Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Lecture 5
Predecessors
1. LOUDNESS
as loudness loss is increased, the
listening effort is increased, customer
satisfaction decreases
if too little loudness loss is provided,
customer satisfaction decreases because
the received speech is too loud.
***With these, transmission engineers used
many methods to measure and express
loudness loss
2/24/2015
Example:
ORE (dB)
% of Unsatisfactory
Calls
40
33.6
36
18.9
32
9.7
28
4.2
24
1.7
20
0.67
16
CRE=0.0089q2+1.148q-0.48
0.228
-10
-10.18
-9
-9.18
-8
-8.18
-7
-7.15
-6
-6.11
-5
-5.06
-4
-3.98
Q (dB)
Y (dB)
-3
-2.89
-2
-1.78
-1
-0.66
0
0.48
1
1.64
2
2.81
3
4.00
4
5.2
Q (dB)
Y (dB)
5
6.43
6
7.66
7
8.92
8
10.19
9
11.48
10
12.78
11
14.10
12
15.44
Q (dB)
Y (dB)
13
16.79
14
18.16
15
19.55
16
20.95
17
22.37
17.50
23.08
18
23.80
Where:
q=reference equivalent, dB
OLR=SLR +CLR+RLR
2/24/2015
3. Noise
a. Thermal Noise
b. Intermodulation noise
Causes:
Device malfunction.
c. Impulse Noise
Impulse noise is noncontinuous, consisting of irregular pulses or noise
spikes of short duration and of relatively high amplitude.
d. Crosstalk
Crosstalk is the unwanted coupling between signal paths.
Causes:
2/24/2015
Noise Units
Preliminaries
Measurement of Crosstalk
1. Far-end Crosstalk
Crosstalk is measured at the end far-end of the cable.
2. Near-end Crosstalk
Crosstalk is measured near-end of the the disturbed pair
1. Decibel (dB)
dBm
Noise Units
Examples:
Noise Units
2. dBm or relative to 1 mW
= 10 log
Noise Units
Noise Units
Example:
Example:
2/24/2015
Noise Units
Noise Units
Important points:
1. dBm is the symbol ised to indicate the level of
a signal in the system, relative to 1mW
2. dB is the system used to indicate the gain or
loss in the system
3. dB and dBm can be added and subtracted as
one unit from the other
= 10
10 ,
dBrn= dB above noise reference level (10-12 is a
chosen reference equivalent to -90 dBm)
-90 dBm = 0 dBrn
4. pWP(picowatts, psophometric)
a psophometric picowatt is a definite amount of
noise power as measured with a psophometric
weighing network
reference is 1 picowatt, 800hz
5. dBw
amount of power in dB, above or below
reference level of one watt
6. dBk
represents the power level in dB above or below
the reference level of one kilowatt.
7. dBv
reference to one volt