Week No.

1. Property rights of a partner (Art. 1810-1814)

SECTION 2. - Property Rights of a Partner

Art. 1810. The property rights of a partner are:

(1) His rights in specific partnership property;

(2) His interest in the partnership; and

(3) His right to participate in the management. (n)

a) Incidents of co-ownership (Art. 1811)

Art. 1811. A partner is co-owner with his partners of specific partnership property.
The incidents of this co-ownership are such that:
(1) A partner, subject to the provisions of this Title and to any agreement between the partners, has an equal right with his partners to possess specific
partnership property for partnership purposes; but he has no right to possess such property for any other purpose without the consent of his partners;
(2) A partner's right in specific partnership property is not assignable except in connection with the assignment of rights of all the partners in the same
property;
(3) A partner's right in specific partnership property is not subject to attachment or execution, except on a claim against the partnership. When partnership
property is attached for a partnership debt the partners, or any of them, or the representatives of a deceased partner, cannot claim any right under the
homestead or exemption laws;
(4) A partner's right in specific partnership property is not subject to legal support under Article 291. (n)

b) Partner’s interest in the partnership (Art. 1812)

Art. 1812. A partner's interest in the partnership is his share of the profits and surplus. (n)

c) Effect of conveyance of interest in the partnership to third persons (Art. 1813)

Art. 1813. A conveyance by a partner of his whole interest in the partnership does not of itself dissolve the partnership, or, as against the other partners in
the absence of agreement, entitle the assignee, during the continuance of the partnership, to interfere in the management or administration of the partnership
business or affairs, or to require any information or account of partnership transactions, or to inspect the partnership books; but it merely entitles the
assignee to receive in accordance with his contract the profits to which the assigning partner would otherwise be entitled. However, in case of fraud in the
management of the partnership, the assignee may avail himself of the usual remedies.
In case of a dissolution of the partnership, the assignee is entitled to receive his assignor's interest and may require an account from the date only of the last
account agreed to by all the partners. (n)

d) Charging order upon partner’s interest (Art. 1814)

Art. 1814. Without prejudice to the preferred rights of partnership creditors under Article 1827, on due application to a competent court by any judgment
creditor of a partner, the court which entered the judgment, or any other court, may charge the interest of the debtor partner with payment of the unsatisfied
amount of such judgment debt with interest thereon; and may then or later appoint a receiver of his share of the profits, and of any other money due or to
fall due to him in respect of the partnership, and make all other orders, directions, accounts and inquiries which the debtor partner might have made, or
which the circumstances of the case may require.
The interest charged may be redeemed at any time before foreclosure, or in case of a sale being directed by the court, may be purchased without thereby
causing a dissolution:
(1) With separate property, by any one or more of the partners; or
(2) With partnership property, by any one or more of the partners with the consent of all the partners whose interests are not so charged or sold.
Nothing in this Title shall be held to deprive a partner of his right, if any, under the exemption laws, as regards his interest in the partnership. (n)

2. Obligations of the partner with regard to third persons (Art. 1815-1827)

SECTION 3. - Obligations of the Partners With Regard to Third Persons

Art. 1815. Every partnership shall operate under a firm name, which may or may not include the name of one or more of the partners.
Those who, not being members of the partnership, include their names in the firm name, shall be subject to the liability of a partner. (n)

Art. 1816. All partners, including industrial ones, shall be liable pro rata with all their property and after all the partnership assets have been exhausted, for
the contracts which may be entered into in the name and for the account of the partnership, under its signature and by a person authorized to act for the
partnership. However, any partner may enter into a separate obligation to perform a partnership contract. (n)

Art. 1817. Any stipulation against the liability laid down in the preceding article shall be void, except as among the partners. (n)

Art. 1818. Every partner is an agent of the partnership for the purpose of its business, and the act of every partner, including the execution in the
partnership name of any instrument, for apparently carrying on in the usual way the business of the partnership of which he is a member binds the
partnership, unless the partner so acting has in fact no authority to act for the partnership in the particular matter, and the person with whom he is dealing
has knowledge of the fact that he has no such authority.

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An act of a partner which is not apparently for the carrying on of business of the partnership in the usual way does not bind the partnership unless
authorized by the other partners.
Except when authorized by the other partners or unless they have abandoned the business, one or more but less than all the partners have no authority to:
(1) Assign the partnership property in trust for creditors or on the assignee's promise to pay the debts of the partnership;
(2) Dispose of the good-will of the business;
(3) Do any other act which would make it impossible to carry on the ordinary business of a partnership;
(4) Confess a judgment;
(5) Enter into a compromise concerning a partnership claim or liability;
(6) Submit a partnership claim or liability to arbitration;
(7) Renounce a claim of the partnership.
No act of a partner in contravention of a restriction on authority shall bind the partnership to persons having knowledge of the restriction. (n)

Art. 1819. Where title to real property is in the partnership name, any partner may convey title to such property by a conveyance executed in the
partnership name; but the partnership may recover such property unless the partner's act binds the partnership under the provisions of the first paragraph of
article 1818, or unless such property has been conveyed by the grantee or a person claiming through such grantee to a holder for value without knowledge
that the partner, in making the conveyance, has exceeded his authority.
Where title to real property is in the name of the partnership, a conveyance executed by a partner, in his own name, passes the equitable interest of the
partnership, provided the act is one within the authority of the partner under the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 1818.
Where title to real property is in the name of one or more but not all the partners, and the record does not disclose the right of the partnership, the partners
in whose name the title stands may convey title to such property, but the partnership may recover such property if the partners' act does not bind the
partnership under the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 1818, unless the purchaser or his assignee, is a holder for value, without knowledge.
Where the title to real property is in the name of one or more or all the partners, or in a third person in trust for the partnership, a conveyance executed by a
partner in the partnership name, or in his own name, passes the equitable interest of the partnership, provided the act is one within the authority of the
partner under the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 1818.
Where the title to real property is in the name of all the partners a conveyance executed by all the partners passes all their rights in such property. (n)

Art. 1820. An admission or representation made by any partner concerning partnership affairs within the scope of his authority in accordance with this Title
is evidence against the partnership. (n)

Art. 1821. Notice to any partner of any matter relating to partnership affairs, and the knowledge of the partner acting in the particular matter, acquired
while a partner or then present to his mind, and the knowledge of any other partner who reasonably could and should have communicated it to the acting
partner, operate as notice to or knowledge of the partnership, except in the case of fraud on the partnership, committed by or with the consent of that
partner. (n)

Art. 1822. Where, by any wrongful act or omission of any partner acting in the ordinary course of the business of the partnership or with the authority of
co-partners, loss or injury is caused to any person, not being a partner in the partnership, or any penalty is incurred, the partnership is liable therefor to the
same extent as the partner so acting or omitting to act. (n)

Art. 1823. The partnership is bound to make good the loss:

(1) Where one partner acting within the scope of his apparent authority receives money or property of a third person and misapplies it; and
(2) Where the partnership in the course of its business receives money or property of a third person and the money or property so received is misapplied by
any partner while it is in the custody of the partnership. (n)

Art. 1824. All partners are liable solidarily with the partnership for everything chargeable to the partnership under Articles 1822 and 1823. (n)

Art. 1825. When a person, by words spoken or written or by conduct, represents himself, or consents to another representing him to anyone, as a partner in
an existing partnership or with one or more persons not actual partners, he is liable to any such persons to whom such representation has been made, who
has, on the faith of such representation, given credit to the actual or apparent partnership, and if he has made such representation or consented to its being
made in a public manner he is liable to such person, whether the representation has or has not been made or communicated to such person so giving credit
by or with the knowledge of the apparent partner making the representation or consenting to its being made:
(1) When a partnership liability results, he is liable as though he were an actual member of the partnership;
(2) When no partnership liability results, he is liable pro rata with the other persons, if any, so consenting to the contract or representation as to incur
liability, otherwise separately.
When a person has been thus represented to be a partner in an existing partnership, or with one or more persons not actual partners, he is an agent of the
persons consenting to such representation to bind them to the same extent and in the same manner as though he were a partner in fact, with respect to
persons who rely upon the representation. When all the members of the existing partnership consent to the representation, a partnership act or obligation
results; but in all other cases it is the joint act or obligation of the person acting and the persons consenting to the representation. (n)

Art. 1826. A person admitted as a partner into an existing partnership is liable for all the obligations of the partnership arising before his admission as
though he had been a partner when such obligations were incurred, except that this liability shall be satisfied only out of partnership property, unless there
is a stipulation to the contrary. (n)

Art. 1827. The creditors of the partnership shall be preferred to those of each partner as regards the partnership property. Without prejudice to this right, the
private creditors of each partner may ask the attachment and public sale of the share of the latter in the partnership assets. (n)

a) Requisites prescribed by law in order that a partnership may be held liable to third persons for the act of one
partner (Art. 1816, 1822, 1823, 1824)

Art. 1816. All partners, including industrial ones, shall be liable pro rata with all their property and after all the partnership assets have been exhausted, for
the contracts which may be entered into in the name and for the account of the partnership, under its signature and by a person authorized to act for the
partnership. However, any partner may enter into a separate obligation to perform a partnership contract. (n)

Art. 1822. Where, by any wrongful act or omission of any partner acting in the ordinary course of the business of the partnership or with the authority of
co-partners, loss or injury is caused to any person, not being a partner in the partnership, or any penalty is incurred, the partnership is liable therefor to the
same extent as the partner so acting or omitting to act. (n)

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Art. 1823. The partnership is bound to make good the loss:
(1) Where one partner acting within the scope of his apparent authority receives money or property of a third person and misapplies it; and
(2) Where the partnership in the course of its business receives money or property of a third person and the money or property so received is misapplied by
any partner while it is in the custody of the partnership. (n)

Art. 1824. All partners are liable solidarily with the partnership for everything chargeable to the partnership under Articles 1822 and 1823. (n)

b) Concept of Mutual Agency (Art. 1818)

Art. 1818. Every partner is an agent of the partnership for the purpose of its business, and the act of every partner, including the execution in the
partnership name of any instrument, for apparently carrying on in the usual way the business of the partnership of which he is a member binds the
partnership, unless the partner so acting has in fact no authority to act for the partnership in the particular matter, and the person with whom he is dealing
has knowledge of the fact that he has no such authority.

An act of a partner which is not apparently for the carrying on of business of the partnership in the usual way does not bind the partnership unless
authorized by the other partners.

Except when authorized by the other partners or unless they have abandoned the business, one or more but less than all the partners have no authority to:

(1) Assign the partnership property in trust for creditors or on the assignee's promise to pay the debts of the partnership;

(2) Dispose of the good-will of the business;

(3) Do any other act which would make it impossible to carry on the ordinary business of a partnership;

(4) Confess a judgment;

(5) Enter into a compromise concerning a partnership claim or liability;

(6) Submit a partnership claim or liability to arbitration;

(7) Renounce a claim of the partnership.

No act of a partner in contravention of a restriction on authority shall bind the partnership to persons having knowledge of the restriction. (n)

c) Partner’s liability for partnership obligation (nature)

(Art. 1816 in rel. to 1824)

Art. 1816. All partners, including industrial ones, shall be liable pro rata with all their property and after all the partnership assets have been exhausted, for
the contracts which may be entered into in the name and for the account of the partnership, under its signature and by a person authorized to act for the
partnership. However, any partner may enter into a separate obligation to perform a partnership contract. (n)

Art. 1824. All partners are liable solidarily with the partnership for everything chargeable to the partnership under Articles 1822 and 1823. (n)

-Liwanag vs. Workmen’s Compensation Commission, 105 Phil. 741

Facts:
Spouses Liwanag were the co-owners of Liwanag Auto Supply. They employed Roque Balderama as security guard, who in line of duty was killed.
Balderama’s widow and children filed a claim for compensation with the Workmen’s Compensation Commission and was granted and awarded for the
Spouses Liwanag to indemnify them jointly and severally Spouses then appeal the judgment claiming that under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, the
compensation is divisible saying that there is nothing in the compensation Act which provides that the obligation of the employer arising from compensable
injury or death of an employee should be solidary.

Issue:
WON the contention of the Spouses are correct in that the liability of business partners should not be solidary.

Held:
Ordinarily, the liability of the partners in a partnership is not solidary; but the law governing the liability of partners is not applicable to the case at bar
wherein a claim for compensation by dependents of an employee who died in line of duty is involved. And although the Workmen's Compensation Act
does not contain any provision expressly declaring solidary obligation of business partners like the herein appellants, there are other provisions of law from
which it could be gathered that their liability must be solidary. Articles 1711 and 1712 of the New Civil Code and Section 2 of the Workmen’s
Compensation Act, reasonably indicate that in compensation cases, the liability of business partners should be solidary. If the responsibility of the partners
were to be merely joint and not solidary, and one of them happens to be insolvent, the amount awarded to the dependents of the deceased employee would
only be partially satisfied, which is evidently contrary to the intent and purpose of the law to give full protection to the employee.

d) Prohibited acts of partners (unless authorized)

(Art. 1818, par. 3)

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Art. 1818. Every partner is an agent of the partnership for the purpose of its business, and the act of every partner, including the execution in the
partnership name of any instrument, for apparently carrying on in the usual way the business of the partnership of which he is a member binds the
partnership, unless the partner so acting has in fact no authority to act for the partnership in the particular matter, and the person with whom he is dealing
has knowledge of the fact that he has no such authority.
An act of a partner which is not apparently for the carrying on of business of the partnership in the usual way does not bind the partnership unless
authorized by the other partners.
Except when authorized by the other partners or unless they have abandoned the business, one or more but less than all the partners have no authority to:
(1) xxx;
(2) xxx;
(3) Do any other act which would make it impossible to carry on the ordinary business of a partnership; xxx