Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
dancer = dansator/dansatoare
doctor = doctor/doctori
dreamer = vistor/vistoare
driver = ofer/oferi
dyer = vopsitor/vopsitoare
economist = economist/economist
engineer = inginer/inginer
examiner=examinator/examinatoare
fighter = lupttor/lupttoare
friend = prieten/prieten
guest = musafir/musafir
interpreter = interpret/interpret
journalist = jurnalist/jurnalist
owner = posesor/posesoare
painter = pictor/pictori
parent = printe
masculin (masculine)
(he = el)
boy friend = prieten
brother - in - law = cumnat
bull = taur
cock = coco
dog = cine
drake = roi
father - in - law = socru
fisherman = pescar
fox = vulpoi
gipsy/gypsy = igan
grandson = nepot
horse = cal
host = gazd
lion = leu
lord = domn
man-servant = servitor
Mr. = domnul
negro = negru
ox = bou
peasant = ran
pirate = pirat
postman = pota
schoolboy = colar
soldier = soldat
son - in - law = ginere
steward = stevard
tom cat = pisoi
turkey cock = curcan
usher = plasator
waiter = chelner
neutru (neuter)
(it = el/ea)
net = plas
novel = roman
number = numr
occupation = ocupaie
ocean = ocean
feminin (feminine)
(she = ea)
girl friend = prieten
sister - in - law = cumnat
cow = vac
hen = gin
bitch = cea
duck = ra
mother - in - law = soacr
vixen = vulpe
gipsy/gypsy woman = iganc
granddaughter = nepoat
mare = iap
hostess = gazd
lioness = leoaic
lady = doamn
maid - servant = servitoare
Miss/Mrs. = domnioara/doamna
negress = negres
cow = vac
peasant woman = ranc
-
schoolgirl = colri
-
philosopher = filozof
physiologist = fiziolog
pilot = pilot
player = juctor/juctoare
playwright = dramaturg
printer = tipograf/tipograf
prisoner = prizonier/prizonier
purchaser = cumprtor/ cumprtoare
supporter = suporter/suporter
reader = cititor/cititoare
reporter = reporter/reporter
rival = rival/rival
scholar = nvat/nvat
scientist = savant/savant
smoker = fumtor/fumtoare
spectator = spectator/spectatoare
spouse = so/soie
successor = succesor/succesoare
superintendent = supraveghetor/ supraveghetoare
theorist = teoretician/teoretician
weaver = estor/estoare
welder = sudor/sudori
worker = muncitor/muncitoare
writer = scriitor/scriitoare
N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
singular
a boy = un biat
a girl = o fat
of a boy = a boy's = al, a , ai, ale unui biat
of a girl = a girl's = al, a, ai, ale unei fete
(to) a boy = unui biat
(to) a girl = unei fete
a boy = un biat
a girl = o fat
boy ! = biete !, biatule !
girl ! = fat !
plural
boys = biei
girls = fete
N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
4. demonstrative (Demonstrative)
5. cantitativ/nehotrte (Quantitative-Indefinite)
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the one = acel / acela care, cel ce /care; cea / aceea care
The one, who knows us, is here. = Cel / cea care ne cunoate este aici.
it = acela, aceea
Was it you ? = Tu ai fost acela/aceea ?
the former = primul (din doi), cel dinti (din doi), prima (din dou), cea dinti (din dou)
the latter = (cel de-) al doilea, ultimul (din doi), (cea de-) a doua, ultima (din dou)
John and William are friends. The former is a farmer, the latter is an engineer. = John i William sunt prieteni. Primul
este fermier, al doilea este inginer.
the first = cel, cea, cei, cele dinti, primul, prima, primii, primele (dintre mai multi)
He is my first friend. = El este primul meu prieten. = El este cel dinti prieten al meu.
the first boy = primul biat
the first boys = primii biei
the first girl = prima fat
the first girls = primele fete
the first book = prima carte
the first books = primele cri
the first tree = primul copac
the first trees = primii copaci
the last = cel, cea, cei, cele din urm, ultimul, ultima, ultimii,ultimele (dintre mai multi)
Is this your last decision ? = Este aceasta ultima ta hotrre ?
the last boy = ultimul biat
the last boys = ultimii biei
the last girl = ultima fat
the last girls = ultimele fete
the last book = ultima carte
the last books = ultimele cri
the last tree = ultimul copac
the last trees = ultimii copaci
the other = cellalt, cealalt, ceilali, celelalte
the other boy = cellalt biat
the other girl = cealalt fat
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comparativ de superioritate
superlativ relativ
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superlativ absolut
bigger
mai mare
drier
mai uscat
easier
mai uor
fatter
mai gras
greater
mai mare
happier
mai fericit
harder
mai tare
hotter
mai fierbinte
kinder
mai amabil
longer
mai lung
nicer
mai plcut
shorter
mai scurt
smaller
mai mic
stronger
mai tare
taller
mai nalt
thicker
mai gros
thinner
mai subire
1.3.2.2.
pozitiv
abject
abject/josnic
abrupt
abrupt
active
activ
amiable
prietenos
attractive
atrgtor
beautiful
frumoas
curious
curios
foolish
prost(esc)
huge
uria/imens
severe
the biggest
cel mai mare
the driest
cel mai uscat
the easiest
cel mai uor
the fattest
cel mai gras
the greatest
cel mai mare
the happiest
cel mai fericit
the hardest
cel mai tare
the hottest
cel mai fierbinte
the kindest
cel mai amabil
the longest
cel mai lung
the nicest
cel mai plcut
the shortest
cel mai scurt
the smallest
cel mai mic
the strongest
cel mai tare
the tallest
cel mai nalt
the thickest
cel mai gros
the thinnest
cel mai subire
very big
foarte mare
very dry
foarte uscat
very easy
foarte uor
very fat
foarte gras
very great
foarte mare
very happy
foarte fericit
very hard
foarte tare
very hot
foarte fierbinte
very kind
foarte amabil
very long
foarte lung
very nice
foarte plcut
very short
foarte scurt
very small
foarte mic
very strong
foarte tare
very tall
foarte nalt
very thick
foarte gros
very thin
foarte subire, etc.
comparativ de superioritate
more abject
mai josnic
more abrupt
mai abrupt
more active
mai activ
more amiable
mai prietenos
more attractive
mai atrgtor
more beautiful
mai frumoas
more curious
mai curios
more foolish
mai prost(esc)
more huge
mai imens
more severe
superlativ relativ
the most abject
cel mai josnic
the most abrupt
cel mai abrupt
the most active
cel mai activ
the most amiable
cel mai prietenos
the most attractive
cel mai atrgtor
the most beautiful
cea mai frumoas
the most curious
cel mai curios
the most foolish
cel mai prost(esc)
the most huge
cel mai imens
the most severe
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superlativ absolut
very abject
foarte josnic
very abrupt
foarte abrupt
very active
foarte activ
very amiable
foarte prietenos
very attractive
foarte atrgtor
very beautiful
foarte frumoas
very curious
foarte curios
very foolish
foarte prost(esc)
very huge
foarte imens
very severe
mai sever
more sincere
mai sincer
more skilled
mai priceput
more sociable
mai sociabil
more unfit
mai nepotrivit
more unjust
mai injust
more urbane
mai manierat
more untidy
mai dezordonat
foarte sever
very sincere
foarte sincer
very skilled
foarte priceput
very sociable
foarte sociabil
very unfit
foarte nepotrivit
very unjust
foarte injust
very urbane
foarte manierat
very untidy
foarte dezordonat
Din analiza exemplelor de mai sus rezult c la gradul comparativ de superioritate adjectivele cu comparaie analitic se
ajut de adverbul more, la superlativul relativ de adverbul most, iar la superlativul absolut de adverbele very, extremely,
awfully, quite etc.
1.3.2.3. Adjective cu comparaie mixt (sintetic i analitic)
pozitiv
able
capabil
ample
amplu
empty
gol
strange
ciudat
stupid
stupid
comparativ de
superioritate
more able
abler
mai capabil
more ample
ampler
mai amplu
more empty
emptier
mai gol
more strange
stranger
mai ciudat
more stupid
stupider
mai stupid
superlativ
relativ
the most able
the ablest
cel mai capabil
the most ample
the amplest
cel mai amplu
the most empty
the emptiest
cel mai gol
the most strange
the strangest
cel mai ciudat
the most stupid
the stupidest
cel mai stupid
superlativ
absolut
very able
foarte capabil
very ample
foarte amplu
very empty
foarte gol
very strange
foarte ciudat
very stupid
foarte stupid
good / well
bun / bine
bad / ill
ru
little
puin / mic
much/many
mult/muli
comparativ de
superioritate
better
mai bun / bine
worse
mai ru
less
mai puin / mic
more
mai mult/muli
old
btrn/vechi
near
aproape
late
older/elder
mai btrn / vechi
nearer
mai aproape
later
superlativ relativ
superlativ absolut
the best
cel mai bun / bine
the worst
cel mai ru
the least
cel mai puin / mic
the most
cel mai mult/cei mai
muli
the oldest/eldest
cel mai btrn/ vechi
the nearest
cel mai aproape
the latest
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very old
foarte btrn/vechi
very near
foarte aproape
very late
far
departe
in
n interior
out
n exterior
up
sus
beneath
dedesubt
hind
din spate
fore
n fa
mai trziu
latter = ultimul
(2)
farther/further
mai departe
inner
mai n interior
outer/utter
mai n exterior
upper
mai sus
nether
mai dedesubt
hinder
mai din spate
former
mai n fa
foarte trziu
very far
foarte departe
the innermost
luntric la maximum
the utmost, uttermost
n exterior la maximum
the uppermost
sus la maximum
the hindermost
ultimul din spate
the first
= primul
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enough - adjectiv
enough food = food enough = hran suficient/destul
to have money enough = to have enough money = a avea destui bani
enough - adverb de comparaie
I am warm enough. = mi este destul de cald.
The exercise is difficult enough. = Exerciiul este destul de greu.
What is good for you is good enough for me. = Ce este valabil pentru tine este perfect valabil i pentru mine.
Enough este singurul adverb de comparaie care st dup adjectivul pe care l determin.
This beer is good enough. = Berea aceasta este destul de bun.
COMPARATIV DE
SUPERIORITATE
well-paid
bine pltit
good-looking
artos
sweet-natured
bun la suflet
short-sighted
miop
better-paid
mai bine pltit
better-looking
mai artos
more sweet - natured
mai bun la suflet
more short - sighted
mai miop
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
SUPERLATIV ABSOLUT
the best-paid
cel mai bine pltit
the best-looking
cel mai artos
the most sweet -natured
cel mai bun la suflet
the most short -sighted
cel mai miop
very well-paid
foarte bine pltit
very good-looking
foarte artos
very sweet- natured
foarte bun la suflet
very short-sighted
foarte miop
John is a good/great deal more careful than Bill. = John este mult mai atent/prudent dect Bill.
Bill is a good/great deal less careful than John. = Bill este mult mai puin prudent dect John.
He is a little less careful than his brother. = El este puin mai puin prudent dect fratele lui.
He loves her more than I (do). = El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect o iubesc eu.
He loves her more than me. = El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect pe mine.
They know her better than I (do). = Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect/ca mine.
They know her better than me. = Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect pe mine.
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PARTICIPIU
TRECUT
been
had
done
let
been to
asked
liked
answered
used
- gone
- seen
a fi
a avea
a face
trebuie s
a vrea
a lsa
a putea, a ti
avea voie = a fi permis
trebuie, (a trebui s)
a trebui s, a se cuveni s
a dori, a vrea
ar trebui s
a ndrzni
obinuia s
a urma s
obinuia s
a ntreba
a-i plcea
a rspunde
a ntrebuina
a merge
a vedea
Verbele auxiliare ajut celelalte verbe s-i formeze aspectul continuu, diateza pasiv, timpurile compuse, unele moduri.
Ele devin instrumente gramaticale pierzndu-i sensul lexical. Eu am o carte = Eu posed o carte.
n exemplul de mai sus verbul am (a avea) n limba romn este verb principal, dar n exemplul: Eu am citit o carte,
verbul am este auxiliar, cci ajut verbul citit s-i formeze timpul perfect compus. Este clar c nu putem spune: Eu posed
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TO HAVE = a avea
I have = I've = I have got = I've got = eu am
you have = you've = you have got = you've got = tu ai
he/she/it has = he's/she's/it's = he/she/it has got = he's/she's/it's got = el/ea are
we have = we've = we have got = we've got = noi avem
you have = you've = you have got = you've got = voi avei
they have = they've = they have got = they've got = ei/ele au
N ||
I have not (I haven't) = I have not (haven't) got = eu nu am
you have not (you haven't) = you have not (haven't) got = tu nu ai
he/she/it has not (he/she/it hasn't) = he/she/it has not (hasn't) got = el/ea nu are
we have not (we haven't) = we have not (haven't) got = noi nu avem
you have not (you haven't) = you have not (haven't) got = voi nu avei
they have not (they haven't) = they have not (haven't) got = ei/ele nu au
sau
I do not have = I don't have = eu nu am
you do not have = you don't have = tu nu ai
he/she/it does not have = he/she/it doesn't have = el/ea nu are
we do not have = we don't have = noi nu avem
you do not have = you don't have = voi nu avei
they do not have = they don't have = ei/ele nu au
I ||
have I? = have I got? = do I have? = eu am ? = am e ?
have you? = have you got? = do you have ? = tu ai ? = ai tu?
has he/she/it? = has he/she/it got? = does he/she/it have? = el/ea are?
have we? = have we got? = do we have? = noi avem? = avem noi?
have you? = have you got? = do you have? = voi avei? = avei voi?
have they? = have they got? = do they have? = ei/ele au? = au ei/ele?
I - N ||
have I not? = haven't I? = have I not (haven't I) got? = do I not (don't I) have? = eu nu am? = eu n-am ? = nu am eu ?
have you not?=haven't you?=have you not (haven't you) got? =do you not (don't you) have? = tu nu ai= tu n-ai? =nu ai tu?
has he/she/it not ? = hasn't he/she/it? = has he/she/it not (hasn't he/she/it) got? = does he/she/it not (doesn't he/she/it)
have ? = el/ea nu are ? = nu are el/ea ?
have we not? =haven't we? = have we not (haven't we) got? = do we not (don't we) have ? = noi nu avem ? = noi n-avem ?
have you not ? = haven't you ? = have you not (haven't you) got ? = do you not (don't you) have ?= voi nu avei have they
not ? = haven't they ? = have they not (haven't they) got ? = do they not (don't they) have ? = ei/ele nu au ?
A ||
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I ||
I - N ||
TO WILL
A ||
I am willing to (read) = eu vreau s (citesc) etc.
N ||
I am not (I aren't) willing to (read) = eu nu vreau s (citesc) etc.
I ||
Am I willing to (read)? = eu vreau s (citesc)? = vreau eu s (citesc) ? etc.
I - N ||
Am I not willing to (read)? = aren't I willing to (read)? = eu nu vreau s (citesc)? = nu vreau eu s (citesc) ?
E. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR LA PREZENT - DIATEZA PASIV - ASPECTUL COMUN
TO BE SEEN = a fi vzut
A ||
I am seen = eu sunt vzut()
you are seen = tu eti vzut()
he/she/it is seen = el/ea este vzut()
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
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I am = eu sunt etc.
I am not = eu nu sunt
I can (go) = eu pot s I cannot (go) = I can't
(merg) etc.
(go) = eu nu pot s (merg)
etc.
I go = eu merg etc
I do not go = I don't go =
eu nu merg etc.
Am I ? = eu sunt ?
Can I (go) ? = pot eu
s (merg) ?etc.
Do I go ? = eu
merg ? = etc.
Am I not ? = eu nu sunt ?
Can I not (go)? = Can't I
(go)? = eu nu pot s (merg)?
etc.
Do I not go ? = Don't I go ?
= eu nu merg ? etc.
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A ||
N ||
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could I (go)? = was I able to (go) ? = eu puteam s (..)? = puteam eu s (..)? = eu eram n stare s (..)? = eram eu n
stare.
I N || could I not (go)? = couldn't I (go)? = was I not able to (go)? = wasn't I able to (go)? = eu nu puteam (merge)?
Verbul COULD exprim:
1. abilitatea n trecut;
I could speak German last year = I was able to speak German last year = tiam s vorbesc germana anul trecut.
b) o invitaie sau o rugminte (condiional prezent)
Could you (possibly) come to my birthday party? = Ai putea ( puteai ) veni la petrecerea de ziua mea de natere?
Could you lend me your umbrella? = Ai putea s-mi mprumui umbrela ta ?
c) permisiunea / posibilitatea n trecut
They could go on a trip. = Ei puteau merge n excursie.
MIGHT= TO BE ALLOWED
Verbul might, adic a II a form de baz a verbului may care la timpul prezent printre altele exprim i permisiunea,
poate exprima permisiunea la trecut atunci cnd may devine might transformat din vorbire direct n vorbire indirect.
"May I go on the trip", asked Mary. = - Pot merge n excursie, ntreb Mary. devine n vorbirea indirect: Mary asked if
she might go on the trip. = Mary asked if she was allowed to go on the trip. = Mary a ntrebat dac poate s mearg n
excursie. = Mary a ntrebat dac i este ngduit s mearg n excursie.
Verbul MIGHT exprim:
a) posibilitatea n prezent (might fiind auxiliar modal la condiional prezent): He might be there. = Ar putea fi acolo.
Might he still be there ? = Ar putea fi acolo nc ? = Ar putea fi tot acolo ?
b) posibilitatea n trecut : You might have succeeded if you had tried. = Tu ai fi putut reui dac ai fi ncercat. = S-ar
fi putut s reueti dac ai fi ncercat. I knew he might be late. = tiam c este posibil s ntrzie.
c) interdicia n trecut: She said that we might not go on that trip. = She said that we were not allowed to go on
that trip. = Ea a zis c noi nu putem merge n excursia aceea. = Ea a zis c nou nu ne este ngduit / permis s mergem n
excursia aceea.
d) o manier politicoas de a cere permisiunea : (folosit la condiional prezent)
Might I ask you something ? = A putea s te/v ntreb ceva ? Might I use your phone ? = A putea folosi telefonul tu ?
HAD TO = A TREBUI SA
I had to (go) = eu trebuia s (merg)
you had to (go) = tu trebuia s (mergi)
he/she/it had to (go) = el/ea trebuia s (mearg) etc
N || I had not to (go) = I hadn't to (go) = I did not (didn't) have to (go) = eu nu trebuia s (..) = eu nu a (n-a) trebuit s (..)
I || had I to (go) ? = did I have to (go) ? = eu trebuia s (merg) ? etc
I-N || had I not to (go) ? = did I not have to (go) ? = eu nu trebuia s (merg) ? etc.
A ||
NEED
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N || I was not being looked at = I wasn't being looked at = eu nu eram privit() etc.
I || was I being looked at ? = eram eu privit()? etc.
I-N || was I not being looked at ? = wasn't I being looked at ? = eu nu eram privit()? etc.
A ||
N ||
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TO DO - DID - DONE
I had done = eu fcusem
we had done = noi fcusem
you had done = tu fcusei
you had done = voi fcusei
he/she/it had done = el/ea fcuse
they had done = ei/ele fcuser
N || I had not done = I hadn't done = eu nu fcusem etc.
I || had I done ? = eu fcusem ? = fcusem eu ? etc.
I - N || had I not done ? = hadn't I done ? = eu nu fcusem ? = nu fcusem eu ? etc.
A ||
A ||
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MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
I had had to (play) = eu trebuise s (joc)
you had had to (play) = tu trebuise s (joci)
he/she/it had had to (play) = el/ea trebuise s (joace) we had had to (play) = noi trebuise s (jucm)
you had had to (play) = voi trebuise s (jucai)
they had had to (play) = ei/ele trebuise s (joace)
N || I had not had to (play) = I hadn't had to (play) = eu nu trebuise s (joc) etc.
I || had I had to (play) ? = trebuise eu s (joc) ? etc.
I - N || had I not had to (play) ? = hadn't I had to (play) ? = eu nu trebuise s (joc) ? = nu trebuise eu s (joc) ? etc.
A ||
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TO HAVE
I shall/will have = I'll have = eu voi avea = eu o s am
you will have = you'll have = tu vei avea = tu o s ai
he/she/it will have = he'll/she'll/it'll have = el/ea va avea = el/ea o s aib
we shall/will have = we'll have = noi vom avea = noi o s avem you will have=you'll have=voi vei avea=voi o s avei
they will have = they'll have = ei/ele vor avea = ei/ele o s aib
N || I shall/will not have = I shan't/won't have = eu nu voi avea = n-o s am
you will not have = you won't have = tu nu vei avea = tu n-o s ai
he/she/it will not have = he/she/it won't have = el/ea nu va avea = n-o s aib etc.
I || shall/will I have ? = eu voi avea ? = voi avea eu ? = eu o s am ? etc.
I - N || shall/will I not have?= shan't/won't I have?=eu nu voi avea?=nu voi avea eu? = eu n-o s am? = n-o s am eu ?
A ||
TO DO
I shall/will do = I'll do = eu voi face = eu o s fac
you will do= you'll do = tu vei face = tu o s faci
he/she/it will do = he'll/she'll/it'll do = el/ea o s fac we shall/will do= we'll do =noi vom face=o s facem
they will do = they'll do = ei/ele vor face=ei/ele o s fac
N || I shall/will not do = I shan't/won't do = eu nu voi face = eu n-o s fac
you will not do = you won't do = tu nu vei face = tu n-o s faci
he/she/it will not do = he/she/it won't do = el/ea nu va face = el/ea n-o s fac etc.
I || shall/will I do ? = eu voi face ? = voi face eu ? = eu o s fac ? = o s fac eu ? etc.
I - N || shall/will I not do ? = shan't/ won't I do ? = eu nu voi face ? = nu voi face eu ? = eu n-o s fac ? = n-o s fac eu ?
A ||
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s
if they might (go)=if they were permitted/allowed to (go)=dac ei/ele ar avea voie s (mearg)=dac lor le-ar fi
permis
I || if might I (go) = were I permitted/allowed to (go) = s am eu voie s (merg) = de mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s
(merg)
if might you (go) = were you permitted/allowed to (go) = s ai tu voie s (mergi) = de i-ar fi ie permis/ngduit s
if might he/she/it (go)= were he/she/it permitted/allowed to (go)=s aib el/ea voie s (mearg)=de i-ar fi lui/ei
permis
if might we (go) = were we permitted/allowed to (go) = s avem noi voie s (mergem) = de ne-ar
fi nou ngduit s
if might you (go) = were you permitted/allowed to (go) = s avei voi voie s (mergei) = de v-ar fi vou ngduit s
if might they (go) = were they permitted/allowed to (go) = s aib ei/ele voie s (mearg) = de le-ar fi lor permis s
N || if I might not (go) = if I mightn't (go) = if I were not permitted/allowed to (go) = if I weren't permitted/allowed to
(go) = dac eu n-a avea voie s (merg) = dac mie nu mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg)
I-N || if might I not (go) = mightn't I (go) = were I not permitted/allowed to (go) = weren't I permitted/allowed to(go) =
s nu am eu voie s (merg) = s nu-mi fie mie permis/ngduit s (merg) = de n-a avea eu voie s (merg) = de nu mi-ar
fi mie permis / ngduit s (merg ) etc.
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
if I had to (go) = dac eu ar trebui s (merg)
if you had to (go) = dac tu ar trebui s (mergi)
if he/she/it had to (go) = dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
if we had to (go) = dac noi ar trebui s (mergem)
if you had to (go) = dac voi ar trebui s (mergei)
if they had to (go) = dac ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
I || had I to (go) = s trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
had you to (go) = s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) = de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it to (go) = s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg)
had we to (go) = s trebuiasc noi s (mergem) = de-ar trebui noi s (mergem)
had you to (go) = s trebuiasc voi s (mergei) = de-ar trebui voi s (mergei)
had they to (go) = s trebuiasc ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar trebui ei/ele s (mearg)
N || if I had not to (go) = if I hadn't to (go) = dac eu nu ar trebui s (merg) = dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I-N || had I not to (go) = hadn't I to (go) = s nu trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de n-ar trebui eu s (merg) etc.
A ||
A ||
SHALL - SHOULD - 0
if I should (go) = dac eu ar trebui s (merg) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (merg) eu
49
I ||
would I (go) = s vreau eu s (merg) = de-a vrea eu s (merg)
would you (go) = s vrei tu s (mergi) = de-ai vrea tu s (mergi)
would he/she/it (go) = s vrea el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar vrea el/ea s (mearg)
would we (go) = s vrem noi s (mergem) = de-am vrea noi s (mergem)
would you (go) = s vrei voi s (mergei) = de-ai vrea voi s (mergei)
would they (go) = s vrea ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar vrea ei/ele s (mearg)
N || if I would not (go) = if I wouldn't (go) = dac eu nu a vrea s (merg) = dac eu n-a vrea s (merg) etc.
I-N || would I not (go) = wouldn't I (go) = s nu vreau eu s (merg) etc.
TO BE TO - WAS /WERE TO - BEEN TO
A || if I were to (go) = dac eu ar fi/urma s (merg)
if you were to (go) = dac tu ar fi/urma s
(mergi)
if he/she/it were to (go) = dac el/ea ar fi/urma s (mearg)
if we were to (go) = dac noi ar fi/urma s (mergem)
if you were to (go) = dac voi ar fi/urma s (mergei)
if they were to (go) = dac ei/ele ar fi/urma s
(mearg)
I || were I to (go) = s fie eu s (merg) = de-ar fi s (merg) eu
were you to (go) = s fie tu s (mergi) = de-ar fi s (mergi) tu
were he/she/it to (go) = s fie el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar fi s (mearg) el/ea
were we to (go) = s fie noi s (mergem) = de-ar fi s (mergem) noi
were you to (go) = s fie voi s (mergei) = de-ar fi s (mergei) voi
were they to (go) = s fie ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar fi s (mearg) ei/ele
N || if I were not to (go) = if I weren't to (go) = dac eu nu ar fi s (merg) = dac eu n-ar fi s (merg) etc.
I-N || were I not to (go) = weren't I to (go) = s nu fie eu s (merg/plec) = de n-ar fi s (merg/plec) eu etc.
A ||
N ||
A ||
if I were singing = dac eu a cnta
if we were singing = dac noi am cnta
if you were singing = dac tu ai cnta
if you were singing = dac voi ai cnta
if he/she/it were singing = dac el/ea ar cnta
if they were singing = dac ei/ele ar cnta
I || were I singing = de-a cnta eu = s cnt eu
were you singing = de-ai cnta tu = s cni tu
were he/she/it singing = de-ar cnta el/ea = s cnte el/ea
were we singing = de-am cnta noi = s cntm noi
were you singing = de-ai cnta voi = s cntai voi
were they singing = de-ar cnta ei/ele = s cnte ei/ele
N || if I were not singing = if I weren't singing = dac eu nu a cnta = dac eu n-a cnta etc.
I-N || were I not singing = weren't I singing = de n-a cnta eu = s nu cnt eu etc.
1.6.2.2.2. SUBJONCTIVUL PERFECT (THE PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE OR SUBJUNCTIVE III)
Se traduce prin conjunctiv /condiional perfect.
If I had gone home. = Dac eu a fi mers acas.
Had I gone home. = S fi mers eu acas. = De-a fi mers eu acas.
Subjonctivul perfect exprim o presupunere sau un fapt care nu concord cu realitatea. Se folosete n
subordonata condiional de tipul III.
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TO DO - DID - DONE
if I had done = dac eu a fi fcut
if we had done = dac noi am fi fcut
if you had done = dac tu ai fi fcut
if you had done = dac voi ai fi fcut
if he/she/it had done = dac el/ea ar fi fcut
if they had done = dac ei/ele ar fi fcut
I || had I done = s fi fcut eu = de-a fi fcut eu
had we done = s fi fcut noi = de-am fi fcut noi
had you done = s fi fcut tu = de-ai fi fcut tu
had you done = s fi fcut voi = de-ai fi fcut voi
had he done = s fi fcut el/ea = de-ar fi fcut el/ea
had they done = s fi fcut ei/ele = de-ar fi fcut ei/ele
N || if I had not done = if I hadn't done = dac eu nu a fi fcut = dac eu n-a fi fcut etc.
I-N || had I not done = hadn't I done = s nu fi fcut eu = de n-a fi fcut eu etc.
A ||
A ||
I ||
s
s
had he/she/it been able to (go) = s fi fost el/ea n stare s (..) = de-ar fi putut el/ea s (..) = s fi putut el/ea s (..) = dear fi fost el/ea n stare s (mearg)
had we been able to (go) = s fi fost noi n stare s (..) = de-am fi putut noi s (..) = s fi putut noi s
(..) = deam fi fost noi n stare s (mergem)
had you been able to (go)=s fi fost voi n stare s =de-ai fi putut voi s =s fi putut voi s=de-ai fi fost voi n stare s
(.)
had they been able to (go) = s fi fost ei/ele n stare s (mearg) = de-ar fi putut ei/ele s (mearg) = s fi putut ei/ele s
(mearg) = de-ar fi fost ei/ele n stare s (mearg)
if I had not been able to (go)=if I hadn't been able to (go)=dac eu nu a fi putut s = dac eu nu a fi fost n stare
N ||
s
I-N || had I not been able to (go) = hadn't I been able to (go) = s nu fi fost eu n stare s = de n-a fi putut eu s = s nu fi
putut eu s (..) = de n-a fi fost eu n stare s (..) etc.
A ||
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MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
if I had had to (go) = dac eu ar fi trebuit s (..)
if he/she/it had had to (go) = dac el/ea ar fi trebuit s (..)
if you had had to (go) = dac voi ar fi trebuit s (mergei)
()
I || had I had to (go) = s fi trebuit eu s (..) = de-ar fi trebuit eu s (..)
had you had to (go) = s fi trebuit tu s (mergi) = de-ar fi trebuit tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it had to (go) = s fi trebuit el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar fi trebuit el/ea s (mearg)
had we had to (go) = s fi trebuit noi s (mergem) = de-ar fi trebuit noi s (mergem)
had you had to (go) = s fi trebuit voi s (mergei) = de-ar fi trebuit voi s (mergei)
had they had to (go) = s fi trebuit ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar fi trebuit ei/ele s (mearg)
N || if I had not had to (go) = if I hadn't had to (go) = dac eu nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit s (merg) etc.
I-N || had I not had to (go) = hadn't I had to (go) = s nu fi trebuit eu s (merg) = de n-ar fi trebuit eu s (merg) etc.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA SUBJUNCTIVE III - ASPECTUL COMUN, DIATEZA ACTIV
TO SEE - SAW - SEEN
A || if I had seen = dac eu a fi vzut
if we had seen = dac noi am fi vzut
if you had seen = dac tu ai fi vzut
if you had seen = dac voi ai fi vzut
if he/she/it had seen = dac el/ea ar fi vzut
if they had seen = dac ei/ele ar fi vzut
I || had I seen = s fi vzut eu = de-a fi vzut eu
had you seen = s fi vzut tu = de-ai fi vzut tu
had he/she/it seen = s fi vzut el/ea = de-ar fi vzut el/ea
had we seen = s fi vzut noi = de-am fi vzut noi
had you seen = s fi vzut voi = de-ai fi vzut voi
had they seen = s fi vzut ei/ele = de-ar fi vzut ei/ele
N || if I had not seen = if I hadn't seen = dac eu nu a (n-a) fi vzut etc.
I-N || had I not seen = hadn't I seen = s nu fi vzut eu = de n-a fi vzut eu etc.
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TO DO = a face
I should/would do = I'd do = eu a face
we should/would do = we'd do = noi am face
you would do = you'd do = tu ai face
you would do = you'd do = voi ai face
he/she/it would do = he'd/she'd/it'd do = el/ea ar face
they would do = they'd do = ei/ele ar face
N || I should/would not do = I shouldn't/wouldn't do = eu nu a (n-a) face etc.
I || should/would I do ? = eu a face ? = a face eu ? etc.
I-N || should/would I not do ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I do ? = eu nu a (n-a) face ? = nu a (n-a) face eu ? etc.
A ||
53
A ||
(..)
we could (go) = we should/would be able to (go) = noi am putea s (..) = noi am putea (..) = noi am fi n stare s (..)
you could (go) = you would be able to (go) = voi ai putea s (..) = voi ai putea (..) = voi ai fi n stare s (mergei)
they could (go) = they would be able to (go) = ei/ele ar putea s (..) = ei/ele ar putea (..) = ei/ele ar fi n stare s
(mearg)
N || I could not (go) = I couldn't (go) = I should/would not be able to (go) = I shouldn't/wouldn't be able to (go) = eu nu
a (n-a) putea s (merg) = eu nu a fi n stare s (merg) etc.
I || could I (go) ? = should/would I be able to (go) ? = a putea eu s (..) ? = a putea eu (merge) ? = a fi eu n stare s (..)
?
I-N || could I not (go)? = couldn't I (go) ? = should/would I not be able to (go) ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I be able to (go) ? =
eu nu a putea s (..) ? = n-a putea s (..) eu ? = eu nu a fi n stare s (..) ? = n-a fi eu n stare s (merg) ? etc.
n exemplul : I could go verbul could exprim i permisiunea, nu numai capabilitatea. n acest caz could = might. n
limbajul colocvial can l nlocuiete des pe may.
MAY - MIGHT - 0 = TO BE PERMITTED/ALLOWED TO
I might (go)=I should/would be permitted/allowed to (go)=eu a avea voie s =eu a putea s (..)=mie mi-ar fi permis
you might (go)=you would be permitted/allowed to (go)=tu ai avea voie s=tu ai putea s (..)= ie i-ar fi permis s (..)
he/she/it might (go) = he/she/it would be permitted/allowed to (go) = el/ea ar avea voie s (..) = el/ea ar putea s
(..)=lui/ ei i-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)
we might (go) = we should/would be permitted/allowed to (go) = noi am avea voie s (mergem) = noi am putea s (..)
=
nou ne-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergem)
you might (go) = you would be permitted/allowed to (go) = voi ai avea voie s (..) = voi ai putea s (..) = vou v-ar fi
permis/ngduit s (mergei)
they might (go) = they would be permitted/allowed to (go) = ei/ele ar avea voie s (..) = ei/ele ar putea s (..) = lor lear fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)
N || I might not (go) = I mightn't (go) = I should/would not be permitted/allowed to (go) = I shouldn't / wouldn't be
permitted /allowed to (go) = eu nu a avea voie s (..) = eu nu a putea s (..) = mie nu mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (..)
I || might I (go) ? = should/would I be permitted/allowed to (go) ? = a avea eu voie s (..) ? = a putea eu s (..) ? = a
putea eu (merge) ? = mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
I-N || might I not (go) ? = mightn't I (go) ? = should/would I not be permitted/ allowed to (go) ? = shouldn't/ wouldn't I
be permitted/allowed to (go) ? = nu a (n-a) avea eu voie s (..) ? = nu a (n-a) putea eu s () ? = nu mi-ar fi mie
permis /ngduit s (merg) ? = mie nu mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
A ||
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
A || I should/would have to (go) = I'd have to (go) = eu ar trebui s (merg)
you would have to (go) = you'd have to (go) = tu ar trebui s (mergi) = voi ar trebui s (mergei)
he/she/it would have to (go) = he'd/she'd/it'd have to (go) = el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
we should/would have to (go) = we'd have to (go) = noi ar trebui s (mergem)
they would have to (go) = they'd have to (go) = ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
N || I should/would not have to (go) = I shouldn't/wouldn't have to (go) = eu nu ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I || should/would I have to (go) ? = eu ar trebui s (merg) ? = ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
I-N || should/would I not have to (go) ? = eu nu ar trebui s (merg) ? = n-ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
SHALL - SHOULD = a trebui s, a se cuveni/cdea s . . .
I should (go) = eu ar trebui s (merg)
you should (go) = tu ar trebui s (mergi)
he/she/it should (go) = el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
we should go = noi ar trebui s (mergem)
you should (go) = voi ar trebui s (mergei)
they should (go) = ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
N || I should not (go) = I shouldn't (go) = eu nu ar trebui s (merg) = eu n-ar trebui s (merg), etc.
I || should I (go) ? = ar trebui eu s (merg) ?, etc.
I-N || should I not (go) ? = shouldn't I (go) ? = eu nu ar trebui s (merg) ? = n-ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
Verbul should se foloseste dup how , why i when.
How should they know ? = De unde s tie ei ?
Verbul SHOULD exprim:
a) - probabilitatea:
They should be in the mountains. = Ar trebui s fie la munte. = Probabil sunt la munte.
If he should come, tell him I've bought the tickets. = Dac cumva vine spune-i c am cumprat
biletele.= Dac se ntmpl s vin spune-i c am cumprat biletele.
A ||
54
A ||
N ||
55
56
57
MUST - O - O = TO HAVE TO
A || I should/would have had to (go) = eu ar fi trebuit s (..)
you would have had to (go) = tu ar fi trebuit
s (..)
he/she/it would have had to (go) = el/ea ar fi trebuit s (..)
we should/would have had to (go) = noi ar fi trebuit s
you would have had to (go) = voi ar fi trebuit s (..)
they would have had to (go) = ei/ele ar fi trebuit s (..)
N || I should/would not have had to (go) = eu nu ar fi trebuit s (merg) etc.
I || should/would I have had to (go) ? = eu ar fi trebuit s (merg) ? = ar fi trebuit eu s (merg) ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not have had to (go)? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have had to (go)? = eu nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit s
(merg) ?
= nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit eu s (merg) ? etc.
SHALL - SHOULD - O
A || I should have (come) = eu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
you should have (come) = tu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
he/she/it should have (come) = el/ea se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
we should have (come) = noi se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
you should have (come) = voi se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
they should have (come) = ei/ele se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
N || I should not (shouldn't) have (come) = eu nu se cuvenea (nu trebuia) s fi (venit) etc.
I || should I have (come) ? = eu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit) ? = se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit) eu ? etc.
I - N ||should I not (shouldn't I) have (come) ? = eu nu se cuvenea (nu trebuia) s fi (venit) ? = nu trebuia (nu se cuvenea) s
fi
(venit) eu ? etc.
WILL - WOULD - O
I would have (come) = eu voiam s fi (venit)
you would have (come) = tu voiai s fi (venit)
he/she/it would have (come) = el/ea voia s fi (venit)
we would have (come) = noi voiam s fi (venit)
you would have (come) = voi voiai s fi (venit)
they would have (come) = ei/ele voiau s fi (venit)
N || I would not (wouldn't) have (come) = eu nu voiam s fi (venit) etc.
I || would I have (come) ? = voiam eu s fi (venit) ? etc.
I - N || would I not (wouldn't I) have (come) ? = eu nu voiam s fi (venit) ? etc.
A ||
OUGHT TO
I ought to have come = eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = eu se cuvenea s fi venit
you ought to have come = tu s-ar fi cuvenit s vii = tu se cuvenea s fi venit
he/she/it ought to have come = el/ea s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = el/ea se cuvenea s fi venit
we ought to have come = noi s-ar fi cuvenit s venim = noi se cuvenea s fi venit
you ought to have come = voi s-ar fi cuvenit s venii = voi se cuvenea s fi venit
they ought to have come = ei/ele s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = ei/ele se cuvenea s fi venit
N || I ought not (oughtn't) to have come = eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit etc.
I || ought I to have come ? = eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? = eu se cuvenea s fi venit ? etc.
I - N || ought I not (oughtn't I) to have come ? = eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? = eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit ? etc.
A ||
58
Did he/she tell you why you ought to do it ? = i-a spus el/ea ie de ce trebuie (se cuvine/cade) s-o faci ? = i-a spus el/ea ie
de ce trebuia (se cuvenea/cdea) s-o faci ?
Did he/she tell you that you ought to have done it ? = i-a spus el/ea ie c se cuvine/cuvenea s-o fi fcut ?
Ought your friend to have been an engineer ? = Se cuvenea prietenul tu s fie inginer? = Se cuvenea prietenul tu s fi fost
inginer ?
If I were you I should/would learn more. = Dac a fi n locul tu a nva mai mult.
If I had seen you I might have helped you. = Dac te-a fi vzut a fi putut s te ajut.
Had I known him I should/would have helped him. = S-l fi cunoscut, l-a fi ajutat.
Even if they had been there, they couldn't have helped us. = Chiar dac ei ar fi fost acolo nu ar fi putut s ne ajute.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT - DIATEZA ACTIV
TO READ = a citi
A || I should/would have read = eu a fi citit
we should/would have read = noi am fi citit
you would have read = tu ai fi citit
you would have read = voi ai fi citit
he/she would have read = el/ea ar fi citit
they would have read = ei/ele ar fi citit
N || I should/would not have read = I shouldn't/wouldn't have read = eu nu a fi citit = eu n-a fi citit etc.
I || should/would I have read ? = eu a fi citit ? = a fi citit eu ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not have read? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have read? = eu nu a (eu n-a) fi citit? = nu a (n-a) fi citit
eu
A ||
vzui
N || I should/would not have been seen = I shouldn't/wouldn't have been seen = eu nu a (eu n-a) fi fost vzut() etc.
I || should/would I have been seen ? = eu a fi fost vzut() ? = a fi fost eu v- zut() ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not have been seen ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have been seen ? = eu nu a (eu n-a) fi fost vzut() ?
=
nu a (n-a) fi fost eu vzut() ? etc.
E. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT
TO ENJOY ONESELF = a se distra
A || I should/would have enjoyed myself = eu m-a fi distrat
you would have enjoyed yourself = tu te-ai fi distrat
he would have enjoyed himself = el s-ar fi distrat
she would have enjoyed herself = ea s-ar fi distrat
we should/would have enjoyed ourselves = noi ne-am fi distrat you would have enjoyed yourselves = voi v-ai fi
they would have enjoyed themselves = ei/ele s-ar fi distrat
N || I should/would not (I shouldn't/wouldn't) have enjoyed myself = eu nu m-a fi distrat etc.
I || should/would I have enjoyed myself? = eu m-a fi distrat? = m-a fi distrat eu? etc.
I - N || should/would I not have enjoyed myself ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have enjoyed myself ? = eu nu m-a fi distrat ?=
nu
m-a fi distrat eu ? etc.
Exemple care conin verbe la subjonctiv i condiional:
I should/would come if I could come. = A veni dac a putea s vin.
We should/would come if we should/would come. = Am veni dac ar trebui s venim.
They would come if they might come. = Ei ar veni dac le-ar fi permis s vin.
I should/would have come if I had had time. = Eu a fi venit dac a fi avut timp.
We should/would have come if we had had to come. = Noi am fi venit dac ar fi trebuit s venim.
He would have come if it had not been so late. = El ar fi venit dac n-ar fi fost aa trziu.
We should/would have given you the books if we have found you at home. = V-am fi dat crile dac v-am fi gsit acas.
If he hadn't told me the truth, I shouldn't/wouldn 't have given him anything. = Dac nu mi-ar fi spus adevrul, nu i-a fi
dat nimic.
He wishes he were rich. = El ar vrea s fie bogat. (dar nu este)
1.6.2.4. MODUL IMPERATIV (THE IMPERATIVE MOOD)
Exprim un sfat, un ndemn, un ordin, o sugestie, o recomandare, o rugminte, o dorin, o urare etc.
Come here! = Vino/Venii aici!
Wait a moment! = Ateapt/Ateptai o clip ! Speak louder! = Vorbete/Vorbii mai
tare !
Rugmini, ordine, recomandri, urri sau comenzi pot fi adresate i persoanelor I i III. n acest caz se apeleaz la
auxiliarul let care este urmat de un pronume sau substantiv n acuzativ i apoi de un verb la infinitiv scurt prezent.
A || let me go! = s merg/plec eu! = s m duc eu!
go! = mergi/pleac! = du-te!
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noi!
go! = mergei/plecai! = ducei-v!
let them go! = s mearg/plece ei/ele! = s se duc ei/ele!
do not (don't) let me go! = let me not go! = s nu merg/plec eu!
do not (don't) go! = nu te duce! = nu pleca!
do not (don't) let him go! = let him not go! = s nu mearg/plece el! = el s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let her go! = let her not go! = s nu mearg/plece ea!= ea s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let it go! = let it not go! = s nu mearg/plece el/ea! = el/ea s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let us go! = s nu plecm/mergem! = s nu ne ducem!
do not (don't) go! = nu plecai/mergei! = (s) nu v ducei!
do not (don't) let them go! = let them not go! = s nu plece/mearg ei/ele! = s nu se duc!
Modul imperativ are doar timpul prezent.
Do come to see us! = Insist s vii pe la noi! este o form accentuat de imperativ.
Do be careful what you are doing! = Fii foarte atent ce faci!
Trust in God and He will watch over you! = Crede n Dumnezeu, iar El va veghea asupra ta!
N ||
diateza activ
Scurt
diateza pasiv
Prezent
diateza activ
Lung
diateza pasiv
Perfect
Scurt
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
diateza activ
Lung
diateza pasiv
CLASIFICAREA INFINITIVULUI
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
look (privi)
be looking (privi)
be looked at (fi privit)
be being looked at (fi privit)
to look (a privi)
to be looking (a privi)
to be looked at (a fi privit)
to be being looked at (a fi privit)
have looked at (fi privit)
have been looking at (fi privit)
have been looked at (fi fost privit)
have been being looked at (fi fost privit)
to have looked at ( a fi privit)
to have been looking at (a fi privit)
to have been looked at (a fi fost privit)
to have been being looked at (a fi fost privit)
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61
D. NOMINATIV CU INFINITIV
Este varianta pasiv a acuzativului cu infinitiv, i se folosete dup aceleai grupe de verbe.
1 : I want him to play the piano. = Vreau ca el s cnte la pian. - este acuzativ cu infinitiv. Iat cum se transform el n
nominativ cu infinitiv :
2 : He is wanted to play the piano by me. = Se dorete ca el s cnte la pian de ctre mine.
Subiectul din exemplul 1adic I devine n exemplul 2 complement de agent (deci subiect logic).
Verbul want din exemplul 1 i schimb diateza din activ n pasiv.
Pronumele him din exemplul 1, care era la acuzativ trece n exemplul 2 la cazul nominativ i devine subiectul propoziiei.
by me = de (ctre) mine
by us = de (ctre) noi
by you = de (ctre) tine
by you = de (ctre) voi/dv.
by him/her/it = de (ctre) el/ea
by them = de (ctre) ei/ele
by whom? = de (ctre)
cine ?
By whom was he wanted to play the piano? = Who(m) was he wanted to play the piano by? = De (ctre) cine s-a dorit s
cnte el la pian ?
They were expected to come much earlier. = Erau ateptai s soseasc mult mai devreme.
Dup verbele to prove (a dovedi, a se dovedi), to turn out (a se dovedi), to happen (a se ntmpla) i to seem (a se prea)
nominativul cu infinitiv este o construcie activ, nu pasiv.
She proves to be a good tennis player. = Ea se dovedete a fi o bun juctoare de tenis.
They do not seem to be too friendly. = Ei nu par a fi prea prietenoi.
We happened to be watching the match when he came. = S-a ntmplat ca noi s privim meciul cnd a venit el.
He turned out to be a reliable man. = El s-a dovedit un om de ndejde.
If she were considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea ar fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she can be considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea poate fi considerat a fi bun juctoare de tenis...
If she could be considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea ar putea fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she should be considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea ar trebui s fie considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
A ||
N ||
I ||
etc.
I - N || am I not known to be..? =eu nu se tie/cunoate c sunt. ? = nu sunt eu cunoscut a fi..? = eu nu sunt cunoscut ca
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63
prezent
perfect
DIATEZA ACTIV
seeing = vznd
having seen = dup ce a vzut
DIATEZA PASIV
being seen = fiind vzut
having been seen = dup ce a fost vzut
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65
A ||
66
There will not (there won't) have been a book on the table. = Nu va fi fost o carte pe mas.
There will not (there won't) have been two books on the table. = Nu vor fi fost dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Will there have been a book on the table ? = Va fi fost (se va fi aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Will there have been two books on the table ? =Vor fi fost (se vor fi aflat) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) have been a book on the table ? = Nu va fi fost (nu se va fi aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) have been two books on the table ? = Nu vor fi fost (nu se vor fi aflat) dou cri pe
mas
A ||
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There might not (there mighn't) be a book on the table. = Nu putea fi (nu era voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There might not (there mightn't) be two books on the table. = Nu puteau fi (nu era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Might there be a book on the table? = Putea fi (era voie s fie) o carte pe mas?
Might there be two books on the table? = Puteau fi (era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Might there not (mighn't there) be a book on the table? = Nu putea fi (nu era voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
Might there not be two books on the table? = Nu puteau fi (nu era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
A || There had to be a book on the table. = Trebuia s fie (trebuia s se afle) o carte pe mas.
There had to be two books on the table. = Trebuia s fie dou cri pe mas.
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Future Tense
There will possibly be a book on the table. = Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There will possibly be two books on the table. = Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There will not (there won't) possibly be a book on the table. = Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There will not (there won't) possibly be two books on the table. = Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Will there possibly be a book on the table ? = Va putea fi o carte pe mas ?
Will there possibly be two books on the table ? = Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) possibly be a book on the table ? = Nu va putea fi (s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) possibly be two books on the table ? = Nu vor putea fi (s se afle) dou cri pe mas ?
A ||
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Future in the Past
There could be a book on the table. = Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could be two books on the table. = Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There could not be (there couldn't be) a book on the table. = Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could not be (there couldn't be) two books on the table. = Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
Exemplu: He told me that there could be a book on the table. = El mi-a spus c va putea fi o carte pe mas.
A || There might be a book on the table. = Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There might be two books on the table. = Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There might not (there mightn't) be a book on the table. = Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There might not (there mightn't) be two books on the table. = Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
A ||
A ||
A ||
N ||
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If there had been a book on the table. = Dac ar fi fost o carte pe mas. = Dac s-ar fi aflat o carte pe mas.
If there had been two books on the table. = Dac ar fi fost dou cri pe mas = Dac s-ar fi aflat dou cri pe mas.
N || If there had not been a book on the table. = Dac n-ar fi fost o carte pe mas. = Dac nu s-ar fi aflat o carte pe mas.
If there had not been two books on the table. = Dac n-ar fi fost dou cri pe mas.
Alte exemple cu there is i there are:
We should not want there to be new wars. = Nu am vrea s fie noi rzboaie.
Do you want there to be another festival ? = Vrei s fie un alt festival ?
There can be no doubt about it. = Nu poate fi nici o ndoial n aceast privin.
He doesn't want there to be any misunderstanding. = El nu vrea s fie nici o nenelegere.
1.6.5. SCHEMA RECAPITULATIV A VERBULUI
Formele de baz ale verbului sunt:
I
II
III
IV
PRESENT INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE/GERUND
to see
saw
seen
seeing
MODUL INDICATIV (THE INDICATIVE MOOD)
1) The Present Simple (prezent) = subiect + I (fr particula to)
I see. = Eu vd.
2) The Present Perfect (prezent, perfect simplu, perfect compus) = subiect + have + III
I have seen. = Am vzut.
3) The Past Tense (imperfect, perfect simplu, perfect compus) = subiect + II
I saw. = Am vzut/vedeam/vzui.
4) The Past Perfect Tense (mai mult ca perfect, perfect compus) = subiect + had + III
I had seen. = Vzusem.
5) The Future Tense (viitor) = subiect + shall/will + I
I shall/will see. = Voi vedea; I'll see. = O s vd.
6) The Future in the Past (viitor) = subiect + should/would + I
I should/would see = Voi vedea.
7) The Future Perfect (viitor anterior) = subiect + shall/will + have + III
I shall/will have seen (something). = Voi fi vzut (ceva).
8) Near Future (prezent, perfect simplu, perfect compus, imperfect, mai mult ca perfect) = subiect + to be going to + I
I am going to see. = Am de gnd s vd. = Voi vedea. (deci viitor)
I was going to see. = Aveam de gnd s vd.
I had been going to see. = Avusesem de gnd s vd.
MODUL CONDIIONAL (THE CONDITIONAL MOOD)
1) Present Conditional (Optativ prezent) = subiect + should/would + I
I should/would come. = Eu a veni.
2) The Perfect Conditional (optativ trecut) = subiect + should/would + have + III
I should/would have seen. = A fi vzut.
MODUL SUBJONCTIV (THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD)
1) The Subjunctive II (condiional optativ prezent) = if + subiect + II
If I saw. = Dac a vedea. etc.
2) The Subjunctive III (condiional optativ trecut) = if + subiect + had + III
If I had had time.... = Dac a fi avut timp ... etc.
DIATEZA PASIV
The Passive Voice (diateza pasiv) = if + to be + III
I am seen. = Sunt vzut.
ASPECTUL CONTINUU
The Continuous/Definite Progressive Aspect (aspectul continuu) = subiect + to be + IV
I am speaking. = Vorbesc (acum).
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ALTE ADVERBE :
at most = cel mult
at latest = cel mai trziu
at earliest = cel mai devreme
however = totui, cu toate acestea
of course = desigur
precisely = precis
also = de asemenea
at least = cel puin
consequently = ca urmare
at any rate = n orice caz
to attract = a atrage
to brighten =
a lumina, a nviora
to cloud = a innora
SUBSTANTIV
ADJECTIV
ADVERB
amusement = amuzare
amusingly = amuzant
amusive = hazliu
amusingness = amuzare
attraction = atracie
attractingly = atrgtor
attractive = atrgtor
attractibility = atracie
brightly = luminos
brightly = strlucitor,
brilliance = strlucire
brilliantness = splendoare
care = grij
carefully = cu atenie
carefulness = atenie
careless = neglijent
carelessly = neglijent
changeableness = nestatornicie
changeable = schimbtor
changeably = schimbtor
changeless = neschimbat
changed = schimbat
cloudiness = nnourare
cloudy = noros
cloudily = nebulos
cloudlessly = clar
cloudlessness = senintate
clouded = noros
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compare/comparison = comparaie
comparative = comparativ
comparably = comparativ
comparable = comparabil
comparatively = comparativ
comparation = comparaie
compared = comparat
comparability = comparabilitate
to continue = a continua
-
continuity = continuitate
continuous = continuu
continuously = continuu
continued = continuat
to deepen = a adnci,
deep = adnc
disagreeably = neplcut
hope = speran
hopefully = promitor
to disagree = a
displace
to hope = a spera
hopeless = disperat
livable = cu care se poate tri
hopelessly = fr speran,
hopelessness = disperare
life = via
livelong = trainic
to open = a deschide
open = deschis
openly = deschis
opener = deschiztor
pain = durere
painful = dureros
painfully = dureros
painfulness = durere
taste = gust
tasty = gustos
tastily = gustos
tasteful = gustos
tastefully = cu gust
tasteless = fr gust
tastelessly = fr gust
to tidy = a ordona
tidiness = ordine
tidily = ordonat
to use = a folosi
usefully = util
uselessly = inutil
to pain = a durea
to taste = a gusta
lively = vioi
COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
well - bine
badly -ru
far - departe
much - mult
near - aproape
little - mult
late - trziu
up -sus
attractively - atrgtor
beautifully - frumos
bestially-bestial
carefully-atent
fortunately - norocos
quickly - rapid
charmingly - fermector
fluently - fluent
gratefully - recunosctor
willingly - bucuros
COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
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SUPERLATIV RELATIV
COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
cleanly - curat
early devreme
hard - greu
low - deprimat
Multe adverbe i adjective se folosesc dup verbul to be, i dup verbele modale, fiind nume predicative. Se tie c
verbul to be poate fi predicat n propoziie doar cnd este urmat de un adverb de loc :
to be black = a fi negru
to be cold = a fi frig
to be bloody = a fi afurisit
to be concise = a fi concis
to be careful = a fi grijuliu/atent
to be hard = a fi greu
Toate aceste cuvinte black, bloody, careful, cold, concise etc. pot fi fie adjective, fie adverbe, faptul depinznd de
cuvntul pe lng care stau i l determin, iar de comparat se compar aa cum se arat n tabelele prezentate n capitolul
comparaia adjectivelor, respectiv comparaia adverbelor.
Mary has put on her very best dress. = Mary i-a mbrcat chiar cea mai bun rochie a ei.
Alice sees quite well, but John sees far better. = Alice vede foarte bine, ns John vede i mai bine.
John speaks French the best. = John vorbete franuzete cel mai bine.
Jane does not sing so beautifully. = Jane nu cnt aa de frumos.
We haven't seen him lately. = Nu l-am vzut n ultimul timp.
This book is a lot more interesting than that. = Aceast carte este mult mai interesant dect aceea.
That book is very very interesting. = Cartea aceea este foarte foarte interesant.
1.7.4. LOCUL ADVERBELOR
Adverbele cu ajutorul crora se formeaz gradul superlativ absolut stau totdeauna naintea adjectivelor sau adverbelor.
very well = foarte bine
quite right = perfect adevrat
Adverbul enough este singurul adverb care st dup adjective sau adverbe
She sings beautifully enough. = Ea cnt destul / suficient de frumos.
1.7.4.1. LOCUL ADVERBELOR DE TIMP
afterward(s) = dup aceea
I saw them afterwards. = I-am vzut dup aceea.
again = din nou, iar, iari ; once more = nc o dat
I saw him again. = L-am vzut din nou.
again / time and again = very often = mereu = foarte adesea
You must try again and again. = Trebuie s ncerci mereu.
always = totdeuna, ntotdeauna
I am always at home on Sundays. = Sunt totdeauna acas duminica.
The sun always rises in the east. = Soarele rsare totdeauna n est.
You must always remember these rules. = Trebuie s-i aminteti mereu aceste reguli.
Before = nainte; at an earlier time = ntr-un moment anterior
I had read that book before. = Citisem cartea aceea nainte.
ever = vreodat
Do you ever go to see them ? = Te duci vreodat pe la ei ?
Have you ever tried ? = Ai ncercat vreodat ?
never = niciodat; at no time = on no occasion = cu nici un prilej
I have never tried. = N-am ncercat niciodat.
I never go to seeaside alone. = Nu merg niciodat singur la mare.
He is never at home after eight o'clock. = El nu este niciodat acas dup ora opt.
I can never understand what he says. = Nu neleg niciodat ce zice el.
Never do things by halves .( prov.) = S nu faci niciodat lucrurile pe jumtate.
Never too old to learn. (prov.) = Nu suntem niciodata prea btrni s nvm.
0ften = adesea; many times = de multe ori
I often go to see them . = Merg adesea pe la ei.
How often do you visit them ? = Ct de des i vizitezi ?
I have often been there. = Am fost adesea acolo.
rarely = seldom= rareori
You can seldom see such animals. = Rareori poi vedea asemenea animale.
I rarely agree with them. = Rareori sunt de acord cu ei.
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73
74
above = deasupra
alongside = unul lng altul, alturi
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at = la
beneath = sub; mai jos de
by = de, de ctre, prin
inside = nuntru
notwithstanding = cu toate c
opposite = peste drum de, vizavi
round = n jurul
to = la, ctre
within = n, nuntrul; nu mai trziu de
before = nainte
besides = n afar de
for = pentru
into = n, spre
of = de
over = peste
since = de, de la
under = sub
without = fr
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77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
2. S I N T A X A (THE SYNTAX)
(gr.: syn = mpreun, cu; taxis = aranjament, aezare)
Sintaxa este aceea parte a gramaticii care se ocup cu studiul funciilor cuvintelor n propoziii i cu studiul
propoziiilor n fraz. Ea stabilete regulile dup care se mbin propoziiile n fraz.
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89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
SUBORDONAT
verbul poate fi la orice timp
98
he/she
I/we
they
his/her
my/our
his/hers
mine
that
that day
the day before or the previous day
the month before
two/three days before
there
then
yesterday or that day
our
me
you
us
ours
yours
these
last week
last night
last year
on this day
tonight
tomorrow
their
him/her
me/us
them
theirs
ours
those
the week before
the night before
the year before
on that day
that night
the next day or the
following day
Exemple:
"This is my brother" he said.
He said that that was his brother.
"These are our friends" they said. They said that those were their friends.
"You are in our garden" they said. They said that we were in their garden; They said that I was in their garden.
"I can come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he could come by his motor-car; John said that he was able
to come by his motor-car.
"I shall come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he would come by his motor-car.
"I came by my motor-car" John said. John said that he had come by his motor-car.
"I have come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he had come by his motor-car.
"I should come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he would have come by his motor-car.
"Yesterday was my birthday" John said. John said that the previous day had been his birthday.
"You can see us if you turn on the light" they said. They said that we could see them if we turned on the light.
"You will find us at home if you come earlier" they said. They said that we/I would find them at home if we/I came
earlier.
"You can see me if you open your eyes" he said. He said that I could see him if I opened my eyes.
2.4.1. Transformarea n vorbire indirect a ntrebrilor generale
ntrebrile generale sunt cele care pot primi rspunsul da sau nu.
"Do you know me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I knew him.
"Did you know me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had known him.
"Are you living in this town"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I was living in that town.
"Will you come with us"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I would come with them.
"Is he going to read this book"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether he was going to read that book.
"Was he going to read this book ? he asked me. He asked me if/whether he had been going to read that book.
"Can you come with me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I could come with him.
"Must you go there now"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had to go there then.
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100
101
102
103
II
Past Tense
arose
awoke
backbit
was/were
to bear
to beat
to become
to beg
to begin
to bend
to beset
bore
beat
became
begot
began
bent
beset
III
Past Participle
arisen
awake
backbitten/ backbit
been
IV
Present
Participle
arising
awaking
backbiting
being
born
beaten
become
begotten
begun
bent/bended
beset
bearing
beating
becoming
begetting
beginning
bending
besetting
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TRADUCERE
bid/bade
bound
bit
bled
blent/blended
to break
to blew
broke
bred
brought
broadcast
built
burnt/ burned
burst
bought
cast
caught
chide
chose
cleft/clove
clung
clothed/ clad
came
cost
bid/bidden
bound
bit/bitten
bled
blent/blended
broke
blown
broken
bred
brought
broadcast
built
burnt
burst
bought
cast
caught
chide/chidden
chosen
cleft/clove
clung
clothed/clad
come
cost
bidding
binding
biting
bleeding
blending
blessing
blowing
breaking
breeding
bringing
broadcasting
building
burning
bursting
buying
casting
catching
chiding
choosing
cleaving
clinging
clothing
coming
costing
to creep
to crow
to cut
to dare
to dig
to do
crept
crowed/ crew
cut
dared/ durst
dug
did
crept
crowed
cut
dared
dug
done
creeping
crowing
cutting
daring
digging
doing
to draw
to dream
to drink
to drive
to dwell
to eat
to fall
to feed
to feel
to fight
to find
to flee
to fly
to forbear
to forbid
to forecast
to forego
to forknow
to foresee
to foretell
to forget
to forgive
to forsake
to forswear
to freeze
drew
dreamt
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flew
forbore
forbade
forecast(ed)
forewent
foreknew
foresaw
foretold
forgot
forgave
forsook
forsworn
froze
drawn
dreamed/ dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flown
forborne
forbidden
forecast(ed)
foregone
foreknown
foreseen
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
forsworn
frozen
drawing
dreaming
drinking
driving
dwelling
eating
falling
feeding
feeling
fighting
finding
fleeing
flying
forbearing
forbidding
forecasting
foregoing
foreknowing
foreseeing
foretelling
forgetting
forgiving
forsaking
forswearing
freezing
105
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded
gave
went
graved
ground
grew
hung/hanged
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded
given
gone
graved/ graven
ground
grown
hung/hanged
had
heard
hid/hidden
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept
gainsaying
getting
girding
giving
going
graving
grinding
growing
hanging
having
hearing
hidding
hitting
holding
hurting
inlaying
keeping
to kneel
to knit
to know
to lade
to lay
to lead
to lean
to leap
to learn
to leave
to lend
knelt/ kneeled
knit/ knitted
knew
laded
laid
led
leant/ leaned
leapt/ leaped
learnt/ learned
left
lent
knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
known
laden/laded
laid
led
leant/leaned
leapt/leaped
learnt/ learned
left
lent
kneeling
knitting
knowing
lading
laying
leading
leaning
leaping
learning
leaving
lending
to let
let
to lie
lay
to light
lighted/lit
to lose
lost
to make
made
to mean
meant
to meet
met
to melt
melted
to misgive
misgave
to mislay
mislaid
to mislead
misled
to mistake
mistook
to misunder- misunderstood
stand
to mow
mowed
to outride
outrode
to outrun
outran
to overcast
overcast
to overcome overcame
to overdo
overdid
to overeat
overate
to overfeed
overfed
to overlie
overlay
to overrun
overran
to oversee
oversaw
to overset
overset
to oversleep
overslept
let
lain
lighted/lit
lost
made
meant
met
melted /molten
misgiven
mislaid
misled
mistaken
misunderstood
letting
lying
lighting
losing
making
meaning
meeting
melting
misgiving
mislaying
misleading
mistaking
misunderstanding
mowing
outriding
outrunning
overcasting
overcoming
overdoing
overeating
overfeeding
overlying
overrunning
overseeing
oversetting
oversleeping
mowed/mown
outridden
outrun
overcast
overcome
overdone
overeaten
overfed
overlain
overrun
overseen
overset
overslept
106
a contrazice, a contesta/nega/tgdui
a cpta/obine/ procura, a face, a dobndi
a incinge, a nconjura
a da/drui/oferi, a face cadou, a repartiza, a nmna
a merge/pleca, a se deplasa/duce, a umbla
a grava, a sculpta, a ciopli, a spa
a mcina/rni/ pisa, lefui/ poliza, scrni
a crete/spori, a se dezvolta/ maturiza/coace, a cultiva
a (se) spnzura/ aga/atrna, a prinde/fixa
a avea; a suferi de;a primi n vizit; a bea/mnca
a auzi, a audia, a asculta
a (se) ascunde/ piti, a dosi/ tinui
a lovi/nimeri, a bate / izbi, a atinge, a da lovitura
a ine/pstra, a deine, a se menine/pstra
a rni/leza, a duna/strica, a lovi, a durea
a intercala/ introduce/nsera
a pstra; a respecta, a ine seama de, a rmne/sta, a
ine/menine
a ngenunchea, a se aeza n genunchi
a croeta/ tricota/ mpleti; a deosebi; a fi la curent cu
a ti , a cunoate
a ncrca/ mbarca
a pune/aeza/ ntinde/depune, a expune; a sta/ a edea
a duce/conduce/ ghida, a comanda
a se rezema/ sprijini, a se aplica/ nclina, a conta pe
a sri/slta, a face salturi
a nva/ afla/ studia, a se in- strui
a lsa/abandona/ prsi, a pleca din
a da mprumut, a mprumuta (cuiva), a nchiria, a se preta la,
a folosi
a lsa/ngdui/ permite, a fi de nchiriat, a nchiria
a sta ntins/ culcat, a zcea; a exista, se afla/ gsi
a aprinde (foc etc.); a lumina; a poposi
a pierde
a fabrica/face/ confeciona; a construi
a nsemna; a vrea s spun, a crede/gndi
a (se) ntlni; a ntmpina; a se mpreuna/ a face cunotin
a se topi/dizolva; a se lichefia; a se nduioa
a presimi ceva ru; a inspira fric/nencredere
a pierde/rtci (un obiect), a pune unde nu trebuie
a conduce/ ndruma greit
a nelege greit
a nelege/ interpreta greit cuvintele cuiva
a cosi, a secera, a tunde/cosi cu maina
a ntrece/depi pe cineva clare
depi pe cineva in fug, a intrece pe cineva alergnd
a ntuneca; a surfila; a nchide
a nvinge/birui/ coplei/dobor/ nfrnge
a exagera, a ntrece msura, a merge prea departe
a mnca prea mult, a se ghiftui
a supraalimenta
a se ntinde peste
a se revrsa; a depi limitele
a supraveghea, a controla
a rsturna ordinea, a zdrnici
a dormi prea mult, a se scula trziu
overtook
overthrew
partook
overtaken
overthrown
partaken
overtaking
overthrowing
partaking
to pay
to put
to read
to rend
to repay
to reset
to retell
to rid
to ride
to ring
to rise
to rive
to run
to saw
to say
to see
to seek
to sell
to send
to set
to sew
to shake
to shear
to shed
to shine
to shoe
to shoot
to show
to shrink
to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to slay
to sleep
to slide
to slit
to smell
to sow
to speak
to speed
to spell
to spend
to spill
to spin
to spit
to split
to spoil
to spread
to spring
to stand
to steal
paid
put
read
rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden
rode
rang
rose
rived
ran
sawed
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
sheared/ shore
shed
shone
shod
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
slit
smelt
sowed
spoke
sped/ speeded
spelt/spelled
spent
spilt/spilled
spun/span
spat/spit
split
spoilt /spoiled
spread
sprang
stood
stole
paid
put
read
rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden
ridden
rung
risen
riven/rived
run
sawn/sawed
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn/sewen
shaken
shorn/sheared
shed
shone
shod
shot
shown/showed
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid/sliden
slit
smelt
sown/sowed
spoken
sped/speeded
spelt/speld
spent
spilt/spilled
spun
spat/spit
split
spoilt/spoiled
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
paying
putting
reading
rending
repaying
resetting
retelling
ridding
riding
ringing
rising
riving
running
sawing
saying
seeing
seeking
selling
sending
setting
sewing
shaking
shearing
shedding
shining
shoeing
shooting
showing
shrinking
shutting
singing
sinking
sitting
slaying
sleeping
sliding
slitting
smelling
sowing
speaking
speeding
spelling
spending
spilling
spinning
spitting
spiting
spoiling
spreading
springing
standing
stealing
107
stuck
stung
stank/stunk
struck
stuck
stung
stunk
struck/ stricken
sticking
stinging
stinking
striking
to string
to strive
strung
strove
strung
striven
stringing
striving
to swear
to sweep
swore
swept
sworn
swept
swearing
sweeping
to swell
to swim
swelled
swam
swollen/ swelled
swum
swelling
swimming
to swing
to take
swung
took
swung
taken
swinging
taking
to teach
to tear
to tell
to think
to throw
to thrust
to tread
to unbend
to unbind
to undergo
to undersell
to
understand
to undertake
to undo
to upset
to wake
to wear
to weave
to wed
to weep
to win
to wind
to withdraw
to withhold
to withstand
to write
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod
unbent
unbound
underwent
undersold
understood
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden/trod
unbent
unbound
undergone
undersold
understood
teaching
tearing
telling
thinking
throwing
thrusting
treading
unbending
unbinding
undergoing
underselling
understanding
undertook
undid
upset
woke/woked
wore
wove
wedded
wept
won
wound
withdrew
withheld
withstood
wrote
undertaken
undone
upset
waked/woken
worn
woven/wove
wedded/wed
wept
won
wound
withdrawn
withheld
withstood
written
undertaking
undoing
upsetting
waking
wearing
weaving
wedding
weeping
winning
winding
withdrawing
withholding]
withstanding
writing
108