ALC Eth

ALC PDH RADIO
1
ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.
Training items
ALC
Versions, Diagrams and Characteristics
SCT: network management
LCT: equipment configuration
Troubleshooting: alarms and loops
2
ALC
ALC is available with different IDUs, software
configurable:
Standard: up to 16xE1 4/16QAM
Ethernet: 3x10/100BaseT+16xE1, 4/16 QAM
Link configuration: 1+0, 1+1 h.s.by or freq.diversity
H. s. by
F. div.
2+0
3
User interfaces
Modulation
User Interfaces
4xE1/8xE1/16xE1
10/100BaseT + NxE1
Capacity [Mbit/s]
4 QAM
16 QAM
4
8
16
32
64
4
ALC
ALC is available with different IDUs, software configurable:
Low capacity: up to 4x2 E1, 4 or 16QAM
Medium capacity: up to 16x2, 4 or 16QAM
Link configuration: 1+0, 1+1 h.s.by or freq.diversity
5
IDU 16x2
ALcompact
Main features
Max capacity : 16 E1
3x 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet
IDU size: 1 U high only and single board
Service channel: optional V11 contradirec. and no wayside
Loops: RF loop for frequency > 18 GHz only; IF loop optional
ATPC range : depending on freq (20 or 40 dB)
Connectors: one choice, only E1 connectors have more versions
OSPF
No Fade Margin automatic test
IDU-ODU
distance: 400 meters
ODU with
integrated antenna
1+1 ODU
1+0 ODU
Unprotected ODU
7
ODU with separated antenna

antenna
1+0 pole mounting
waveguide
flange
8
waveguide
flange
ODU with separated antenna

1+1 wall mounting
9
1+1 hot stand-by

ODU
= FHIGH
= FLOW
= Stand-by
= Active
ODU
IDU
IDU
ODU
ODU
Both radios, working at the same frequency, are active in Rx but only
one is active in Tx:
1 antenna Branching losses are inserted in link budget
2 antennas Link is in space diversity (and without branching losses)
Best performance for d=150 (d=distance between antennas)
AL
10
1+1 frequency diversity

ODU
ODU
IDU
IDU
ODU
ODU
All radios, working at different frequencies, are active in Rx and Tx
1 antenna Branching losses are inserted in link budget
2 antennas Link is in space diversity (and without branching losses)
= F1HIGH
= F1LOW
= F2HIGH
= F2LOW
AL
11
Software Keys
Following functionalities are enabled through a
software key:
Capacity changing
Modulation changing
Way side traffic
OSPF Option
Fade Margin Test Option
12
Equipment composition
ALC is made up by different sub-modules housed in
two mechanical structures:
1) IDU

LIM
Controller
RIM (one per branch)
2) ODU
Radiotransceiver (RT, one per branch)
13
Module functionalities
Line
interfaces
Line
Mux-Demux circuits, Service Mux-demux circuits
Bit
insertion-extraction,
Modulator
Switch
BER
LIM
- Demodulator (digital side)
management
counters
Power
supply
Cable
interface
Modulator
RIM
(analog side) 330 MHz
Demodulator
(analog side) 140 MHz

Radio
Power supply
Cable
interface
IF
Service interfaces
Management software ports
Equipment controller
EOC
Alarm LEDs
User in / Alarm out facilities
CONTROLLER
RT
unit
RF unit: Transmitter,

Receiver
14
Equipment
structure
15
Controller
16
LIM
Tx direction
17
LIM
Rx direction
18
RIM
19
ODU
20
AL characteristics (1)
Tx power (4QAM/16QAM):
7 GHz
+27 dBm / +22 dBm
15 GHz
+25 dBm / +20 dBm
23 GHz
+20 dBm / +15 dBm
Tx/Rx spacing:
7 GHz
168/196 MHz
15 GHz
420/728 MHz
23 GHz
1008 MHz
Power consumption
1+0
32 W or 25W
1+1
55 W or 40W
21
AL characteristics (2)
Rx HBER thresholds (4QAM/16QAM):

- in 16x2
7 GHz
-84 dBm / -80 dBm
15 GHz
-83.5 dBm / -79.5 dBm
23 GHz
-82 dBm / -78 dBm
- in 4x2
7 GHz
-90 dBm / -86 dBm
15 GHz
-89.5 dBm / -85.5 dBm
23 GHz
-88 dBm / -84 dBm
Max Rx power
- 20 dBm
22
SCT : main features

NE management
Alarm correlation
Alarm acknowledgement
Station management
OSPF configuration
Stored Routing Table
Command logger
Tx switch on remote Rx failure
Fade margin calculation (AL only)
Equipment features management
23
Alarm correlation
Every alarm is reported with
Alarm beginning
Alarm end (gravity info is maintained)
24
Alarm acknowledgement
Alarm acknowledge is available in
alarm history list: every
acknowledgement can
be managed completely
in station list: new alarm
info is highlighted by
an asterisk
25
Station management
NEs connected to SCT can be assigned in
various stations using the tool :
Subnetwork Configuration Wizard
26
OSPF Management
OSPF window manages configuration parameters of the
selected equipment (router) relevant to the OSPF (Open
Shortest Path First) dynamic routing protocol:
- Properties: general configuration parameters of OSPF
protocol
- Areas/IFs: configuration parameters of equipment OSPF
interfaces and of the areas containing them
- Virtual Links: configuration parameters of virtual links
- Summ.: configuration parameters of route summarizations
- Lsa DB: configuration parameters of LSAs (Link State
Advertisements) in the Link State Database
- Ext Lsa DB: list of the External LSAs only
- Neighbors: list of neighbors
- V.Neighbors: configuration parameters of the virtual
neighbors
- Store: storage of new parameters into the controller flash
memory
27
OSPF: example
AREA-1
IR
AREA-2
ABR
IR
IR
IR
IR
ASBR
EXTERNAL
AREA
IR :
Internal Router
ABR:
Area Border Router
ASBR: Autonomous System Border Router

28
Areas and Routers

Area is a group of hosts and routers with IP interfaces on
same network. An Area is described by one database
only.
Stub Area: an area with internal routing only. Database and
the memory requirement of the routers of the stub area
are reduced. Routing from a stub area to outside is
based on a default route (a single output point)
Internal Router IR: a router with its area database only
(intra area)
Area Border Router ABR: a router connecting multiple
areas (inter area)
Autonomous System Border Router ASBR: a router
gateway between OSPF and other routing protocols
29
Backbone
If multiple areas are involved, Backbone is the

Area 0, the area all the others are connected to.
30
Virtual Link
In areas not physically connected to backbone, a virtual link is
used to provide a logical path.
The virtual link is established between two ABRs that have a
common area, with one ABR connected to backbone.
31
Neighbors
Routers sharing a common segment are Neighbors if:
1.
their interfaces belong to same area and same subnet
2.
they exchange the same password on that segment
3.
they have same Hallo and Dead Interval
4.
they have same stub area flag in Hello packets
These rules affect neighbour election process.
LSA : Link State Advertisements describe router database
and must be send to all neighbours
DR : Designated Router as information exchange central
point to minimize information traffic on a segment
BDR: Backup Designated Router, in case DR goes down
32
Adjacency
Each router on the segment establishes an adjacency with DR
and BDR that relay information to everybody.
DR and BDR election is done via Hello protocol: the router
with highest OSPF priority is DR, after BDR. In case of
parity, RID (router ID) is checked.
A zero priority router is called DROTHER
RTA and RTB have same priority
but RIDB>RIDA RTB=DR
RTC > RTB RTC=DR
33
Shortest Path
In a router database all reachable segments and relevant cost
are listed:
segment next-hop cost + router next-hop cost
Any router interface has a cost inversely proportional to its
throughput:
Cost= 100.000.000/bandwidth [bps]
Any router prepares a shortest path tree putting itself as
root and calculating smallest cost for each destination.
After this passage the router builds the routing table accordingly.
Any change in area composition (new router insertion) is
communicated to other routers causing dynamic readjustments of routing tables.
OSPF allows also a TOS sensitive interface cost: depending on
packet Type Of Service, the router interface has different
cost.
34
OSPF Link-State algorithm

1.
2.
3.
4.
Any router generates a LSA : the collection of all

link-states on that router
Routers share link-states via flooding: a link-state
update is received, stored and sent to other
As router database is completed, Shortest Path
Tree to all destinations is calculated (Dijkstra
algorithm). Destinations, associated cost and the
next hop to reach them forms IP Routing Table
Changes are communicated via link-state packets
and Shortest Path Tree is recalculated. If network
configuration does not change, OSPF traffic is
quiet.
35
Stored Routing Table

The Stored Routing Table adds routing lines, after a
Restart, to the running Routing Table of the NE.
In this way we can change Ports addresses (operation that
needs a restart) without loosing a remote NE:
1. In Stored Routing Table add the routing lines
relevant to new port addresses you are going to set
2. Set the new port addresses (the equipment restarts)
3. After the restart the equipment has new addresses and
the routing table already configured : the NE
management is still running
36
Command logger
Cmd Logger reads the list of operations, executed by the users,
stored on the controller of the equipment.
The log, uploaded from equipment, is stored on the PC for
further consultations. Following filters are available:
Operations date
User address
User type
Operation name
37
LCT
for
ALC
38
Configuration
General
Bitrate
Modulation
Link ID (local only)
39
Rx Power Low thresholds
HBer,LBer, EWL
thresholds
1) General preset:
thresholds
40
2) General preset:
Rx switches
1+0
1+1
In case of no Rx
In case of Hber, Lber, EWL, first CRC correction

41
If both remote radios dont receive,

on local side Tx switch is performed
3) General preset:
Tx switch
42
Local
AVAILABLE CONNECTIONS
Remote
NO
VLAN
NO
VLAN
PC1
A L _E T H
PC3
A L _E T H
PC4
An all pass Hub/Switch
PC6
PC5
1
PC1
NO
VLAN
PC3
NO
VLAN
1
V L A N 4001
A L _E T H
NO
VLAN
PC2
A L _E T H
V L A N 4002
2
NO
VLAN
PC1 with PC2 and PC3 with PC4
PC1
PC3
PC2
NO
VLAN
NO
VLAN
PC4
NO
VLAN
V L A N 4003
A L _E T H
V L A N 4004
A L _E T H
V L A N 4003
V L A N 4004
PC1 with PC2 and PC3 with PC4 with one external switch
V L A N 4 005
PC2
PC4
V L A N 4005
V L A N 4005
A L _E T H
PC1
A L _E T H
PC1 with PC2 with 2 external switches
PC2
43
Switch at Layer 2
MAC switching: destination local = discarded; destination known
= sent to the port; destination unknown = sent to all the ports;
MAC Address learning
MAC Address ageing
Auto negotiation : port speed, duplex-mode.
MDI/MDIX crossover
Layer 2 Flow Control / Back Pressure
44
TAG composition
45
IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

Break a LAN into a few smaller LANs and prevent

data to flow between the sub-LANs
Micro segment the LAN with scalability
Distribute traffic load
Better control the broadcast messages
46
IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

VLANs in two different ways:
Based on Port, VLAN related to a local port attribute
Based on IEEE 802.1Q TAG , VLAN is defined by the VID

(VLan Identifier) TAG content.
Switching between ports is based on VLAN membership defined

into Vlan configuration table.
Lan1 and Port1 are members of Vlan 701
47
Quality of Service

Better service to selected network traffic

Different service classes based on the identity of the customer
or the type of application
Different service levels or to ensure service quality for timecritical traffic such as voice or video.
IEEE 802.1p QoS (Layer 2- Quality of Service): three bit of the
TAG.
IP-V4 ToS (Layer 3- Type of Service): six bit of the TOS
(D.S.C.P.)
QoS at level 2, at level 3 or at both
48
This applies to IP packets only!
49
Ethernet
switch
Setting of waiting time before Link

Loss Forwarding (010 sec.)
MAC Addr. Table size

Packet size
Life of info in
MAC Addr. table
Queue assignement
depending 802.1p
VLAN management
Emptying algorithm
of queues:
8421 WFQ
or
strictly priority
Queue assignement
depending PTOS
50
PTOS
values
Configuration
view
Queue
selection
View filter
DinamicServiceCodePoint type
51
VLAN 760 doesnt

transit through port 2
760
VLAN 760 exits through

port 2 untagged

port 2 with tag 760

port 2, with the same tag it
has at input (unmodified)
RadioPort
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
VLAN
52
VLAN per port
LAN settings: Interface
Port status
Cable:
straight or
crossed
Flow control
LAN Speed
LAN status
LLF status
Port always active

53
LAN settings: Virtual LAN
Tag added to
untagged frame if
output is tagged
VLAN properties
Disable 802.1q: no Tag filter

Fallback: if input is tagged,
Virtual LAN properties rules
will be followed; if input tag is
not present in the map or
input is untagged, Lan per
port rules will be followed
Secure: if input is tagged,
Virtual LAN properties rules
will be followed; if input tag is
not present in the map or
input is untagged, packets will
be dropped
Untagged frame in output:

Unmodified, Tagged, Untagged
Output ports of packets in input at LAN1
54
LAN settings: Priority
How to manage input priority:

- No check
- 802.1p
- IpToS
- First 802.1p then IpToS
- First IpToS then 802.1p
default Queue and default Priority
added to output if input is without
priority
55
Radio link parameters

Main parameters of the link are:
Configuration
Capacity
For local
Modulation terminal
Setting has to
be copied in
remote terminal
Link ID
Frequency
Frequency
For both Only Configuration
Capacity
local and has to be set locally (on
Modulation remote local and after on
terminal remote)
Link ID
56
PRBS (Pseudo Random Bit Sequence)

Measure results and duration
Alarm on Checked signal line
Sync Los events during test

Measure status
Pattern type
Checked signal selection
Tributary selection if
checked is Signal 2MBit
P.R.B.S replaces the traffic on selected channel

P.R.B.S. test is pointed out as Manual Operation (subject to timeout)
57
ATPC (Automatic Tx Power Control)
58
ATPC characteristics
Maximum ATPC range:
This range is limited by the

amount of fixed attenuation with
respect to the nominal TX power
Power Control Criteria:
Remote terminal Received Signal

Level (RSL) and BER
ATPC speed:
30 dB/s
Purpouse:
To counteract the effect of flat fading,

minimizing nodal interferences
59
IDU Installation: AL Compact

SCT LAN port
120ohm E1 Sub-D type
connectors
LCT USB
connector
PSU connector
Trib. 1-2-3-4
Q3
LCT
PSU alarm LEDs
Trib. 9-10-11-12
48V2
48V1
US ER IN/OUT
PS1
TX RX
1
2
Trib. 13-14-15-16
PS2
Manual operation /
Loop active
IDU-ODU cable
SMA connectors
Fuse: 3.15A (M)
Tx Rx
R
2
Trib. 5-6-7-8
TEST
R AL
TEST
AL
Reset
Alarms
Active branch (Tx / Rx)
60
ODU installation (1)

61
62
REF.

63
Interconnection cable
Frequency signals:
Tx IF
Rx IF
Telemetry IDUODU
Telemetry ODUIDU
330 MHz
140 MHz
17.5 MHz
5.2 MHz
Max length (1/4 inch cable)

4/16QAM
400 m
64
Normal operating condition
Rx level on both ODU match values given by

hop calculation.
Rx level accuracy:

-40 dBm -75 dBm range

-30 dBm -40 dBm range
3dB
4dB
65
Faulty condition: alarm notification

A faulty condition is pointed out by
IDU front panel LEDs:
- AL: alarms, internal or external
- TEST: manual operation active
SCT window:
- Log history area (with alarm correlation)
- Equipment view current alarms (with alarms
grouping)
66
AL
COMMON group
Alarms not related to a specific part of the equipment but
relevant to the link.
Example:.
EOC radio alarm (relevant SCT management)
Link telemetry fail (relevant traffic, ATPC info, man op)
If both alarms are ON, the link is interrupted.
Investigation must be made on a possible condition of bad
propagation, or equipment failure
67
AL
68
AL
Link telemetry fail

No link between Local and Remote station. Traffic is cut.
Link telemetry is inserted in main radio frame in Bit Insertion
circuit inside LIM, and contains commands for the remote
station: switch off the radios on remote side in case of local RF
loop, Link ID, ATPC info.
Telemetry link is a connection between local and remote IDUs.
TEST - if this alarm occurs, a double IDU loop (both branches)
can be done: if this alarm disappears, local IDU is OK and the
problem is after (propagation, local radios, remote equipment).
69
AL
Communication Radio EOC Data link

No link between Local and Remote station or wrong
port address configuration.
EOC is the channel involved in management
communication.
If EOC radio link is active:
- Traffic is OK
- Management is cut (no remote)
70
AL
PRBS Fail
When PRBS is working and no signal is received on checked
signal, in PRBS window the field Sync Los Alarm is active
together with PRBS Fail in Current alarms window
Every ON-OFF transition
increases the field
PRBS Fail Alarm Counter
71
AL
Communication 2Mb EOC Data link

No EOC channel is present on selected tributary in selected timeslot : wrong
port address configuration or no tributary input (LOS).
EOC is the channel involved in management communication.
If EOC 2Mb link is active:
-Management is cut
(no remote)
- If relative LOS is active,
traffic on that tributary is
cut
72
AL
Revertive
When a branch is declared preferential,
the switch on opposite branch gives
Revertive alarm.
The return to preferential branch, when
available again, happens after Wait Time
period.
73
AL
2Mb/s G.704 (Trib.x)

Radio Fail/AIS and/or Line Fail/AIS
When management messages come via tributary
timeslot, further checks are performed on both
directions of this tributary
74
AL
Tx Fail
When on remote side both radios dont receive, on local
side a Tx switch command is performed and Tx fail alarm
is enabled.
When this alarm is on,
check local ODU in stand by
This functionality is enabled
in LCT General Preset
The alarm remains active
until Reset is given
75
AL
Link ID
Alarm is on if Link ID check is enabled (Link ID 0)

and remote Link ID is different from the local one.
Traffic is cut but signal is received and measured.
Output = AIS
This alarm
causes:
76
AL
LIM group
These alarms come from
External fault: tributary LOS
LIM failure:
-Multiplexer/demultiplexer failure
-Modulator/demodulator failure
Warning: modulator/demodulator
circuitry is spread into LIM and RIM
modules.
RIM or ODU alarms propagation
(seen in LIM as Baseband RX alarm)
77
AL
78
AL
Tributary-1 Signal loss
Tx
Loss Of Signal alarm is active when a situation opposite to that

foreseen by configuration is performed on tributary interface:
No input or
or
cable disconnected
TRIB. STATUS
Tributary
connected
79
AL
Multiplexer fail
Tx
The alarm is given during multiplexing of input tributaries by

Overflow stuffing memories
Overflow is due to bad clock of one tributary (too fast: >+50ppm)

or hardware failure
In case of Multiplexer Fail the signal forwarded to the radio is
N x AIS (from all the N tributaries)
80
AL
Branch-x Modulator Fail
Tx
This alarm is active when at cable interface Tx IF

modulated signal (330 MHz) is missing or is under a
certain value; this is due to:
Modulator faulty
Cable IDU-ODU open (that produces high VSWR
value)
Traffic is cut
81
Branch-x ODU-IDU
Communication fail
AL
This alarm occurs when on carrier used to receive

information from ODU, or remote commands from other side,
are detected:
CRC errors
Loss of frame
This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite

direction (IDUODU) and from TX or RX carriers
82
AL
Branch-x Demodulator Fail
Rx
This alarm is active when average deviation of symbol

recognition is higher of a certain level.
Every problem in constellation gives Demodulator alarm:
Problem of digital conversion of received signal from RIM
I or Q signal missing
High level of interference (bad quality but good Rx level)
No Rx IF modulated signal (140 MHz) from ODU (no Rx, ODU
faulty, IDU/ODU cable open)
Branch Rx quality alarm
Demodulator alarm causes:
(software settable)
Rx quality alarms (HBER, LBER, EWL)

Rx signal alarms (BaseBand Rx)
Traffic is cut
83
AL
Branch-x BaseBand Rx
Rx
This alarm is active when

Bit Extraction does not work (in LIM)
Demodulator does not work (in LIM)
Demodulator does not receive from RIM or ODU
BaseBand Rx causes:
Demultiplexer Fail
Traffic is cut
84
AL
Demultiplexer Fail
Rx
The alarm is given during demultiplexing by:

Frame Alignment Word not recognised (LOF - loss of frame)
Overflow destuffing memories
Overflow memories of hitless Rx switch
BaseBand Rx alarm
In case of Demultiplexer Fail, output is AIS (from all the

tributaries)
85
RIM group
External fault: demodulator fail alarm and
ODU alarm are generated when ODU
becomes faulty
RIM failure: PSU alarm with cable
open/short alarm or modulator/demodulator
alarms are active
Warning: modulator/demodulator circuitry is
spread into LIM and RIM modules.
86
AL
87
AL
Branch-1 Power Supply
This alarm is active when the PSU (Power Supply Unit) of one
RIM is switched off or is in failure condition
Analysis order is:
PSU
IDU
All alarmed
from now on
RT
If the PSU is off, all the alarms of that RIM are activated:
this alarm causes all
Rx Branch-1 alarms
except those relevant
Radio1 (is OFF)
88
AL
Branch-1 Cable open/short

This alarm is active when the following situations occur:
- Cable open alarm no current through cable interface: ODU is not
supplied so situation looks like PSU alarm (Rx alarms) with cable alarm
instead PSU alarm
- Cable short alarm overcurrent/low voltage through cable interface
If both alarms are
active, 48 V source
has no enough current
Caused by high VSWR

value of damaged cable
Cable open
situation
89
AL
RT group
External fault: Rx power low alarm is
generated because of bad propagation
or by remote terminal faulty
ODU failure: PSU fail alarm or RF VCO
alarm or RF IF alarm is activated
90
AL
91
AL
Branch-x IDU-ODU
Communication fail
This alarm occurs in ODU when on carrier used to receive

command from IDU, are detected:
CRC errors
Loss of frame
This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite

direction (ODUIDU) and from TX or RX carriers
92
AL
Branch-1 RT Radio Power Supply

This alarm is active when the Power Supply
section of the radio doesnt work properly or is in
failure condition (voltage in input out of range).
Depending voltage value, radio can work.
When the under/over voltage is too high, radio is
off and other alarms (cable open) cover this.
93
AL
Branch 1 RT VCO fail
Tx & Rx
This alarm occurs when VCO in RF unit is not able

to lock any frequencies.
Every problem in VCO causes alarms in both
directions: RF unit is not able to convert IF Tx in RF
Tx (Tx Power Low alarm) and RF Rx in IF Rx .
In this situation the alarm is active together with Tx
Power Low and all Rx alarms because RF channel
is not locked.
94
AL
Branch 1 RT If fail
This alarm occurs when is not present IF signal inside
ODU. There are two different IF signals but one alarm
only.
No IF Tx : the alarm is on and causes Tx Power Low
No IF Rx: the alarm is on with all Rx alarms
Rt If fail can be caused by Modulator fail (no IF Tx)
When VCO is faulty, RF unit gives a IFRX signal made
up of noise: this is enough to mantain IF fail alarm off
(but Demodulator cannot work Rx alarms).
95
AL
Branch 1 RT Tx Power Low
Tx
This alarm occurs when Tx power is 3 dB under

standard output of ODU-RF unit.
ATPC and manual attenuation do not affect this alarm
that is due by internal failure of RF unit.
This alarm can be activated by a manual operation
also: Tx Transmitter off in Radio Branch - Settings
If both Rx Power Low and Tx Power Low are active, RF
unit inside ODU is faulty
96
AL
Branch 1 RT Rx Power Low Rx

This alarm occurs when Rx power is under a
defined threshold (about 10 dB under standard Rx
level)
Threshold value can be set for both branches in
range - 40 dBm- 99 dBm in LCT - General preset
The alarm Rx Power Low is a branch alarm and it is
used to drive Rx switch
97
UNIT group
AL
EL
US
This group generates alarms when one of the

units, the equipment consists of, is faulty
or does not respond to controller polling:
Unit fail
Unit is not responding
Unit is missing
Unit hardware mismatch
Unit software mismatch
98
AL
99
AL
OTHER
ALARMS
100
AL
Performance alarms
Every performance measure can drive the relevant alarm if threshold
is exceeded.
Threshold in sec. relevant 15 minutes alarm
Threshold in sec. relevant 24 hours alarm
Threshold in dB of Rx alarm
alarm counter reset
If 0, alarm
is disabled
15 minutes
alarms severity
101
AL
Performance monitoring
15 min.
alarms
24 hours
alarms
PRX < -70
dBm
>
5
-5
m
dB
X
PR
R = 15 minutes
102
AL
Recorder : Prx
date
LCT
time
dBm
103
Measures
Performances is a group of measures, 15 minutes by 15
minutes, day by day, recorded by the equipment itself and
downloaded on the PC (the download needs bitrate).
These measures remain active also with SCT (and PC)
disconnected.
Recorder Prx is the recording of Rx power on a log file inside
the PC: every time a new value is measured a new record is
written inside the log file with info of when (day, hour, minutes
and seconds) and how much (dBm measured).
This recording remains active until SCT is connected to the
equipment.
104
Current Alarms
105
RF
LOOP
IDU
LOOP
BASEBAND
LOOP
MOD-DEMOD
RF
RIM 1
Line side
ODU 1
Branch
BASEBAND
1
LOOP
AL : available loops
data direction:
- towards the equipment that has enabled the loop (baseband, IDU, RF)
- selectable for E1 loop
- only local loops
MUX-DEMUX
E1 LOOP
LIM
Radio side
E
U
M
X
D
O
ID
U
1
M
U
M
X
D
-
M
E
D
-O
IR
E
1
L
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B
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S
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ito
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F
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lo
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b
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p
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u
ip
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ld
e
lo
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(s
n
d
,
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ID
LOOPS
106
Line side
AL loop:
external PRBS
Radio side
E1 loop line side : loop works with line

enabled or not
E1 loop radio side : loop works with line
enabled on local side and on remote side
Base Band, IDU, RF loop : loop works if line
used is enabled local side and on remote
side
107
loops:
internal PRBS
Alarm OFF: signal is back!
E1 loop line side: it is before PRBS checking point

E1 loop radio side: loop works with line enabled on
remote side, indifferent* on local side.
Base Band, IDU, RF loop: loop works any status of
local* and remote line
__________________________________________________________
ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica
* PRBSs.p.a.
enables automatically the local side of used line
108
Loop timeout
109
Configuration upload/download
Upload (from equipment)
From
Tool menu, open the proper Template

Select Upload operation and the equipment you want to
upload information from
Save them in a file (*.cfg)
Download (to equipment)

From
Tool menu, open the proper file (*.cfg)

Select Download operation and the equipment you want
to download information to
Uploaded parameters and *.cfg file are editable using
Equipment Configuration Wizard.
110
Configuration Template
Configuration
template: it is relevant to equipment

radio parameters as frequency, attenuation, capacity,
thresholds,
Address
configuration template: it is relevant to

management parameters as port IP addresses, routing
tables, remote elements tables, OSPF.
Both configurations are necessary during first
installation or when Controller module is substituted
with a spare one: you can use a file to download or set
every parameter manually.
111
Full backup
The whole amount of parameters (equipment
parameters, address parameters and remote element
table) can be uploaded from equipment, saved in a
file (*.bku), downloaded to equipment.
These parameters cannot be editated.
112
Switch modes
Auto
Preferential: operator can select which branch must be
operative without alarms.
Wait Time = time before coming back to the preferential
branch when alarms disappear. In this way the controller
doesnt switch continuously in case of fleeting alarms.
Reset = Wait Time is not respected
Full auto: both branches have same priority
Manual forcing
Operator can select which branch must be operative
despite alarms
113
Tx switch criteria
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RIM PSU alarm

Highest priority
Manual forcing
Cable short/ Cable open alarm
Modulator failure
ODU unit failure alarm
VCO failure alarm
IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm
Tx power low alarm
Rx failure on both remote radios
lowest priority
Revertive Tx
114
Rx switch criteria
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
RIM PSU alarm

Highest priority
Manual forcing
Cable short/open alarm
Base band unit failure alarm
Demodulator failure
ODU unit failure alarm
VCO failure alarm
IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm
High BER alarm (selectable: BER>10-3,-4,-5)
Low BER alarm (selectable: BER >10-6,-7,-8)
Early warning alarm (selectable: BER >10-9,-10,-11,-12)
RF input low (selectable from -40dBm to -99dBm)
CRC pulse
lowest priority
Revertive Rx
115
AL
Fade margin
11 .10 .10 . 1
12 .11 .18 . 61
116
1) Fade margin : Remote link
AL
In equipment 2 we want
to perform Fade margin
measurement
Remote terminal must be

declared as Remote link
117
AL
2) Fade margin : summary

Input data : Expected F.M. (calculated by the customer directly,

basing on nominal output power and nominal LBER threshold)
External Atten. : all the losses between radio and antenna

(excluding Branching)

Curr. Step : four step (L1R1 , L1R2 , L2R1 , L2R2)

Real F.M. : value based on expected F.M. adjusted with real
output power, real LBER threshold (and External Atten.)
measured, and stored in the ODU, at SIAE final test departiment
Real F.M.v. : value calculated decreasing Local Output power

(1 dB step) until Remote LBER alarm is ON. This value should
be compared with declared one (Input data)
118
EQUIPMENT FEATURE
MANAGEMENT
119
Propagation
Free space loss (L in Km, f in GHz)
Received power
A fs = 92.44dB + 20 Log (L f )
PR (dBm ) = PT (dBm ) A fs (dB ) + GT (dB ) + GR (dB )
PT
PR
120
Antenna
D = antenna diameter
D
= wave lenght = c/f
= Aeff / Ageo= antenna efficiency 0,6
8
1
c = speed of light = 3 10 ms
D 2 2
Antenna gain G = 10 Log

2

121
1) Refraction
Snell law:
n2
n1sen1 = n2 sen 2
n4
n3
n1
n2
n1
k < 4/3 (sub-standard)
k = 4/3 (standard)
k > 4/3 (super-standard)
122
2) hgeo earth is not flat

2
hgeo
L
=
R0
considering geometrical visibility on

a planet with no air
L
=
hgeo
k R0
with k<4/3 , k=4/3 , k>4/3 considering the

troposphere refraction (previous page)
hgeo
L
R0 = 6378 km
123
3) First Fresnel zone

A nth fresnel zone gives in phase contributes to radio waves
propagation.
In order to avoid attenuation is important that first fresnel
zone is without obstacle: to tower height calculation, must be add
the ray of biggest Fresnel zone, the first zone
RM =
L
2
L
RM
124
Height of the towers

We have to consider:
earths curvature
k effect (refraction)
first Fresnel zone free
}
From the first we obtain hgeo , with
refraction hgeo becomes hgeo
and from the last we have to add also RM
L
L
+ RM =
= hgeo
+
2
k R0
2
htower
125
example
L = 20 km
f = 23 GHz
k = 4/3
L
=
hgeo
= 0.047 km = 47 m
1.333 R0
R0= 6378 km
RM =
L
2
= 8.1m
htower= 47m + 8,1m = 55.1m

126
from previous page: 4QAM/16x2
Fade margin
L = 20 km
PT= +20 dBm
f = 23 GHz
HBER - 82 dBm
A fs (dB ) = 92.44 + 20 Log (L f ) = 92.44 + 53.26 = 145.7 dB

x = gain of antennas
FM = 40dB (purpouse)
FM= PR-HBER PR= -82dBm + 40dB = -42dBm
PR (dBm ) = PT (dBm ) A fs (dB ) + GT (dB ) + GR (dB )

GT+GR= 2G = PR-PT+Afs= -42dBm-20dBm+146dB=84dB
GT=GR=42dB
D=60cm G=40dB
D=80cm G= 42,6dB
127
Rain attenuation (f > 8GHz )

freq
rain
25 mm/h
100 mm/h
10 GHz
0.5 dB/km
2.5 dB/km
15 GHz
1.5 dB/km
7 dB/km
20 GHz
2.1 dB/km
10 dB/km
30 GHz
4 dB/km
15 dB/km
40 GHz
6 dB/km
20 dB/km
128
Rain depolarization
H
vertical polar. e.m. wave
Drop weight
H
E
horizontal polar. e.m. wave
Wind
I
v
GHz
Drag (air resistence)

129
Multipath
Direct ray
Indirect ray
Indirect ray, depending on its phase, can increase or decrease the

power of the main stream
Two rays model
H ( ) = [1 b e
j ( )
Direct ray: amplitude =

Indirect ray: amplitude = b , phase delay = , time delay =
In B position, received signal has a notch every 1/ Hz with
deepness depending on b
130

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ALC PDH RADIO

Link configuration: 1+0, 1+1 h.s.by or freq.diversity

ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.

Medium capacity: up to 16x2, 4 or 16QAM

Link configuration: 1+0, 1+1 h.s.by or freq.diversity

ODU with separated antenna

1+0 pole mounting

ODU with separated antenna

1+1 hot stand-by

1+1 frequency diversity

Radiotransceiver (RT, one per branch)

Mux-Demux circuits, Service Mux-demux circuits

- Demodulator (digital side)

(analog side) 330 MHz

(analog side) 140 MHz

Management software ports

User in / Alarm out facilities

RF unit: Transmitter,

ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.

Rx HBER thresholds (4QAM/16QAM):

ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.

SCT : main features

Area Border Router

ASBR: Autonomous System Border Router

Areas and Routers

If multiple areas are involved, Backbone is the

OSPF Link-State algorithm

Any router generates a LSA : the collection of all

Stored Routing Table

Link ID (local only)

Rx Power Low thresholds

ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.

In case of Hber, Lber, EWL, first CRC correction

If both remote radios dont receive,

An all pass Hub/Switch

PC1 with PC2 and PC3 with PC4

PC1 with PC2 with 2 external switches

ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.

IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

Break a LAN into a few smaller LANs and prevent

IEEE 802.1Q VLANs

Based on Port, VLAN related to a local port attribute

Based on IEEE 802.1Q TAG , VLAN is defined by the VID

Switching between ports is based on VLAN membership defined

Better service to selected network traffic

This applies to IP packets only!

Setting of waiting time before Link

MAC Addr. Table size

VLAN 760 doesnt

VLAN 760 exits through

VLAN 760 exits through

VLAN 760 exits through

ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.

VLAN per port

LAN settings: Interface

Port always active

ALC Copyright Siae Microelettronica s.p.a.

LAN settings: Virtual LAN

Disable 802.1q: no Tag filter

Untagged frame in output:

Output ports of packets in input at LAN1

LAN settings: Priority

How to manage input priority: