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Chapter 12
1. Which forces are INTRAmolecular and which are INTERmolecular?
a. Those preventing oil from evaporating at room temperature
INTERmolecular: oil evaporates when individual oil molecules can escape the
attraction of other oil molecules in the liquid phase.
b. Those allowing silver to tarnish
INTRAmolecular: Oxidation tarnishes pure silver. Oxidation involves the
breaking of bonds and formation of new bonds.
c. Those preventing butter from melting in a refrigerator
INTERmolecular: The process of butter (fat) melting involves a break down in
the rigid, solid structure of fat molecules to an amorphous, less-ordered system.
The attractions between the molecules are weakened but the bonds within the
molecules are not broken.
2. Name the phase change for each of these events.
a. Dew appears on the lawn in the morning
Condensation: the water vapor in the air condenses to liquid when the temp.
drops during the night.
b. Icicles change into liquid water.
Fusion (melting): solid ice melts to liquid water
c. Wet clothes dry on a summer day.
Evaporation; liquid water on clothes evaporates to water vapor
3. Liquid propane, a widely used fuel, is produced by compressing gaseous propane at
20C. During the process, ~15 kJ of energy is released for each mole of gas liquefied.
From where does this energy come?
The propane gas molecules slow down as the gas is compressed. Therefore, much of
the kinetic energy lost by the propane molecules is released to the surroundings
upon liquefaction.
4. From the data below, calculate the total heat (in J) needed to convert 12.00 g of ice at
minus (-) 5.00C to liquid water at 0.500C. (HINT: Three step process, include phase
change) (Hint: notice the units (grams and moles) and perform your math accordingly)
a. Melting point (mp) at 1 atm: 0.0C
b. cliquid: 4.21 J/gC
c. csolid: 2.09 J/gC
d. Hfus: 6.02 kJ/mol
Step 1: Warming the ice from -5.00C to 0.500C.
q1= CmT = (2.09 J/gC)(12.00 g)(0.0- (5.00))C = 125.4 (unrounded)
Step 2: Phase change of ice at 0.00C to water at 0.00C
q2= nHfus = (12.0 g (1 mol/18.02 g))(6.02 kJ/mol)(1000J/1 kJ) = 4008.879 J
(unrounded)
Step 3: Warming the liquid from 0.00C to 0.500C
q3= CmT = (4.21 J/gC)(12.00 g)(0.500- (0.0))C = 25.26 J (unrounded)
The three heats are positive because each process takes heat from its surroundings
(endothermic). The phase change requires much more energy than the two
temperature change processes. The total heat is q1 + q2 + q3 = (125.4 J + 4008.879 J +
25.26 J) = 4160 J = 4.16x103 J
A liquid has a Hvap of 35.5 kJ/mol and a boiling point of 122C at 1.00 atm. What is its
vapor pressure at 109C?
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the relation between vapor pressure and
temperature. Boiling point is defined as the temperature when vapor pressure of the
liquid equals atmospheric pressures, usually assumed to be exactly 1 atm. In the
calculations below, 1.00 atm is used to emphasize the additional significant figures.
5.
= -35.5kJ/mol
(
1
- 1________) (1000J) = -0.3678758
ln P2
1.00 atm 8.314 J/mol*K (273+109)K
(273+122)K (1 kJ)
Then take the inverse of ln (by using e)to learn more about ln and e, go to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm
P2
= (0.692203)
1.0 atm
P2
11. Zinc selenide (ZnSe) crystallizes in the zinc blende structure and has a density of 5.42
g/cm3.
a. How many Zn and Se ions in each unit cell?
To determine the number of Zn2+ ions and Se2- ions in each unit, picture the
lattice (Figure 12.32) and count the number of ions at the corners, faces, and
center of unit cell. Looking at selenide ions, there is one ion at 4 Se2- ions. Three
aer also 4Zn2+ ions due to the 1:1 ratio of Se ions to Zn ions.
b. What is the mass of a unit cell?
Mass of unit cell = (4)(mass of Zn atom) + (4)(mass of Se atom) = (4)(65.39 amu)
+ (4)(78.96 amu) = 577.40 amu