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Title

Flow of Compressible Fluids


Gases
Momentum Transfer for 2nd Year
Chemical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Cairo University

Prepared by
Dr. Ahmed Fayez Nassar

A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08

Contents of the Lecture


Introduction
Gas Static's
Gas Flow in Pipes
Adiabatic Conditions
Isentropic Conditions
Isothermal Conditions

A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08

Introduction
Physical properties of gases; e.g. , ,.. = f (T, P)
Equations of liquids doesnt apply, since for liquids = const
g in densityy (( < 5%),
%), liquids
q
equations
q
But for veryy small changes
may be used with the mean properties. This is the case for low
velocities (relative to the sound velocity)

Ideal Gas State:

P = R T
M

R = 8.314 Pam3/gmoleK = 0.082 latm/gmoleK

P / = const.

Isothermal

Adiabatic (Q = 0): Isentropic (ideal)


Frictional (real)

P / = const.; = cP / cV

P / n = const.
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A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08

Introduction

c = P

The Speed of Sound


For
F Solids
S lid and
d Li
Liquids
id

c = K ; K is the bulk modulus of the material

Gases: Isothermal

Isentropic

c = P = RT

c=

P
RT
=

Mach Number
Ma = v
c

c = f (gas type (M & ) and T)


A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08

Introduction
Speed of sound in various media (m/s)
Hydrogen (0C)

1286

Diamond

12000

Helium (0
(0C)
C)

972

Pyrex glass

5640

Air (20C)

343

Iron

5130

Air (0C)

331

Aluminum

5100

Brass

4700

Glycerol

1904

Copper

3560

Sea water

1533

Gold

3240

Water

1493

Lucite

2680

Mercury

1450

Lead

1322

Kerosene

1324

Rubber

1600

Methyl alcohol

1143
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A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08

Gas Static's
Euler Equation

dP + vdv + gdz = 0

No flow (v = 0)

dP + gdz = 0 dz = dP

Isothermal (T = const)

P = P1

A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08

z2 z1 =
Non-Isothermal

2
h

P1 P1 RT P1
=
ln
ln
Prove!!
g1 P2 g P2

P = const.
n

Gas Flow in Pipes


Variables:

v, , P, T, D, u, h & z

Governing Equations
Continuity Equation

Av = const.

Modified Euler Equation

dP + vdv + gdz + f v 2 dL = 0
2D

Total Energy Equation

2
u + P + v + gz = const.
2
2

h + v + gz = const.
2
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A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08

Gas Flow in Pipes


The pressure drops along the pipe
because of energy dissipation, just as for
an incompressible fluid.

1
L

However,
H
b
because
th density
the
d
it decreases
d
with
ith decreasing
d
i pressure and
d
the product of the density and velocity must be constant (for uniform
flow), the velocity must increase as the gas moves through the pipe.
This increase in velocity corresponds to an increase in kinetic energy
per unit mass of gas, which also results in a drop in temperature
(hydrate formation). There is a limit as to how high the velocity can get
in a straight pipe.
Because the gas viscosity is not highly sensitive to pressure, for
isothermal flow the Reynolds number and hence the friction factor will
be very nearly constant along the pipe. For adiabatic flow, the viscosity
may change as the temperature changes, but these changes are
usually small.
A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08

Adiabatic Gas Flow


Isentropic case:

Total Energy Equation

v12
v22
h1 + = h2 +
2
2
h = cPT ; cP =

v22 v12 =

R
1

R = R
M

v22 v12 = 2(h1 h2 )


2 R
(T T )
v22 v12 =
1 1 2
2 P1 P2

v22 v12 =
1 1 2

P / = const.

2 P1 P2 1
1
1 1 2 P1
1

( 1)

2 P1 P2 P1
v v =
1
1 1 P1 P2

2
2

2
1

v22 v12 =

2 P1 P2
1
1 1 P1

v22 v12 =

( 1)

2 P2

R T1 1
P1

valid for any case

A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08

Adiabatic Gas Flow


Equating 1 & 3

T1 T2
P
= 1 2
T1
P1

( 1)

( 1)
2
2

2 P1 P2
m
m
&
&

2 2 2 2=
1

A2 2 A1 1 1 1 P1

Substitute v by m/A in 2

for A = const.

(2 1)1 (P2 P1)( 1)


m
&
G = = P11

A
(P1 P2 )2 1

12

Derive!!

G = mass flux
A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08

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Isothermal Gas Flow


Modified Euler Equation
2
vdv + dP + f v dL = 0

2D
2D

m&
A

v = m& A ; A = const.
2

d m& + dP + f dL m& = 0 2
2D A
A

m& 2
A2

2
d 1 + dP + f dL m& 2 = 0
2D A

2
2
m& 2 d + 1 PdP + f m& 2 dL = 0

2D A2 0
A2 1 2 P1 P1

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A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08

Isothermal Gas Flow


2
2
m& 2 ln 1 + 1 (P2 P1 ) + f m& 2 L = 0
2
2 A2 D
A2 2 P1

2
2
m& 2 ln P1 + f L = M P1 P2

2RT
A2 P2 2 D

)
12

m&
M P12 P22

G = =
A RT ( f L D 2 ln P2 P1 )

A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08

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