| RJEPPESEN.
GUIDED FLIGHT DISCOVERY
PRIVATE
PILOT
HANDBOOKThe Jeppesen Sanderson Private Pilot Textbook, which is a
component of the Guided Flight Discovery Pilot Training System,
is copyright protected. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means — electronic or otherwise — without the
prior permission of Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.
som
‘orators Sune oo mr 96a 91PRIVATE PILOT TEXTBOOK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This textbook could not have been produced without the tteless commitment of the
Guided Flight Discovery (GFD) team members listed below. Special thanks also is
‘extended to the other personnel in Jeppesen's Aviation Courseware Development depart-
rent who, although not directly involved in the creation ofthis txt, assumed responsi
to the project
Managing Editor
Associate Editors'Primary Writers
Mike Abbott
Liz Kaley
‘Technical Support
Jerry Farell
Michelle Gable
Judi Glenn
Jon Files
Tanya Lets
George McCray
Dick Snyder
Chuck Stout
‘Anthony Werner
ity for other projects so thatthe GED team members could fully devote their energies
Media Productions Manag
Rich Hahn
Lead Artists
Pat Brogan
Dean MeBournie
Graphic Artists
Amy Aguirre
Mark Bebernes
Gust Carrillo
Jenaifer Crowe
Paul Gallaway
Andy Juarez
Larry Montano
Rick Patterson
Scott Saunders
Jay Wests
Photographers
Dave Chance
Gary Kennedy
Virgil PoleschooktA
Welcome to Guided Flight Discovery
Jeppesen Sanderson has developed the Guided Plight Discovery Pilot Training System to
Provide the finest pilot training available. Through extensive use of colorful
[Braphics, slte-ofthe-art compoter-based training, and broadeast quality video, Guided
Flight Discovery ensures that your training willbe enjoyable and exciting. Guided Flight
Discovery is totally different than other systems because its entice philosophy of pilot
twaining is a departure from the conventional methods of the past. Rather than just
teaching facts, Guided Flight Discovery concentrates on an application-oriented
approach to pilot training. The comprehensive and complete system emphasizes the
‘why and how of aeronautical concepts when they are presented. As you progress
{hrough your training, you will find that the revolutionary Guided Flight Discovery
system leads you through essential aeronautical knowledge and exposes you toa variety
of interesting and useful information which will enhance and expand your understand-
ing of the world of aviation,
Although each element of the Guided Flight Discovery Pilot Training System may be
used separately, the effectiveness of the materials ean be maximized by using all of the
individual components in a systems approach. To help you efficienly organize your
studies and get the most out of your training, Guided Flight Discovery incorporates
cross-references which are used to direct you to related Guided Flight Discovery study
materials. The main components of the Private Pilot Program are described below.
Core Study Materials
Private Pilot Textbook
‘The Private Pilot Textbook is your primary source for inital study and review. The text
contains complete and concise explanations ofthe fundamental concepts and ideas that
‘every private pilot needs to know. The subjects are organized in a logical manner to build
upon previously introduced topics. Subjects are often expanded upon through the use of
Discovery Insets which are strategically placed throughout the chapters. Periodically,
human factors principles are presented in Human Element Insets to help you understand
how your mind and body function while you fly. Throughout the textbook, concepts
Which directly relate to FAA test questions are highlighted by FAA Question Insets,
Additionally, you can evaluate your understanding of material introduced in a particu-
lar section by completing the associated review questions. A more detailed explanation
ofthis textbook's unique features is contained in the section entitled "How the Textbook
"Works" starting on page x
Regulations and Aeronautical Information
‘The Federal Aviation Regulations (FARS) and the Aeronautical Toformation Manual
(AIM) ate included in your student kt material as either & CD-ROM or printed manval
‘To help you concentrate your study, an FAR Study list is included slong with FAR
Exercises (and answers). The Acronsutical Information Manual includes the complete
AIM with coloe graphics and the entire PiloContolier Glossary.IntRopucTION PRIVATE PILOT TEXTBOOK
Private Pilot Maneuvers Textbook
This textbook uses colorful graphics and step-by-step procedure descriptions to help you
visualize and enderstand each maneuver which you will perform in the air.
‘Additional guidance is provided through highlighted text which costains Helpful hints,
land FAA practical tes standards
Private Pilot Syllabus
‘The syllabus provides a basic framework for your taining ina logieal sequence. Ground
and flight lessons are coordinated to ensure that your training progresses smoothly and
that you are consistently introduced to topics on the ground prior to being required to
apply that knowledge in the airplane.
Private Pilot Maneuvers CD-ROMs
‘These revolutionary CD-ROMs combine ar, video, animation, and interactivity to create
4 dynamic Tearing experience, From preflight inspection 1 takeofTs and landings. you
‘ill eam how to perform exch maneuver step-by-step with an instructor ax your gue
‘The Maneuvers CD-ROM also examine safety and human factor issues, as wel as provide
you with a unique opportunity to explore the world of aviation in a fun and exciting
dew format
Support Materials
|In addition tothe core study materials described above, a variety of support materials are
available to further enhance your understanding of pilt training subject matter. A brief
‘description of these resources is provided below
Private Pilot Airmen Knowledge Test Guide
This valuable study too provides you with all the FAA questions which may be
included on the Private Pilot computerized test. Answers and explanations for each
4 matter of practice 10 lear how t guide such
4 flying machine. Actual trial alone can decide
this question, as we must lt the air and the wind have their say
in the mater. — Ow Lilienthal 7CHAPTER 1
May 21, 1927 — Charles
Lindbergh lands his airplane,
the Spirit of St Louis, at Le
Bourget field in Paris after com-
pleting the fist solo nonstop transatlantic ight
His total flight time from New York to Paris was 33
hours, 30 minutes and 29.8 seconds.
The Spirit of St. Louis swings around and stops
rolling, resting on the soidness of the carh, in the
center of Le Bourget. Fstart to taxi back foward the
oodlighis and Hangars—But the entire field
ahead is covered with running figures! — Charles
Lindbergh, The Spit of St Louis
What Lindbergh was the fist 19 do, by am act of
superb intelligence and will, millions of us accom
pilish regularly with the oxpenditure of mo more
Intelligence and will than is required to purchase
4 ticket and pack a bag... That frst New York —
to — Panis Might, with its awesome risk cooly
faced and ounwites by a single valorous young
‘man had fed 10 an ever-increasing traffic in the sky
above the Ailantic and an everdecreasing aware
ness of awe and risk on the part of the army oj
hon-fers wiho have followed him, His. valor 18
hard to keep fesh in our minds when the most we
fare asked to fice and cunt ahove the Adlanic
boredom. — Brendan Gill, Lindbergh Alone
4
DISCOVERING AVIATION
December 17, 1903 — Near Kitty Hawk,
Noth Carolina, Orville and Wilbur
Wright achieved the fist powered,
tained, and controlled airplane flights in
history. Four Mights were made; the fist,
far 12 seconds, the last for 59 seconds.
Flight was generally looked pon as an
impossibility, and scarcely anyone
beloved it uml he actualy saw it with
his own eyes. — Orville Wright
fight lested only rwelve seconds
Fhar ie was noverholess the first in the
‘ofthe world i which 2 machine
[im power into. the air in fll igh, had
forward without reduction of
and had finally landed at a point
high as that from which it started.
= Onville WrightPILOT TRAINING
apm yt. Mera Open Wane He Ae
ite cua ay Sens
October 1, 1942 — Piloted by
Robert M. Stanley, the Bell
XP-SUA Airacomet, the United
States! fist turbojet aircraft
made its inaugural flight at
Muroe Dry Lake, Calforn
‘The Bell XP-S9A is the direct
ancestor of all American jet-
propelled airplanes,
One day in 1945, [aided Hi
refuel at a Califor base, and I heard 2 nose,
hey meet the
Smithsonian Book of Fight
May 21,1932 —
‘Amelia Earhart
‘became the fist
‘woman to pilot
an airplane solo across the Atlantic,
Gaining fame for being the frst woman
passenger in a flight across the Atlantic
four years earlier, Earhart was disap-
pointed that pilot Wilmer Stultz di all
the flying while she just rode along like
“a sack of potatoes" as she phrased it
She was determined to prove that she
could accomplish the flight herself, and
she did when she landed in Northern
Ireland after taking off from
Newfoundland 14 hours and 52 minutes
earlier. On August 25 of the same year,
Earhart completed the fist woman's solo
nonstop transcontinental flight which
covered 2.448 miles from Los Angeles t0
Newark
Ir Amelia wanted 10 do something, she
ws going to do it, and there relly wase
nt much point in saying, "You can't do
this." — Mes, Muriel Morrissey, sister of
Amelia Esthart as quoted in The
American Heritage History of FlightCHAPTER 1 DISCOVERING AVIATION
October 14, 1947 — Captai
Charles E. “Chuck” Yeager
becomes the first man 10
an aireraft beyond the speci
of sound. He pilots the aif
launched experimental Bell
X-1 rocket-propelled research
airplane named Glamorous
Gionnis (after Yeager's wife)
ala speed of 700 mph at
4,000 fect over Muroe Dry
Lake, California,
2
Leveling off at 42,000 foot, 1
nnd hiry percent of my ful,
9 F uimed on rocket chamber
three and immediatly reached 96 Mach, I noticed that the faster I got, the smoother the ride,
Sualdenly the Mack noedle bogan to fuctiat. It wont up to 965 Mach—then tipped right off the
scale. [thought Iwas secing things! We wore flying supersonic!. . . I as thunderstruck. Afterall the
anxiety, breaking the sound barrier turned out to be a perfectly paved speedway. — Yeaeer: Aa
Auiobiography by General Chuck Yeager and Leo Janos
Tn those few moments, the supersonic age was born,
May 25, 1961 — I believe thar this nation shoukd commit itselfto achicving the goal,
before this decade is out, of landing a-man on the moon and retuming him safely to
‘earth. No single space projet in this period wll be more impressive to mankind or more
‘important for the long-range exploration of space. And none will be
0 difficult or expensive to accomplish. — President John F. Kennedy
July 20, 1969 — As asecnautMlehae! Cotins
spaintsned orbit in, the Apatlo 1 Command
Mouute Coluobia, astronauts Neil Arastong
4nd Edwin Aldrin landed the Lunar Modsle
Fagle on the moon and become the first
hhumans to stop on another eslestial body.
HOUSTON: Okay. Neil, we eam see you coming dow th Tadder now.
NEIL ARMSTRONG: Otay, [just checked — pening back up 10 that
frst step. Buzz, its not even collapsed (oo fir, but is adequate to get
back up». Mt takes a pretty good litksjump |. Tn at the foot oF the
ladder, The LM foorpads are only depressed in the surface about one
(or tvo inches. Although the surtice appears to be very, very fnc-
rained, a8 you get close to it I's almost like a porsder, Now-and then,
its very fine. going to step off the LMaow... THAT'S ONE SMALL:STEP FORA MAN,
ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND.
16PILOT TRAINING SECTION A
April 12, 1981 — The United States launches the space shuttle
Columbia, the world’s fist reusable manned space vehicle and the most
complex. flying machine
ever built, Pilot Robert L.
Crippen describes. Columbir's landing by
space shuttle commander John W. Young.
We made a gliding circle over our landing
site, ramvay 23 on Rogers Dry Lake at
awards Air Force Base. On final approvch
Twas reading out the airspeeds 10 John so
fhe woulda’ have 10 scan the insinimenis as
Closely. Columbia almost Meare in. fohn
‘only had to make minor adjustments in
pitch, We were tangeted 10 touch down at
185 knots, and the very moment I called out
18S felt us touch down. Thave never heen
jin any ying vehicle that landed more
‘smoothly. Ifyou can imagine the smoothest
Jing you've ever bad in an ailines, ours was at least that good. John really greased it
jn "Welcome home. Columbia,” said Houston. "Beautiful, beautiful.” "Do you want us
to take sup to the hangar?" John askod. — "Our Phenomenal Fisst Plight,” by Joba
‘Young and Robert Crippen in National Geegraphic
December 23, 1986 — Piloted by Jeana Yeager and Dick
Roan, the aircraft Voyager completes the fist nonstop:
wwithout-refueling flight around the world. The Might took 9
days, 3 minutes, and 44 seconds,
Vorager was designed by pilot Dick
Rotan's brother Burt Rutan
or MAA nan
With its 7,011.5 pounds of uel aboard at
take-off amounting to 72.3 percent of the
airplane's gross weight, Voyager was lit
erally a flying fuel tank. Voyager's
takeoff from the 15,000-foot run
‘way at Edwards Air Force Base took
lover two minutes as. the aigplane's
‘wingtips, heavy with fuel, were grind
ing on the runway. After finally lifting
of with only 800 fect of runway remaining,
co-pilot Jeana Yeager radioed back, “If it
were easy, it would have been done before.
[Breaking new ground is never easy. It may be dificult to understand what an incredible achievement
Lindbergh's Might from New York to Paris was when thousands of airliners cross the Atlantic nonstop
every week and space shuitle flights seem routine. In our quest fr Might, we have suffered many defeats
but our successes outweigh our failures, fr today, what once scemed impossible is commonplace. 4.71
CHAPTER 1
THE TRAINING PROCESS
In the carly days of aviation, there were no cenificates and no government
regulations to coatrol pilot taining or aircraft construction. Little guidance
was provided for individuals who desired to fly aigplanes and, for most
would-be aviators, Iesening to My was accomplished by tial and error, AS a
result, fight taining was a risky business which required a tremendous
amount of courage and commitment. Although you may’ never encounter the
same obstacles and hazards faced by the early aviators, becoming a pilot stil
presents 8 challenge which requires hard work and dedication. However, the
time and energy which you invest in flying will yield countless rewards.
‘These rewards are unique to each pilot since individuals learn to fly for dif.
ferent reasons. Some relish the challenge of achieving an extraordinary goal,
some yearn to travel and experience the world from a new perspective, some
are looking for an exciting career, and sill others simply desire the satisfac
tion and sense of accomplishment which come from mastering a skill. You
‘may be thinking about learning to fly for one or more of these reasons, or you
may have an entirely different motivation, Whatever the reason, if you yeara
to spread your wings and expand your horizons, tis is your chance,
How Do | GET STARTED?
‘The first step isto have your questions answered. The more information you
hhave about the training process, the easier it will be for you to make effective
decisions about pilot taining, and the more positive your fying experience
willbe
WHAT IS THE FAA?
Pilot training today is regulated by an agency called the Federal Aviation
‘Administration (FAA) which governs commercial and general aviation. The
Federal Avition Regulations (FARS), which ac issued by the FAA, provide
rules which apply to all reas of aviation, including Might operation, the con
fimuction of aieraf, andthe taining requirements which must be met to
‘btn pilot erieaies and ratings. The FARS ere ideniied by a specifi ile
tumber (Aeronautics and Space Tile 14) within the larger group of rals con.
tained in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
‘The FARs are divided into numbered parts (PAR Part 61, FAR Part 91, etc)
and regulations are typically identified by the part number, followed by the
specific regulation number, for example: FAR 91.106. During your training,
you will become familiar with the regulations which apply to you.
{As outlined in the FARs, you must mect specific training requirements to
‘oblain a private pilot cenficate. During your course of training you will take
a knowledge test and at the completion of your pilot training. you are
required to take a practical test to obtain your pilot certificate. Although cer
tain requirements must be met to prepare you for these exams, pilot training
is generally very flexible, and to a large degree you have the ability to choose
{your instructor, the type of taining, and the lesson schedule which will best
suit your needs,
DISCOVERING AVIATIONPILOT TRAINING
SECTION A
WHERE CAN | OBTAIN
PILOT TRAINING?
‘You usually don't have to travel any further than your local airport to Ieunch
your aviation journey. Many pilot training schools are located at airport faci
ities called fixed base operators (FBOs). In addition to pilot taining, FBOs
provide a variety of services to pilots. including airraft rental, fueling, mais
tenance, parking, and the sale of pilot supplies. There are two types of pilot
training schools; FAA-approved schools governed by FAR Part L8l and
schools governed by FAR Part 61, Both schools employ FAA certificated
fight instructors (CFs) who can provide dual instruction in the airplane. A
Part 141 approved school must meet prescribed standards for equipment,
facilites, personnel, and cusricula
You can make a more-informed decision about a pilot taining school by cor
ducting some research. For example: Does the schoo!'s instructional program
{and lesson schedule ft your needs? How long has the school been opersting?
‘What is the schoo!’s reputation and safety record? How many, and what type
of aircraft are available for flight taining? How are sircraft maintenance
issues resolved?
Most schools offer an introduetory flight lesson during which you will be able
to operate the controls of the airplane. This flight provides an opportunity for
you to become familiar with the flight training process, evaluate the fight
fehool, and get acquainted with a flight instructor. Probably the most impor-
tant decision you will make regarding your pilot training isthe selection of 2
flight instructor. You may want to speak with several CFIs.and ask other
pilots for instructor recommendations. Ifyou are uncomfortable or have trou-
ble communicating with a CFI, don't be afaid to select a different instructor.
Students lear differently and another CFT may have a teaching style Which
‘you find more effective
Ifyou plan to pursue aviation as a career, you may want to consider a large
Aight school, college, or university which provides highly structured profes-
sional pilot training. Pilot instruction also can be obtained from a freelance
CCFL who is not employed by a school or FBO.
WHAT ABOUT GROUND
INSTRUCTION?
Ground instruction is an essential part of pilot taining. To operate am atcraft
safely asa private pilot, you must be knowledgeable in a wide variety of sub-
ject areas, such as weather, aerodynamics, aircraft systems, Might planning,
and regulations. You ean obtain the required ground instruction individually
from your flight instructor or through formal ground school classes offered by
4 school or FBO. In addition, there are home-study courses and self-