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BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Aristotles classification
- Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more scientific
basis for classification of organisms.
- He classified plants into trees, shrubs & herbs and
animals into two groups, those which had red blood and
those that did not.
Two-kingdom classification
- In Linnaeus' time Two Kingdom classification (Kingdom
Plantae & Kingdom Animalia) was developed.
Drawbacks of 2-kingdom classification
Prokaryotes (Bacteria, cyanobacteria) and eukaryotes
(fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms)
were included under Plants. It is based on the presence
Monera
Cell type
Prokaryotic
Non-cellular
Cell wall
(polysaccharide +
amino acid)
Nuclear membrane Absent
Protista
Eukaryotic
Body organisation
Cellular
Cellular
Mode of nutrition
Autotrophic
(photosynthetic &
chemosynthetic) and
heterotrophic
(saprophyte/parasite)
Autotrophic
(photosynthetic)
and heterotrophic
Present in some
Present
Five kingdoms
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Plantae
Eukaryotic
Animalia
Eukaryotic
Present (without
cellulose)
Present
(cellulose)
Absent
Present
Multicellular,
loose tissue
Present
Heterotrophic
(saprophytic or
parasitic)
Tissue/organ
Autotrophic
(photosynthetic)
Present
Tissue/organ/
organ system
Heterotrophic
(holozoic,
saprophytic etc)
I. Archaebacteria
- They live in harshest habitats such as extreme salty areas
(halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles) and
marshy areas (methanogens).
- Archaebacteria have a different cell wall structure for
their survival in extreme conditions.
- Methanogens are present in the guts of ruminant animals
(cows, buffaloes etc). They produce methane (biogas)
from the dung of these animals.
2. KINGDOM PROTISTA
- It includes single-celled eukaryotes.
- The cell contains a well defined nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles. Some have flagella or cilia.
- Protists are primarily aquatic.
- This kingdom forms a link with plants, animals and fungi.
- They reproduce asexually and sexually by a process
involving cell fusion and zygote formation.
- Protista includes Chrysophytes, Dianoflagellates,
Euglenoids, Slime moulds and Protozoans.
-
I. Chrysophytes
They are found in fresh water and marine environments.
They are microscopic and float passively in water
currents (plankton).
Most of them are photosynthetic.
It includes diatoms & golden algae (desmids).
Diatoms: They have siliceous cell walls forming two thin
overlapping shells, which fit together as in a soap box.
The cell wall deposit of diatoms over billions of years in
their habitat is known as diatomaceous earth. This is
used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups. Diatoms
are the chief producers in the oceans.
II. Dianoflagellates
Mostly marine and photosynthetic.
They appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending
on the main pigments present in their cells.
The cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface.
Most of them have 2 flagella; one lies longitudinally and
the other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates.
Red dianoflagellates (E.g. Gonyaulax) undergo rapid
multiplication so that the sea appears red (red tides).
Toxins released by such large numbers can kill other
marine animals such as fishes.
III. Euglenoids
Mainly fresh water organisms found in stagnant water.
Instead of a cell wall, they have a protein rich layer called
pellicle which makes their body flexible.
They have two flagella, a short and a long one.
3. KINGDOM FUNGI
- It is a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms.
- Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water, soil and
on animals and plants.
- They prefer to grow in warm and humid places.
- E.g. bread mould, orange rots, mushroom, toadstools etc.
MODEL QUESTIONS
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