2006.

[48] Lang (1956), p. 171.

[79] Roll of Honour. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

[49] John Summerson, pp. 23840

[50] St Pauls Cathedral website, Choir and Musicians

[80] Pauls Cathedral, St. (28 November 2006). St. Pauls

Cathedral Floor. stpauls.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2006.

[51] Campbell (2007), pp. 2728.

[81] Reader, if you seek his monument, look around you

[52] Kerry Downes; Sir Christopher Wren: the Design of St

Pauls Cathedral, London: Trefoil Publications, 1987, pp.
1134.

[82] Holmes (2002), p.297

[53] Saunders, Ann. St Pauls: The Story of the Cathedral.

London: Collins and Brown Limited, 2001. 60.
[54] Felix Barker and Ralph Hyde; London as it might have
been, John Murray, 1982
[55] Campbell (2007), pp. 5354.
[56] Brian L. Harris, pp. 21415

[83] Robbery at St Pauls Cathedral. Morning Post. 24 December 1810. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
[84] Margaret Thatcher, former British prime minister known
as The Iron Lady, dies at 87 | Toronto Star. Thestar.com
(8 April 2013). Retrieved on 17 July 2013.
[85] Ocial webpage of St Pauls Cathedral
[86] St Pauls Cathedral: The Bells, Retrieved Oct. 16, 2014.

[57] Banister Fletcher, p. 906

[87] Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People. Silver,
Burdett. pp. 2526.

[58] Campbell (2007), pp. 5659.

[88] Oculus: an eye into St Pauls

[59] Summerson, p. 228

[89] Sightseeing Times & Prices. St Pauls Cathedral. Retrieved 27 April 2014.

[60] Campbell (2007), p. 137.

[61] Campbell (2007), pp. 105114.

[90] Talbot, Hannah (8 July 2011). Public Relations Manager. Trip Advisor. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

[62] Tinniswood, Adrian (2010). His Invention So Fertile.

London: Random House. p. 203.

[91] Giant white crosses remind St Pauls worshippers and visitors of the horrors of warfare

[63] Lang (1956), p. 209.

[92] 6 Unique Staircases in the UK You Wish You Could

Walk Over. medium.com.

[64] Lang (1956), p. 252.

[65] Lang (1956), p. 230.

[93] bottom right, the dome is visible to the left of and behind
30 St Mary Axe (the Gherkin)

[66] St Pauls website, Miscellaneous Drawings

[67] St Pauls Cathedral website, Climb the Dome

Sources

[68] Banister Fletcher (17th Ed.), p. 912

[69] Banister Fletcher (17th Ed.), p. 913
[70] Helen Gardner, pp. 60405

Campbell, James W. P. (2007). Building St Pauls.

London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-50034244-2.

17
St Pauls and the City by Frank Atkinson (With numerous photographic plates, both in colour, and
black and white). Michael Joseph Park Lane Press
(London) in 1985 with an ISBN 0-7181-2629-7
The Chapel of the Most Excellent Order of the British
Empire by Frederic Hood with a foreword by Prince
Phillip. (Mainly colour plates on glossy paper relating to St Pauls Cathedral 65 pages with descriptive text) Detail from a copy of the book published by OUP (Oxford University Press) at Oxford
in 1967 with no ISBN

St Pauls illuminated, with the Millennium Bridge in the foreground

Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967). The Cathedrals of

England. Thames and Hudson.
Fletcher, Banister (1962). A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method (seventeenth edition). Athlone Press, University of London.
Gardner, Helen; Fred S. Kleiner; Christin J. Mamiya
(2004). Gardners Art through the Ages. Thomson
Wadsworth. ISBN 0-15-505090-7.

Danger UXB by James Owen has a chapter on St

Pauls in wartime and the unexploded bomb which
closed it. Published by Little, Brown, 2010 ISBN
978-1-4087-0255-0

8 External links
St Pauls Cathedral ocial website
A Popular Description of St. Pauls Cathedral By
Maria Hackett, published 1828, 87 pages.
Biographical Illustrations of St. Pauls Cathedral By
George Lewis Smyth, published 1843, 284 pages.

Harris, Brian L., Harriss Guide to Churches and

Cathedrals, Ebury Press (1988) ISBN 0091912512

St Pauls Cathedral by Canaletto (painting)

Harvey, John (1961). English Cathedrals. Batsford.

Wrens various designs

Keene, Derek; Burn, R. Arthur; Saint, Andrew, ed.

(2004). St Pauls The Cathedral Church of London 6042004. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-30009276-8.

St Pauls Cathedral Photo Gallery 125 photos

Holmes, Professor Richard (2002). Wellington: The

Iron Duke. London: Harper Collins Publishers.
ISBN 978-0-00-713750-3.

Old St Pauls Cathedral by William Benham eText

from Project Gutenberg
S.E. Kelly, editor, 2004. Charters of St Pauls, London in series Anglo-Saxon Charters (Oxford University Press)

Lang, Jane (1956). Rebuilding St Pauls after the

Great Fire of London. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.

The 'Registrum Statutorum..' of St Pauls collected charters and other documents from the earliest years until the nineteenth century. Published
by the cathedral in 1873, Latin and English.

Pevsner, Nikolaus (1964). An Outline of European

Architecture. Pelican Books.

BBC News account of the bombing

Summerson, John, Architecture of Britain 1530

1830, The Pelican History of Art, Penguin Books,
(1983) ISBN 0140560033

A history of the choristers of St Pauls Cathedral

Tatton-Brown, Tim; John Crook (2002). The English Cathedral. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 184330-120-2.
The Sound of Bells - Great Paul. St Pauls Cathedral:
Credits, Retrieved Oct. 16, 2014.
Further reading

Bells of St Pauls

Mystery Worshipper Report at the Ship of Fools

website
Central London live webcam showing St Pauls,
Westminster and Big Ben
The Chapel of the Most Excellent Order of the
British Empire OBE Chapel
St Pauls lithographs c. 16471817

18
The Jubilee Cope commissioned for the Bishop of
London by St Pauls Cathedral in honour of the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II &.

EXTERNAL LINKS

19

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

St Pauls Cathedral Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Paul{}s%20Cathedral?oldid=648163044 Contributors: Kpjas, Derek

Ross, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Berek, Tarquin, Andre Engels, JeLuF, Enchanter, Deb, William Avery, Zoe, Hotlorp, Mintguy, Bernfarr,
Nevilley, MartinHarper, Gabbe, SGBailey, Zanimum, Delirium, Arpingstone, Minesweeper, Kosebamse, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, PJT, Jdforrester, Glenn, Jiang, Csernica, Lee M, Smack, Schneelocke, Qqq, Charles Matthews, Steinsky, Tpbradbury, Morwen, Ed g2s, Mp,
MiLo28, Lord Emsworth, Warofdreams, Rbellin, Wetman, Mjmcb1, Robbot, ChrisO, Tomchiukc, Naddy, Gandalf61, Henrygb, Andrew
Levine, JackofOz, Wereon, Pko, MykReeve, TPK, Jooler, Decumanus, Fudoreaper, Folks at 137, Dde0apb, Solipsist, VampWillow, Tagishsimon, Btphelps, Isidore, Chowbok, Andycjp, Mfv2, Screetchy cello, Juntung, Beland, OverlordQ, Doops, MistToys, Daniel,levine,
Jossi, Thincat, Pethan, Icairns, MRSC, Grunners, Gerald Farinas, JohnArmagh, Grstain, Mike Rosoft, ThaddeusFrye, Ham II, ZaphodSwe, Discospinster, 4pq1injbok, Sladen, C12H22O11, Cnyborg, Atchom, Swid, Phoenix Hacker, RoyBoy, Infocidal, Smalljim, Dpaajones,
Rockhopper10r, Scotthatton, Krellis, Alansohn, Inexplicable, Anthony Appleyard, Richard Harvey, Atlant, Monk127, Goldom, Fritzpoll,
Andrew Norman, Saga City, Derbeth, Tony Sidaway, Sciurin, Skyring, Alai, Richard Weil, Deror avi, Crosbiesmith, Pcpcpc, Stemonitis, R5gordini, Angr, Bacteria, Woohookitty, Nuggetboy, Trevorparsons, Isnow, Zzyzx11, DavidFarmbrough, Stevey7788, Mandarax,
Sareini, Graham87, Opie, Kbdank71, Jclemens, Ash211, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, WehrWolf, Tim!, Missmarple, Quiddity, Jrn0074,
SMC, Mike Peel, Vegaswikian, Craigus, Mkehrt, SNIyer12, MatthewMastracci, FlaBot, Calvin Wilton, Dpknauss, Gillian Tipson, Old
Moonraker, CalJW, Musical Linguist, Kerowyn, Wikicraig, Neofelis Nebulosa, Quuxplusone, Choess, DarthGanon, Intgr, Gareth E Kegg,
King of Hearts, Chobot, DTOx, Gdrbot, Bgwhite, Wjfox2005, Kjlewis, YurikBot, AlanFord, Ecemaml, Carolynparrishfan, RussBot,
Red Slash, Hornplease, Dili, Conscious, Lofty, EdmundT, Bhoeble, Danbarnesdavies, HVH, Pseudomonas, Wimt, Shanel, EgbertW,
Wiki alf, Leutha, Wrightchr, Howcheng, Nick, Pyrotec, Ravedave, Jpbowen, Moe Epsilon, Lomn, Ospalh, PaddyBriggs, Psy guy, Rallette, Scope creep, David Underdown, Salmanazar, Pegship, Rwxrwxrwx, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Reyk, Colin, Surgeonsmate,
Mrbowtie, Whobot, Tiria, Mais oui!, Allens, Tarquin Binary, Dodgerjammy, BonsaiViking, SmackBot, KnowledgeOfSelf, McGeddon,
CSZero, InvictaHOG, Piccadilly, Delldot, Eskimbot, Alsandro, Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Hmains, Honbicot, Jprg1966, Master of Puppets,
JaT, Miquonranger03, MalafayaBot, Mdwh, Breadandcheese, Donelson, Dejiolowe, MichaelWheeley, Joseolgon, Suicidalhamster, Egsan
Bacon, Brzak, Kittybrewster, Greenshed, S ellinson, Downwards, Kevlar67, Rajrajmarley, Rob, Bronzie, SpiderJon, Bob Castle, Parrot of
Doom, LeighBCD, JLogan, Andrewrabbott, Rory096, Gloriamarie, BrownHairedGirl, RASAM, SilkTork, Shyamsunder, Paris456, Chris
42, Basilbrushleo, A. Parrot, BillFlis, Mr Stephen, Neddyseagoon, BranStark, Ghughesarch, Iridescent, Midnighttonight, Dp462090, Blehfu, Carroy, Switchercat, Zitronfalda, Van helsing, Comrade42, Mcginnly, Urbansurgery, Klossner, ShelfSkewed, Birdhurst, Howard352,
Richard Keatinge, Cydebot, Aodhdubh, Richardguk, Amandajm, Steinman, Christian75, Optimist on the run, Ward3001, After Midnight,
Ebyabe, Digilee, Robert.Allen, Lo2u, Arb, Casliber, Jon C., Epbr123, Pajz, John254, Verica Atrebatum, Esemono, CharlotteWebb, Nick
Number, QuiteUnusual, Splitrokes, Tangerines, Kbthompson, Jkr131, Dr. Submillimeter, Ianalexandermartin, MortimerCat, Bigjimr,
JAnDbot, Lino Mastrodomenico, Ericoides, MelanieN, Albany NY, MegX, Wimstead, Magioladitis, Pedro, Dp76764, VoABot II, Gordon Giles, JamesBWatson, Jllm06, BuddhikaD, The Anomebot2, Ahecht, Mtd2006, Daarznieks, Willtee, Glen, Daemonic Kangaroo,
Northwestern Division, Denis tarasov, MartinBot, The-whiz-kid, Rettetast, Giano II, Keith D, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Nev1,
Trusilver, JamesD'Alexander, Fowler&fowler, JStone, Thaurisil, Johnbod, LordAnubisBOT, BryanNance, Malplaquet, Peter I. Vardy,
Stambouliote, Pterre, B0bbleb0bble, Royalcello, Raptornet, Tygrrr, Rangeredge, Cancandance, MishaPan, Andy Marchbanks, Jpchalmers,
Nattfodd, GrahamHardy, Funandtrvl, C1self, VolkovBot, Sym24, Fiepke69, AshbyJnr, Tomsega, Rei-bot, Dormskirk, John Carter, Artybrad, SelketBot, Bleaney, Amog, Bashereyre, Truthanado, Mcrumpsall, Jasonwebber, Rontrigger, Darkieboy236, SieBot, Nanonic, Kernel Saunters, Caltas, Mld74, Mangostar, Warren Whyte, Peter.Webster, Andrewjlockley, Keilana, Anglicanus, Flyer22, 23mike95, Phil
Bridger, Ptolemy Caesarion, KoshVorlon, Lightmouse, Reginmund, Stevew2022, Anchor Link Bot, Tognopop, Cod30, Dust Filter, Prof
saxx, Chris fardon, Midx1004, Denisarona, Lethesl, Martarius, TonyDodson, ClueBot, Dvl007, Rumping, The Thing That Should Not Be,
Rodhullandemu, Plastikspork, Niceguyedc, Ficbot, Piledhigheranddeeper, Buschaser, Burst tool, Sleeming88, DavidBlackwell, Cabologist,
Alexbot, NickBe, Architon, Bchaosf, Estirabot, Lartoven, Tom Sauce, Ragbin, NuclearWarfare, Maniago, M.O.X, Dawsonix, Versus22,
Mhockey, Qpeter, Cooltrainer Hugh, XLinkBot, Mcconnmi2, Nomoskedasticity, QuintusPetillius, Skarebo, Bh1331, Mihogo, Kbdankbot,
Thebestofall007, Bgag, Addbot, Willking1979, Some jerk on the Internet, PatrickFlaherty, Nomad2u001, Fieldday-sunday, Ronkonkaman, BabelStone, NjardarBot, MinisterForBadTimes, Eauchiche, MrOllie, Debresser, Lemonade100, Peter Napkin Dance Party, Tassedethe, , Aused with holy water, Luckas-bot, HuPi, Yobot, UHT, Julia W, Rsquire3, Donfbreed, DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, J Milburn Bot, KamikazeBot, Tim.sneller, AnomieBOT, IRP, Galoubet, LlywelynII, Willednic, Kingpin13, Lucas Brown
42, Knowledgekid87, Ulric1313, Limideen, Cyan22, Maturescence, Danno uk, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Jagcat98, Obersachsebot, Xqbot,
Dan4142, Nasnema, Doboz, Srich32977, Sionk, Sir Stanley, Karl1587, RibotBOT, White whirlwind, Duncanogi, Shadowjams, Dougofborg, Haldraper, FrescoBot, Keraulaophone, Joedkins, Citation bot 1, Pinethicket, Metricmike, Plucas58, A412, Imcgraw, RedBot, Aetylus,
Greatorex, Tsinfandel, Ikiwsdrawkcab, TRBP, Jack Berkovi, Gerda Arendt, Mjs1991, Ds1994, Barnosell, Autoreplay, RyanTee82, Turgon77, Debbieporter, Felipito1.966, Hltalbot, Hobbes Goodyear, RjwilmsiBot, Alph Bot, Ineverheardofhim, Alzarian16, Peaceworld111,
Beyond My Ken, DASHBot, Christoph Braun, EmausBot, Orphan Wiki, Sophie, Hantsheroes, 4meter4, Stephencdickson, Tommy2010,
Wikipelli, Werieth, Hannahlt, ClareandMaria, Clawprofe, Ebrambot, H3llBot, Wayne Slam, Erianna, Danmuz, Donner60, Minhminh284,
Magdalenamutz, Rangoon11, Hannah1982beth, Spicemix, DrArchitect, ClueBot NG, Kunstlerbob, Rabanus Flavus, Slowking4, Frietjes,
Hazhk, Widr, Katyeltaylor, Helpful Pixie Bot, Nirple, HMSSolent, Hitchcock54, Island Monkey, Frasse01, John O'London, Mark Arsten,
Compfreak7, Nenniu, E.Maturin, The Almightey Drill, Lots of vivos man, PhilipMiletic, Merlaysamuel, Krq, TheRaag, Pratyya Ghosh,
Dikaalnas, Khazar2, Peter Roysse, Chrisdvorak1, Dexbot, Pavel Culek, Mogism, Cerabot, Lugia2453, Cdwn, Popesterfy, Epicgenius, Inglok, Neitiznot, Tentinator, Bt3082, William Drake, Doug Christian, QaraounCultureBuiltEden, P.Kurmelis, Bellminsterboy, Kind Tennis
Fan, Hughod, Beaglepack, Captain Cornwall, Monkbot, Abrumpted, Julianmosi, Oldpiglet, Mjcorr and Anonymous: 527

9.2

Images

File:18th_century_view_of_St_Paul{}s_by_J.M._Mueller.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/18th_

century_view_of_St_Paul%27s_by_J.M._Mueller.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to
Commons by User:Pauk using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was Gillian Tipson at en.wikipedia
File:Antonio_Joli_Prospect_of_London.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Antonio_Joli_Prospect_
of_London.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:

20

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Sally Liddell: Sotherbys Art at Auction 1988-89. Sothebys Publications, London 1989; S. 122. ISBN 0-85667365-X. Original artist: Antonio Joli
File:Battle_of_britain_air_observer.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Battle_of_britain_air_
observer.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Big_Ben_Clear_Skies.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Big_Ben_Clear_Skies.JPG License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lachlan Fearnley
File:Boats_on_theThames.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Boats_on_theThames.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: Original at the Museum of London Original artist: the artists name is not stated on the museum website
File:Canaletto_london.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Canaletto_london.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: <a href='http://www.wga.hu/art/c/canalett/7/canal705.jpg' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img
alt='Inkscape.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/20px-Inkscape.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/30px-Inkscape.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/40px-Inkscape.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='60' data-le-height='60'
/></a> Image <a href='http://www.wga.hu/html/c/canalett/7/canal705.html' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Information icon.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='620'
data-le-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Canaletto
File:Canterbury_cathedral.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Canterbury_cathedral.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: Original uploader was Michael Rowe
at en.wikipedia
File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: This
le was derived from: Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007.jpg <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007.jpg' class='image'><img alt='Clock Tower - Palace of Westminster,
London - May 2007.jpg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%
2C_London_-_May_2007.jpg/50px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007.jpg' width='50' height='100'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_
2007.jpg/75px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/9/93/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007.jpg/100px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_
Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007.jpg 2x' data-le-width='2500' data-le-height='4986' /></a>
Original artist: Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007.jpg: Dili
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Dickinson_St_Paul{}s.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Dickinson_St_Paul%27s.jpg
License:
Public domain Contributors:
http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/The-Collections/Architectural-Archive/
7-Churchyard-and-paving-c16901713-miscellaneous-drawings Original artist: William Dickinson
File:Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.goodallartists.ca/newpage2.htm Original artist: Edward Angelo Goodall (1819-1908)
File:Ernest_Dade_-_St_Paul{}s_from_the_River.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Ernest_Dade_
-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_River.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.brockfielhall.co.uk/St_Paul{}s_from_the_River.
html Original artist: Ernest Dade
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Frederick_Edward_Joseph_Goff_St_Paul{}s_from_Bankside.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/
7e/Frederick_Edward_Joseph_Goff_St_Paul%27s_from_Bankside.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Bonhams Original artist:
Frederick Edward Joseph Go (1855-1931)
File:Geometric_staircase,_St._Paul{}s_Cathedral.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Geometric_
staircase%2C_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Merlaysamuel
File:John_O'Connor_-_Ludgate,_Evening_-_1887.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/John_O%
27Connor_-_Ludgate%2C_Evening_-_1887.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Sothebys Original artist: John O'Connor
File:Millennium_Bridge_rup11.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Millennium_Bridge_rup11.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rup11
File:Nulli_Secundus_I_over_St_Paul{}s_IWM_RAE-O_1069.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/
Nulli_Secundus_I_over_St_Paul%27s_IWM_RAE-O_1069.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This is photograph RAE-O 1069
from the collections of the Imperial War Museums. Original artist: Royal Engineers ocial photographer
File:Operation_Banner_Service_Held_at_St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_2008_MOD_45151837.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Operation_Banner_Service_Held_at_St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_2008_MOD_45151837.jpg License: OGL
Contributors:
Photo http://www.defenceimagery.mod.uk/fotoweb/fwbin/download.dll/45153802.jpg Original artist: Harland Quarrington MoD
File:South_west_tower_of_St_Paul{}s_Cathedral.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/South_west_
tower_of_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Julie Anne Workman
File:St_Paul{}s_-_the_Greek_Cross_design.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/St_Paul%27s_-_the_
Greek_Cross_design.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

9.3

Content license

21

File:St_Paul{}s_-_the_final_design.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/St_Paul%27s_-_the_final_

design.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:St_Paul{}s_-_the_warrant_design.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/St_Paul%27s_-_the_
warrant_design.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:St_Paul{}s_Cathedral,_London,_England_-_Jan_2010_edit.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/
2f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London%2C_England_-_Jan_2010_edit.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
St_Pauls_Cathedral,_London,_England_-_Jan_2010.jpg Original artist: St_Pauls_Cathedral,_London,_England_-_Jan_2010.jpg: Dili
File:St_Paul{}s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_east,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/6/60/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_east%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Dili
File:St_Paul{}s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_west,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/a/a2/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_west%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Dili
File:St_Paul{}s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Square_Crop.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/4/43/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Square_Crop.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Colin
File:St_Paul{}s_Cathedral_High_Altar,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/
St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Dili
File:St_Paul{}s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_2_crop,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/b/b3/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_2_crop%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dili
File:St_Paul{}s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_3,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/7/70/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_3%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Dili
File:St_Paul{}s_Cathedral_Nave,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/St_
Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dili
File:St_Paul{}s_Cathedral_South_Organ,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/
4f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dili
File:St_Paul{}s_Engraving_by_Samuel_Wale_and_John_Gwynn_(1755)..gif Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/e/e2/St_Paul%27s_Engraving_by_Samuel_Wale_and_John_Gwynn_%281755%29..gif License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:St_Paul{}s_by_Thomas_Hosmer_Shepherd_(early_19th_century).jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/f/f7/St_Paul%27s_by_Thomas_Hosmer_Shepherd_%28early_19th_century%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Piccadilly at en.wikipedia
File:St_Paul{}s_cross,_London,_England,_GB,_IMG_5127_edit.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/
fd/St_Paul%27s_cross%2C_London%2C_England%2C_GB%2C_IMG_5127_edit.jpg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original
artist: Christoph Braun
File:St_Paul{}s_old._From_Francis_Bond,_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg
Source:
http://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond%2C_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_
1913..jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:St_Pauls_Cathedral_from_West_adj.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/St_Pauls_Cathedral_
from_West_adj.JPG License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.
JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transfered to Commons by User:Isthmus using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: ?
File:St_Pauls_Picturesque_England_Laura_Valentine_1891.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/
St_Pauls_Picturesque_England_Laura_Valentine_1891.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:St_Pauls_aerial.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/St_Pauls_aerial.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as St Pauls Original artist: Mark Fosh
File:St_pauls_altar.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/St_pauls_altar.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Donelson
File:Stpaulsblitz.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b2/Stpaulsblitz.jpg License: ? Contributors:
http://www.sheilaomalley.com/archives/2005_07.html Original artist: ?

9.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0