ARC2 1.1 Jun12 StudentWorkbook

ArcGIS II: Essential Workflows
Student Edition
Copyright 2012 Esri

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Course introduction
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................i
Course goals ...........................................................................................................................................i
Additional resources ...............................................................................................................................i
Author, share, and use maps

Lesson introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1-1
Author > Share > Use......................................................................................................................... 1-2
Authoring GIS content ....................................................................................................................... 1-3
The Author > Share > Use workflow .................................................................................................. 1-5
Publishing a web map ........................................................................................................................ 1-7
Exercise 1: Create a web map using the author>share>use workflow............................................... 1-9
Open piracy map document...................................................................................................... 1-10
Identify spatial patterns ............................................................................................................. 1-10
Select features based on spatial location .................................................................................. 1-11
Export selected points ............................................................................................................... 1-13
Create a server connection ........................................................................................................ 1-14
Prepare data for publishing ....................................................................................................... 1-15
Publish map as a service ............................................................................................................ 1-16
Create a web map...................................................................................................................... 1-17
Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 1-20
Integrating data
Where does data come from? ............................................................................................................ 2-2
Layers and data .................................................................................................................................. 2-3
Commonly used data in ArcGIS ......................................................................................................... 2-5
Getting data into the geodatabase.................................................................................................... 2-6
Exercise 2: Integrate and organize GIS data ...................................................................................... 2-9
Create a folder connection ........................................................................................................ 2-10
Add a basemap layer ................................................................................................................. 2-11
Add oil and gas wells to the map .............................................................................................. 2-12
Add oyster harvesting areas to the map.................................................................................... 2-13
Search for data........................................................................................................................... 2-14
Identify location of downloaded data........................................................................................ 2-15
Export a layer's data to the geodatabase.................................................................................. 2-16
Export data using the Catalog window ..................................................................................... 2-18
Locate features based on a spatial location............................................................................... 2-21
Update Item Description............................................................................................................ 2-22
Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 2-24
Managing map layers

Map scale ........................................................................................................................................... 3-2
Displaying map scale.......................................................................................................................... 3-4
Specifying scale in ArcMap ................................................................................................................ 3-7
Controlling the visibility of features.................................................................................................... 3-8
Displaying layers at different scales ................................................................................................. 3-10
Creating pre-defined display areas .................................................................................................. 3-11
Organizing layers.............................................................................................................................. 3-13
Exercise 3: Use layers to create optimal map displays..................................................................... 3-15
Use map scales to explore level of detail .................................................................................. 3-16
Build an attribute query ............................................................................................................. 3-18
Create a layer from selected features ........................................................................................ 3-21
Set layer scale ranges ................................................................................................................ 3-22
Use your map scale ranges ........................................................................................................ 3-23
Display data using a definition query ........................................................................................ 3-24
Create layer scale ranges for lakes ............................................................................................ 3-29
Display your final map ............................................................................................................... 3-30
Create group layers ................................................................................................................... 3-30
Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 3-33
Displaying data
Why symbolize your data?.................................................................................................................. 4-2
Displaying data categories ................................................................................................................. 4-3
Displaying data quantities .................................................................................................................. 4-4
Types of attributes .............................................................................................................................. 4-5
Differentiate between categories and quantities ............................................................................... 4-8
Surface temperature in degrees Fahrenheit....................................................................................... 4-9
Crater Lake area slope...................................................................................................................... 4-10
Road atlas......................................................................................................................................... 4-11
Classifying data ................................................................................................................................ 4-12
Normalizing data .............................................................................................................................. 4-14
Normalizing data .............................................................................................................................. 4-15
Exercise 4: Symbolize GIS Data........................................................................................................ 4-17
Evaluate attributes for symbology ............................................................................................. 4-18
Apply the Natural Breaks classification ...................................................................................... 4-20
Work with the Equal Interval classification................................................................................. 4-24
Use the Quantile method .......................................................................................................... 4-27
Display graduated symbols........................................................................................................ 4-29
Compare quantitative maps ...................................................................................................... 4-31
Normalize data........................................................................................................................... 4-32
Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 4-35
ii
Working with tabular data

Working with tables............................................................................................................................ 5-2
Exercise 5A: Explore tables and attributes......................................................................................... 5-5
Explore stores data ...................................................................................................................... 5-6
Display store locations ................................................................................................................. 5-7
Export point locations.................................................................................................................. 5-8
Symbolize point locations ............................................................................................................ 5-9
Symbolize customer locations ................................................................................................... 5-11
Change table appearance ......................................................................................................... 5-12
Summarize a table ..................................................................................................................... 5-14
Format a field............................................................................................................................. 5-16
Table relationships............................................................................................................................ 5-17
Types of table relationships .............................................................................................................. 5-19
Working with table relationships ...................................................................................................... 5-19
Exercise 5B: Join and relate tables................................................................................................... 5-23
Determine cardinality between tables ....................................................................................... 5-24
Join two tables........................................................................................................................... 5-24
Calculate values from the joined table ...................................................................................... 5-26
Relate tables .............................................................................................................................. 5-27
Explore the relate....................................................................................................................... 5-28
Change the display expression.................................................................................................. 5-30
Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 5-31
Creating and editing data

Editing GIS data ................................................................................................................................. 6-2
What types of data can you edit?....................................................................................................... 6-3
The editing workflow.......................................................................................................................... 6-4
Applying the editing workflow ........................................................................................................... 6-5
Exercise 6: Create and update features ............................................................................................. 6-9
Use an editing map to visualize edits ........................................................................................ 6-10
Add a new point feature ............................................................................................................ 6-11
Add a new line feature............................................................................................................... 6-15
Delete a feature ......................................................................................................................... 6-18
Create a new polygon................................................................................................................ 6-19
Copy and paste features............................................................................................................ 6-21
Merge features........................................................................................................................... 6-23
Review the editing workflow ............................................................................................................ 6-25
Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 6-26
iii
Labeling features
What is missing from this map?.......................................................................................................... 7-2
What is labeling? ................................................................................................................................ 7-3
The labeling workflow ........................................................................................................................ 7-4
Labeling options in ArcGIS................................................................................................................. 7-4
Introducing Maplex ............................................................................................................................ 7-6
Creating map labels with Maplex....................................................................................................... 7-7
Exercise 7: Label features using Maplex ............................................................................................ 7-9
Prepare your map for labeling ................................................................................................... 7-10
Set the label symbol .................................................................................................................. 7-11
Label polygons........................................................................................................................... 7-12
Label line features...................................................................................................................... 7-14
Create label classes ................................................................................................................... 7-16
Label features using Python....................................................................................................... 7-18
Apply a label scale range........................................................................................................... 7-21
Place labels outside the polygon............................................................................................... 7-23
Assign feature weights............................................................................................................... 7-24
Apply a reference scale.............................................................................................................. 7-25
Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 7-27
Designing map layouts

What is a map layout? ........................................................................................................................ 8-2
Workflow to create a map layout ....................................................................................................... 8-3
Creating a map layout ........................................................................................................................ 8-5
Exercise 8: Create a map layout ......................................................................................................... 8-9
Begin the map layout................................................................................................................. 8-10
Size and position your map ....................................................................................................... 8-11
Add the map title....................................................................................................................... 8-13
Add a sub-title ........................................................................................................................... 8-15
Group elements ......................................................................................................................... 8-16
Create a map legend ................................................................................................................. 8-16
Adjust legend properties ........................................................................................................... 8-17
Add an overview map ................................................................................................................ 8-20
Add a scale bar .......................................................................................................................... 8-22
Add a north arrow...................................................................................................................... 8-25
Add dynamic text....................................................................................................................... 8-25
Add a map border ..................................................................................................................... 8-26
Export your map ........................................................................................................................ 8-27
Creating a map book........................................................................................................................ 8-29
Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 8-31
iv
Evaluating data for analysis

Evaluating data quality ....................................................................................................................... 9-2
Error in GIS data ................................................................................................................................. 9-3
Currency and credibility ..................................................................................................................... 9-4
Completeness .................................................................................................................................... 9-6
Consistency ........................................................................................................................................ 9-8
Accuracy ........................................................................................................................................... 9-10
Aligning geographic data................................................................................................................. 9-12
Discovering error .............................................................................................................................. 9-14
Exercise 9: Evaluate data quality ...................................................................................................... 9-15
Evaluate data currency and credibility ....................................................................................... 9-16
View list of geographic transformations .................................................................................... 9-17
Transform the geographic coordinate system ........................................................................... 9-18
Create a selection and export transformed data. ...................................................................... 9-19
Evaluate data completeness ...................................................................................................... 9-22
Evaluate data consistency.......................................................................................................... 9-22
Evaluate data accuracy .............................................................................................................. 9-23
Lesson review ................................................................................................................................... 9-25
10
Solving spatial problems

Lesson introduction .......................................................................................................................... 10-1
What are spatial problems?.............................................................................................................. 10-2
Using geoprocessing tools for analysis ............................................................................................ 10-3
Analysis through geoprocessing ...................................................................................................... 10-5
Buffer ................................................................................................................................................ 10-5
Clip ................................................................................................................................................... 10-6
Intersect............................................................................................................................................ 10-8
Union ................................................................................................................................................ 10-9
Merge ............................................................................................................................................. 10-11
Spatial join...................................................................................................................................... 10-12
Using geoprocessing tools for analysis .......................................................................................... 10-14
The spatial analysis workflow ......................................................................................................... 10-17
Exercise 10: Apply the analysis process ......................................................................................... 10-21
Frame the question.................................................................................................................. 10-22
Explore and prepare data: Census........................................................................................... 10-23
Explore and prepare data: Combine block groups ................................................................. 10-24
Explore and prepare data: Integrate demographic data ......................................................... 10-24
Explore and prepare data: Customer locations ....................................................................... 10-25
Explore and prepare data: Find total sales per store............................................................... 10-26
Explore and prepare data: Find demographic profile of a store ............................................. 10-27
Explore and prepare data: Create exclusion zones ................................................................. 10-29
Explore and prepare data: Create proposed sites................................................................... 10-30
Perform the analysis: Find suitable locations ........................................................................... 10-32

Perform the analysis: Locate sites close to highways............................................................... 10-34
Perform the analysis: Find demographic profile of candidate locations.................................. 10-34
Examine and refine the results: Forecast future results............................................................ 10-36
Lesson review ................................................................................................................................. 10-38
11
Sharing geographic information

Lesson introduction .......................................................................................................................... 11-1
Creating models with ArcGIS ........................................................................................................... 11-2
Sharing geographic information....................................................................................................... 11-4
Sharing geographic information....................................................................................................... 11-6
Exercise 11A: Build and run a model ............................................................................................... 11-9
Create a new toolbox .............................................................................................................. 11-10
Create a new model and add the Buffer tool .......................................................................... 11-10
Select by location..................................................................................................................... 11-12
Select by attributes .................................................................................................................. 11-14
Write the selected features to a new feature class .................................................................. 11-15
Run the model ......................................................................................................................... 11-15
Run the model as a tool........................................................................................................... 11-16
Working with packages .................................................................................................................. 11-20
Exercise 11B: Share geographic information ................................................................................. 11-23
Author the geoprocessing package......................................................................................... 11-24
Share the geoprocessing package........................................................................................... 11-27
Use the geoprocessing package.............................................................................................. 11-28
Delete your geoprocessing package ....................................................................................... 11-29
Lesson review ................................................................................................................................. 11-30
Appendixes
Appendix A: Esri data license agreement ..........................................................................................A-1
Appendix B: Answers to lesson review questions
Lesson 1: Author, share, and use maps ....................................................................................... B-1
Lesson 2: Integrating data ........................................................................................................... B-2
Lesson 3: Managing map layers................................................................................................... B-3
Lesson 4: Displaying data ............................................................................................................ B-4
Lesson 5: Working with tabular data............................................................................................ B-5
Lesson 6: Creating and editing data............................................................................................ B-6
Lesson 7: Labeling features ......................................................................................................... B-7
Lesson 8: Designing map layouts ................................................................................................ B-8
Lesson 9: Evaluating data for analysis.......................................................................................... B-9
Lesson 10: Solving spatial problems.......................................................................................... B-10
Lesson 11: Sharing geographic information .............................................................................. B-11
vi
Introduction
In this course, you will focus on the essential workflows, tools, and
techniques of ArcGIS for Desktop. Building on your basic
understanding of GIS concepts, you will develop skills to help you
become proficient and productive in your use of ArcGIS. The skills
you will acquire in this course include:
Working with features and attributes

Creating and modifying data
Making maps
Using tools and data to answer questions and solve spatial
problems
Course goals
By the end of this course, you will be able to:
Use ArcGIS to create and share maps and data.

Create and update geographic data using editing tools.
Manage, symbolize, and label map layers to optimize
visualization.
Create map layouts to visualize data and share analysis results.
Apply the analysis workflow, geoprocessing tools, and models
to solve geographic problems.
Additional resources
ArcGIS Resource Center - http://resources.arcgis.com
This site provides unified access to web-based help, online content,
and technical support.
Esri GIS Dictionary - www.esri.com/gisdictionary
This dictionary includes definitions for GIS terms related to geodata,
analysis, GIS modeling and web-based GIS, cartography, and Esri
software.
Icons used in this workbook

Notes point out additional information, exceptions, or special
circumstances that apply to a particular topic or procedure.
Tips provide brief help for performing a task or clarifying concepts.
External resources provide optional, special-interest information

about course topics.
Best practices offer industry or professional guidelines, help set goals

or priorities, and save time.
Estimated times provide guidance on approximately how many

minutes an exercise will take to complete.
Warnings alert you to potential problems or to actions that should be

avoided.
ii

Introduction
Key terms
author > share > use
basemap layer
operational layer
web map
In this lesson, you will build on your basic GIS knowledge by

exploring the author > share > use workflow. How can you quickly
analyze your data and share your results with others, even those who
may not have ArcGIS?
Topics covered
The author > share > use workflow
Exploring and analyzing a map
Publishing a web map
Learning objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
Follow a workflow for authoring and publishing a map.

Create a web map to share geographic information.
1-1
LESSON 1
Author > Share > Use

ArcGIS is a complete system for analyzing, displaying, managing, and
sharing your geographic information. ArcGIS for Desktop is designed
for you, the GIS professional, to help manage your GIS projects. With
ArcGIS for Desktop, you can:
Author maps and create data.

Share your maps, data, and workflows with others.
Use, explore, and analyze your own data and maps, or those
shared by others.
Figure 1.1
ArcGIS for Desktop allows
you to author GIS content,
share your content with
others, and have others
use your content for their
own GIS projects.
ArcGIS for Desktop is also the starting point for distributing your GIS
maps and data within your organization, or the across the Internet,
using the author > share > use workflow
Author
Authoring refers to the processes related to creating a map in ArcMap
using local and/or online data sources. You author a map when you
want to use your data to answer questions, or to help you make
decisions. You also author maps when you want to share your
information with others.
Share
There are many ways to share your geographic information. You can
share a map online that others can access using their web browser.
1-2
You can create packages containing maps and data that others can
download and use in ArcGIS for Desktop.
When you share your geographic information, you allow others to
view patterns and relationships in your data, and recreate your
workflows with their own data. ArcGIS allows you to share your data in
many ways, depending on your audience. You can share with other
professional desktop users, or with everyone, via mobile or web
mapping applications.
Use
You can use data, maps, and workflows shared by others to answer
questions and discover spatial patterns and relationships. You can use
your maps and data, then share results with others, or you can use
maps and data that others have shared to perform your own analysis
and data exploration.
Authoring GIS content

ArcGIS for Desktop software is used by GIS professionals to author
geographic information. Authoring includes a comprehensive set of
GIS tasks, including mapping, data compilation, and analysis. This
course will focus on many of the authoring tasks and workflows
typically done by GIS professionals, prior to sharing maps and data
with others.
Figure 1.2
ArcGIS for Desktop is your
starting point for
authoring GIS content you
can deploy across an
organization or onto the
web.
1-3
LESSON 1
ArcGIS for Desktop is the software that you will use to manage your
GIS workflows and projects. Much of your authoring work will be
focused on the following tasks:
1-4
Creating data
Building models
Performing analysis
Designing high-quality maps for print and web
The Author > Share > Use workflow

The following workflow can be used to create a web map. After you
have created your map, you can share the web address (URL) with
others so they can access your map using only their web browser.
Figure 1.3
The workflow to create a
web map involves
authoring your map using
ArcMap, then publishing
your map as a service, and
sharing the URL with
others.
A description of each step in the workflow is provided in the following

sections.
Symbolize layer(s) in ArcMap

ArcGIS for Desktop is the software you will use to author your map.
The authoring process involves symbolizing your layers as you wish to
have them appear to your end-user. Operational layers, or layers that
are the primary focus of your map, should be symbolized. These are
the layers that your end-user will interact with in their web map. If you
have additional layers, such as basemap layers, which provide a
frame of reference for your operational layers, you may not wish to
publish these, but use the basemaps available from ArcGIS.com.
Share as a service
Once you have symbolized your map, choose to share your map as a
service. This will display a dialog box allowing you to enter the
properties of your map, such as a title, and search tags so others can
1-5
LESSON 1
find and use your map. You will also analyze your map for any
publishing errors prior to creating your service.
Display service in ArcGIS.com

After publishing, sign in to your ArcGIS.com account in your web
browser. If you published your map to ArcGIS.com, you can search for
the service you just published. If you published to a local server, you
can add the URL of this service.
Add basemap to service

After adding your operational layer(s) from your service, you may
choose to add a basemap to provide background location
information for your operatational layers.
Save map
Save your map to your account so you can make changes later. You
must sign in to ArcGIS.com in order to save your map.
Share URL
Your map is now ready to share from Esri's servers. You can save your
map and then share it with the public or with a specific group. The
application can be shared with others in the following ways:
A URL link
Social media (Facebook or Twitter)
Embedding your application in a website
1-6
Publishing a web map

Web maps allow you to share your data without others having to
install any ArcGIS software. They can simply use their web browser,
mobile phone, or ArcGIS Explorer Online to access and use your GIS
web maps. You can also access web map services through ArcGIS for
Desktop.
To make a map available on the web, you need to complete the
following three tasks:
Author your layers in ArcMap.

Publish the layers to ArcGIS.com or your ArcGIS for Server site.
Create a web map using the resulting map service.
1-7
30 minutes
Exercise 1: Create a web map using the

author>share>use workflow
You will use world piracy locations from Anti-Shipping Activity
Messages (ASAM) to view spatial patterns in world piracy. You will
determine locations of piracy that occurred more than 50 kilometers
offshore, and share your results as a web map.
In this exercise, you will:
Visualize and analyze data.

Create data.
Publish your piracy data to an on-premises server.
Combine your piracy data with a basemap using ArcGIS.com.
Figure 1.4
Piracy locations published
from ArcGIS for Desktop
are combined with a
basemap using
ArcGIS.com. If you have
an ArcGIS.com account,
you can save your map,
and share it with others.
1-9
LESSON 1
Step 1: Open piracy map document

In this exercise, you will explore world-wide piracy data from the Anti-Shipping Activity Message
(ASAM) reports, collected by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). You will perform
an analysis of the data, identifying patterns of piracy and locating incidents more than 50
kilometers from the coastline. You will then publish the data in a web map, so that those without
ArcGIS may see the results of your analysis.
Open ArcMap by clicking the ArcMap icon
on the Windows taskbar.
Alternatively, you can start ArcMap by clicking the Windows Start button, then browsing to
All Programs > ArcGIS, and clicking ArcMap 10.1.
b
On the ArcMap - Getting Started dialog box, under Existing Maps, click Browse for more.
Browse to your C:\Student\ARC2\Web_Maps folder.
Select Piracy.mxd and click Open.
On the Standard toolbar, click the Full Extent button
Your map document contains two layers:
Piracy incidents shown as orange points.

Continents shown as neutral-colored polygons.
The background of your data frame is colored blue to symbolize the world's oceans.
Step 2: Identify spatial patterns

In this step, you will explore the distribution of the piracy data.
a
On the Tools toolbar, use the Zoom In

piracy data.
1-10
, Zoom Out
, and Pan
tools to explore your
1. What areas of the world have the most occurrences of piracy?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Do most of the incidents occur near the coastline or far offshore?
______________________________________________________________________________
b
Click the Full Extent button
to zoom back to the full extent of your Piracy data.
Step 3: Select features based on spatial location

In this step, you will use ArcGIS to find piracy incidents that occurred more than 50 kilometers
from the coastline.
The coordinate system of your map does not preserve distance accurately throughout the world.
Distances are maintained accurately near the equator, and become more distorted at the north
and south latitudes. Because your piracy data is located near the equator, you can select piracy
locations within 50 kilometers of the coastline using your current coordinate system with a high
level of accuracy. However, if your data was located near the poles, you would have to choose a
coordinate system that allows you to measure distances accurately in these areas.
The properties of shape, area, distance, and direction can be maintained by a

coordinate system. Always consider whether your coordinate system is appropriate
for the intended use of your data.
From the Selection menu, choose Select By Location.
The Select By Location dialog box opens. This tool allows you to select features based on their
spatial relationship to other features in your map document.
b
Complete your dialog box according to the following specifications:
Selection method: select features from

Target layers(s): Check the box next to Piracy
Source layer: Confirm Continents is selected the drop-down list
1-11
LESSON 1
Under Spatial Selection method for target layer feature(s), choose the option, are within a
distance of the source layer feature, from the drop-down list.
At the bottom of the dialog box, set the distance to 50, then choose Kilometers from the
drop-down list.
Your Select By Location dialog box should look like the following example.
Click OK to select the piracy locations within 50 kilometers of the coastline.
These are all of the points within 50 kilometers of the coastline, which is the opposite of what you
wish to show. You will now switch your selected features, so all features that are currently
unselected, those greater than 50 kilometers from the coast, will be selected.
g
In the table of contents, right-click your Piracy layer, point to Selection, and choose Switch
Selection.
1-12
Step 4: Export selected points

You now have your desired set of features. This is the set you are interested in publishing to a web
map for others to view. Before you publish your map, you will export your selected features to
their own dataset in your geodatabase.
a
Right-click the Piracy layer, point to Data, and choose Export Data.
Click the Browse button
On the Saving Data dialog box, click the Home button
.
.
The Home button allows you to quickly browse to the location of your map
document.
In this case, the geodatabase in which your Piracy points are stored is also located in this same
folder.
d
Double-click the ASAM geodatabase.
This geodatabase contains the continents and piracy data used in your map.
e
For Name, type Offshore_Piracy, and click Save.
Your Export Data dialog box should look like the following example.
Click OK.
1-13
LESSON 1
Click Yes when prompted to add the exported data as a new layer.
On the tools toolbar, click the Clear Selected Features button
Click the box next to your Piracy layer to turn off the layer.
The points shown on your map correspond with those more than 50 kilometers from the coastline.
Step 5: Create a server connection

In this step, you will share your results by publishing a web map. You can publish your map to any
site running ArcGIS for Server, like ArcGIS.com or a server in your own organization, referred to as
an on-premises server.
You will begin by creating an on-premises map service, then add a basemap service from
ArcGIS.com.
To make a connection to a server, and access its services, you will need to know the server's host
name.
a
Click the Windows Start button.
In the search box, type cmd and press Enter.
A command-prompt window with a black background displays.

c
In the window, type hostname, then press Enter.
Record your hostname here:
________________________
e
Close the command-prompt window.
Click the Catalog tab on the right side of the ArcMap window.
If you do not see the Catalog tab, click the Catalog button
1-14
on the Standard toolbar.
Near the bottom of the catalog tree, click the plus (+) sign next to GIS Servers to expand the
list, if necessary.
Double-click Add ArcGIS Server.
In the Add ArcGIS Server dialog box, click the button next to Publish GIS services, then click
Next.
The Server URL will have this form: http://myserver:6080/arcgis.

j
Enter the URL, substituting the hostname you just recorded for myserver.
Type student for both User Name and Password, then click Finish.
If necessary, click Yes on the Insecure Token Service URL message.
Your connection is added to the Catalog window, as shown in the following example. The default
connection name is shown, with your privilege level (publisher) shown in parentheses.
Step 6: Prepare data for publishing

In this step, you will prepare your data for publishing. You will change the default symbology for
your Offshore_Piracy layer to match the orange symbols used for all piracy locations.
a
In the ArcMap table of contents, right-click the Offshore_Piracy layer and choose Properties.
Click the Symbology tab.
The symbology tab allows you to control how your layer is displayed on your map. You will copy
the symbology used for the Piracy layer.
c
Click Import.
1-15
LESSON 1
On the Import Symbology dialog box, confirm that Piracy is selected in the Layer drop-down
list.
Click OK.
Click OK to apply your symbology changes and close the layer properties.
You should now see your layer in the table of contents, displayed with the orange circle
symbology.
Next, you will remove the Piracy and continents layers from your map. Your published map will
only contain the points. When you create your web map, you will add a basemap behind your
points, which will display continents and oceans.
g
Right-click the Piracy layer and click Remove.
Remove the Continents layer.
Step 7: Publish map as a service

Now you are ready to share your map as an ArcGIS for Server map service.
a
From the File menu, point to Share As, then click Service.
Because you will be publishing a service, accept the default choice, and click Next.
Under Choose a connection, click and select your publisher connection from Step 1.
Confirm that Piracy is entered for the Service name, and click Next.
Accept the default root location as the existing folder, and click Continue.
The Service Editor opens, which allows you to set properties of your new service.
f
On the left side of the dialog box, click Item Description.
For Summary (required), type World piracy locations more than 50 kilometers from the
coastline.
1-16
For Tags (required), enter piracy, world.
Your summary and tags are included in the Item Description for your new map service.
i
At the top of the Service Editor window, click Publish.
ArcGIS for Server analyzes your map and data, making sure that it meets the guidelines for
publishing.
j
Click OK to accept the Copying Data to Server message.
When the Service Publish Result dialog box notifies you that your map has successfully
published, click OK.
Step 8: Create a web map

With your on-premises server now running, you are ready to build an application which will
combine, or mash-up, your operational layer with an online basemap.
a
Open a web browser and enter www.arcgis.com in the address box.
At the top of the page, click the MAP link.
This is the ArcGIS.com Map Viewer hosted by Esri. There is already a basemap loaded, and a set
of menus across the top for customizing your application. The basemaps are hosted by Esri
(ArcGIS Online) and Microsoft (Bing Maps) servers.
c
At the top of the application, click Basemap to see your choices.
Click the Oceans basemap.
Click and drag your map so it is centered on the area of eastern Africa.
1-17
LESSON 1
Use your center mouse wheel, or the zoom level indicator on the left side of the map, to zoom
in to your map, similar to the following example.
In order to add your new service to the viewer, you will need to enter its URL address.
g
Click Add, then click Search for Layers.
Under Search for layers to add, click the drop-down arrow next to the In field, and select A GIS
server.
In the URL box, type http://<hostname>:6080/arcgis, using the hostname you wrote down
earlier, and press Enter.
Click the name of your service in the results panel.
Notice you can add it to the map, check its details, or use it as a basemap.
k
In the results list, click Add.
Your service is now displayed as an operational layer on top of the basemap layer.
l
At the bottom of the panel, click Done Adding Layers.
The panel now shows the contents of your map.
1-18
Click the layer's title to expose the sub-layer.
The sub-layer is automatically named the same as the layer name in ArcMap.
n
Click the small arrow to the sub-layer's name and select Enable Pop-up.
Zoom in closer to any of your piracy locations.
Click one of the locations in the map.
A pop-up window allows your clients to find out more about your data.
Your map is ready to share from Esri's servers. If you are logged in with an Esri Global Account,
you can save your map and then share it with the public or with a group of users. The application
can be shared with others in the following ways:
A URL link
Social media (Facebook or Twitter)
Embedding your application in a website
ArcGIS.com is an excellent way to rapidly deploy and share your geographic information.
q
Close your web browser.
From the ArcMap File menu, choose Exit.
Click No when asked to save changes.
1-19
LESSON 1
Lesson review
1. Diagram the general workflow to create a web map.
2. What two types of layers are used to create a web map?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
1-20
Answers to Lesson 1 questions

Exercise 1: Create a web map using the author>share>use workflow (page
1-9)
1. What areas of the world have the most occurrences of piracy?
Eastern Africa and the Saudi Arabian peninsula
Southeastern Asia
2. Do most of the incidents occur near the coastline or far offshore?
Most incidents are close to the coastline.
1-21
Integrating data
Integrating data
Introduction
Key terms
CAD
Catalog window
feature class
geodatabase
shapefile
One of the first tasks in any GIS project is to locate the data which will
support the purpose of your project. The data you choose may need
to serve multiple uses, such as analysis and cartography. For many
projects, you will not have all of the data you need available within
your organization. ArcGIS provides the ability to search for data both
locally and online. Once you have located and acquired the data to
support your project, you will want to organize it, along with your
layers and map documents.
Topics covered
Data you can use in ArcGIS
Searching for data
Organizing data
Learning objectives
Identify different types of data that can be used in a map.

Create a file geodatabase.
Create geodatabase feature classes from different sources.
Describe the properties of a feature class.
2-1
LESSON 2
Where does data come from?

One of the first steps in a GIS project is to gather your data. Think
about the types of geographic data that will be important in your GIS
projects. You may work with one or more of these data categories:
Addresses
Demographics
Engineering
Environmental
Elevation
GPS/survey
Imagery (satellite, aerial photography, asset photographs, etc.)
Land records
Tables/spreadsheets (customers, work orders, etc.)
Utilities
Answer the following questions after thinking about the types of data
that are important to your GIS projects.
1. Consider the list of data categories shown above. What types of
data will you use in your GIS projects?
2. Can you acquire all the data you need from within your
organization?
3. You may have to look outside your organization for data. This
could include other agencies or companies that specialize in the
data you need for your project. If you need to look beyond your
own organization, what agencies or companies may have the
data you need?
4. GIS data is commonly available through web sites for download

or viewing directly with ArcGIS. Could some of the data you
need be available through online sources? If so, where might
you look?
2-2
Integrating data
Layers and data

The symbolized layers in your map represent GIS data stored on your
computer. GIS data does not contain the symbology you see when
you look at the data in ArcMap.
Feature classes
GIS vector data is stored as feature classes. The features within each
feature class have these characteristics in common:
Geometry
Attribute table
Coordinate system
Figure 2.1
Feature classes stored in a
geodatabase. Each feature
class stores the geometry,
attributes, and coordinate
system shared by all of the
features.
Feature classes can be of many different formats, including

shapefiles, computer-aided design (CAD) files, and geodatabases.
Types of feature classes

The three most common types of feature classes are points, lines, and
polygons.
Points: Features that are too small to be represented as lines or

polygons, as well as true-point locations (such as GPS observations).
Lines: Represent the shape and location of geographic objects, such
as street centerlines and streams, that are too narrow to depict as
areas. Lines are also used to represent features that have length but
no area, such as contour lines and boundaries.
2-3
LESSON 2
Polygons: Area features that represent the shape and location of

features such as states, counties, parcels, soil types, and land-use
zones.
Symbolizing feature classes
Symbology is created automatically when you bring a feature class
into ArcMap. You can also control the layer symbology directly by
adjusting the layer properties.
Figure 2.2
Cities, countries, and
rivers symbolized for
South America. ArcGIS
layers allow the same data
to be displayed uniquely
in both maps.
You can have multiple layers in your map document that reference the
same source data. You can also have multiple map documents with
layers that reference the same source data. Each of these layers may
be symbolized uniquely. ArcGIS layers allow you to change the
display of your data without directly affecting your underlying
features.
2-4
Integrating data
Commonly used data in ArcGIS
ArcGIS Help Library:
Geographic Data Formats

Table 2.1
Types of data commonly
used in ArcGIS. A
powerful feature of ArcGIS
ArcGIS can support many different types of data. The following table
lists some of the most commonly used data types and formats, along
with a description of the data.
Data type
Description
Address
Descriptive locations
Street address, zip code, county, or state
CAD
Computer Aided Design

Engineering and design drawings
Elevation
Height above, or depth below, a reference surface,
is the ability to work with

numerous file-based data
types. Many of the data
types listed are supported
by different specific
formats, both raster and
vector.
such as mean sea level
Many supported raster and vector formats

Geodatabase
Native format for ArcGIS

Storage of features, tables, and behaviors in a
relational database
Imagery
Aerial photos or satellite images of the earth

Many supported formats
KML
Keyhole Markup Language

Commonly used with Google Earth and other
Internet-based GIS applications
Shapefile
Simple format for storing point, line, and area

features
Temporal
Time or date information for geographic locations
X,Y or X,Y,Z
coordinates
Coordinate values
May include elevation, or Z-values
2-5
LESSON 2
Getting data into the geodatabase
Essential readings about

the geodatabase.
Workspace folders and geodatabases provide the primary containers

to store and manage geographic information for ArcGIS. A workspace
is a standard Windows folder, and may contain datasets in many
formats, such as shapefiles, CAD data, spreadsheets, and images.
Identifying geographic data

ArcGIS provides different colors and styles of icons which allow you to
quickly identify both the format and type of geometry stored in your
datasets.
Figure 2.3
ArcGIS supports working
with data in different
formats and stored in
multiple locations. This
data can be converted
into a geodatabase, which
provides many advantages
when working with ArcGIS.
Organizing datasets using geodatabases is useful because it provides

a way for you to control the following:
2-6
Controlling access to the data

A framework for sharing and updating data
Organizing data in the same format
Documenting data
Integrating data
Getting data into the geodatabase

There are three primary ways of getting data into your geodatabase:
Export a layer's data from the ArcMap table of contents.

Select a data source in the Catalog window and choose Export.
Select a geodatabase and choose Import.
While ArcGIS allows you to use data in a variety of different formats,
geodatabases are the native format for ArcGIS. The geodatabase lets
you take full advantage of the tools and capabilities of ArcGIS. For
this reason, you are encouraged to create and use geodatabases for
your GIS projects.
The default geodatabase

Each map document has a default geodatabase. This is the home
location for the spatial content of your map, and is used for adding
datasets and for saving result datasets created by editing and
geoprocessing operations. For example, when you export features
from a layer, the data will be saved in the map's default geodatabase
unless you specify another location. All output from geoprocessing
tools or models will be saved to this default location.
2-7
Integrating data
Exercise 2: Integrate and organize GIS data
40 minutes
Numerous oil and gas wells are in production throughout the state of
Louisiana. You will determine if these wells are located within oyster
harvesting areas and other protected areas.
Search for data locally and online.

Display data.
Select and organize data.
In this exercise, you will search for data that helps you to determine
the oil and gas wells that may pose a risk to oyster harvesting areas.
To organize your data, you will create a new file geodatabase and
new feature classes.
Figure 2.4
Oil and gas wells with
oyster harvesting areas,
shown on top of a
basemap from ArcGIS
Online.
2-9
LESSON 2
Step 1: Create a folder connection

In this step, you will create a folder connection to the GIS data you will use in this course. Folder
connections save you time by allowing you to browse directly to a local folder or network location
without having to navigate a folder tree from the top level.
a
Open ArcMap.
On the left side of the ArcMap - Getting Started dialog box, click My Templates, then click OK
to open a new Blank Map.
Click the Catalog tab on the right side of the ArcMap window.
If you do not see the Catalog tab, click the Catalog button
on the Standard toolbar.
On the toolbar at the top of the Catalog window, click the Connect To Folder button
The Connect To Folder dialog box appears. This dialog box allows you to browse a folder that you
can connect to directly.
e
Click the down arrow next to Computer, and browse to your C:\Student\ARC2 folder.
Make sure to browse to your C:\Student\ARC2 folder as instructed above. The

Student folder you see when you open the Connect To Folder is different than
your C:\Student folder.
2-10
Integrating data
Click the Student folder to select it in the folder tree, as shown in the following graphic.
Click OK.
You should now see your folder connection listed in the Catalog window.
Step 2: Add a basemap layer

To give your data some context and a frame of reference, you will add a basemap layer from
ArcGIS Online.
a
On the Standard toolbar, click the down arrow next to the Add Data button
2-11
LESSON 2
Choose Add Basemap.
Several basemaps are listed in the Add Basemap window.

c
Choose the Oceans basemap, then click Add.
The basemap may take a few moments to display.

The basemap layer appears at the bottom of your table of contents and shows the entire world.
Also, notice that there are several sub-layers grouped within the main basemap layer.
Next, you will search for data. You will then zoom in to the extent of your data and see how the
basemap shows more detail and provides a reference for your operational layers.
Step 3: Add oil and gas wells to the map

In this step, you will add oil and gas well sites to your map.
a
Open the Catalog window.
Under Folder Connections, expand your Student\ARC2 connection.
Double-click your Integrating_data folder.
Expand Oil_Gas.DWG.
This is a CAD file that contains the point locations of oil and gas wells.
e
From the CAD file, click and drag the Oil_Gas data into your map.
The Oil_Gas layer is added to your map. It is named Oil_Gas.DWG Oil_Gas. This is a CAD file
showing point locations for active oil and natural gas wells within the state of Louisiana that have
started production within the past five years.
Next, you will rename your layer to make it more descriptive and easier to understand.
f
2-12
Confirm that your new layer is highlighted in blue in the table of contents.
Integrating data
Click the layer name to edit the text, as shown in the following graphic.
Type Oil and Gas Wells and press Enter to rename the layer.
Right-click the Oil and Gas Wells layer and choose Zoom to Layer.
Step 4: Add oyster harvesting areas to the map

In this step, you will add oyster harvesting polygons to your map.
a
On your own, open the Catalog window and drag the Oyster_harvest_areas.shp into your map
from your Integrating_data folder.
On the Geographic Coordinate Systems Warning, click Close.
2-13
LESSON 2
The coordinate system of the oyster harvesting polygons is different than your map. ArcMap will
project the data to display correctly in your map.
Step 5: Search for data

Next, you will search for protected areas within the state of Louisiana. You do not have protected
areas available on your local computer, so you will search online to see if there is data you can
use.
a
On the Standard toolbar, click the down-arrow next to the Add Data button
Add Data From ArcGIS Online.
In the Search field at the top of the ArcGIS Online window, type Louisiana protected areas
and press Enter.
Locate the coastal Gulf of Mexico protected areas in the search results, as shown in the
following graphic.
2-14
and choose
Integrating data
Click Details to read a description about this data.
Notice that this data is available as a layer package.

e
Click the Add Data icon
to download the layer package and display the data in ArcMap.
The layer package will take a few moments to download. Once downloaded, it will unpack and
display as a new layer in ArcMap.
f
On the Geographic Coordinate Systems Warning, click Close.

This warning tells you that the layer file you are downloading has a different geographic
coordinate system that the one currently used by your map document. You will learn more
about these warnings later in this course. Your data still displays accurately at this small,
zoomed out, scale.
If necessary, expand the width of your table of contents to see the full names of your map
layers.
1. What is the name of the new layer added to your map?
______________________________________________________________________________
Click the plus sign (+) next to the new layer to see the different categories of protected areas.
Step 6: Identify location of downloaded data

In this step, you will determine the location of the data you downloaded from ArcGIS Online.
a
Right-click the Gulf_Coastal_ProtectedAreas layer and choose Properties.
2-15
LESSON 2
The Layer Properties dialog box appears. You will learn to use many of these properties as you
work through this course.
Click the Source tab.
2. Under Data Source, what is the Data Type?

______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the name of the top-level folder where the data located?
______________________________________________________________________________
c
Click Cancel to close the Layer Properties.
Step 7: Export a layer's data to the geodatabase

You now have three layers in your map document. However, these layers are all in different
formats and locations. In many GIS projects, it is most efficient to organize your data in the same
format and location. In this step, you will create a new file geodatabase, and then create new
feature classes from your three layers.
There are several ways in which you can move your data to a geodatabase. You will use a different
method for each of your three layers, to experience the different options provided by ArcGIS.
First, you will create a new file geodatabase to store your new feature classes.
a
Open the Catalog window and browse to your C:\Student\ARC2\Integrating_data folder.
Right-click the Integrating_data folder, point to New, then choose File Geodatabase.
The new geodatabase appears in the Catalog tree and is set for you to provide a meaningful
name.
c
Rename your file geodatabase to Protected_Areas.
Your geodatabase in the Catalog window should look like the following graphic.
2-16
Integrating data
Now you will create new feature classes from your ArcMap layers.
d
In the ArcMap table of contents, right-click the Gulf_Coastal_ProtectedAreas layer, point to

Data, then click Export Data.
On the Export Data dialog box, click the Browse button
At the top of the Saving Data dialog box, click the down arrow and browse to your
C:\Student\ARC2 folder connection.
For Save as type, choose File and Personal Geodatabase feature classes.
Double-click the Integrating_data folder and again on the Protected_Areas geodatabase.
At the bottom of the dialog box, for Name, type Protected.
Click Save.
Confirm that your Export Data dialog box looks like the following graphic.
Click OK to export your data.
Click Yes when prompted to add the new feature class to your map as a layer.
A new layer, named Protected, has been added to your table of contents.
2-17
LESSON 2
Step 8: Export data using the Catalog window

You have created your first feature class. The other two layers could be done in the same way.
However, you will now use the Catalog window to create your next two feature classes.
a
Open the Catalog window and browse to your Integrating_data folder.
To allow the Catalog window to stay open, click the Auto Hide push pin
window.
In the Catalog window, right-click the Oyster_harvest_areas shapefile, point to Export, then
choose Geodatabase (single).
at the top of the
The Feature Class to Feature Class geoprocessing tool opens. This tool allows you to convert from
a variety of different formats to new feature classes in your geodatabase.
At the bottom of the tool window, you can click buttons to show or hide the tool help. In the help,
you can read a general description of the tool and also receive specific help for each of the tool's
input parameters.
The green dots indicate that a parameter is required for the tool to run. Many tools have
additional optional parameters.
For the first parameter, notice that the Input Features are already set to the shapefile.
Next, you will set the Output Location.

When setting a tool's parameters, you can use the browse buttons on the tool, or you can also
drag and drop from the Catalog window onto the tool.
d
For Output Location, drag the Protected_Areas geodatabase into the tool's Output Location
field.
For Output Feature Class, type Oyster_Harvest.
2-18
Integrating data
Spaces are not allowed in names of database objects. Use an underscore in place of
a space to separate words when naming items.
All remaining parameters are optional. Your tool should look like the following graphic.
Click OK to create your new feature class.

At the bottom of the ArcMap window, you may see blue scrolling text indicating the tool is
running. Geoprocessing tools run in the background by default. Some geoprocessing
operations may take a long time to run depending on the type and complexity of the
operation. Running these tools in the background allows you to continue using ArcMap
while the tool is running.
The new feature class is added to your map as a layer.

h
In the Catalog window, expand your Protected_Areas geodatabase to see your new feature
class.
If you do not see your new feature class listed, right-click the geodatabase and choose
Refresh.
Next, you will create a new feature class from your oil and gas wells CAD data.
i
This time, right-click the Protected_Areas geodatabase, point to Import, then choose Feature
Class (single).
Notice that this is the same tool that you used to export your shapefile.
j
In the Catalog window, browse to your Oil_Gas.DWG CAD file and click the plus sign (+) to
expand the contents.
Drag the Oil_Gas points into the Input Features of the tool.
2-19
LESSON 2
Notice that the Output Location is already set to your geodatabase.

For Output Feature Class, type Oil_Gas.
Your completed tool should look like the following graphic.
Click OK to import your Oil_Gas CAD data.
View the contents of your Protected_Areas geodatabase.
You should see your three new feature classes, as shown in the following graphic.
Your original data still exists. By converting the data into a geodatabase, your data is now located
in the same location and format. Your original data could now be deleted if you determine that it
will no longer be needed.
p
In the ArcMap table of contents, right-click the new Oil_Gas layer and open the layer
properties.
4. What is the data type?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the data location?
______________________________________________________________________________
Close the Layer Properties.
Click the Auto Hide push pin on the Catalog window to close the window.
2-20
Integrating data
Step 9: Locate features based on a spatial location

In this step, you will use your data to locate wells that may impact the protected areas, including
the oyster harvesting areas.
Before you perform your analysis, you will remove the original layers from your map.
a
Right-click the original Oil and Gas Wells layer and choose Remove.
Remove the Gulf_Coastal_ProtectedAreas and Oyster_harvest_areas layers.

6. When you remove the layers from your map, are you also deleting the data associated with
each layer?
______________________________________________________________________________
Your map now shows the new geodatabase layers, along with the basemap from ArcGIS Online.
c
This dialog box lets you select features based on their location. In this scenario, you want to
locate wells that are within the oyster harvesting areas.
d
In the Select By Location dialog box, for target layer(s), check the box next to Oil_Gas.
For Source layer, select Oyster_Harvest from the drop-down list.
For Spatial selection method for target layer feature(s), select "are within the source layer
feature" from the list.
Notice that the check box at the bottom. You could also apply a search distance to find features
that close to other features based on a distance measurement.
g
Click OK.
7. Did you find any wells within the oyster harvesting areas?
______________________________________________________________________________
2-21
LESSON 2
To see how many you have selected, click the List By Selection button
table of contents.
at the top of the
You should see 35 selected features for the Oil_Gas layer, as shown in the following example.
You have determined that there are 35 oil or gas wells that may impact the oyster harvesting
areas.
j
At the top of the table of contents, click the List By Drawing Order button
On your own, export the Oil_Gas features to your new geodatabase, naming the new feature
class Oyster_Area_Wells.
Hint: Use the same method as you used to export your Gulf_Coastal_ProtectedAreas layer
earlier in this exercise. Make sure to only export the selected features, as indicated on
the dialog box.
Click No when prompted to add the new feature class to your map.
On the Tools toolbar, click Clear Selected Features
to unselect these oil and gas wells.
Step 10: Update Item Description

A key aspect in working with data in ArcGIS is to create documentation for each of your datasets.
These item descriptions are used by ArcGIS Search to help you find datasets, layers, and other
ArcGIS items. The Item Description is also part of the larger, more comprehensive set of
documentation known as metadata.
a
In the Catalog window, in your Protected_Areas geodatabase, right-click the

Oyster_harvest_areas and click Item Description.
A thumbnail of the data is shown at the top, as well as tags that could be used when searching for
this data, either locally or online.
2-22
Integrating data
Use the Item Description to answer the following questions:

8. What organization created this data?
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What is the extent of the data?
______________________________________________________________________________
There are currently two tags for this data; Business and Economic, and North America. Tags are
important because they allow your data to be located using the ArcGIS Search.
c
At the top of the Item Description window, click Edit.
Enter additional tags (keywords), separated by a comma, that might be useful when searching
for this data.
When adding tags, think about both the data theme and spatial location that would
be useful when searching for data.
Click Save.
Do you see your new tags? Other components of the item description may be edited in the same
way.
f
Close the Item Description window.
From the ArcMap File menu, choose Exit.
Click No when prompted to save changes to your map.
In this lesson, you used several techniques to find and organize data within a geodatabase.
2-23
LESSON 2
Lesson review
1. In the exercise, what types of data did you import into the geodatabase?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe three ways to get data into a geodatabase.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the components a feature class?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2-24
Integrating data

Exercise 2: Integrate and organize GIS data (page 2-9)
1. What is the name of the new layer added to your map?
Gulf_Coastal_ProtectedAreas
2. Under Data Source, what is the Data Type?
Shapefile Feature Class
3. What is the name of the top-level folder where the data located?
The data is located within the C:\Users folder.
4. What is the data type?
File Geodatabase Feature Class
5. What is the data location?
C:\Student\ARC2\Integrating_data\Protected_Areas.gdb
6. When you remove the layers from your map, are you also deleting the data associated with
each layer?
No. Layers area only a set of properties to display your data. Removing a layer does
not delete the data associated with the layer.
7. Did you find any wells within the oyster harvesting areas?
Yes. You should see highlighted blue points on your map indicating the wells that are
within an Oyster_Harvest polygon.
8. What organization created this data?
Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries
9. What is the extent of the data?
Within the state of Louisiana.
2-25
Managing map layers
Managing map layers

Introduction
Key terms
definition query
group layer
large scale
representative fraction
scale bar
Working with map layers is a fundamental concept to creating maps

and visualizing your data with ArcGIS for Desktop. Layers represent
your data through a variety of properties, including symbology.
ArcGIS for Desktop allows you to interact with map layers in the same
way, even though these layers may represent different types of data
stored in different locations. The visibility of features, and entire
layers, can be controlled through the layer properties. You can also
organize your layers to clarify and control the rendering of the map
display.
small scale
spatial bookmark
Structured Query
Language
verbal scale
Topics covered
Displaying map scale
Controlling layer and feature visibility
Organizing layers
Learning objectives
Explain the relationship between map scale and dynamic map

displays.
Manage layer visibility using scale ranges.
Control feature visibility using definition queries.
Determine when it is beneficial to group layers.
3-1
LESSON 3
Map scale
Maps are smaller in size than the data they represent. This ratio of size
reduction is referred to as map scale.
Examples of map scale

In the following example, the United States, with the state of
Colorado highlighted, is an example of a small-scale map. Zooming in
to the state of Colorado, more detail can be shown, such as county
boundaries. Zooming to an even larger scale, the detailed shapes of
features such as buildings, lakes, and roads can displayed.
Figure 3.1
Map scale is the
relationship of distances
on the map to their actual
distances. Maps may be
small, medium, or large
scale.
3-2
Managing map layers
Large-scale and small-scale maps

Maps can show very accurate and detailed information, such as
measurements for property boundaries. Maps can also show more
generalized information, such as a state or country. Scale is often
used as a way to group maps into categories.
Small-scale maps show less detail than large-scale maps, and

usually cover a broader geographic area. These maps show the
general shapes of features, but are not meant for highly
accurate distance or area measurements.
Large-scale maps show more detail than small-scale maps, and
usually cover a more localized geographic area. These maps are
best suited for seeing the detailed shapes of features and for
making accurate measurements of distance or area.
3-3
LESSON 3
Displaying map scale

When reading the scale from a map, it is always presented in the
form, "This distance on the map represents this distance on the
earth." There are three common ways that you can display the scale
of your maps:
Scale bar
Representative fraction
Verbal scale
Scale bar
A scale bar is a graphic indicator, much like a ruler, that presents
real-world units, such as kilometers or miles. Scale bars are the most
familiar form of displaying map scale. The scale bar is read from left to
right, usually starting at the 0 (zero) mark. There may also be units to
the left of the zero mark to allow for more detailed measurements.
The units for the scale bar should be chosen based on what will be
most useful to your intended audience.
Figure 3.2
Scale bar showing units of
kilometers with sub-units
to the left of the zero
mark.
Scale bars in ArcMap have several advantages:
If the map is reduced or enlarged, the scale bar re-sizes in

proportion to the map.
Multiple scale bars can be added to display distances in
different units, such as kilometers and miles.
Scale bars are easy to use when measuring distances on a map.
Use a scale bar to provide distance information in a graphic

format that is intuitive and familiar to most map users.
3-4
Managing map layers
A representative fraction is a ratio of the map distance to the ground
distance. The numerator of the fraction always begins with 1 and
represents the map distance. The denominator of the fraction
represents the number of map units on the ground.
Figure 3.3
showing the ratio of map
units to ground units
The representative fraction uses the same units for both map and
ground distance. This allows you to measure distances on the map in
any units you choose, such as inches, centimeters, etc. If you have a
representative fraction of 1:100,000, each unit on the map represents
100,000 of these same units on the ground. This scale tells you the
map is 1/100,000 the size of the earth.
Representative fractions will require you to convert these units to
something more meaningful, like kilometers. For example, 1
centimeter on the map represents 100,000 centimeters on the
ground. Converting to kilometers, 100,000 centimeters equals 1
kilometer.
The advantage of the representative fraction is that the map user
knows the exact ratio of map distance to ground distance.
Use a representative fraction when the exact ratio of map

distance to ground distance is needed to facilitate accurate
distance measurements.
Verbal scale
A verbal scale, also known as a relative scale, is a descriptive
statement expressing the map units and ground units. The verbal
scale takes the larger numbers often found in representative fractions
and presents them in units that are more meaningful for ground
measurements.
A verbal scale displays map units and their equivalent ground units. A
representative fraction of 1:100,000 represented with a verbal scale
would be commonly written as 1 centimeter = 1 kilometer. Similarly,
3-5
LESSON 3
1:24,000 described as a verbal scale would be written as 1 inch =

2,000 feet.
When using a verbal scale, consider the following:
The measurement units that your audience will want to use

when measuring distances on the map.
The ground distances your audience will find most
meaningful.
3-6
Managing map layers
Specifying scale in ArcMap

For an in-depth discussion
of specifying map scales
using the Scale field on
the Standard toolbar, refer
to the ArcGIS 10.1 Help
Library: Working with map
scales.
There are many ways to specify map scale in ArcMap using the Scale
input field on the Standard toolbar.
Using the Scale input field

Enter scales in the Scale input field on the Standard toolbar.
Both representative fractions and verbal scales may be entered.

You can customize the drop-down list of scales by adding and
removing representative fractions.
To set a precise map scale, use the Scale input field rather than
the interactive Zoom In
and Zoom Out
tools.
Specifying representative fractions
Scales in ArcMap are displayed in the Scale field as representative
fractions.
When setting a representative fraction, only the scale

denominator is required.
Entering the thousands placeholder (delimiter) is not required.
For example, 1:100,000 can be entered as 100000.
Values may be pasted into the Scale field.
A hyphen (-) or the word to can be used as the separator in
place of a colon (:). This is useful if you already have a
representative fraction specified in another document and wish
to paste the value into the Scale input field.
Specifying verbal scales
Verbal scales may also be entered into the Scale input field.
Abbreviations for map units and ground units may be used in place of
the full unit name. For example, a verbal scale of 1 inch equivalent to
1 mile, could be specified in the following ways:
1 inch = 1 mile
1 in = 1 mi
Follow these additional tips when using verbal scales:
Verbal scales may be pasted into the Scale field.

Your verbal scale will be converted to a representative fraction.
The equivalent representative fraction will be displayed in the
Scale field.
3-7
LESSON 3
Controlling the visibility of features
ArcGIS Help Library: SQL
reference for query

expressions.
When you display a layer in ArcMap, you often want to display only
some of the features in the dataset. To display a subset of features,
you can create a query expression. Only the features which meet the
query condition will be displayed. This is referred to as a definition
query. Queries in ArcGIS are written in a syntax known as Structured
Query Language, or SQL.
The following map shows Alaska earthquakes. However, based on the
earthquake attributes, you may only wish to show earthquakes
occurring later than a specific date, or greater than a specified
magnitude.
Figure 3.4
Alaska earthquakes; all
points shown
3-8
Managing map layers
In the following map, only earthquakes greater than magnitude 7 are

shown using a query. Features that do not meet the conditions of the
query are not shown.
Figure 3.5
Using a query, Alaska
earthquakes only greater
than magnitude 7 are
shown
3-9
LESSON 3
Displaying layers at different scales

The layers of your maps may be set to turn on or off at specific map
scales. This allows you to display more detail as you zoom in and less
detail as you zoom out. In the following example, Australia is shown
as a small-scale map, without much detail.
Figure 3.6
Small scale map of
Australia
3-10
Managing map layers
The following map is zoomed into the city of Sydney. Notice at this
map scale, much more detail may be shown, such as roads and place
names.
Figure 3.7
Large scale map of
Sydney, Australia
To create a seamless experience when zooming in and out of

your map, you may have several layers of the same theme,
such as roads. Each road layer will be symbolized for display
within a range of map scales. Through the layer properties, you
may set the scales at which each layer should display. When
you zoom in or out, these layers will turn on or off as
appropriate to show different levels of detail.
Creating pre-defined display areas

With ArcMap, you can create a stored map extent which allows you to
quickly zoom to a specific geographic area. This pre-defined map
extent is known as spatial bookmark.
If you repeatedly zoom to an area, bookmarks are much more

efficient than manually using pan and zoom tools.
Bookmarks are a property of the data frame. Each data frame in your
map document can have a different set of bookmarks. You can also
3-11
LESSON 3
export bookmarks and load them into another data frame, either in
the same map document, or another map document.
3-12
Managing map layers
Organizing layers
You can organize layers in the table of contents by creating layer
groups. A group layer contains other layers, known as sub-layers.
Group layers can help you organize related types of data in your map.
They can also be used to define advanced layer drawing options.
Figure 3.8
Two group layers, named
Transportation and Lakes,
are used to organize
similar types of data.
A group layer behaves similarly to other layers in the table of

contents.
ArcGIS 10.1 Help Library:
Working with group layers

and Working with
basemap layers.
Turning off the visibility of a group layer turns off the visibility of
all its component layers.
A group layer's properties override any conflicting properties of
its sub-layers. For example, a layer's visible scale range will be
overridden by the visible scale range of the group layer.
Group layers can be re-ordered in the table of contents by
dragging the layer above or below other layers.
Once a group layer is created, other layers can be dragged into,
or out of, the group.
The properties of all sub-layers are still accessible, just like
stand-alone layers that are not part of a group.
Basemap layers are a special type of group layer that allows for
high-performance drawing.
3-13
Managing map layers
35 minutes
Exercise 3: Use layers to create optimal map

displays
Create a map of Florida that supports display at multiple map scales.
Control layer visibility.

Control feature visibility.
Organize layers.
In this exercise, you will create a dynamic map of the state of Florida.
The visibility of layers and features in your map will be controlled
using attribute queries and map scales. You will also organize layers
into groups.
Figure 3.9
A dynamic map supports
display at multiple map
scales with increasing
detail as you zoom in and
decreasing detail as you
zoom out.
3-15
LESSON 3
Step 1: Use map scales to explore level of detail

ArcGIS allows you to control the display of your map layers based on map scale. This allows you
to create dynamic map displays that change the level of detail as you change your map scale.
Determining the appropriate scale at which to display your data is based on the scale in which the
data was created and also the symbology you choose to display your map.
In this step, you will open and explore a map of the state of Florida. The map has several
symbolized layers, including counties, major roads, and lakes.
a
Open ArcMap.
On the ArcMap - Getting Started window, under Existing Maps, click Browse for more.
Browse to your ..\ARC2\Managing_map_layers folder and select Florida.mxd.
Click Open.
Your map document has the Major Roads and Counties turned on. You will work with the roads
first.
e
From the list of scales on the Standard toolbar, choose 1:5,000,000.
At this scale, examine the Major Roads layer and consider the following questions.
1. Can you clearly see each road segment at this map scale?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you think the roads data was meant to be used at this map scale? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Would the roads be more meaningful at a larger or smaller map scale?
______________________________________________________________________________
3-16
Managing map layers
4. How could you find out the scale at which this data was meant to be used?
______________________________________________________________________________
g
Right-click the Major Roads layer; point to Data, then choose View Item Description.
5. From the Item Description, what is the appropriate map scale for using this data?
______________________________________________________________________________
Most data will be useful within a range of scales. However, the scale at which the
data was created is important because if often indicates the largest scale at which
the data should be used. This is especially important when using your data for
analysis.
Close the Item Description.
From the Bookmarks menu, choose Miami.
From the list of map scales, choose 1:24,000.

6. Does this map scale provide enough detail for the roads?
______________________________________________________________________________
On the Tools toolbar, click the Full Extent button

map.
Click the check box next to the Major Roads layer to turn off the roads.
Click the check box next to the Lakes layer.
From the Bookmarks menu, choose Central Florida.
to zoom to the extent of all layers in your
3-17
LESSON 3
On your own, use the Scale input field to zoom to the following scales and use the Pan tool
to explore the Lakes layer.
1:1,000,000
1:250,000
1:24,000
7. Which scale appears best suited for displaying the lakes?
______________________________________________________________________________
Open the Item Description for the Lakes layer.
8. Which scale is appropriate for displaying the Lakes layer?

______________________________________________________________________________
Close the Item Description.
Step 2: Build an attribute query

Now that you have explored the layers in your map, you will begin to create layers appropriate for
display at different map scales.
a
Zoom to the full extent of your map.
Turn off the Lakes layer and turn on the Major Roads layer.
You will begin by creating a separate layer containing only the highways. You will use this layer
when zoomed to smaller map scales, such as the statewide view.
Right-click the Major Roads layer and choose Open Attribute Table.
Several attributes are shown which describe each road segment.

d
Hold your mouse over one of the corners of the Table window until it appears as a two-sided
arrow.
3-18
Managing map layers
Click and drag your mouse to make your window larger so you can see all of the attribute
fields.
9. Look at the attribute values. Is there an attribute that could be used to separate the
highways from the rest of the major roads?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Now, you will select only the roads that are highways.
f
On the Table window, click the Table Options button
and choose Select By Attributes.
In the Select By Attributes dialog box, confirm that Method is set to Create a new selection.
Next, you see a list of the attributes from which you can build a selection statement.
h
To create your selection statement, double-click the CLASS attribute in the list.
The attribute is added to your selection statement.

i
Next, click the equal (=) operator.
This is also added to your expression. The last part of your expression will be to select the
highway value.
j
Click Get Unique Values.
3-19
LESSON 3
The list is updated with all unique values that occur for this attribute. In this case, there are only
two values; a road is either a Highway or a Major_Road.
Double-click Highway to finish your expression.
Your expression should look like the following example.
Click Verify to confirm that your expression is entered correctly.
Click Apply to execute your query.
Scroll through the attribute table.
You should see selected rows highlighted in blue, corresponding to CLASS values of Highway, as
shown in the following example.
Click the X in the upper-right corner of the attribute table to close the table window.
Notice that the highways that you selected in the table are also selected on the map.
10. Using the table of contents, how can you determine the number of features you have
selected?
______________________________________________________________________________
11. How many features are selected?
______________________________________________________________________________
3-20
Managing map layers
Step 3: Create a layer from selected features

In this step, you will create a layer from the selected features.
a
If necessary, click the List By Drawing Order button
at the top of the table of contents.
Right-click the Major Roads layer; point to Selection, then choose Create Layer From Selected
Features.
A new layer, named Major Roads selection, is added to your table of contents.
This new selection layer does not contain a definition query. The query that creates
this layer is held internally by the map document. If you examine the layer, it is not
obvious that it was created from a selected set of features. Selection layers are a
powerful way to isolate features by displaying them within a separate layer.
However, if you share this map document with others, you should consider
exporting the data represented by this selection layer.
On the Tools toolbar, click the Clear Selected Features button
Turn off the Major Roads layer.
Rename your new layer Highways.
If you have several layers of similar data, such as roads and highways, you may wish
to name each layer according to the scale at which it should be displayed, for
example, Highways100K, for a Highways layer to be displayed at 1:100,000 scale.
Hint: Click the layer name, then click again to edit the text. Click outside the text area when
you are done.
f
Right-click the line symbol below the Highways layer and choose a dark red color from the
color palette.
3-21
LESSON 3
12. Do these roads look more appropriate for use at this map scale?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
By creating a separate selection layer of highways and turning off the Major Roads, you have
simplified the appearance of your map and created a more meaningful map display. You now
have two layers, symbolized differently, that point to the same source data. Selection layers are
very useful for isolating a set of features and displaying them as their own layer.
Step 4: Set layer scale ranges

Now that you have your two roads layers, you will set the scales at which each layer should
display.
Most GIS data has a range of map scales at which the data is meaningfully displayed. Each layer is
different depending on the data and how it is symbolized. Determining these scale ranges can be
done by zooming into the data and finding the smallest and largest scales at which the data is
visually meaningful. The Item Description should also be used to determine the appropriate scale
at which the data is to be used.
Earlier, you determined that 1:24,000 was an appropriate map scale for the Major Roads layer.
However, the roads may be displayed at smaller scales and still provide a meaningful map.
a
Turn off the Highways and turn on the Major Roads.
Zoom to the Central Florida bookmark.
A useful technique for determining a meaningful map scale is to zoom into an area
with a high density of features, such as an urban area, and then zoom out until the
features start to draw too close together to be seen individually.
Zoom in to the map and pan to different locations to determine a scale at which most of the
Major Roads features are visible and appear meaningful.
13. What map scale did you choose?
______________________________________________________________________________
3-22
Managing map layers
Hint: Look at the map scale displayed on the Standard toolbar. This is your current display
scale.
You should have determined a map scale close to 1:100,000. At this scale, most roads are still
individually recognized.
d
Set your map scale to 1:100,000.
Right-click the Major Roads layer; point to Visible Scale Range, and choose Set Minimum
Scale.
1:100,000 is the smallest scale at which you will have your Major Roads display. When zooming in,
this is the map scale at which your Major Roads will turn on.
Now that you know the scale at which your Major Roads will turn on, you will use this same scale
to turn off your Highways.
f
Right-click the Highways layer and open the Layer Properties.
If necessary, click the General tab.
Under Scale Range, notice that you can also set the minimum and maximum scales. By default,
the Show layer at all scales option is turned on.
h
Click the Don't show layer when zoomed option.
For the maximum scale (In beyond value), click in the drop-down list and choose 1:100,000.
1:100,000 is now the largest map scale at which your Highways will display.
j
Click OK to close the Layer Properties.
Step 5: Use your map scale ranges

In this step, you will see the effect of applying map scales to your layers.
a
Notice that the check box next to the Major Roads layer is gray. This indicates that the layer is
enabled for display, but a map scale range is preventing the layer from drawing.
3-23
LESSON 3
Turn on the Highways layer.
14. Does the Highways layer display?

______________________________________________________________________________
The Highways layer should display because you are zoomed out to a scale smaller than 1:100,000,
which you set as your maximum scale.
Use the Zoom In tool
to experiment with different map displays.
Do your layers turn on and off as expected? A scale of 1:100,000 should be where you see your
Highways turn off and your Major Roads turn on.
If you had additional roads layers, you could set these to draw at different scales, creating a map
that shows continuously more detail as you zoom in and less detail as you zoom out.
Turn off the Major Roads and Highways layers.
Step 6: Display data using a definition query

In this step, you will create two layers to represent your lakes at different map scales. This will be
similar what you just did with your roads, but you will use another technique to show just the
features you want at each scale.
a
Right-click the Lakes layer and choose Copy.
Right-click the Florida data frame at the top of your table of contents, and choose Paste
Layer(s).
You have just duplicated the Lakes layer. Now you will change the layer so only the lakes that are
visually meaningful will display, based on your map scale.
3-24
Managing map layers
Your table of contents should look like the following graphic.
Rename the bottom Lakes layer Large Lakes.
Next, you will write a query to select only a certain category of features. These lakes will be shown
when your map displays at a smaller map scale.
d
Turn on the Large Lakes layer.
All of the lakes and other water bodies, like swamp and marsh areas, are displayed. There are also
many small lakes that are not visible at this map scale.
e
Open the Layer Properties for the Large Lakes layer.

You can also double-click the layer name to open the Layer Properties.
Click the Definition Query tab.
A definition query is much like the Select By Attributes query you created earlier. However, with a
definition query you are not selecting features, but creating a condition that features have to meet
in order to be displayed. Features that do not meet the query will not be displayed on your map.
3-25
LESSON 3
Use a definition query when you want to control the display of features based on an
attribute. If you wish to select features based on an attribute, use Select By
Attributes.
Click Query Builder.
The Query Builder dialog box displays. Notice that this looks very similar to the Select By
Attributes dialog box you used earlier. In fact, you will build your query the same way.
Only three attributes are shown for the Large Lakes layer. You will first write a query to select only
values from the TYPE field, which specifies the type of water body. Then you will see the effect of
the definition query on your map.
h
At the top of the Query Builder, double-click TYPE.
Click the equal (=) operator, then click Get Unique Values.
Notice the different types of water bodies present in the Large Lakes layer.
j
Double-click LAKE/POND to add this value to your expression.
Your definition query should look like the following example.
You are only going to display lakes if they are classified as either a lake or a pond.
l
3-26
Click OK twice to close the Query Builder and the Layer Properties.
Click OK to apply your changes to the Layer Properties.
Managing map layers
Your map should look like the following example. Notice how you have reduced the number of
features shown on your map through the use of the definition query.
Your map looks much better. However, there are still many small lakes that should not display at
this map scale.
n
Zoom to the Blue Cypress Lake bookmark.
Blue Cypress Lake is the large lake near the middle of your map.
o
On the Tools toolbar, click the Identify tool
Click Blue Cypress Lake on your map.
Look at the attribute values in the bottom section of the Identify window.
The SQ_KM field lists the area of each lake in square kilometers.
15. What is the area of Blue Cypress Lake?
______________________________________________________________________________
3-27
LESSON 3
You will use the SQ_KM attribute to further enhance your definition query by only showing the
larger lakes and ponds greater than 25 square kilometers.
r
Close the Identify window.
Open the Layer Properties for the Large Lakes layer and confirm that the Definition Query tab
is active.
Your previous query is displayed. Now you will add another query based on the area of each lake.
t
Click Query Builder.
Place your cursor at the end of the existing query, as shown by the arrow in the following
example.
On your own, add another query based on the lake area, as shown in the following example.
Hint: To create your query, complete the following steps:
Click the AND operator.

Double-click SQ_KM.
Click the greater-than (>) operator.
Type 25 on your keyboard.
Click OK to close the Query Builder and the Layer Properties.
3-28
Managing map layers
Now the number of lakes has been reduced even further, as shown in the following example.
Open the attribute table for the Large Lakes layer.
Hint: Right-click the layer and choose Open Attribute Table.

When you create a definition query, the attribute table is affected by the query just like the
features on your map. At the bottom of the attribute table, you can see how many features are
being displayed by the definition query.
16. How many lakes are being displayed?
______________________________________________________________________________
aa
Close the attribute table.
Step 7: Create layer scale ranges for lakes

In this step, you will display the lakes for use with larger map scales.
a
Turn on the Lakes layer.
Rename the Lakes layer Lakes and Ponds.
On your own, write a definition query for the Lakes and Ponds layer to display only the lakes
that are of type lake or pond.
3-29
LESSON 3
Zoom in to the Lakes and Ponds layer and choose a scale at which the smallest of the water
bodies become visually meaningful.
17. What map scale did you determine should be used to turn on the Lakes and Ponds layer?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Using the method of your choice, set the minimum scale at which to display the Lakes and
Ponds layer.
Hint: Use the Layer Properties, or right-click the layer and choose Visible Scale Range.
Repeat for the Large Lakes layer, but this time set the scale value for the maximum scale at
which your large lakes should display.
Step 8: Display your final map

In this step, you will use your scale settings for your roads and lakes layers.
a
Turn on all layers in the table of contents.
Zoom in and out while noticing the scales at which your layers turn on and off.
Try zooming to bookmarks and setting specific map scales to control your display.
Step 9: Create group layers

In this step, you will organize your layers into groups. Creating group layers allows you to turn all
of the layers on or off within the group by clicking the checkbox next to the group layer. Group
layers also have properties that allow you to control the display of all layers within the group.
You will use two different techniques for creating your group layers.
a
Select the Highways layer

Hint: Click the layer name in the table of contents.
3-30
Managing map layers
Hold down the Shift key on your keyboard and click the Major Roads layer to add it to your
selection.
Use the Shift key when selecting multiple adjacent layers within the table of
contents. Use the Ctrl key when selecting multiple layers that are not adjacent in the
table of contents. In the previous task, you could have used either the Shift or the
Ctrl key.
Right-click one of the selected layers and choose Group.
Your two layers are now sub-layers within a new group layer.
d
Rename your group layer Transportation.
Your group layer should look like the following example.
Now you will use a different technique to create a group layer for the lakes layers.
f
Right-click the Florida data frame and choose New Group Layer.
Click the Lakes and Ponds layer name and drag the layer under the New Group Layer.
You will see a black horizontal bar indicating the layer position as you drag with your mouse.
h
Move the Large Lakes layer into the New Group Layer.
Rename your New Group Layer Lakes.
Your Lakes group layer should look like the following example.
3-31
LESSON 3
Turn the group layers off and on.
Notice that the display of the group layer overrides the display checkboxes of the sub-layers.
Right-click one of the group layers and open the layer properties.
18. What are the three categories of group layer properties?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
n
Click Cancel to close the layer properties.
From the File menu, click Save As.
Browse to your ..\Student\ARC2\Managing_map_layers folder and save your map as

MapLayers.mxd
Exit ArcMap.
Customizing the level of detail as you zoom in and out can greatly enhance the experience of
using dynamic maps. Organizing your layers into groups can simplify the table of contents and
allow you to control the display of all layers within the group.
3-32
Managing map layers
Lesson review
1. Describe the three ways to represent map scale.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Large-scale maps show a smaller geographic area than small-scale maps.
a. True
b. False
3. Why should you group layers together?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. How can you control visibility of features within a layer?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3-33
LESSON 3

Exercise 3: Use layers to create optimal map displays (page 3-15)
1. Can you clearly see each road segment at this map scale?
No. Areas where there is a high density of roads do not show each road segment
clearly at this map scale.
2. Do you think the roads data was meant to be used at this map scale? Why?
No. The roads data has too much detail to be useful at this map scale.
3. Would the roads be more meaningful at a larger or smaller map scale?
If you zoom in to a larger map scale, you will begin to see the roads more clearly
displayed.
4. How could you find out the scale at which this data was meant to be used?
The Item Description might contain the relevant information.
5. From the Item Description, what is the appropriate map scale for using this data?
1:24,000.
6. Does this map scale provide enough detail for the roads?
The roads are all visible with an appropriate amount of detail.
7. Which scale appears best suited for displaying the lakes?
1:24,000
8. Which scale is appropriate for displaying the Lakes layer?
1:24,000
9. Look at the attribute values. Is there an attribute that could be used to separate the
highways from the rest of the major roads?
The CLASS attribute stores values for whether each road segment is a Major_Road or
Highway. Other attributes could be used, too, but with more complexity. The CLASS
attribute was created for just this purpose.
3-34
Managing map layers
10. Using the table of contents, how can you determine the number of features you have
selected?
At the top of the table of contents, click the List By Selection button.
11. How many features are selected?
1673 features are selected corresponding to an value of Highway.
12. Do these roads look more appropriate for use at this map scale?
There are still a few areas where the roads may not clearly distinguishable. However,
your map is now much easier to read than when all of the major roads were displayed.
13. What map scale did you choose?
Answers will vary, but you should have chosen a scale near 1:100,000.
14. Does the Highways layer display?
Yes
15. What is the area of Blue Cypress Lake?
26.385 square kilometers
16. How many lakes are being displayed?
28
17. What map scale did you determine should be used to turn on the Lakes and Ponds layer?
Answers will vary, but a map scale of about 1:100,000 or larger could be used. At
scales smaller than 1:100,000, the smallest lakes are too small to add meaningful
information to your map.
18. What are the three categories of group layer properties?
General
Group
Display
3-35
Displaying data
Displaying data
Introduction
Key terms
interval
nominal
normalization
ordinal
ratio
Map layers support the display of data in many different ways,

including both qualitative and quantitative attributes. In this lesson,
you will analyze how attributes can be used to visualize your data.
Before you create a new map, you should ask yourself the following
questions:
Do I have the attributes I need to create my map?

What types of attributes are in my data?
Will my map show data categories or quantities?
Topics covered
Evaluating attributes for symbology
Levels of measurement
Classifying data
Learning objectives
Determine when to symbolize features by categories or

quantities.
Determine levels of measurement when symbolizing data.
Apply different methods for classifying quantitative data.
4-1
LESSON 4
Why symbolize your data?

Figure 4.1
Geographic, and other
related data, may be
symbolized in many ways.
4-2
Displaying data
Displaying data categories

Data can be classified into different categories. On a map, features in
the same category use the same symbol to differentiate them from
other categories of features.
Figure 4.2
Data displayed by
categories. Data copyright
T-Kartor Sweden AB.
4-3
LESSON 4
Displaying data quantities

Data can be displayed based on quantities. Most often, a smooth
progression of colors or graduated-sized symbols will be used to
show quantitative differences. Features with the same quantity, or
same range of quantities, are shown with the same symbol.
Figure 4.3
Data displayed based on
quantities.
4-4
Displaying data
Types of attributes
GIS data uses attributes to describe features and distinguish between
different feature types. Levels of measurement provide a framework
for thinking about and presenting your data. This concept is important
because you need to know whether data is qualitative or quantitative,
and which symbology methods will present the data in the most
meaningful way. In addition, knowing the level of measurement will
allow you to use the data appropriately when solving spatial problems
using analytical and statistical tools.
The four levels of measurement are:
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Figure 4.4
GIS data attributes may be
of different measurement
levels, which distinguish
among categorical and
quantitative data types.
4-5
LESSON 4
Nominal
Nominal attributes are the simplest type of data and serve to identify
one feature from another. Nominal attributes include feature names,
such as a city or lake. For example, Miami or Crater Lake.
Nominal attributes are typically text values, but may also be numeric;
for example, postal zip codes or other numeric code value. The
numbers in nominal data are only for identification of a feature and
should not be used or interpreted as a quantity on which
mathematical operations can performed.
Ordinal
Ordinal attributes imply an order or ranking of the data. For example,
cities can be ranked by population into small, medium, and large
categories. Additional rankings of ordinal data could be presented as:
good, fair, poor

low, medium, high
class1, class2, class3
Interval
As this name implies, interval data is numeric, with the interval
between values remaining constant. The placement of zero, however,
is arbitrary. This is important in identifying interval data. The value of
zero does not mean an absence of a value, but rather an arbitrary
placement on the interval scale.
The most common type of interval data is temperature in degrees
Celsius or Fahrenheit. The interval between each degree remains
constant. For example, the interval from 20 to 30 is the same as 40
to 50. However, at zero degrees, there is still temperature. In fact,
you can have values below zero.
Ratio
Data is classified as ratio if the ratios of two values make sense.
Speed limits would be a ratio, because a speed of 60 miles per hour
is twice as fast (or a ratio of 2:1) as 30 miles per hour. Temperature in
degrees Celsius is not ratio, because 80 is not twice as warm as 40.
Mathematical operations make sense with ratio data, such as adding
or subtracting values, averaging, etc.
With ratio data, the value of zero means an absence. For example,
percentages are ratio data. Consider population growth as a
4-6
Displaying data
percentage. These values can be made into ratios that make sense.
Also, a value of zero-percent growth means an absence of, or zero,
growth.
4-7
LESSON 4
Differentiate between categories and quantities

Determining the type of attributes is important when deciding how to
symbolize your data. In this activity, you will determine whether
attributes shown on a map represent categories or quantities, and
their measurement level.
Your instructor will present a series of maps. Through your discussions
and review of each map, determine whether the map data is showing:
Categories
Quantities
Determine the measurement level of the data:
4-8
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Displaying data
Surface temperature in degrees Fahrenheit

Figure 4.5
Surface temperature
1. Is the main message of the map showing categories or quantities?
2. What is the measurement level of the data? (circle one)
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
4-9
LESSON 4
Crater Lake area slope
Figure 4.6
Degrees of slope within
Crater Lake National Park
4-10
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Displaying data
Road atlas
Figure 4.7
Road atlas, copyright TKartor Sweden AB
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
4-11
LESSON 4
Classifying data
You can display your data in ArcMap in a variety of ways to highlight
differences between categories and quantities. ArcMap provides
many ways to symbolize your data. The method you choose is really a
decision based on the purpose and design of your map. Your most
important decision will be whether to use qualitative or quantitative
symbols. Knowing the level of measurement of your data will help you
make these symbology decisions if you are unsure about how your
data should be displayed.
Default symbology
When you first add data to ArcMap, your data will appear with all
features symbolized the same way. The following map of Florida
counties shows all county polygons displayed with the same symbol.
The data is shown as a nominal level of measurement.
Figure 4.8
Florida counties shown
with default symbology
4-12
Displaying data
Display based on category

You may symbolize your data on differences of category. The
following map shows Florida counties displayed with a unique color
for each county. In this example, the data is shown as nominal
categories.
Figure 4.9
Florida counties with
displayed by category
Display based on quantity

Numeric data may be displayed by grouping numeric values together
and assigning a symbol to each group. The following map shows
Florida counties symbolized based on the total population, with the
darker shaded counties having a larger population. The population
quantiles shown are a ratio level of measurement.
Figure 4.10
Florida counties grouped
into numeric ranges
showing total population
4-13
LESSON 4
Normalizing data
Many times, displaying the values from an attribute only tells part of
the story of your data. In the following map of Texas counties, the
number of people in the 18 - 21 year old age group are shown. The
darker polygons represent a greater quantity of people in this age
group.
Figure 4.11
Raw data values shown for
number of 18 - 21 year
olds in Texas counties.
Through a technique known as normalization, you can create a ratio,

which often portrays your data much differently from the raw values.
In the following map, the number of 18 - 21 year olds within each
county are divided by the total population. Through normalization,
the number of 18 - 21 year olds are now symbolized as a percentage
of the total population. Notice how the distribution of light and dark
colored polygons is much different than the map showing only raw
data values.
Figure 4.12
Number of 18 - 21 year
olds in Texas counties
normalized by total
population.
4-14
Displaying data
Normalizing data
Displaying your data as a ratio is useful if you want to minimize
differences based on the size of areas or number of features in each
area. Ratios are created by dividing one value into another. Creating
data ratios is known as normalizing data.
Mapping raw data values

In the following map, the age 18-21 population is shown for each
county. This map looks similar to a map of total population because
the counties with a higher population also have higher counts of
people in this age group.
Figure 4.13
Population values of age
18-21
Normalizing to create a percentage

Dividing the age 18-21 population by the total population yields the
percentage of 18-21 year old people in each county. Notice how this
normalized map looks different than the raw values map.
Figure 4.14
Age 18-21 population
normalized by total
population
4-15
LESSON 4
Normalizing to create a density

Similarly, dividing the age 18-21 population by the area of each
county, such as square miles, would yield a value per unit area, or
density.
Figure 4.15
Age 18-21 population
normalized by area
4-16
Displaying data
Exercise 4: Symbolize GIS Data
40 minutes
Create several maps of the state of Florida using crime data. From
these different maps, choose the map which best symbolizes the
crime distribution.
Apply qualitative and quantitative symbology to GIS data.

Evaluate quantitative classification methods.
Figure 4.16
Florida crime levels shown
using different quantitative
methods
4-17
LESSON 4
Step 1: Evaluate attributes for symbology

Data attributes serve as the foundation for your map symbols. In this step, you will explore and
identify attributes that could be used for qualitative or quantitative display.
a
Open ArcMap.
On the ArcMap - Getting Started window, under Existing Maps, click Browse for more.
Browse to your ..\ARC2\Symbology folder and select Quantitative_Symbols.mxd.
Click Open.
Your map opens with four data frames in the table of contents. The Natural Breaks data frame is
currently active and is shown in a bold font.
On the Tools toolbar, click the Full Extent button
The Natural Breaks data frame has one layer, named Crime. This is the layer currently shown on
your map. You can think of each data frame as a separate map, each with its own layers and
symbols.
To illustrate how each data frame represents a map, you will change your view in ArcMap to
Layout View, which presents all of your maps together on a virtual page.
f
From the View Menu, click Layout View.
The layout toolbar will appear when you switch to Layout View.
g
4-18
If necessary, move, or dock, the toolbar so you can see all of your maps displayed.
Displaying data
You should see each of the four data frames in your table of contents shown as a separate map.
These maps, along with their titles, have been positioned for you in the map document. You will
make changes to each of these maps, and then use Layout View at the end of this exercise to
compare your four maps.
h
From the View menu, choose Data View.

You can also change views by clicking the Data View
bottom-left of your map display.
and Layout View
buttons at the
Prior to symbolizing your data, you should examine the type of data stored in each
attribute field. Identifying the level of measurement for each attribute can help you
determine how the attribute should be symbolized.
Open the attribute table for the Crime layer.
If necessary, resize your table window so that you can see all of the attribute columns.
Several attributes are shown in the table. Many of these are automatically created and maintained
by ArcGIS, including the following:
OBJECTID
Shape
Shape_Length
Shape_Area
The remaining attributes have been added to this feature class and are specific to the data. These
include:
STATE
COUNTY
POPULATION
VEHICLE_THEFT
Right-click the COUNTY attribute field heading and choose Properties.
The Field properties dialog box opens, showing the structure of this attribute.
4-19
LESSON 4
1. At the top of the dialog box, what type of field is the COUNTY attribute?
______________________________________________________________________________
Click Cancel to close the Field Properties.
2. What level of measurement is the COUNTY attribute?

______________________________________________________________________________
m
On your own, examine the attribute types for the POPULATION and VEHICLE_THEFT
attributes.
3. What types of attributes are POPULATION and VEHICLE_THEFT?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Are POPULATION and VEHICLE_THEFT qualitative or quantitative?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What level of measurement are the POPULATION and VEHICLE_THEFT attributes?
______________________________________________________________________________
Close the Table window.
Step 2: Apply the Natural Breaks classification

Now that you have examined your attributes, you are ready to begin classifying your data. When
you classify your data, you group your features into different categories based on map symbols.
This allows you to visualize patterns, trends, and categories of features on your map. You can
choose from several classification methods provided in ArcMap, or you can manually define your
own custom class ranges.
In the remaining steps of this exercise you will work with Florida crime data and compare several
different quantitative classification methods to symbolize your maps. You will compare the results
of the different methods and examine why one classification method may be preferred over
another.
4-20
Displaying data
When displaying quantitative attributes, you will have to choose the classification method. You will
also have to decide how many classes you will use to represent the data. The number of classes
you choose will depend on how many symbols are necessary to effectively show spatial patterns.
Too few classes will result in an overly-simplified map.

Too many classes will result in a map in which major patterns are difficult to recognize.
Having too many classes can also make it difficult to match the map symbols to their correct
values in the legend. This could cause map readers to make incorrect decisions when reading the
map.
a
In the Natural Breaks data frame, double-click the Crime layer to open the layer properties.
On the left, methods that you can use to symbolize your data are listed. These are known as
renderers.
c
Click Quantities and confirm that the Graduated colors renderer is highlighted.
Next, you will choose which attribute will be symbolized with graduated colors.
d
For Value, choose VEHICLE_THEFT.
These are the number of vehicle thefts by county.

Under Classification, notice that the method is set to Natural Breaks (Jenks) and number of classes
is set to 5.
4-21
LESSON 4
This is the default method and number of classes when classifying quantitative attributes. This
method is named after George Jenks, a professor of geography at the University of Kansas, who
developed this method of showing spatial data distributions.
The Jenks method is often regarded as the best method for showing clusters of
attribute values by using the breaks, or gaps, between symbols in the map legend.
Right-click the Color Ramp.
Uncheck Graphic View.
Turning off the graphic view allows you to view the color ramps by name. This can
be helpful when you want to use a specific color ramp, or communicate which color
ramp is used to symbolize your data.
Click the drop-down arrow and choose the Purple Bright color ramp.
Click OK.
4-22
Displaying data
Your map is now symbolized according to the Natural Breaks method, using the Purple Bright
color ramp.
Do you think these results are meaningful? To help you answer this question, you will look at the
population values of some of the polygons and compare them to the Crime attributes that you
have just symbolized.
i
Open the layer properties for the Crime layer.
Click the Display tab.
Under Display Expression, for Field, choose POPULATION.
Check the box for Show MapTips using the display expression.
Click OK.
Place your mouse over some of the polygons in your map.
You should now see the POPULATION value as you pause your mouse over each county.
Compare the values displayed in the MapTip to the light and dark values in your map.
4-23
LESSON 4
6. Describe the relationship between the areas of high and low vehicle theft and the
population shown by the MapTip.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Step 3: Work with the Equal Interval classification

In this step, you will work with a classification method named Equal Interval.
a
Click the minus sign (-) next to the Natural Breaks data frame to collapse the data frame.
Right-click the Equal Interval data frame and choose Activate.
Choosing Activate allows you to see the layers associated with a data frame.
c
Expand the Equal Interval data frame to see the Crime layer.
On the Symbology tab, click Quantities and confirm that the Graduated colors renderer is
highlighted.
Notice that the default classification is set to Natural Breaks (Jenks), with five classes.
h
Click Classify.
At the top of the dialog box, for Method, choose Equal Interval from the drop-down list.
4-24
Displaying data
View the histogram at the bottom of the Classification dialog box. The histogram shows the
distribution of the VEHICLE_THEFT attribute values along the x-axis and the number of features
along the y-axis.
Viewing the histogram is one way which you can use to examine your data for
trends in the distribution and identify possible outlier values, which you may choose
to show or exclude from your map. Use the histogram when using the Equal Interval
method to ensure that all of your legend categories have values. Empty categories
are confusing and misleading to your map reader.
7. Based on the class breaks currently shown in the histogram, what potential problems might
there be when creating a map legend?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
As you can see from the histogram, the Equal Interval classification method does not consider
how your data values are distributed. This can result in empty classes, which will create legend
categories that have no corresponding features on the map.
j
Change the number of classes and review the histogram until you do not have any empty
classes.
4-25
LESSON 4
8. How many classes should be used with Equal Interval to have at least one feature in each
class?
______________________________________________________________________________
Using the Equal Interval method with four or more classes will result in some classes with no
features. Three classes is the maximum number that can be used with this attribute. Other
attributes may allow for more classes to be shown. Always check the histogram to make sure.
k
Set the number of classes to 3.
Click OK.
If necessary, choose the same Purple Bright color ramp.

Hint: Right-click the color ramp to turn off the graphic view if needed.
Click OK to close the Layer Properties dialog box and view your map.
Because you only have three categories, you have a very generalized map. Recognizing trends
with only three classes is difficult because the data representation is over generalized. In this map,
almost all of the features are in the lowest category, with the middle and highest categories each
only having one feature. With this data, Equal Interval would not be a good choice of classification
method.
4-26
Displaying data
Step 4: Use the Quantile method

In this step, you will use the Quantile method to classify the VEHICLE_THEFT data. With the
Quantile method, the same number of features are in each class. One benefit of using this
method is that, like Natural Breaks, you will not have any empty classes. Also, because you have
the same number features in each class, your map will have an even distribution of the symbols
throughout the map, which can enhance your map's appearance.
a
Collapse the Equal Interval data frame.
Activate and expand the Quantile data frame.

A shortcut for activating the data frame is to hold down the Alt key while clicking the data
frame in the table of contents.
On the Symbology tab, click Quantities and confirm that the Graduated colors renderer is
highlighted.
Click Classify.
For Method, choose Quantile.
View the histogram and look at the distribution of the class breaks. Also look at the numbers
under Break Values on the right side of the Classification dialog box. These numbers correspond
to the blue break lines in the histogram.
4-27
LESSON 4
The highest category has very different values in the same class. Also, there are similar values
which should be grouped together, but occur in different classes. Both of these are limitations in
using the Quantile method.
Notice the difference in numeric ranges among the classes. When you choose the Quantile
classification method, you are choosing to create a map with an equal distribution of features in
each category. This will often result in a legend that may have very different numeric ranges and
be difficult to understand. The map can be misleading, with similar features placed in adjacent
classes, or features with widely different values put in the same class.
When using the Quantile method, you can minimize the difference in values within
each class by increasing the number of classes.
Confirm that the number of classes is set to 5.
Click OK.
Confirm that the Purple Bright color ramp symbology is being used.
Click OK to apply your changes and close the Layer Properties dialog box.
View your map symbolized using the Quantile classification.
All of the symbols in your legend occur an equal number of times on your map.
4-28
Displaying data
Step 5: Display graduated symbols

All of the previous maps have used the graduated colors renderer to show quantitative
differences. In this step, you will use a different renderer, known as graduated symbols. Instead of
using a series of graduated colors, a map of graduated symbols uses a point symbol within each
polygon sized according to the magnitude of the quantity it represents.
a
Collapse the Quantile data frame.
Activate and expand the Graduated symbols data frame.
Open the Layer Properties for the Crime layer.
On the Symbology tab, click Quantities and confirm that the Graduated symbols renderer is
highlighted.
Notice that your symbols are now shown as a series of graduated circles rather than colors.
Under Template, click the point symbol.
This is the symbol that will be displayed within each polygon. The size of the symbol will represent
the magnitude of vehicle thefts.
h
In the Symbol Selector, click the Circle 1 symbol.
For Color, click the color sample and choose a dark purple color from the color palette.
Click OK.
4-29
LESSON 4
Your graduated symbols should look similar to those shown in the following example.
Under Background, click the fill symbol.
For Fill Color, choose a light purple from the color palette.
Click OK.
In the Symbol Size section, your symbols range in size from 4 points to 18 points. You will now
change this to increase the contrast in the symbol sizes. The smallest symbols are too small to be
seen clearly and should be increased in size. The largest symbols will also need to be increased in
order to ensure there is adequate size difference among your symbols.
o
Change the point size of the smallest symbol from 4 to 8.
Change the point size of the largest symbol from 18 to 32.
Click OK to close the Layer Properties.
4-30
Displaying data
Your map now shows the number of vehicle thefts represented by changing the size of each
county's point symbol.
Depending on your map scale, you may wish to increase or decrease the size of your
symbols to achieve results that look similar to the previous map.
When using graduated symbols, make sure that your smallest symbols are large
enough see clearly. Your symbols should also have a large enough difference in size
that they can easily be matched to their corresponding symbol in the map legend.
They should not be so large, however, that they overlap other symbols or make it
difficult to see each symbol's associated polygon.
Step 6: Compare quantitative maps

In this next step, you will look at all of your maps and compare their symbology.
a
Maximize your ArcMap window to fill your screen.
Change your view to Layout View.

Hint: Remember the two buttons below your map that allow you to change views.
On the Layout toolbar, click the Zoom Whole Page button
4-31
LESSON 4
You should now see all of the quantitative maps you symbolized in this exercise. Look at the
Natural Breaks, Equal Interval, and Quantile maps. Notice how they are all different in terms of the
distribution of their symbols.
d
While holding down the Ctrl key, click to expand the Natural Breaks data frame in the table of
contents.
All of your data frames should now be expanded.

All three maps represent your data by grouping values differently. Notice the difference in class
breaks among the Natural Breaks, Quantile, and Equal Interval map legends.
Compare the Graduated Symbols map to your other maps. Do the graduated symbols present
the data in a more or less meaningful way compared to the graduated colors? Which method do
you believe is the more effective at presenting the story of the map?
The Natural Breaks and Quantile methods are both much better than the Equal Interval. However,
the Natural Breaks shows the higher values more clearly than the Quantile method. Finding the
best renderer for your data often requires experimenting with different methods and number of
classes.
Step 7: Normalize data

So far, all of your maps symbolize the raw, or non-normalized, values. In this step, you will
normalize your data and see how your map display is changed.
a
Change views back to Data View.
Activate the Equal Interval data frame.
Open the Layer properties for the Crime layer.
On the Symbology tab, for Normalization, choose the POPULATION attribute, as shown in the
following example.
4-32
Displaying data
Notice that the values in your Label column have now changed. For each county, you have
divided the number of vehicle thefts by the total population.
To make the values in your Label column more meaningful, you will format your labels.
e
Click the Label column heading and choose Format Labels, as shown in the following graphic.
Under Category, click Percentage.
Click the radio button next to the option, The number represents a fraction.
Click Numeric Options.
Under Rounding, set the number of decimal places to 3.
Click the Pad with zeros option.
Click OK on all open dialog boxes to see the changes to your map.
4-33
LESSON 4
Also, notice the effect of your label formatting to your legend in the table of contents.
The legend heading also indicates that you have normalized the data.
Notice how your map has changed. You have a much more usable map because the normalization
has allowed your data to be distributed in a more meaningful way. Many counties that were
previously shown with a low quantity, are now shown with a higher quantity symbol, indicating
that the likelihood of a vehicle theft is greater than your original map seemed to indicate. You
would see similar results with the other renderers as well, like Quantile and Natural Breaks.
l
4-34
When you are done, save your map document and close ArcMap.
Displaying data
Lesson review
1. Why are measurement levels important to consider when symbolizing your data?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. When should you consider normalizing your data?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Why should you check the histogram when using the Equal Interval or Manual classification
methods?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4-35
LESSON 4

Surface temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (page 4-9)
Quantities
Interval
Crater Lake area slope (page 4-10)

Quantities
Ratio
Road atlas (page 4-11)

Nominal
Ordinal
Exercise 4: Symbolize GIS Data (page 4-17)

1. At the top of the dialog box, what type of field is the COUNTY attribute?
String
2. What level of measurement is the COUNTY attribute?
Nominal
4-36
Displaying data
3. What types of attributes are POPULATION and VEHICLE_THEFT?

Both fields are of type Long. These are numeric integer values.
4. Are POPULATION and VEHICLE_THEFT qualitative or quantitative?
Quantitative
5. What level of measurement are the POPULATION and VEHICLE_THEFT attributes?
Ratio
6. Describe the relationship between the areas of high and low vehicle theft and the
population shown by the MapTip.
The areas with the highest vehicle thefts are in areas of highest population. The
symbolized Crime layer looks very similar to a map of county population.
7. Based on the class breaks currently shown in the histogram, what potential problems might
there be when creating a map legend?
There are two classes that do not contain any values, which would result in legend
categories that have no corresponding features on the map.
8. How many classes should be used with Equal Interval to have at least one feature in each
class?
Three classes
4-37

Introduction
Key terms
attribute
cardinality
event layer
field alias
join
key field
relate
The power of GIS is the ability to store information about each map
feature. This information is stored as feature attributes. Being able to
display data and solve spatial problems using GIS requires that you
work with tables and attributes.
Attributes are one of the distinguishing characteristics of GIS data and
provide the framework that allows you to query and symbolize your
data to help you solve spatial problems. Working effectively with
ArcGIS requires that you know how to work with tables and attributes,
as well as change their appearance.
Topics covered
Displaying tabular data
Creating table relationships
Learning objectives
Display spatial locations from tabular data.

Calculate and summarize attributes.
Differentiate table cardinality.
Join and relate spatial and non-spatial tables.
5-1
LESSON 5
Working with tables

Attributes provide intelligence for your map features. With attributes,
you are able to ask questions of your data, solve spatial problems,
and visualize spatial relationships as maps. Attributes are managed in
tables, based on the following concepts:
Tables contain rows and columns.

Each row represents a feature on your map.
Each column represents a descriptive characteristic about your
features.
The columns in your table are known as attributes; they may also be
known as fields. All rows in your table contain the same attribute
columns.
ArcGIS provides a series of relational functions and operators to allow
you to ask questions, or query, the data stored in your tables.
Types of attributes
ArcGIS Help Library: Field
Data Types.
Each attribute is defined as storing a single type of data. In general

terms, your attributes can be grouped into categories of data which
include:
Dates
Date attributes can store both calendar date and time
information.
Numbers
Several types of numbers can be stored in your tables. These
include short or long integers, and single- or double-precision
floating-point numbers.
Text
Text attributes, also known as strings, can store any
alpha-numeric character, as well as special characters such as #,
%, or &.
Binary data
Binary data is used to store and manage geometry or feature
shape information. These attributes are managed using a variety
of ArcGIS tools.
5-2
Field names
Field names are the names you give to the columns in a table. The
names should give an indication of what data is contained in that
particular column. Consider the following guidelines when naming
your geodatabase attribute fields.
Field names must be unique within the table.

Field names may contain letters (A-Z, a-z), numbers (0-9), or an
underscore (_).
Field names must begin with a letter.
Field names cannot contain spaces or other special characters.
Field names cannot contain reserved words (words used
exclusively by the database).
Field aliases
Field aliases allow you to assign an alternate, or alias, name for a
field. Because you cannot use spaces or most special characters in a
field name, you can use an alias to display a field name that contains
these special words or characters. For example, a field name of Street
could have an alias of Street Name.
Working with Microsoft Excel data in ArcGIS

Understanding how to use

Microsoft Excel files in
ArcGIS
You can open Microsoft Office Excel tables directly in ArcGIS and
work with them much like other tabular data. For example, you can
add them to ArcMap, preview them in ArcCatalog, and use them as
inputs to geoprocessing tools. Because Excel files may have many
separate worksheets, when you browse to an Excel file, you will need
to choose which worksheet to open. Each worksheet will contain a $
character next to the sheet name. Each worksheet may be viewed in
ArcGIS as a tabular data source.
Displaying locations from tabular data

Adding x,y coordinate

data as a layer
In addition to data sources, such as a shapefile or geodatabase

feature class, you can add tabular data that contains geographic
locations in the form of x,y coordinates to your map. Once you have
added the tabular data to your map, it becomes an event layer and
behaves much like other point feature layers. For example, you can
query and symbolize your event layer, just as you would other layers.
5-3
35 minutes
Exercise 5A: Explore tables and attributes

Find total sales based on customer data from a small chain of Austin,
Texas area stores.
Change the appearance and structure of tables.

Summarize data.
Figure 5.1
Austin, Texas area stores
with attributes
5-5
LESSON 5
Step 1: Explore stores data

Many tables contain geographic information that allows you to display locations directly on your
map. Street addresses or geographic coordinates, like longitude and latitude, are the most
common type of attributes that allow you to display point locations on your map.
In this step, you will display store locations from a table.
a
Start ArcMap.
On the ArcMap - Getting Started dialog box, click Cancel to begin with a new blank map.
In the Catalog window, browse to your ..\ARC2\Tables folder.
Make Stores.gdb the default geodatabase.

Hint: Right-click the geodatabase.
Expand the Stores geodatabase.
Click the Stores_Data table and drag the table onto your map.
Notice that your table of contents has changed to the List By Source view, as indicated by the
highlighted button at the top of the window.
This view allows you to see tables and pathnames to data sources used in your map.
Open the table.

Hint: Right-click the table and choose Open.
5-6
Examine the attributes.

1. Do you see attributes that could be used to display a location for each store?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
The table has several attributes, including the store address, number of parking spaces, and
number of employees. You will use the Lon and Lat attributes to display the location of each store.
j
Step 2: Display store locations

In this step, you will display locations for the stores based on the geographic coordinates
provided in the Stores_Data table.
a
In the table of contents, right-click the Stores_Data table and choose Display XY Data.
A dialog box opens, allowing you to specify which attributes ArcMap should use to display your
data.
b
Confirm that the top portion of your dialog box looks like the following example.
ArcMap will try and determine attribute fields that may contain X and Y coordinate values.
If these are not correct, you can choose the correct attributes from the drop-down lists.
The Lon and Lat values in your table are WGS 1984 geographic coordinates. Next, you will specify
the output coordinate system for your displayed points.
c
At the bottom of the Display XY dialog box, click Edit.
5-7
LESSON 5
Expand Geographic Coordinate Systems.
Scroll down and expand World.
Scroll to the bottom of the list and click WGS 1984, as shown in the following example.
Click OK to close the Spatial Reference properties.
Click OK to display your store locations.
You should see four points displayed on your map, corresponding to the Lon and Lat attributes.
A new layer named Stores_Data Events has been added to your table of contents. Event layers
display geographic locations stored in tabular, rather than spatial, form.
Next, you will add a basemap to provide background reference for your stores.
i
On the Standard toolbar, click the down-arrow next to the Add Data button
Add Basemap.
and choose
From the list of basemaps, choose the Bing Maps Road basemap and click Add.
The basemap will take a few moments to display. You should now see your stores displayed along
with the basemap.
Step 3: Export point locations

The store locations on your map are a visual representation of the Stores_Data table. In this step,
you will create a geodatabase feature class of your store locations.
a
5-8
Right-click the Stores_Data Events layer; point to Data, then choose Export Data.
Click the Browse button
, and then click the Default Geodatabase button
For Name, type Store_Locations and click Save.
When prompted to add your exported data as a layer, click Yes.
Now that you have a feature class of store locations, you may remove the event layer.
f
Right-click Stores_Data Events and choose Remove.
Open the attribute table for the Store_Locations layer.

2. Do the attributes look the same as the original Stores_Data table?
______________________________________________________________________________
Close the attribute table.
Step 4: Symbolize point locations

In this step, you will symbolize your store locations.
a
Open the Layer Properties for the Store_Locations layer.

Remember, you can double-click the layer to open the Layer Properties.
You will symbolize each store based on its STORE_ID attribute.

c
Click the Categories renderer.
Confirm that the Unique values renderer is selected under Categories.
For Value Field, choose Store_ID from the drop-down list.
5-9
LESSON 5
Click the Symbol heading and choose Properties for All Symbols, as shown in the following
example.
Click the Circle 1 symbol and click OK.
Right-click the color ramp and uncheck Graphic View, as shown in the following example.
Your color ramps are now displayed by name.

i
Choose the Enamel color ramp from the list.
Click Add All Values.
In the Symbol column, uncheck the box next to <all other values>.
You are displaying all of the STORE_ID values, so this added symbol is not necessary.
Your symbols should look similar to the following example.
Because ArcMap will choose colors at random from the color ramp, your layer colors may
be different than those shown.
5-10
Click OK to apply the new symbols to your layer.

Save your map as Stores.mxd in your ..\ARC2\Tables folder.
Step 5: Symbolize customer locations

In this step, you will display customers who have made purchases from one or more of these
stores. You will also import the symbology from your Store_Locations layer so that the customer
points for each store match the store symbol.
a
From your Stores geodatabase, add the Customers feature class to your map.
Open the Layer Properties for the Customers layer.
On the Symbology tab, click the Categories renderer.
From the drop-down list, choose STOREID.
Click Import.
On the Import Symbology dialog box, confirm that the Layer drop-down list indicates
Store_Locations.
Your dialog box should look like the following example.
Click OK.
5-11
LESSON 5
Next, you will specify which field in the Customers layer matches the values used for symbolizing
the Store_Locations layer.
i
Choose STOREID from the list.
Click OK.
Your symbols should now match those of the Store_Locations layer. Next, you will change the size
of your customer symbols.
k
Click the Symbol column heading and choose Properties for All Symbols.
Change Size to 5 and click OK.
Your symbols should look like the following example.
Click OK to apply your changes.
Your map now shows the customers, based on the store from which they purchased items.
Step 6: Change table appearance

In this step, you will make changes to the appearance of your Store_Locations attribute table.
a
Open the Store_Locations attribute table.
In the Table window, click the Table Options button
Click Appearance.
The Table Appearance dialog box appears, which allows you to change the font and color settings
for your table.
5-12
If you wish to change your font properties, make the changes using this dialog box, then click
Apply to see your changes.
When you are done making changes, close the Table Appearance dialog box.
Next, you will make changes to an attribute field.

f
Right-click the Ctr_Name attribute heading and choose Properties.
For Alias, type Shopping Center and click OK.
Notice how your attribute name has changed.
You can also turn off fields.

i
Right-click the OBJECTID field and choose Turn Field Off.
Many attributes are used by ArcGIS for system and database functions, like the OBJECTID field.
You can turn these fields off if you do not wish to see them.
j
On your own, turn off the Shape field.
You no longer need the information in the Lon and Lat fields. You will delete these fields and the
information they contain.
k
Right-click the Lon field heading and choose Delete Field.
Click Yes to confirm the deletion.
Repeat for the Lat field.
Next, you will add an attribute to hold the total sales of each store.
n
Click the Options button
and choose Add Field.
In the Add Field dialog box, for Name, type Store_Sales.
5-13
LESSON 5
For Type, choose Double and click OK.
You now have a new, empty attribute column. You will populate this column with the total sales of
each store later in this lesson.
q
Step 7: Summarize a table

In this step, you will create a table that calculates the total sales for each store. This table will
summarize the sales amounts of each customer and is called a summary table.
a
Open the Customers attribute table.
Right-click the STOREID field heading and choose Summarize.
The Summarize dialog box appears.

c
Complete the Summarize dialog box, as shown in the following example.
Click OK to create your summary table.
Click Yes to add the summary table to your map.
Keep the Table window open.
5-14
In the table of contents, open the new Store_Sales table.
The Store_Sales table has summarized your customer attribute table by calculating the total sales
for each store.
The total sales were added together for each STOREID. The total sales for each store is displayed
in the Sum_SALES field. The number of customers for each store is displayed in the
Count_STOREID field.
Your table window now has two tabs at the bottom: Customers and Store_Sales.
Click the Customers tab to view the Customers table.
Next, you will see how you can view both tables at the same time within the Table window.
i
Click and drag the Customers tab into the Table window on top of one of the blue docking
icon arrows.
You can choose the top, bottom, left, or right docking arrows to position the
Customers table relative to the Store_Sales table. Using the Docking arrows allow
you to view multiple tables at the same time in the Table window.
Click the X to close the Customers table.

If you accidentally close the entire Table window, re-open the Store_Sales table.
5-15
LESSON 5
Step 8: Format a field

In this step, you will format the sales values in the Store_Sales table.
a
Open the properties for the Sum_SALES field.

Hint: Right-click the Sum_SALES field and choose Properties.
Click the Numeric button
Under Category, choose Currency.
Click OK twice to close the Number Format and Field Properties.
Your Sum_SALES values should now be formatted as currency values.
Save your map document.
Close ArcMap.
5-16
Table relationships
Most database designs encourage organizing your data into multiple
tables, with each one focused on a specific topic. Data stored in this
way is more efficient than one large table containing all the necessary
fields. Having multiple tables prevents unnecessary duplication in
your database. When you need information that is not in the current
table, you can link the two tables together.
The following two tables list information about countries, cities, and
capitals. Imagine that you were using the table that listed only the
country and its capital, but you also wished to have the cities in that
country available for you to access.
Figure 5.17
Two tables that share
common information.
5-17
LESSON 5
How can tables be linked together?

By creating table relationships, you can join attributes together based
on common values in both tables. In the following example, both
tables can be linked together based on the COUNTRY attribute. This
attribute field is known as a key field.
Figure 5.18
Table relationships linked
through common attribute
values.
Creating these relationships allows you to access a variety of

information which you can link to your map features. Once you have
created these relationships, the related attributes are available to help
you analyze your data and solve spatial problems.
5-18
Types of table relationships

When working with tables, you will need to determine how the values
match. In other words, for each value in your table, how many
matching values occur in another table? This is referred to as
cardinality.
What types of table relationships are available?

There are four types of relationships, or cardinality, as shown in the
following example.
Figure 5.19
The four types of
cardinality, along with
their common notation.
Determining table cardinality is important because it will determine

the method you will use to access your related information.
ArcGIS will not determine table cardinality for you. Exploring

your attributes to discover how your tables relate to one
another is the first step in creating table relationships. Creating
a separate table by summarizing a key field is a useful
technique for determining cardinality.
Working with table relationships
There are two methods to create table relationships in ArcGIS: Join

and relate.
About joining and relating

tables.
5-19
LESSON 5
Table join
A join should be used when you have one matching value for each
record. Cardinalities for use with a join are:
1:1
M:1
The following two tables can be joined together, based on the values
in the Parish_ID field in both tables. In this example, the key fields in
each table have the same name; however, this is not a requirement.
Figure 5.20
When joining tables, a
common attribute value is
used to link attributes
together.
Table relate
A relate should be used when you have many values matching each
record. Cardinalities for use with a relate are:
1:M
M:M
The following two tables can be related together based on the values
in the ID and ID_NUMBER fields. Once the relate is established, the
tables remain independent, unlike the join, where the tables are
5-20
combined in the same table view. Because each record potentially

has many matches, you must navigate the relationship to find and use
related records. Several tools in ArcMap allow you to navigate this
relationship and view related records.
Figure 5.21
When relating tables, a
common attribute value is
used to link attributes
together, similar to a join.
However, once the tables
are related, they are not
combined in the table
view.
Why use joins and relates?

Most database designs promote organizing data into multiple tables,
with each table focused on a specific topic. This is preferred over one
large table containing all possible fields. Having multiple tables
prevents duplicating information in the database, because you store
the information only once. When you need information that is not in
the current table, you can link the two tables together. This makes
updating your data simpler, and also removes the possibility of not
updating all redundant data values.
5-21
25 minutes
Exercise 5B: Join and relate tables

Join customer summary table to the pet store attributes to update
customer data.
Identify table cardinality.

Discover table relationships through common attributes.
Calculate and display attribute values based on a relationship.
Figure 5.22
Relating stores table to
customer sales table
5-23
LESSON 5
Step 1: Determine cardinality between tables

Often, you have one or more tables that can be related together based on common attribute
values. In this step, you will determine the relationship, or cardinality, between the
Store_Locations and the Store_Sales tables.
Start ArcMap and open the Stores map document from the last exercise.
If you did not finish the last exercise, or wish to start with the finished results, open the ..\
ARC2\Tables\Results\Stores.mxd.
b
Open the Store_Sales table and the Store_Locations attribute table.
Look at the values in the STOREID field in the Store_Sales table.
Now look at the values in the Store_ID field in the Store_Locations table.
1. How many records in the Store_Sales table match each record in the Store_Locations table?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the cardinality between the Store_Locations and Store_Sales tables?
______________________________________________________________________________
Step 2: Join two tables

In this step, you will join the two tables together, combining attributes from both tables into a
single table view.
a
Right-click the Stores_Locations layer, point to Joins and Relates, and choose Join.
You determined that there is only one matching sales record for each store location.
5-24
Because you have only one matching record, you can combine these tables using a
join. If you had many matching records, you would use a relate.
The Join Data dialog box appears.

b
Complete the Join Data dialog box as shown in the following example.
You have specified that you want to join the two tables together using the Store_ID values, in your
Store_Locations layer, and the STOREID values in the Store_Sales table.
c
Click OK.
Scroll to the far right.
You should see the joined attributes from the summary table. You have joined two tables
together, based on common attribute values.
The joined attributes look as though they are part of the Store_Locations attribute table. However,
they are only combined together visually in this table view. If any of the values in the joined table
change, you would see their new values when you view the joined tables the next time you open
the map document.
5-25
LESSON 5
If you want to make the association permanent, by adding these attributes to your
layer, you could export your layer as a new feature class. Once you export the data,
these attribute values become static and will not update automatically with changes
to the joined table.
Turn off the Customers layer.
With the Identify
You should see your joined attributes shown in the Identify window.
tool, click one of your Store_Locations points on the map.
Through the join, you can now see the total sales of each store.
j
Step 3: Calculate values from the joined table

In this step you will bring the joined sales values into the Store_Sales attribute you added in the
previous exercise.
a
Open the attribute table for the Store_Locations layer.
Notice the Store_Sales attribute contains <Null>, or empty, values. You will now use the Field
Calculator to populate this field.
b
Right-click the Store_Sales field heading and choose Field Calculator.
A warning appears, indicating that your calculations will be permanent.

c
Click Yes to continue.
The Field Calculator can be used to populate values in a variety of ways. You can enter formulas
to calculate numeric values, or you can copy values from one field to another.
5-26
In the Fields section, notice that the name of each attribute is prefixed with the table name. This
can help you identify which attributes are native to the table, and which are from a join.
The large empty space at the bottom of the dialog box is where you can enter your expression to
calculate values. In this case, your expression will just be the name of the attribute containing the
sales values.
d
In the Fields list, scroll to the bottom and double-click Store_Sales.Sum_SALES.
These are the joined sales values from your summary table. The attribute is added to your
expression area of the Field Calculator.
Above the expression area, you see the attribute that will receive these values. This is the
Store_Sales attribute that you right-clicked to start the Field Calculator. Your final expression
should look like the following example.
Click OK to execute the expression.
Your Store_Sales attribute should now have the values from the joined Sum_SALES field.
f
Now that you have the sales values as a native attribute in the Store_Locations table, you will
remove the join.
g
Right-click the Store_Locations layer, point to Joins and Relates > Remove Join(s), then choose
Store_Sales.
Step 4: Relate tables

In this step, you will create a relationship between two tables using a relate.
3. What is the cardinality between a store and its customers?
______________________________________________________________________________
a
Right-click the Store_Locations layer, point to Joins and Relates, and choose Relate.
5-27
LESSON 5
Read the description at the top of the Relate dialog box.
Complete the dialog box as shown in the following example.
Give your relate a descriptive name so you can easily identify the relate later. A
recommended naming convention is to include the table names in your relate
name. This technique is especially useful if you have several relates.
Click OK.
Step 5: Explore the relate

In this step, you will explore the relate.
4. Do you see any of the attributes from the Customers attribute table?
______________________________________________________________________________
b
Click the row button next to Westgate Shopping Ctr to select the row, as shown in the
following example.
5-28
The Parking, Store_ID, and Store_Sales attributes are not shown in the previous graphic.
Next, you will navigate the relationship to see all the customer records associated with this store.
c
At the top of the Table window, click the Related Tables button
Click Store to Customers: Customers.
This is the name of your relate (Store to Customers) and the related table (Customers).
The Customers table appears, with the records selected that match your selected store location.
5. At the bottom of the table, how many customer records are in the selection?
______________________________________________________________________________
e

Relates can be navigated in both directions. You could also have selected a customer
record and navigated to the related Store_Location.
On the Tools toolbar, click Clear Selected Features
Turn on the Customers layer.
Use the Identify tool
At the top of the Identify window, expand the identified record, shown with its street address.
You should see the related table, as shown in the following example.
to click a customer point on your map.
Your identified location will probably be different than the example.

k
Expand Store_Locations.
5-29
LESSON 5
The name of the shopping center where the store is located is listed.
Click the name of the shopping center to see the location highlighted on your map.
Step 6: Change the display expression

In this step, you will change the field that displays in your related table. Currently, when you
navigate the relationship from the Customers table to the Store_Locations table, the Shopping
Center attribute is displayed. You will change this to display the City.
a
Open the Layer Properties for the Store_Locations layer.
Click the Display tab.
Under Display Expression, for Field, choose City for the drop-down list.
Click OK.
Identify another customer location and navigate the relationship.
You should now see the City displayed for the related Store_Location record.
The City value for your point may be different than the example shown.
g
Save your map and close ArcMap.
5-30
Lesson review
1. Describe an example of when you would use a field alias.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Why would you summarize an attribute field?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is cardinality and why is it important?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Provide an example of how you could use joins or relates in your GIS projects.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5-31
LESSON 5

Exercise 5A: Explore tables and attributes (page 5-5)
1. Do you see attributes that could be used to display a location for each store?
Each store has a longitude and latitude value, stored in the Lon and Lat fields. There
are also separate address attributes which could be used to match a location in a
streets layer.
2. Do the attributes look the same as the original Stores_Data table?
Yes, all of the table attributes are exported to your new feature class.
Exercise 5B: Join and relate tables (page 5-23)

1. How many records in the Store_Sales table match each record in the Store_Locations table?
There is only one matching record in the Store_Sales table for each record in the
Store_Locations table.
2. What is the cardinality between the Store_Locations and Store_Sales tables?
One-to-one. Each record in the Store_Locations table matches only one record in the
Store_Sales table.
3. What is the cardinality between a store and its customers?
One-to-many cardinality. Each store has many customers.
4. Do you see any of the attributes from the Customers attribute table?
No. With a relate, the two tables are kept separate. However, you can use tools to see
related records.
5. At the bottom of the table, how many customer records are in the selection?
4020 customer records
5-32

Introduction
Key terms
construction
digitize
edit sketch
Creating new data and updating existing features are important skills
in maintaining your GIS database. Editing is often required prior to
authoring maps and using GIS to solve spatial problems. When your
data needs to be changed to reflect real-world features, how will you
make these changes? What kind of data can you edit? What tools are
available to maintain your data?
feature template
snap agent
snapping
Topics covered
Creating new data using an editing workflow
Changing feature shapes and attributes
Learning objectives
Use a variety of editing tools.

Apply a workflow to create and modify features.
Use an editing map to visualize edits.
6-1
LESSON 6
Editing GIS data

What does it mean to edit your data?
Why edit?
Think about the data you will use in your GIS projects.
Why might you have to edit your data?
What edits might you have to make to the feature shapes?
What edits might you have to make to the attributes?
6-2
What types of data can you edit?

ArcGIS allows you to create and edit several kinds of data. You can
edit point, line, and polygon features stored in these formats:
Geodatabase
Shapefile
In addition to points, lines, and polygons, the geodatabase supports
other specialized feature classes and data modeling.
Figure 6.1
ArcGIS supports editing
many types of features.
You can edit data stored in
both shapefiles and
geodatabases.
ArcGIS also supports editing tabular data, including the ability to

connect to many databases for direct editing of tables.
Figure 6.2
Many tabular formats may
be edited allowing you to
update and create new
attribute information.
6-3
LESSON 6
The editing workflow

Editing in ArcMap requires a set of organized steps. These steps form
the editing workflow, which allows you to efficiently create and modify
features and attributes.
The ArcGIS editing workflow

Figure 6.3
The ArcGIS editing
workflow allows you
efficiently create or modify
your data, including both
feature shapes and
attributes.
6-4
Applying the editing workflow

Editing requires that you have existing editable data. You can create a
new geodatabase feature class or a shapefile using the Catalog
window.
Prior to editing, prepare your data:
Symbolize data to enhance features for editing.

Make sure your data is in the same coordinate system.
Turn off unnecessary fields.
Highlight fields for display.
The most commonly accessed editing tools are located on the Editor
toolbar and in the Create Features window.
Once you have added the data to ArcMap, you will follow an editing
workflow to create new features or modify existing features.
sections.
Start editing
To start editing, add the Editor toolbar so you can access the primary
set of editing tools for creating and modifying features and their
attributes. There are more advanced editing tools in ArcGIS for
Desktop located on other toolbars and in ArcToolbox. However, most
editing tasks may be done with the set of tools found on the Editor
toolbar. The Editor toolbar allows you to do the following tasks:
Start and stop your edit session.

Access feature templates.
Open the Attributes window.
Choose a variety of tools to create and modify features.
Editing occurs in an edit session. During an edit session, you can

create or modify vector features or tabular attribute information. To
start editing, choose Start Editing from the Editor menu.
Choose the workspace

You may edit in one workspace within a single ArcMap data frame. A
workspace is either a geodatabase or a folder containing one or more
shapefiles.
If you have more than one data frame in your map, you can only edit
the layers in one data frame at a time. If you wish to edit layers in
6-5
LESSON 6
another data frame, you must save your edits, stop editing, and then
start a new edit session in the other data frame.
Choose feature template and construction tool

Creating features is done through the use of feature templates.
Feature templates are accessed through the Create Features
window, and define all the information required to create a feature:
The layer where a feature will be stored.

Default attributes assigned to the new feature.
Default tool used to create the new feature.
Set editing properties and options
Through editing options, you can adjust many of the settings that
affect your edit session. For example, you can change the symbol
used to display your edit sketch, specify how angular units will be
interpreted, and many other settings that control your editing
environment.
Snapping properties can be set using the Snapping toolbar.
Snapping allows you to create features that connect to, or touch,
each other so your edits are more accurate. This enables you to
position a feature precisely in relation to other features. The Snapping
toolbar lets you control how your cursor snaps to features in your
map. You can snap to different parts of your features, such as an
edge, end, or vertex. These are known as snap agents.
Create new feature

From the feature template, you choose the construction tool used to
create, or digitize, your new feature. You digitize a new line or
polygon by drawing an edit sketch, which represents the feature's
geometry. Once you save your edits, your sketch is written to the
feature class as a new feature.
Add or edit attributes

You can enter new attribute values after you create a new feature. You
can also edit existing attribute values from other features. When you
create a feature, only the default attribute values, as specified in the
template, are created. You can use the Attributes window, or the
layer's attribute table, to edit attribute values.
6-6
Save edits
When you are finished editing, save changes to your data by choosing
Save Edits from the Editor menu. This is different than saving your
map document. Saving the map document saves all of your layers,
symbology, and other properties of your ArcMap display. The data
displayed in your map is not saved within your map document. In
many cases, you may open ArcMap to edit your data, save your edits,
and then close ArcMap without saving changes to the map document.
6-7
40 minutes
Exercise 6: Create and update features

Create and update features in the city's GIS database.
Use an editing map to help visualize editing tasks.

Create and update features using sketch tools.
Figure 6.4
An editing map helps you
visualize your edits.
Figure 6.5
A new lake added to a
redesigned golf course.
6-9
LESSON 6
Step 1: Use an editing map to visualize edits

In this exercise, you will use a variety of techniques to create new features and modify existing
features for the city of Naperville, Illinois. You will start by reviewing some new additions to the
water system.
a
Start ArcMap and open the ..\ARC2\Editing\Naperville map document.
At the top of the table of contents, confirm that your layers are listed by drawing order
From the Bookmarks menu, choose Water System.
Your map is displaying the city's water system, including meters, hydrants, laterals, and mains.
There are also two areas in red that have been added from the city's water utility field crews.
Based on these notes, you will edit the water system features. A basemap of city layers, including
parcels, addresses, and street names, is shown as a background basemap layer.
This map and its symbology are based on the ArcGIS Infrastructure Editing map available
from ArcGIS Online. This symbolized map provides an editing framework for editing water,
sewer, and storm water utility data. By applying the symbology included in the editing
map, you can create a map document focused on editing workflows.
d
From the Bookmarks menu, choose New Hydrant.
Your map is zoomed to an area in which you will add a new water hydrant, as shown in the
following graphic.
6-10
The map shows the parcels and building footprints with address numbers.
e
Use the Identify tool
and click inside the red field note.
The Timestamp and Notes fields are completed by the Water Department field crews. Using these
notes, you will complete the edits to the water system. The attribute named Completed is still
empty. You will mark this completed after you finish each edit.
1. Record the Timestamp value. You will use this later after you add the new hydrant.
______________________________________________________________________________
f
Step 2: Add a new point feature

In the step, you will prepare your layers for editing and add a new hydrant.
a
If necessary, close the Catalog window.
On the Standard toolbar, click the Editor Toolbar button
The Editor toolbar is added to your display.

c
Click the top of the Editor toolbar, and drag the toolbar to dock it to the top of your ArcMap
window.
The Editor toolbar provides a central location for many of the most commonly used editing tools.
These tools allow you to edit both feature geometry and attributes.
d
On the Editor toolbar, click the Editor menu and choose Start Editing.
6-11
LESSON 6
The Start Editing window displays. This window will appear when there are layers that cannot be
edited, or when you have layers accessing source data from different workspaces. In this case, a
warning is displayed regarding the Naperville Basemap layers.
Click Continue.
On the Editor toolbar, click the Create Features button
The Create Features window displays.

Creating features is accomplished through the use of feature templates. Feature templates define
all the information required to create a feature: the layer where a feature will be stored, the
attribute fields and values, and the default tool used to create the feature. The symbol for each
editable layer in your map appears in the Create Features window.
g
In the Create Features window, double-click the Water Hydrants feature template to display
the Template Properties.
The Template Properties allow you to set default values for working with the template. You will set
a default value for the Manufacturer attribute. Default values will be auto-populated for you when
you create a new feature.
h
Click the <Null> value next to Manufacturer and type Mueller Company, as shown in the
following example.
6-12
Some fields, like the OBJECTID and SHAPE fields, are not viewable.
Each new hydrant you add will have this attribute. You can always override the default if a feature
requires a different value.
i
Click OK to close the Template Properties.
Next, you will set your snapping environment.

j
On the Editor toolbar, click Editor, point to Snapping, then click Snapping Toolbar.
The Snapping toolbar lets you control how your cursor snaps to features in your map, such as an
edge, end, or vertex. Snapping is turned on when the each snap agent button is highlighted in
blue. To turn off a snapping agent, click the blue highlighted button again.
Your new hydrant feature will be located at the end of the water lateral centered within the red
field-crew markup polygon.
k
Make sure that End snapping is the only selected snapping option.
Move or dock the Snapping toolbar as necessary.
Place your mouse over the end of the water lateral.
Your map should look like the following graphic.
A snap tip is displayed, indicating that you are snapped to the endpoint of the Water Laterals line
feature.
6-13
LESSON 6
Click to add the new Hydrant point feature.
As part of this editing template, your new point feature is highlighted in yellow. You can change
this color from the Selection menu by clicking Selection Options.
On the Editor toolbar, click the Attributes button
The Attributes window displays, showing the attribute values of your new hydrant. Notice that the
Manufacturer value is set to the default value you specified earlier.
You can switch between the Create Features and Attributes windows by using the tabs
below the windows.
For Install Date, enter the date and time you recorded earlier from the field notes.
Your Install Date in the Attributes window should look like following example.
Close the Attributes window.
Clear your selected features to see the hydrant symbol snapped to the end of your water
lateral, as shown in the following example.
On the Editor toolbar, click the Edit tool
6-14
Click inside the red Field Notes feature to select it.
On your own, update the Completed attribute with your name or initials.
Hint: Open the Attributes window.
From the Edit menu, click Save Edits.
Step 3: Add a new line feature

In this step, you will add a new line feature representing a water lateral. You will use distance
measurements to place your new lateral in the correct location.
a
From the Bookmarks menu, choose New Service.
Your map is zoomed to an area where you will add a new water lateral and a service meter.
Use the Identify tool to examine the attributes of the field notes.
Record the Timestamp value.
Turn off the Field Notes layer.
In the Create Features window, click Water Laterals to select the feature template.
Snap to, and click, the intersection of the water main and the water lateral that serves 820
Morningside Dr., as shown in the following example.
6-15
LESSON 6
You may have to hide or close the Create Features window, or pan your map, to see the
parcel for 820 Morningside Dr.
On the Snapping toolbar, turn on Edge snapping
Right-click in your map and choose Length.
In the Length dialog box, type 25 and press Enter.
Your segment is now 25 feet long.

j
Move your cursor to snap to the water main, as shown in the following example.
Click to add a new vertex.
This will be the actual starting point of your new lateral service line. Now you will delete your first
vertex to remove the starting segment.
l
6-16
Right-click your first vertex and choose Delete Vertex.
You now have your beginning vertex snapped to the water main 25 feet south of the lateral which
serves 820 Morningside Dr.
Your next segment needs to be perpendicular to the existing water main.
m
Right-click anywhere along the water main, close to your starting vertex, and choose
Perpendicular.
Move your cursor and notice that you are now constrained to being perpendicular to the water
main.
Right-click inside the parcel for 819 Morningside Dr. and choose Length.
Enter a value of 52.5.

The Length dialog box also supports adding units abbreviations, which will be converted
by ArcMap to the native units of the coordinate system used by your map. For a complete
list of units, search the ArcGIS Help for the article, About distance units and editing.
Right-click again and choose Finish Sketch.

You can also press your F2 key, or double-click, to finish your sketch.
Your map should look like the following example.
On your own, update the Install Date attribute with the value you recorded from the field
notes.
Hint: On the Editor toolbar, click the Attributes window button.
Clear the selected features.
Next, you will add a service meter to the end of the water lateral and update the field notes.
6-17
LESSON 6
On your own:
Add a new Water Meter point to the end of your service line.
Update the Install Data attribute.
Update the Field Notes polygon with your name or initials.
When you are done, your map should look like the following example.
Save your edits.
Close the Create Features and Attributes windows.
From the Editor menu, choose Stop editing.

If you stop editing without first saving your changes, ArcMap will prompt you to either save
or discard your changes.
Step 4: Delete a feature

In this step, you will delete a feature.
a
Collapse the Water System data frame and expand the Lakes data frame.
Activate the Lakes data frame.

Hint: Right-click the data frame and choose Activate.
You can also activate a data frame by clicking the data frame while pressing the Alt key.
Zoom to the Delete Lake bookmark.
Turn off the Water Bodies layer to see the area under the lake polygon.
This area has been recently developed and the small lake no longer exists.
6-18
Turn on the Water Bodies layer.
This time, you will use a different method to start editing.

f
Right-click the Water Bodies layer, point to Edit Features, and click Start Editing.
If you cannot start editing, make sure you stop editing in the Water System data frame. You
can only have an active edit session in one data frame.
Confirm that the Edit tool
is active and click the lake polygon.
On the Standard toolbar, click the Delete button
You can also press the Delete key on your keyboard to delete features.
i
Save your edits.
Step 5: Create a new polygon

In this step, you will digitize a new lake that was formed by redesigning the golf course.
a
Zoom to the Golf Course bookmark.
Before you add your new lake polygon, you will change the symbol used to display your edit
sketch. This will allow you to better see your sketch on top of the aerial photo.
b
From the Editor menu, choose Options.
Confirm that the General tab is active.
At the bottom of the dialog box, under Edit Sketch Symbology, click the Segment button,
shown with the current edit sketch line symbol
.
Click the Color button and change the color to a light blue.
Set the Width to 2 and click OK.
If necessary, uncheck the box next to Use symbolized feature during editing.
6-19
LESSON 6
Click OK to close the Editing Options.
On the Editor toolbar, click the Create Features button

window.
Notice that you have two feature templates for this layer:
to display the Create Features
Lake or Pond
Stream or River
Layers support multiple feature templates. You may have a separate template for each
category of features in the layer.
Click the Lake or Pond feature template.
At the bottom of the Create Features window, you have a list of Construction Tools. These tools
will change based on the geometry of the layer. These are all of the tools for constructing
polygons.
l
At the bottom of the Create Features window, click the horizontal bar just above Construction
Tools, as shown in the following graphic.
Drag the bar up to see all of the available construction tools.
Click the Freehand tool
Click anywhere along the shoreline of the lake to start your sketch.
Without clicking, drag your mouse along the shore of the lake.
6-20
As you drag your mouse, you can see the line you are digitizing. Do not be concerned with the
accuracy of your shoreline. Using the Freehand tool gets easier with practice.
q
When you get back to your starting point, click again to finish your sketch.
The Freehand tool should only be used for curved features like lakes or streams.
Now you will use another technique to digitize your lake.

r
Delete your lake feature.

Hint: Confirm that your lake is selected and click the Delete button
From the Create Features window, choose the Polygon tool
Click the shoreline of the lake to start your sketch.
Instead of dragging your mouse as you did with the Freehand tool, click points along the
shoreline to digitize your lake.
When you have digitized all of your points, finish your sketch.
Hint: Double-click or press the F2 key.
Close the Create Features window.
Save your edits.
Stop editing.
Step 6: Copy and paste features

In this step, you will add a newly annexed area into the city.
a
Collapse the Lakes data frame and expand the Annexation data frame.
Activate the Annexation data frame.
6-21
LESSON 6
Start editing.
Zoom to the Annexation bookmark.
The Annexation layer has been recently added to the city. You will add this polygon to the
Municipal Boundaries layer.
Turn the Annexation layer off and on.
Notice that this area is not currently included in the Municipal Boundaries layer.
f
Right-click the Annexation layer in the table of contents, point to Selection, and choose Select
All.
Instead of digitizing this feature into the Municipal Boundaries layer, you will copy and paste the
geometry.
g
On the Standard toolbar, click the Copy button
On the Standard toolbar, click the Paste button
In the Paste dialog box, choose Municipal Boundaries and click OK.
Clear your selected features.
Turn off the Annexation layer.
The polygons have been added to your Municipal Boundaries layer.
6-22
Your map should look like the following example.
Save your edits.
Step 7: Merge features

In this step, you will merge your new annexation polygons with the rest of the Municipal
Boundaries layer.
a
Select all of the Municipal Boundaries features.

Hint: Right-click the Municipal Boundaries layer, point to Selection, and choose Select All.
From the Editor menu, choose Merge.
The Merge dialog box lists several features. This allows you to choose a set of attributes from one
feature which will be applied to your new merged feature. In this case, each polygon simply
represents an area of the city, and you do not need to consider the attributes of the new feature.
The Merge command on the Editor menu will combine features in the same feature class,
whereas the Merge geoprocessing tool will create a new feature class by combining two or
more feature classes together.
c
Click OK.
6-23
LESSON 6
The new annexed area is now merged to the larger Municipal Boundaries polygon. Your final
Municipal Boundaries layer should look like the following example.
Save your edits.
Click Editor, point to Snapping, and uncheck the Snapping Toolbar to remove the toolbar
from your display.
On the Standard toolbar, click the Editor Toolbar button
Close ArcMap without saving the map document.
6-24
to turn off the Editor toolbar.
Review the editing workflow

Your instructor will present a scenario in which a new feature needs to
be created using the ArcMap editing tools. Work with your instructor
to apply the steps of the editing workflow.
Using your knowledge of editing in ArcMap, guide your instructor
through the steps of the editing workflow to create the new feature.
Refer to the editing workflow shown earlier in this lesson if you need
help remembering the steps.
1. What editing scenario did your instructor present?
2. What steps did you and your instructor use to create the new
feature?
6-25
LESSON 6
Lesson review
1. Why is snapping important?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is included in a feature template?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6-26

Exercise 6: Create and update features (page 6-9)
1. Record the Timestamp value. You will use this later after you add the new hydrant.
3/14/2012 1:43:00PM
Review the editing workflow (page 6-25)

1. What editing scenario did your instructor present?
Your instructor will choose an editing scenario based on student interest.
2. What steps did you and your instructor use to create the new feature?
Working with your instructor, you should have steps similar to the editing workflow
presented earlier in this lesson. Your steps may be more detailed than the high-level
workflow presented earlier.
6-27
Labeling features
Labeling features
Introduction
Key terms
feature weight
label class
labeling
Maplex
placement rule
reference scale
Labels communicate information about the features on your map.

Without them, your map is difficult to read and of limited use. Using
labels is a quick way to add text to your map features. Labels also
save you time by letting you avoid adding text for each feature
manually.
Topics covered
What are labels?
Labeling rules for points, lines, and polygons
Labels and map scale
Learning objectives
Apply labels to identify map features.

Use Maplex to manage label symbology and placement.
Use Python to create label expressions.
7-1
LESSON 7
What is missing from this map?

In the following map, you may be able to guess that blue areas are
lakes, and the red and gray lines are roads, and the blue lines are
streams. What could you add to this map to clarify the symbology and
identify these features?
Figure 7.1
How can you identify the
symbols on this map?
7-2
Labeling features
What is labeling?
Labeling is the process of placing descriptive text on a map to
identify features. In ArcGIS, labels may be placed automatically for
map features based on properties you specify. This is known as
dynamic labeling.
Figure 7.2
Map of Yellowstone
National Park with
dynamic map labels.
Labeling provides a fast way to add text to your map. The main
advantage of using map labels is that they let you avoid having to
add text for each feature manually. ArcMap labeling dynamically
places text for you, based on placement rules. Labels are especially
useful for interactive map displays that require using different map
scales and map extents with the pan and zoom tools. Displaying map
labels is also useful if your data is expected to change frequently.
Because labels display values from your attribute table, updating the
attributes will allow your map labels to display the most current
information about your features.
When you turn on dynamic labeling, ArcMap places as many labels as
possible without any overlap. In some areas, you may have a high
density of features. In these areas, some features may not be labeled
because there is not sufficient space on your map. As you zoom in,
more labels will appear as more space becomes available.
7-3
LESSON 7
The labeling workflow

Labeling in ArcMap requires a set of organized steps. These steps
form the labeling workflow, which allows you to efficiently place labels
on your map using properties and placement rules that you specify.

Figure 7.3
The general steps to
labeling features in
ArcMap.
Labeling options in ArcGIS

ArcGIS label engines
Maplex.
ArcGIS provides two methods, or engines, to create dynamic labels:
Standard label engine

Maplex label engine
Standard label engine
The standard label engine is the default, and provides fast labeling
with basic placement rules for points, lines, and polygons. Use the
standard label engine when you want fast labeling and do not need
cartographic placement quality.
7-4
Labeling features
Maplex label engine

Use the Maplex label engine when you want high-quality label
placement and the ability to set advanced rules controlling the
placement of your labels. The Maplex label engine provides many
additional rules and placement options, including:
How labels will be oriented and placed

How labels will be formatted
How labels will be placed in congested areas
How ArcMap will resolve conflicts between labels
While both label engines provide high-quality labeling, the Maplex

label engine provides many additional properties, allowing you to
fine-tune how your labels are placed.
The label engine applies

to all layers in your data
frame. This prevents you
from having some layers
use Maplex, while some
With Maplex, you can define parameters to control the positioning

and size of your labels. These parameters are used to calculate the
best label placement. You can also assign different levels of
importance to features, known as feature weights. This system of
weighting allows you to avoid displaying labels on top of more
important features.
other layers use the

Standard label engine.
7-5
LESSON 7
Introducing Maplex
Labeling your map using the Maplex label engine.
The following map uses Maplex to place the map labels.
Figure 7.4
Maplex labeling provides
a special set of rules,
allowing you to improve
the quality of the labels on
your map.
Some of the rules used to place the labels on this map include:
Maplex Street Placement option

Allowing curved street names
Repeating the street name every 800 feet
Rotating labels to display parallel with building orientation
Stacking labels on multiple lines if needed
Using Maplex allows you to create advanced placement rules,

resulting in labels that meet the standards for high-quality
cartography.
7-6
Labeling features
Creating map labels with Maplex

After you have added layers to your map document, you can set up
the labeling environment and label your features dynamically. You will
use the labeling workflow to create dynamic labels.
Figure 7.5
using the Maplex label
engine.

sections.
Turn on Maplex
Add the Labeling toolbar to easily access all of the labeling resources
for displaying dynamic labels. From the Labeling toolbar, enable the
Maplex label engine.
Open Label Manager

The Label Manager lets you manage the labels for each layer within
your map. You can also access the labels for a layer from within the
layer properties. However, the Label Manager allows you to view and
change the label properties for all layers in your map without
repeatedly opening the layer properties.
7-7
LESSON 7
Select label class

Each layer has one or more label classes. A label class allows you to
specify labeling properties for different features within the same layer.
Choose label attribute and text symbol

The label text you see displayed on your map is read from your
attribute table. You will need to specify which attribute you wish to
have displayed on your map for each label class.
Set placement rules

Most of your time setting up the labeling environment will be to
establish the placement rules for each label class. The placement
rules include:
How labels will placed relative to the features they are labeling.
How conflicts will be resolved when there is more than one label
competing for available space.
You can set weights and priorities for your labels to control label their
placement when conflicts occur.
If you try to label many features in a small area, many conflicts

will occur. To avoid labels printing over each other, you may
have features that are not labeled on your map. Because labels
are dynamic, you will see more labels displayed as you zoom in
to a larger map scale.
Turn on labeling for the layer

Labels may be turned on by checking the box next to the layer in the
Label Manager. You can also right-click a layer in the ArcMap table of
contents and turn on the labels. Once your label properties are
established, you will usually control label visibility by right-clicking a
layer in the table of contents.
Set reference scale

This step is optional, but you may wish to lock the size of your labels
and symbols to a certain map scale. This is known as a reference
scale. Once you have a reference scale established, your labels and
symbols will get larger as you zoom in, and smaller as you zoom out.
7-8
Labeling features
35 minutes
Exercise 7: Label features using Maplex

Using Maplex, label point, line, and polygon features to create a map
of the San Juan National Forest in the state of Colorado.
Use Maplex to establish label placement rules.

Automate complex labeling tasks using a Python script.
Figure 7.6
Dynamic labeling of lakes,
roads, streams, and
mountain peaks.
7-9
LESSON 7
Step 1: Prepare your map for labeling

In this exercise, you will label layers for the San Juan National Forest in the state of Colorado. You
will start by preparing your map for labeling.
a
Start ArcMap and open ..\ARC2\Labeling\San_Juan.mxd.
Your map is displaying several layers for part of the San Juan National Forest.
From the Bookmarks menu, choose San Juan.
From the Customize menu, point to Toolbars, then click Labeling.
Dock the Labeling toolbar.
Next, you will enable ArcMap to use the Maplex label engine.
f
On the Labeling toolbar, click Labeling and choose Use Maplex Label Engine.
Open the properties for the San Juan data frame.
Confirm that the General tab is active.
7-10
Labeling features
At the bottom of the Data Frame Properties, notice the Label Engine is now set to use Maplex, as
If you open an existing map document, you can confirm which label engine is being
used through the data frame properties.
Close the data frame properties.
Click the drop-down menu on the right side of the Labeling toolbar, and change the
placement quality to Best.
With placement quality set to Best, Maplex will use many more trial positions to evaluate the
optimal placement for your labels.
Step 2: Set the label symbol

You are now ready to start labeling your map. You will begin by labeling the wilderness areas.
a
Open the attribute table for the Wilderness layer.
The values in the WILDERNESS attribute store the name of each wilderness area. You will label
your map using this attribute.
b
Close the Attribute table.
On the Labeling toolbar, click the Label Manager button
The Label Manger allows you to set the label properties for all layers in your data frame. Each
layer is displayed in the list on the left side of the dialog box. Under each layer, one or more label
classes are displayed. You will use label classes later in this exercise.
You can also access these same properties for an individual layer through the Labels tab in
the Layer Properties.
First, you will select a text symbol for the Wilderness layer.
7-11
LESSON 7
In the Label Classes list, click the Default label class under Wilderness, as shown in the
following example.
The text symbol and placement properties are now displayed.

e
Under Text String, confirm that the Label Field is set to WILDERNESS from the drop-down list
of attributes.
In the Text Symbol section, confirm that the font is set to Arial.
Set the font size to 12.

Sizes for text symbols are in units of points.
Click the color patch to display the color selector.
Place your mouse over the different color chips to display the color names.
Click Lotus Pond Green (bottom row, sixth column from right).
Click the Bold button
Your text symbol settings should now look like the following example.
Step 3: Label polygons

Now you are ready to specify how each feature's label will be placed on your map.
a
7-12
Under Placement Properties, click Position.
Labeling features
Several positions are shown that Maplex can use to label your polygons. Notice some of the
options will place the label outside the polygon. For your wilderness areas, you want the label
placed horizontally inside each polygon.
b
Click Horizontal and click OK.
Under Placement Properties, click Properties.
Click the Fitting Strategy tab.
Confirm that the option, Stack label, is checked.
If your label string is made up of multiple words, Maplex will place these words on multiple lines
as necessary to make more room to fit the label on your map.
f
Uncheck the box for Overrun feature.
You want your labels to appear entirely within the polygon. Overrun allows the text to display
beyond the polygon boundary.
g
Click OK.
In the list of label classes, click the box next to Wilderness, as shown in the following example.
This checkbox enables the labels to draw on your map.

i
Click OK to close the Label Manager.
7-13
LESSON 7
Both polygons of the Weminuche Wilderness are now labeled on your map, as shown in the
following example.
Step 4: Label line features

In this step, you will label the streams. Streams are line features, and have different placement
rules than polygons or points.
a
Open the Label Manager.
Select the Default label class for the Streams layer.
For Text String, confirm that Name is selected from the drop-down list.
Change the text symbol based on the following specifications:
Font: Arial
Size: 8
Color: Atlantic Blue (second row from bottom, fourth column from right)
Style: Bold and Italic
Your text symbol properties should look like the following example.
7-14
Labeling features
Under Placement Properties, click the drop-down list that reads Regular Placement and
choose River Placement.
Selecting this placement predefines many Maplex options suitable for labeling rivers and streams.
f
Uncheck the box next to Stack label.
For Offset, type 3.
This will add space between the stream and the label.
Your Placement Properties should look like the following example.
Click Properties.
On the Fitting Strategy tab, confirm that the option to Overrun feature is checked, and all
other check boxes are unchecked.
The overrun option allows the label to extend beyond the linear feature if Maplex needs the
additional room to place the label.
j
Click OK twice to close the Placement properties and the Label Manager.
1. Your streams are not labeled. Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
You will now use another technique to turn on your labels.

k
Right-click the Streams layer and choose Label Features.
7-15
LESSON 7
Your streams are now labeled, as shown in the following example.
Step 5: Create label classes

In this step, you will create labels for your roads using label classes. With label classes, you can
restrict labels to certain features. You will apply different label properties to each of your roads as
shown in the table of contents.
a
In the list of Label Classes, click Roads, as shown in the following example.
The Label Manager now shows a dialog box in which you can enter label classes. Your roads are
already symbolized based on the CLASS attribute. You will create a separate label class from each
of these symbology categories.
You can also create your own label classes using the Add label class field, and then creating SQL
query to determine which features should be in each label class. Often, it is easier to use the
symbology to create your label classes.
c
In the Label Manager, confirm that the boxes next to the two symbol categories are checked,
then click Add.
Click Yes to overwrite the existing Default label class.
7-16
Labeling features
The two label classes now appear in the Label Classes list, as shown in the following example.
In the Label Classes list, click the Primary road class.
For Text String, select ROUTE_NUMBER from the drop-down list of attributes.
For Text Symbol, click the Symbol button.
At the top of the Symbol Selector, in the search field, type Route, then click the option next to
Referenced Styles.
The referenced styles will only search the symbol styles that are currently turned on in ArcMap.
ArcMap will take a few moments to index the currently loaded symbol styles.
i
In the list of symbols, click Other Route HWY.
Click OK.
The primary roads will be labeled using a highway shield. The ROUTE_NUMBER attribute will be
placed inside the highway shield for each primary road.
Your properties should look like the following example.
Click SQL Query.
You should see that your label class based on road symbology is stored as an SQL query, as
7-17
LESSON 7
Click Cancel to close the SQL Query window.

Under Placement Properties, confirm that the Position is set to Centered Horizontal.
Hint: Click the Position button.
Turn on feature labeling for the Roads layer.
Uncheck the box next to Forest; you do not want to label these roads.
Click OK.
You should see highway shields with the ROUTE_NUMBER attribute displayed for the primary
roads, as shown in the following example.
Step 6: Label features using Python

In this step, you will label the mountain peaks using two attributes - the peak name and elevation.
Up to this point, you have only used one attribute value to label your features. You will use the
Python scripting language to enhance the look of your labels by displaying two attributes.
a
Click the Default class under Mountain peaks.
At the top of the dialog box, click Expression.
Using this dialog box, you will load a Python script to label your mountain peaks.
7-18
Labeling features
For additional information about creating label expressions, you can click the Help button
on this dialog box, or refer to the ArcGIS Help Library: Building Label Expressions.
d
At the bottom of the dialog box, for Parser, choose Python from the drop-down list.
At the bottom of the dialog box, click Load.
Browse to your ..\ARC2\Labeling folder, click Mountain_Peaks.lxp, and click Open.
You have loaded a label expression, written in Python.

[NAME] + '\n' + [ELEVATION]
This expression will display values from the NAME and ELEVATION attribute fields. After the
NAME is displayed, a new line will be added, noted by the \n characters. The ELEVATION
attribute will be displayed on the new line, under the NAME.
g
Click Verify.
If your expression is written correctly, you will see a sample of how your labels will be displayed.
h
Click OK to close the Expression Verification window.
Click OK to apply your label expression.
Set your text symbol to the following specifications:
Font: Tahoma
Size: 10 point
k
With point features, you have several positions around the point in which you may place your
labels.
l
Confirm that the Best Position option is selected, then click OK.
Click Properties.
Click the Label Position tab.
7-19
LESSON 7
Confirm that the box next to User-defined zones is checked.
Click Options.
Because you have selected the Best Position option, Maplex will use a ranking of each position
around your point. You will change these default rankings.
q
For each position, change the ranking according to the following example.
Hint: After you enter a value, press the Tab key to advance your cursor to the next position.
When labeling point features, the cartographic standard is to place the label to the
upper right of the point. If this position is not available, then other positions around
the point may be used. Positions marked as zero (0) will not be considered for
placement.
Click OK twice to close the User Defined Zones and Placement Properties.
Turn on labels for Mountain Peaks.
7-20
Labeling features
Click OK to close the Label Manager and view your labels.
Notice that both the peak name and its elevation value are displayed. Maplex has stacked the
label names where the peak name contains more than one word. With the label names stacked,
the peak names may not be easily associated with the proper peak points.
u
Under Placement Properties, uncheck the box next to Stack label.
Click OK to see the changes on your map.
Step 7: Apply a label scale range

Notice that some labels are hard to associate with their peak symbol. Other features are not
labeled at the current map scale. You will create a label scale range, so that your peaks turn on
when you zoom in to a larger scale.
7-21
LESSON 7
Confirm that the Default label class for the Mountain peaks layer is selected.
At the bottom of the Label Manager, click Scale Range.
Complete the Scale Range dialog box as shown, and click OK.
Click OK.
Click OK to close the Label Manager.
Notice that your Peaks are not labeled because the display scale is less than 1:100,000.
g
Zoom to the Mountain Labels bookmark.
You should now see your labels.

Also, notice how the Wilderness labels have repositioned themselves to display within your
current map extent, as shown in the following example.
7-22
Labeling features
Use the Pan tool
to move your map display.
Notice how your labels continually reposition themselves as your map extent changes.
j
Zoom back to the San Juan bookmark.
Step 8: Place labels outside the polygon

In this step, you will label your lakes. Your lake polygons are much smaller in size than the
wilderness polygons you labeled earlier. Because your labels would have to be very small to fit
inside each lake, you will place your labels outside the polygons.
a
This time, rather than setting all parameters manually, you will copy and paste from another layer.
b
Right-click the Default label class for the Streams layer.
Choose Copy Parameters.
Right-click the Default class for the Lakes layer.
Choose Paste Parameters.
Notice that your text symbol is now the same as your Streams layer.
Now, you will make some changes to the label parameters.
f
Choose Offset Horizontal and click OK.
Click Properties.
Click the Fitting Strategy tab.
Check the box next to Stack label, and click OK.
Turn on labeling for your Lakes layer.
7-23
LESSON 7
Click OK to close the Label Manger.
Your lakes are now labeled, as shown in the following example.
Once the label properties are set for a layer, you can right-click the layer to turn the
labels on and off. This is faster than opening the Label Manager to control the label
visibility.
Step 9: Assign feature weights

Notice how the labels for some lakes are positioned on top of streams. You can control the
placement of labels drawing on top of other features by using feature weights.
a
On the Labeling toolbar, click the Label Weight Ranking button
On the Weight Ranking dialog box, you can change the weights of features. Weights determine
whether a label from another layer may be placed on top of a feature. Labels are only placed on
features of lower rank. A rank of zero indicates that any label from any layer may be placed on top
of that layer's features. This is the default.
Use feature weights when you want to control whether labels are placed on features
from other layers. In Maplex, feature weights are specified as a number ranging
from 0 to 1000, compared to Low, Medium, and High for the Standard label engine.
In your map, you wish to show the primary roads without labels from other layers printing over
them. Making the Primary roads have a higher feature weight will force labels from other layers to
position themselves away from the Primary roads.
7-24
Labeling features
In the Feature Weight column, change the weight for both the Roads - Primary and Streams Default to 1, as shown in the following example.
Click OK.
Your lakes should now display away from both streams and roads, as in the following example.
Your label position may be slightly different, based on your map extent and scale.
Step 10: Apply a reference scale

Now that your map is labeled, you will set a reference scale. This will allow your labels and
symbols to appear larger on your screen as you zoom in, and smaller as you zoom out.
a
Zoom to the San Juan Bookmark and confirm that your map scale is set to 1:250,000.
Right-click the San Juan data frame, point to Reference Scale, and click Set Reference scale.
Zoom into your map and notice how your labels and symbols adjust their size according to
your map scale.
When you are done changing map scales, zoom back to your San Juan bookmark.
7-25
LESSON 7
A reference scale locks the size of your symbols and text to the desired, or referenced, map scale.
By default, no reference scale is set for your map. Without a reference scale, your symbol and text
sizes remain the same in relation to your screen, as you zoom in and out.
Set a reference scale to view your labels and symbols on-screen at their true size,
and maintain this ratio as you zoom in and out. You should apply a reference scale
when you want your data frame to look the same on-screen as when you print. This
will display your map's symbols and labels on-screen at the relative size they will
appear when your map is printed.
In most cases, you will design your labels for use at your final publication scale.
Setting a reference scale to match your publication scale will allow you to see both
your labels and symbology sized proportionally as you zoom in and out while
working with your map document.
From the File menu, choose Save As.
Save your map document as San_Juan_Labels in your ..\ARC2\Labeling folder.
Close ArcMap.
7-26
Labeling features
Lesson review
1. Describe a situation in which you would create label classes.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. When would you use a label expression?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Describe the effect of applying a reference scale to your map.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7-27
LESSON 7

Exercise 7: Label features using Maplex (page 7-9)
1. Your streams are not labeled. Why?
The box next to Streams was not checked in the list of label classes.
7-28

Introduction
Key terms
data driven pages
layout
legend
Your map layout allows you to communicate the entire story of data to
your map reader. When designing your layout, think about the story
you wish to tell with your map. How do you wish to communicate your
message with your audience? The way you lay out your map and the
map elements you choose will make a difference in how your map
communicates its message.
map book
map element
north arrow
overview map
Topics covered
Map layout
Map element guidelines
Designing a layout with multiple maps
scale bar
Learning objectives
Create a map layout using cartographic design principles.

Manage multiple data frames in layout view.
Create and manage map elements.
Publish a map using a workflow.
8-1
LESSON 8
What is a map layout?

A map layout lets you communicate the message of your map to your
audience. Depending on the purpose or your map, you will need to
choose map elements which best help your intended audience use
your map as you intended. For example, if you are designing a map in
which to make accurate distance measurements, you may wish to
include a representative fraction so your audience knows the exact
size ratio of your map.
A map layout is composed of the following components:
One or more maps

Map elements
Map elements communicate the message of your map to your
audience and include:
Figure 8.1
A page layout with maps
and map elements.
8-2
Title
Legend
Scale
North arrow
Overview map
Other graphics
Workflow to create a map layout
Visit Esri's Mapping

Center at
mappingcenter.esri.com.
Creating a map layout involves applying many visual design

principles, including visual hierarchy and balance, to create a page
design that is both functional and pleasing to view.
To create a map layout in ArcMap, you will follow these steps from the
map layout workflow. This allows you to work with your maps and
map elements on a virtual page prior to publishing your map.
The map layout workflow

Figure 8.2
Workflow to create a map
layout.

sections.
Add data frames

Each map you want to display on your layout page is represented by
a data frame in the table of contents. Each data frame holds the
symbolized layers for each map.
Symbolize layers
Symbolize your layers as you wish to have them appear on your final
map. This includes both symbols and labels for your features.
8-3
LESSON 8
Set page properties

Prior to positioning your maps, set up the properties for your virtual
page. This includes the following:
Page size
Page orientation: portrait or landscape
Rulers
Guides
Grids
Position data frames

Position each data frame on the virtual page. Each data frame holds
layers representing a single map.
Add map elements

Add and position map elements.
Map elements should be added to support the following:
Communicating the message of your map

Allowing your audience to use the map effectively
Publish map
While web maps are
interactive and will not
typically have the same
layout considerations as
printed maps or PDF files,
much of this workflow still
applies with regard to data
frames and symbolization
of your map layers.
8-4
Produce your map in its final format. This could include any of the
following:
Hard-copy printed map

Web map
Digital file, such as PDF, TIFF, or JPG
Creating a map layout

There are many different types of map elements. Some of these, like
the map title, are necessary on almost all maps. Others, like a scale or
north arrow, may be left off of your map unless they are specifically
needed, and your map supports the measurement of distance or
direction. Consider the following best practices when including map
elements on your layout.
Title
The map title is one of the most important map elements, because it
communicates the overall message of your map.
Figure 8.3
Map title
Your map title should follow these guidelines:
Largest text on the map layout.

May contain multiple lines, or sub-titles.
Placement is usually near the top of the layout.
Legend
The map legend communicates the meaning of your map symbols.
Figure 8.4
Map legend
Include all symbols in your legend that are important for the use of
your map. If some symbols are obvious to your audience, like water or
roads, and they are not important to the main theme of the map, you
may consider not including them in your legend.
8-5
LESSON 8
Overview map
You may wish to include an overview map, or locator map, a map
which shows the geographic location of your main map.
The use of overview maps should be included when the location of
your main map may be unfamiliar to your audience.
Figure 8.5
Overview map
Overview maps can be linked to your main map through a data frame
property known as an extent indicator. The extent indicator is a line
symbol indicating the geographic extent of another data frame.
Scale bar
The most common way of presenting map scale is with a scale bar.
Figure 8.6
Scale bar
Scales should only be presented when the map projection properties

support measurement of distance. Many small-scale maps or maps
where distance may not be of primary importance to your audience
will not include an indication of scale.
If you choose to include a scale on your map, choose units that are
meaningful to your audience. In terms of scale bars, you may have
more than one to support multiple units, such as both miles and
kilometers.
Scale may also be presented as a representative fraction or verbal
scale.
Representative fraction:
1:24,000
Verbal scale:
1 inch = 1 mile
8-6
North arrow
A north arrow, or direction indicator, should be used when your map
supports a constant direction and this information is important to your
audience.
Figure 8.7
North arrow
Because most map readers assume north is located at the top of the
map, a directional indicator will be necessary to orient your map
reader.
North arrows may be simple or ornate. The style of north arrow you
choose should complement the look of the other graphics and map
symbols you are using.
8-7
45 minutes
Exercise 8: Create a map layout

Create a map layout for the San Juan National Forest.
Create map elements.

Use multiple data frames.
Publish a map.
Figure 8.8
Map layout of the Vallecito
Reservoir area of the San
Juan National Forest
8-9
LESSON 8
Step 1: Begin the map layout

In this step, you will start your map layout, which covers an area of the San Juan National Forest in
the state of Colorado. You will begin by setting up your page dimensions and margin areas.
a
Start ArcMap and open ..\ARC2\Layout\San_Juan.mxd.
From the View menu, choose Layout View.

Hint: You can also click the Layout View button
at the bottom-left of your map display.
Your map is now displayed on the default virtual page. From the rulers on the top and side of your
map display, you can see that your page is currently set to 8.5 inches wide by 11 inches high. This
is the default size when you begin your page layout.
The visibility of the rulers, their measurement units, and many other layout options can be
set through the Customize menu, choosing ArcMap Options, then viewing the Layout tab.
The Layout toolbar is added to your map display when you switch to layout view.
If you do not see your Layout toolbar, add it from the Customize menu by pointing to
Toolbars, then choosing Layout.
c
Dock the toolbar to the top of your map display.

You may remove the Editor and Labeling toolbars used earlier in this course if you want.
You will begin your layout by setting the size and scale of your map on your page.
d
From the File menu, choose Page and Print Setup.
The setup options are similar to printer settings you may have used with other software
applications. You can use predefined paper sizes to set the size of your printed page, or you can
enter your own width and height measurements.
e
Under Map Page Size, confirm that the option to Use Printer Paper Settings is unchecked.
Click the Landscape option.
8-10
Be sure to click the Landscape option in the Map Page Size area, not in the
Paper area.
Your dialog box should look like the following example.
The page boundary now displays in landscape orientation in the preview area. This indicates that
your map currently extends beyond the top of your page. You will adjust your map on your page
next.
g
Click OK to apply your page settings.
You now see your map, and the new page boundary, as indicated in the preview on the Page and
Print Setup. Your page size is now 11 inches wide by 8.5 inches high.
Step 2: Size and position your map

In this step, you will add guides to your page which allow you to align your map and other map
elements. You will also set the final position of your map, and set the correct map extent and
scale.
First, you will add page guides corresponding to your margins.
a
On the horizontal ruler displayed on the top of your map, click the 7-inch mark.
If your guide is not aligned with the 7-inch mark, click and drag the guide on the ruler until
it is positioned correctly.
8-11
LESSON 8
Your guide should appear like the following example.
On your own, add another guide at 0.5 inches.
On the vertical ruler at the left side of your page, add guides at the 0.5-inch and 8-inch marks.
Now, you will align your map with the guides.

Click your map once to select it.
Notice the small blue squares in each corner, and middle of each side, of your map. These are
known as graphic handles and allow you to interactively resize graphic objects on your page.
f
With your mouse, drag your map so the lower-left corner snaps to the intersection of the
guides at the lower-left corner of your page, as shown in the following example.
On the Layout toolbar, click the Fixed Zoom Out button
The Layout toolbar contains zoom tool much like the those found on the Tools toolbar. You
will explore the differences in these tools later in this exercise.
You have zoomed out so you can see the top of your map.
h
Place your mouse over the top-middle graphic handle until your cursor is displayed as a
two-sided arrow.
8-12
Drag the handle down until it snaps to the 8-inch horizontal guide.
The guide will turn red when you have snapped to it.
From the Bookmarks menu, choose San Juan.
Your map is now positioned on your page and is displaying the correct map extent and scale.
l
On the Layout toolbar, click the Zoom Whole Page button
Step 3: Add the map title

Now you are ready to begin adding map elements to your page. The first map element you will
add will be the title.
a
On the top horizontal ruler, add a new guide at the 10.5-inch position on the right side of your
page.
Click the Insert menu to see all of the map elements that can be added to your page.
Click Title.
On the Inset Title dialog box, type San Juan National Forest and click OK.
Your title is added to the page. You will position your title next.
e
From the File menu, choose Map Document Properties.
Notice that the Title property is populated with the map title you just entered. If you were to
change your map title here, the text on your map would automatically change. This relationship is
known as dynamic text. There are many text elements you can add to your map which have this
dynamic behavior.
f
Close the Map Document Properties.
Place your mouse cursor on top of the new Title text element until it displays as a four-sided
arrow.
8-13
LESSON 8
Right-click your map title text and choose Properties.
If necessary, activate the Text tab.
You can see the dyn type tag, which reads the content of the title from the map document
properties.
j
Click Change Symbol.
Set the text symbol to the following specifications:
Font: Times New Roman

Size: 18
Style: Bold
l
Click OK.
Click the Size and Position tab.
In addition to dragging map elements on your page, you can also specify coordinates on your
page to position your map elements.
Under the Anchor Point, you can specify the position around your map title corresponding to the
X and Y page coordinates. Using this anchor, you will now center your map title between the two
vertical guides.
n
Click the top-center anchor point, as shown in the following example.
Under Position, for X, type 8.75.
For Y, type 8.
Click OK.
Your map title is now centered exactly between the two vertical guides.
8-14
Use the Size and Position properties to set your position to exact page coordinates.
This is more accurate than dragging the map elements interactively on your virtual
page.
Step 4: Add a sub-title

In this step, you will add a second line to your title, providing more detail about the subject of
your map.
a
From the Insert menu, click Text.
A small text element is added near the center of your page.

b
Place your mouse cursor on top of the new text element until it displays as a four-sided arrow.
Right-click and choose Properties.
On the Text tab, replace the existing highlighted text with Vallecito Reservoir Area.
Change the font properties to the following:
Font: Times New Roman

Size: 12
Style: Bold
f
Set the Anchor Point to top-center.
For X value, type 8.75.
For Y value, type 7.75.
Click OK.
8-15
LESSON 8
Your completed map title is now displayed on two lines on your page, as shown in the following
example.
Step 5: Group elements

In this step, you will group both of your title elements together.
Grouping elements allows you to move or resize the elements at a later time, while
retaining the relative position of the elements to each other.
Confirm that your Vallecito Reservoir Area text is still selected.
Press the Shift key and click the San Juan National Forest text element to add it to your
selection.
With both elements selected, right-click either one, and choose Group.
You can now see the graphic handles around the new group, as shown in the following examaple.
Step 6: Create a map legend

In this step, you will add a map legend centered under your title.
a
From the Insert menu, choose Legend.
The Legend Wizard displays. This wizard will guide you through the process of creating your
legend. Once the legend is added to your map, you can open the properties and further enhance
the appearance of your legend.
The first panel of the wizard allows you to choose which map layers from your data frame you wish
to include in your legend.
8-16
On the right side, under Legend Items, click Hillshade.
Click the left arrow
to remove the Hillshade layer from the list.
You can also use the up and down arrows to reorder the layers so they appear in the legend
differently than the table of contents. For this map, you will not adjust the order in which your
layers appear.
d
Click Next.
Select the existing title, Legend, and delete the text.
For many maps, you may have a separate title for your legend. For this map, you will place the
legend directly under the map title you created earlier.
f
Click Next.
On this panel, you could add a border, background, or drop shadow to your legend.
g
Click Next.
This panel of the wizard allows you to control the shape of the polygon and line symbols that
appear in your legend. You will leave these at their default values.
h
Click Next.
The final panel of the Legend Wizard allows you to control the spacing between the different
legend elements. You will accept the default values here as well.
i
Click Finish.
The legend is added to your map page.

j
Step 7: Adjust legend properties

In this step, you will position your legend and adjust some of the legend properties.
8-17
LESSON 8
Click and drag your legend under your map title.
You will specify the exact position of your legend later in this step.
Your legend is dynamically linked to the layers in your table of contents. Now, you will enhance
the appearance of your legend.
Notice how your Roads layer appears in your legend. To make this layer appear like the rest of the
layers that use a single symbol, you will change the appearance of the layer in the table of
contents, and then apply a specific legend style to the roads.
b
In the table of contents, for the roads layer, click the word Forest.
Click the highlighted text again to make the text editable.
Change the text to Forest route.
On your own, change Primary to Primary route.
Notice how your legend has updated to match the layer in the table of contents as shown in the
following example.
Right-click your legend and open the Legend Properties.
There are many properties, categorized by the category tabs, which control the appearance of
your legend. Most of these are not available when you initially create the legend with the Legend
Wizard.
g
Click the Items tab.
On the left side of the dialog box, click Roads from the list of legend items.
At the bottom, click Style.
8-18
The Legend Item Selector allows you to format your legend in many different ways.
j
Scroll through the list and examine the different ways in which the layer name and symbol can
be displayed.
Scroll back to the top of the list and click the Horizontal Single Symbol Label Only style.
Click OK.
Next, you will change the font size for the layers in your legend.
m
Above the list of layers, click Select All.
Change the font to Times New Roman, size 12, as shown in the following graphic.
On your own, position the top-center of the legend at the following X and Y page coordinates:
X: 8.75 inches
Y: 7.25 inches
q
Set the Width to 1.25.
Click OK.
8-19
LESSON 8
Your legend should now appear as shown in the following example.
Step 8: Add an overview map

In this step, you will add an overview map, also known as a locator map, to your layout. The
overview map will show the location of your main map at a smaller scale.
Each map on your layout page is represented by a data frame in your table of contents. You will
begin by adding a new data frame, then adding two layers to the data frame from layer files.
a
From the Insert menu, choose Data Frame.
In the table of contents, rename your data frame Overview Map.
When you add a new data frame to your map document, it becomes the active data frame. The
active data frame displays in bold text in your table of contents, and has dashed lines around the
data frame boarder in your layout.
c
On your map, drag your data frame under your map legend.
Open the properties for your new data frame.
On the Size and Position tab, set the anchor to the bottom-center, as shown in the following
example.
8-20
Set the X and Y positions:
X: 8.75
Y: 3
g
Set the Size to:
Width: 3
Height: 2
h
Click OK.
Now, you will add layers to your data frame.

i
Your Home folder is set to your ..\ARC2\Layout folder. The Home folder is the location of your
map document.
j
From the Home folder, drag the States layer into your map.
The Label Engine Warning dialog box appears. Your new data frame is not set to use the Maplex
label engine. The States layer was created using Maplex labels. If you set Maplex as your default
label engine previously, you will not see this warning message.
k
Click Yes to upgrade the data frame to use Maplex.
In the San Juan data frame, right-click the Forest layer and choose copy.
Right-click the Overview Map data frame and choose Paste Layer(s).
In the Overview Map data frame, right-click the Forest layer and choose Zoom To Layer.
Set your map scale to 1:5,000,000 (five million).
Turn on the labels for the Forest layer.

Hint: Right-click and choose Label Features.
Next, you will show the extent of your San Juan map on your overview map.
8-21
LESSON 8
Open the properties for the Overview Map data frame.
Hint: You can right-click the data frame on your layout page, or in the table of contents.
r
Click the Extent Indicators tab.
Under Other data frames, click the San Juan data frame.
Click the right-arrow

data frame.
to use this data frame as an extent indicator on your Overview Map
Next, you will change the symbol of the extent indicator.

u
Click Frame.
Under Border, click the drop-down arrow and choose the 2.0 point border.
Change the color for the border to a dark red, such as Tuscan red.
Click OK to close all open dialog boxes.
A red line appears on your overview map showing the extent of your San Juan map.
Step 9: Add a scale bar

In this step, you will add two scale bars.
When you add a scale bar, the active data frame will be used to calculate the scale.
a
Activate your San Juan data frame by clicking the San Juan map on your layout page.
Hint: You can also right-click the data frame in the table of contents and choose Activate.
From the Insert menu, choose Scale Bar.
Scroll through the list to see the variety of scale bar styles.
Near the top of the list, chose Alternating Scale Bar 1 and click OK.
The scale bar is added to your map page. Now you will position and size your scale bar.
8-22
So you can better see your scale bar and explore its properties, you will turn off the layers in your
map.
e
In the Table of Contents, right-click the San Juan data frame and choose Turn All Layers Off.
You can also click a layer's check box while holding down the Control key to turn all layers
on or off.
Drag your scale bar to the bottom right of your page.
Open the properties for your scale bar.

Hint: Right-click and choose Properties, or double-click the scale bar.
On the Scale and Units tab, set the number of divisions to 2.
Set the number of subdivisions to 5.
Under Units, click the drop-down list under Label Position, and choose after labels.
Click the Numbers and Marks tab.
Under Numbers, for Frequency, choose divisions.
Click OK.
Click and drag the graphic handle on the right-center of the scale bar to change the length.
Notice how the number on the top of the scale bar changes as you interactively change its length.
o
Change the scale bar's length to be 10 miles, as shown in the following example.
You will position your scale bar later in this step.
8-23
LESSON 8
On your own, insert another Alternating Scale Bar 1, with the following specifications:
Number of divisions: 2
Number of subdivisions: 5
Division Units: Kilometers
Label Position: after labels
Frequency: divisions
As an alternative workflow, you can also copy and paste the scale bar, then double-click
the new scale bar to adjust its properties.
q
Resize the scale bar to 10 kilometers.
Drag your new scale bar above your Miles scale bar, leaving some space between the two, as
Select both scale bars.

Hint: Select one of the scale bars, then hold down the Shift key while selecting the other.
Right-click one of the selected scale bars, point to Align, and choose Align Left.
Your scale bars should now have their zero marks left-aligned, as shown in the following example.
Group both of your scale bars together.
Now, you will position your scale bars to exact page coordinates.
v
Open the properties for the new scale bar group.
On the Size and Position tab, set the anchor point to bottom-center.
8-24
Set the X and Y position to the following values:
X: 8.75
Y: 1
Step 10: Add a north arrow

In this step, you will add a north arrow to your map.
a
From the Insert menu, choose North Arrow.
Scroll through the list and select a north arrow that complements the style of your other map
elements.
Map arrows may be simple or ornate. The style of your north arrow should match
the other map elements and symbology used on your map.
Interactively resize your north arrow using the graphic handles.
Use the Size and Position tab on the North Arrow Properties to position the north arrow so it is
centered above your scale bars and below your overview map, similar to the following
example.
Your north arrow may be a different style than shown.
Step 11: Add dynamic text

In this step, you will add text to the bottom of your map that displays the publication date. You
will use dynamic text to display today's date.
8-25
LESSON 8
From the Insert menu, point to Dynamic Text and choose Current Date.
A date text element with today's date is added to your page.

b
Open the properties for your dynamic text element.
Activate the Text tab.
In the text field, you can see the word Date, followed by the dynamic text tags that format the
date.
Change the Date: to Publication Date:
Your completed dynamic text string should look like the following:
Publication Date: <dyn type="date" format="short"/>.
e
Click OK.
Snap the lower-right corner of the text element to the intersection of the two guides at the
lower-right of your map page below your scale bars, as shown in the following example.
Step 12: Add a map border

In this step, you will add a border around your map.
a
Turn on your San Juan map layers again.

Hint: Right-click the data frame and choose Turn All Layers On.
You are done with your guides, so you will clear them from your display.
b
Right-click one of the guides where it intersects the ruler, and choose Clear all Guides.
Repeat for the other ruler.
8-26
Right-click your San Juan map on your layout page and choose Properties.
Click the Frame tab.
Under Border, click the drop-down arrow and choose a line symbol as a border for your map;
a simple, solid line is suggested.
Click OK.
On the Layout toolbar, click the Zoom In tool
Zoom in to a corner of your map to see your map border in more detail.
You can interactively zoom in or zoom out on your map page using the zoom tools
on the Layout toolbar. When you use these tools, the scale and map extent are not
changed. You are only zooming in or out of the page and not changing the data
shown in your map. If you wish to change your map scale and map extent, use the
zoom and pan tools on the Tools toolbar.
To see your map displayed on-screen at its actual size, on the Layout toolbar, click the Zoom
to 100% button
.
On the Layout toolbar, use the pan tool
When you are done, on the Layout toolbar, click the Zoom Whole Page button
to navigate your map page.

.
Step 13: Export your map

In this step, you will export your map to an Adobe PDF file.
a
From the File menu, choose Export map.
Click the Desktop icon to save the PDF file to your desktop.
For Save as type, choose PDF.
For Resolution, confirm or change the dpi value to 300.
8-27
LESSON 8
Under Output Image Quality (Resample Ratio), if necessary, move the slider to Best.
Click the Format tab.
Confirm that the Embed All Document Fonts option is checked.
Enable the option to Embed All Document Fonts to ensure that your PDF will
display correctly, even if the end user does not have the fonts you used to create
the PDF installed on their computer.
Click Save to export your map layout as a PDF.
The status bar at the bottom of your ArcMap window will indicate when the export is complete.
i
Save your map document and close ArcMap.
Double-click the PDF file on your desktop to view your published map.
Close your PDF when you are done viewing your map.
8-28
Creating a map book

A map book is a collection of pages printed or exported together.
Many of the pages contain maps, but other pages may be dedicated
to text, tabular information, tables of contents, title pages, and other
content.
ArcGIS Help Library: Data
Driven Pages.
Data driven pages allow you to quickly and easily create a series of
layout pages from a single map document. A map layer serving as
page index, divides the map into sections based on each index
feature in the layer. Each feature in the index layer generates one
output page. The process of creating a map book can be automated
through the use of data driven pages.
Creating a map book is much like creating any other map document
with a page layout. The additional steps require the use of data driven
pages.
Figure 8.24
Workflow to create pages
for a map book using Data
Driven pages.

sections.
Symbolize layers
Create the symbolized layers for each map you wish to publish using
data driven pages. For example, you may have an overview map
shown on each page along with the main map.
8-29
LESSON 8
Create the map layout

Each published page will have the same layout. Consider what you
want to show on each page of a multi-page map book. Your layout
may be different than if you were publishing a single map. For
example, you may not have a large, bold map title for each page, but
rather, you might have the current page grid act as the map title.
Create page grid index

Any polygon feature class may be used as a page index. You can also
create a page index using the Gird Index Features geoprocessing
tool.
Set up data driven pages

Use the Data Driven Pages toolbar to enable data driven pages in
your map document. There are many properties you can specify that
will control the generation of your map pages.
Set PDF properties

When you are ready to publish your map, from the File menu in
ArcMap, choose Export map. Choose PDF as the output format and
set the properties for your PDF file.
Publish map to PDF

Export your map to PDF. Your final set of map pages can be
appended to other PDF files. For example, you might have a PDF that
contains a title, table of contents, and contact information. You can
use the Python scripting language to append multiple PDF files
together into a final map book.
8-30
Lesson review
1. What is a map layout?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. You want to create a page layout with three separate maps displayed: a large map with two
additional smaller maps. All maps are displayed at different scales. Describe the process to
add these three maps to your layout.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. You have multiple data frames in your map document. When adding a scale bar, which data
frame will be used to calculate the scale?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. True or false: All maps should have a north arrow and scale bar. Why or why not?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8-31

Introduction
Key terms
accuracy
completeness
consistency
credibility
Careful evaluation of your data is necessary if you want to achieve

accurate and reliable results from your GIS analysis. The saying
"garbage in, garbage out" applies to GIS data, too. What are the
common types of errors you may encounter? How can you find these
errors? How can you properly evaluate data quality to determine
whether it will meet your needs for analysis and spatial problem
solving?
currency
geographic
transformation
Topics covered
Transforming geographic coordinate systems
Evaluating data quality
How to find common errors in GIS data
Learning objectives
Ensure alignment of geographic data.

Evaluate data quality.
9-1
LESSON 9
Evaluating data quality

Careful evaluation of your data is necessary if you want to achieve
accurate and reliable results from your GIS analysis.
Think about the following questions concerning data quality. Record
your thoughts about each question and be prepared to share your
group's answers with the rest of the class.
What makes good-quality data?
How can you determine data quality?
How could poor quality data affect your GIS projects?
9-2
Error in GIS data

Think about the data you will use in your GIS projects:
What types of errors are you likely to encounter?
How much error is acceptable?
9-3
LESSON 9
Currency and credibility

Your data may come from a variety of different sources, including your
own organization, other private organizations, and public agencies.
Currency and credibility are two of the first factors that you should
check before you begin the more time-consuming tasks of checking
the quality of the data.
Figure 9.1
The ArcGIS Item
Description can be used
to determine the currency,
credibility, and access
limitations of your data.
Currency
Currency refers to the time-frame your data was produced. Many of
your GIS projects will require time-sensitive data. if you have this
requirement, this will usually be one of the first items you check when
looking for data.
9-4
When beginning your search for data, ask yourself the following
questions with regard to data currency:
What is the most recent data available I can acquire?

What is the affect on my project if I do not use current data?
Is all of my project data time-sensitive?
Other data, such as elevation or general basemap information, is
often not time-sensitive. When looking for these data sources, you
may have more flexibility in the publication dates you choose.
Credibility
If you are relying on your GIS data to help you make important
decisions, you will want to make sure your data is obtained from
reliable sources, to provide credibility to your map or analysis. Data
that does not have source information included in the Item
Description or other documentation, should be avoided if you cannot
verify its source.
When reviewing the credibility of a data source, ask yourself the
following questions:
Am I familiar with the organization distributing the data?

Will this data source add credibility to my project?
If neither the currency nor the credibility requirements meet your
standards, you will need to investigate other data sources to meet
your needs.
Access and use limitations

As part of your search for data, you may also encounter limitations on
how the data can be used or distributed. Make sure to check for any
use restrictions that may limit or prevent your use of the data for your
GIS project. Many sources, private and public, have access and use
limitations.
9-5
LESSON 9
Completeness
Completeness refers to whether your data has all the necessary
features and attributes. To measure completeness, you must have a
standard with which you can compare your data. For example, you
may need imagery, or other source data, in which to verify your
streams layer is complete. Both spatial and attribute completeness
should be evaluated.
Spatial completeness
1. In the following map, where might there be problems of
completeness?
Figure 9.2
Is the streams network
complete?
9-6
Attribute completeness
2. Is the following attribute table complete?
Figure 9.3
Are the attributes
complete in this table?
9-7
LESSON 9
Consistency
Consistency is the agreement among features and attributes. When
evaluating consistency of your GIS data, you should consider two
types:
Logical
Physical
Logical consistency
Evaluating logical consistency often involves looking at the
relationship of two or more attributes. In the following attribute table,
the MILEAGE_FROM attribute should be lower than the
MILEAGE_TO attribute.
Figure 9.4
Logical consistency often
checks for agreement
among two or more
attributes.
Physical consistency
Evaluating physical consistency requires you to look at the
relationships of your features spatially. For example, do all water
service lines have a meter snapped to their end point?
Figure 9.5
Evaluating physical
consistency involves
viewing your spatial data
for errors.
9-8
Physical consistency may also involve checking spelling, or consistent

use of an abbreviation, such as a street suffix. You may also check the
detail of your data across your area of interest. Were some features
collected at a larger scale, resulting in more shape detail, than other
features?
9-9
LESSON 9
Accuracy
Accuracy is a measure of the closeness of data to reality. In general,
larger-scale maps are more accurate with regard to the position of
your data. Your features usually display a level of detail similar to the
real world.
The following examples show the difference in accuracy between
maps created from two different map scales. In the first example, the
buildings, roads, railroads, lakes, and streams have been created from
a large-scale map. Notice the detail in shapes of these features.
Figure 9.6
Detailed features from a
large-scale map.
9-10
The next example shows the same features created from a small-scale
map. Notice how the features have been generalized to appear at this
smaller scale. Data compiled from small-scale maps will have less
positional accuracy than large-scale maps of the same area. Other
factors that affect the accuracy of the map include the generalized
shapes of features, and the omission of some smaller features.
Figure 9.7
Generalized features from
a small-scale map.
The attributes of these features will also show accuracy differences.

For large-scale maps, the GIS calculated length, stored in the
Shape_Length field, will be closer to the actual length value of the
real-world features. This is because these features have more detailed
geometry and more accurately reflect the shape of the real feature.
9-11
LESSON 9
Aligning geographic data

Esri web course: Working
with Coordinate Systems

in ArcGIS 10.
Esri technical support
article 17430: Apply a
geographic (datum)
transformation in ArcMap
and article 21327: Select
the correct geographic

(datum) transformation
when projecting between
datums.
The alignment of data in different geographic coordinate systems

may also contribute to data not aligning properly, affecting the
accuracy of your map. There is often more than one transformation
between geographic coordinate systems. Not selecting a
transformation can make your data appear as if it has positional
errors.
Guidelines for aligning data in ArcMap

The first layer you bring into a data frame will set the coordinate
system for all layers in the data frame. You can change the data frame
coordinate system from the data frame properties.
Use the following guidelines when displaying layers in ArcMap.
1. Your data is in the same projected coordinate system (PCS) and
geographic coordinate system (GCS) as your data frame:
No additional steps are needed, because the data already

matches the data frame.
2. Your data has the same GCS as your data frame, but the PCS is
different:
ArcMap will project your data on-the-fly to match the projection

used by the data frame.
3. The GCS of your data is different than your data frame:
You will need to apply a geographic transformation to your data.

There are often many mathematical methods to transform one
GCS to another. For this reason, you will need to set the specific
transformation method you wish ArcMap to use.
Each geographic coordinate system has a spheroid which defines the
size and shape of the earth. Because these spheroids are different, the
same location on the ground will have different coordinate values in
different geographic coordinate systems.
Geographic transformations
A geographic transformation is a conversion of the latitude and
longitude values from one geographic coordinate system to
equivalent values in another geographic coordinate system. Often,
there is more than one method available to transform coordinate
9-12
systems. In ArcGIS for Desktop, you can choose which method is most
appropriate for your data.
A geographic transformation is defined in a particular direction. The
transformation names will reflect this, such as
NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984. However, transformations may be used in
both directions. You could use this transformation in either of these
two scenarios:
NAD83 to WGS84
WGS84 to NAD83
You will often see a number at the end of the transformation, such as
NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984_1. Many times, there is more than one
transformation available covering a geographic area. ArcMap will not
choose the transformation for you. You must decide which one is
most appropriate for your area of interest.
How to choose an appropriate transformation

The geographic_transformations.pdf document included with ArcGIS
for Desktop lists all of the supported ArcGIS transformations and their
geographic area of intended use. If ArcGIS is installed in its default
location, you can find the PDF file located here:
C:\Program Files (x86)\ArcGIS\Desktop10.1\Documentation

Find the transformation that includes the smallest geographic area in
the description which covers your area of interest. Many times, there
will be more than one transformation that will work for your data.
9-13
LESSON 9
Discovering error
Discovering error involves a variety of techniques including:
Automated checks
Visual checks
Automated checks
Automated checks allow you to use ArcGIS to create tables or other
data to quickly assess whether you have spatial or attribute errors.
These automated checks are often done before the more
time-consuming visual checks of your data. The geodatabase also has
specialized functionality that can help you locate both attribute and
spatial errors in your data.
Visual checks
Visual checks are often time-intensive and involve symbolizing data
and labeling features to look for completeness, consistency, and
accuracy errors.
Techniques for finding errors

Finding errors in your data will demand different techniques
depending on the data you are using, and the types of errors you may
be most concerned about. When searching for errors, consider the
following two techniques:
Confirmatory
Exploratory
Confirmatory checks verify features conform to the data standard. An
example would be selecting a feature in the map index and
confirming the index grid is correct by locating the feature on the
map.
Exploratory checks involve looking for the unusual, or features that do
not conform to the data standard. An exploratory example would be
choosing a feature on the map and checking that the feature is listed
in the index and has correct coordinates.
Using both techniques is important when you look find errors in your
data. If you only check to make sure features meet the standard, you
may miss features that do not meet the standard.
9-14
25 minutes
Exercise 9: Evaluate data quality

You are preparing a database of highways that will be used
specifically for analysis. You have received new highway data and will
review the data quality by checking for errors, using both automated
and visual techniques.
Evaluate data quality.

Transform geographic coordinate systems.
Figure 9.8
Evaluating spatial and
tabular data errors
9-15
LESSON 9
Step 1: Evaluate data currency and credibility

You have received new highway data and wish to use this for analysis purposes, if it meets your
standards for quality. For many GIS projects, currency is one of the most important aspects of your
data. Many GIS analysis projects require the use of current data to support reliable results from
the analysis. The highways you add to your GIS database will need to be current to within the last
couple of years. Older data may not include newer highways or changes in route numbers or
classifications.
In this step, you will begin to evaluate the data using the Item Description.
a
Open ArcMap with a new blank map.
Open the Catalog window and browse to, and expand your ..\ARC2\Data_quality\
Transportation geodatabase.
Right-click the Highways layer and choose Item Description.

1. From the data description, can you determine the date on which the data was produced?
______________________________________________________________________________
Even if the data appears to meet your needs in terms of currency, the source of the data should
give you confidence that the data is from a reliable source.
2. From the Item Description, what is the source organization responsible for creating this
data?
______________________________________________________________________________
Data is useful within a small range of map scales. If you zoom in beyond the source scale at which
your data was captured, it may appear that the data is not positionally accurate. Prior to using
data for GIS analysis, you need to determine the scale and accuracy standards you will need to
support your project.
3. What is the largest scale at which the Highways data should be used for analysis and
display?
______________________________________________________________________________
9-16
The Item Description or other included documentation should be your first check to determine if
the data will meet your requirements. If not, then you can continue to look for another data source
without having spent the additional time to quality-check the data.
So far, you have determined the data is current, was produced by a reliable source, and can be
used at scales up to 1:50,000. Next, you will continue to investigate the quality of this data.
Step 2: View list of geographic transformations

Before you evaluate the data quality, you will project and transform the data to the coordinate
system used by your other feature classes.
a
Right-click your Transportation geodatabase and choose Make Default Geodatabase.
From your Transportation geodatabase, click and drag the Highways feature class onto your
map.
Open the data frame properties and click the Coordinate System tab.
4. What is the coordinate system currently used by your map?
______________________________________________________________________________
This data is for web mapping applications and is stored in the Web Mercator coordinate system.
You will transform these geographic coordinates into that used by your GIS database: North
American Datum of 1983, commonly known as NAD83.
d
Close the Data Frame Properties.
Minimize ArcMap.
There are a number of geographic transformations available for converting between these two
geographic coordinate systems. ArcMap will not choose a transformation for you. Deciding the
most appropriate transformation will have to be done by you. To help you select a transformation,
you will view a PDF file included with ArcGIS for Desktop that lists all supported transformations
and their areas of use.
f
Open Windows Explorer and navigate to

C:\Program Files (x86)\ArcGIS\Desktop10.1\Documentation.
9-17
LESSON 9
Double-click geographic_transformations.pdf to open it in Adobe Reader.
View page 24 of the document.
At the bottom of the page, you will find a list of transformation methods from NAD 83 to WGS 84.
Which transformation is likely the most appropriate? There are several that you can disregard
because your data is located in the state of Louisiana. The only suitable choices are:
NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984_1
NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984_4
NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984_5
The transformations may be used in either direction. In your case, you want to transform from
WGS84 to NAD83.
i
Close the PDF document.
Step 3: Transform the geographic coordinate system

a
Restore ArcMap.
Your data frame is currently set to match your Highways layer, WGS84. You will set the coordinate
system of your data frame to match your other GIS data, which is stored in a UTM projected
coordinate system using NAD83 geographic coordinates. You will then apply a transformation to
allow your WGS84 Highways layer to display correctly in your data frame.
b
Open the data frame properties.
On the Coordinate System tab, scroll to the top and expand Projected Coordinate Systems.
Scroll down to, and expand UTM.
Expand NAD 1983 and click NAD 1983 UTM Zone 15N.
Click Transformations.
At the bottom of the dialog box, click the link, About geographic transformations.
This opens the ArcGIS Help.
9-18
Scroll to the bottom of the page and read the short section about converting between NAD83
and WGS84.
5. Based on the Help document, which transformation method is most appropriate?
NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984_1
NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984_4
NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984_5
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
i
Close the ArcGIS Help window.
Complete your Geographic Coordinate System Transformations dialog box so that it looks like
the following example.
Click OK.
Click OK to close the Data Frame Properties and apply the transformation.
Your WGS84 roads data has now been transformed to display in NAD83, UTM Zone 15
coordinates. Your source data is still in WGS84; however, the map document has transformed the
data on-the-fly to NAD83.
Step 4: Create a selection and export transformed data.

Now that your data is in the same coordinate system as the data frame, you can begin to evaluate
the quality of the data. The highways data you received has all federal and state highways for the
9-19
LESSON 9
state of Louisiana. You are only interested in the interstate and U.S. highways. You will select just
these highways and export the data to your geodatabase in the new coordinate system.
a
Open the attribute table for your Highways layer.
Examine the values of the NHS attribute.
Each NHS value starts with 0 or 1, followed by a dash (-) and another number. The leading 0 or 1
indicates whether the road is part of the National Highway System, such as an Interstate highway
or a U.S. route. The number after the dash indicates the road class, which further categorizes each
highway segment.
Because you are only interested in the federal highways for your project, you will select only the
NHS values that begin with 1, and export these to your geodatabase.
c
At the top of the attribute table, click the Select By Attributes button
For Method, confirm that the Create a new selection option is shown in the drop-down list.
In the list of attributes, double-click the NHS attribute.
Click the Like operator.
At the end of your expression, add the following value '1%'.
Your completed expression should look like:

"NHS" LIKE '1%'
The Like operator allows you to use select all of the values that match an expression using
a wildcard character. In this case, you are selecting all of the highways that have an NHS
value starting with 1, followed by any additional characters, indicated by the percent (%)
character.
h
Click Apply to execute your selection statement.
Close the Select By Attributes dialog box and the Table window.
9-20
You should now see the interstate highways selected on your map, as shown in the following
example.
Right-click the Highways layer, point to Data, and click Export Data.
Fill out the Export Data dialog box, as shown in the following example.
Because you have already set a geographic transformation within your data frame, ArcMap
will apply this transformation when creating the new, exported data.
l
Click Yes to add the new Federal_Routes feature class to your map.
Remove your Highways layer.

Hint: Right-click Highways and choose Remove.
9-21
LESSON 9
Step 5: Evaluate data completeness

In this step, you will evaluate the completeness of your data.
Open the attribute table for your Federal_Routes layer.
Each road segment should have a corresponding PARISH attribute value. There should be no
empty values for this attribute. You could scroll through the table and visually look for missing
values. This may be effective for a small attribute table. However, for a large table, you need to
use an more reliable and faster method.
Right-click the PARISH attribute and choose Sort Ascending.
Any empty values will be located at the top of the attribute column.
6. Are there any empty values? If so, how many?
______________________________________________________________________________
Step 6: Evaluate data consistency

In this step, you will evaluate the consistency of your data.
For all Interstate routes, the ROUTE column should have the characters "I-" before the route
number; for example, I-10. You could scroll through the table looking for values that may be
missing the dash character, but for a large table, ArcGIS can do this for you.
a
At the top of the attribute table, click the Select By Attributes button
Build the following expression:

"ROUTE" LIKE 'I%'
Click OK to select all the Route records that start with the letter I.
Right-click the ROUTE attribute and choose Summarize.
Section 2 of the Summarize dialog box allows you to choose additional summary statistics for
each unique ROUTE value. In this case, you are only wanting to see the unique ROUTE values for
your selected features, so you will not add any additional statistics.
9-22
For section 3, Specify output table, click the browse button

Geodatabase button
.
, then click the Go To Default
Name your new output table Route_Summary.
Click Save.
Confirm that the Summarize on the selected records only option is checked.
Click OK to create your new summary table.
Click Yes to add the summary table to your map.
Open the Route_Summary table.

7. Do you see any ROUTE values without a dash after the letter I?
______________________________________________________________________________
The summary table is much easier to review for errors, because it only contains
unique values.

Step 7: Evaluate data accuracy

Up to this point, you have been evaluating the attributes of your data. Now, you will evaluate the
features on your map in terms of their accuracy.
a
Change the line symbol for your Federal_Routes layer to a medium red with a width of 2.
Open the Catalog window and browse to your ..\ARC2\Data_quality folder.
At the bottom of the Catalog window, select the three tif files and drag them into your map.
9-23
LESSON 9
If prompted to build image pyramids, check the Use my choice... option and click No.
In your table of contents, click the I-49.tif to select it, then right-click, and choose Zoom To
Layer.
Your Federal_Routes layer should match the location of one lane of the Interstate highway at this
scale.
8. Does your Federal_Routes layer match the Interstate highway, or are there positional
accuracy errors?
______________________________________________________________________________
Zoom to your US_90.tif image and set your scale to 1:24,000.
9. Does your data match the underlying image?

______________________________________________________________________________
Repeat for US_425.tif.
10. What do you notice about the road position in this image?
______________________________________________________________________________
Depending on your specific positional accuracy standards, you may not wish to use this data. If
you worked with a data vendor to create the data, you may wish to reject this data and have them
correct the attribute and spatial errors before you accept the delivery. However, through further
checks, you may determine this is an isolated error. In this case, you may decide to correct this
error by editing this highway yourself, allowing the data meet your quality standards.
i
9-24
Close ArcMap without saving changes to your document.
Lesson review
1. Field crews have used GPS to collect data in WGS84. The production geodatabase in your
office is not using WGS84, but another datum. What should you do?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe ways that ArcGIS tools can make discovery of errors easier.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. If you do not know the coordinate system a feature class is using, how can you find out?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9-25
LESSON 9

Completeness (page 9-6)
1. In the following map, where might there be problems of completeness?
There are several locations where the streams are not connected to the rest of the
stream network. These may, or may not, be errors, but they should be investigated for
completeness.
9-26
2. Is the following attribute table complete?
There are two missing values in the PARISH attribute and one partially completed NHS
attribute value.
Exercise 9: Evaluate data quality (page 9-15)

1. From the data description, can you determine the date on which the data was produced?
The Description section lists the production date of the highways as summer 2010.
2. From the Item Description, what is the source organization responsible for creating this
data?
Louisiana Department of Transportation
3. What is the largest scale at which the Highways data should be used for analysis and
display?
1:50,000
4. What is the coordinate system currently used by your map?
WGS 1984 Web Mercator (auxiliary sphere)
9-27
LESSON 9
5. Based on the Help document, which transformation method is most appropriate?
NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984_1
NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984_4
NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984_5
NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984_5 is the most appropriate. Method 1 could also be used,
but is a less accurate transformation. Method 4 has now been superseded by method
5.
6. Are there any empty values? If so, how many?
There are two road segments with empty PARISH values.
7. Do you see any ROUTE values without a dash after the letter I?
There is one value, I510.
8. Does your Federal_Routes layer match the Interstate highway, or are there positional
accuracy errors?
Your data matches the image at this scale.
9. Does your data match the underlying image?
Yes, the data matches the underlying road image at this scale.
10. What do you notice about the road position in this image?
Your Federal_Routes layer has some alignment errors near the center of the image
where it appears too far to the west.
9-28
10

Introduction
Key terms
geoprocessing
GIS analysis
You have been working with your data and you know the spatial
problem you want to solve. Using geoprocessing tools can help you
solve spatial problems using your GIS data. What tools are available
to you to solve the problem? What approach will you use? A
consistent approach will help you achieve reliable and repeatable
results with GIS.
Topics covered
The analysis workflow
Geoprocessing
Learning objectives
Apply the analysis workflow to solve a spatial problem.

Use geoprocessing tools to analyze data.
10-1
LESSON 10
What are spatial problems?

In the following map, GIS is being used to help solve the spatial
problem: "Where is the best location for a new store?"
Existing stores and competitor locations are labeled on the map.

Existing customers for each store shown as colored points.
1. What makes this problem a spatial problem?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. What might be some spatial problems you will have to solve with
your own data?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Figure 10.1
10-2
Using geoprocessing tools for analysis

ArcGIS Help Library: What
is geoprocessing?
The purpose of geoprocessing is to provide a framework and tools

for performing analysis and managing your geographic data. The
modeling and analysis capabilities that geoprocessing provides make
ArcGIS a complete geographic information system.
Why use geoprocessing tools?

The two primary uses of geoprocessing are:
Automating GIS tasks

Analysis and modeling
Geoprocessing tools can be used individually to perform a specific
task. You can also chain together sequences of tools, with the output
from one tool acting as the input for the next tool. You can use this
ability to compose a variety of geoprocessing models that help you
automate your work or solve complex problems.
Tips for successful geoprocessing

ArcGIS Help Library: A
Quick Tour of
Geoprocessing.
The geoprocessing framework is an advanced data-processing

component within ArcGIS. There are a wide variety of tools available
to help you solve spatial problems. Often the difference between
tools can be very subtle. Understanding the output from a tool is
critical to achieving your expected results.
10-3
LESSON 10
The following tips will allow you use geoprocessing tools efficiently
and productively.
When you open a tool, you can click the Show Help button to
display an overview of the tool's purpose. Clicking a tool
parameter will provide specific help in setting and using the
parameter.
Most tools work the same way; input data is provided to the
tool, and new output data, derived from the input, is created
based on the functionality of the tool. This output data is added
to your map automatically in most cases.
When providing data for the tool's parameters, you can drag
and drop layers from your table of contents. You can also drag
and drop data, or workspace locations, from the Catalog
window.
To reduce the amount of time spent browsing for data, you can
specify a default geodatabase. Each map document has a
default geodatabase. This location is used for creating and
saving datasets used by geoprocessing operations. Click the Go
To Default Geodatabase button
for a simplified experience
when browsing to your default geodatabase.
Many commonly used geoprocessing tools are located on the
Geoprocessing menu in ArcMap. If the tool you wish to use is
not listed, you can use the Search window to locate and open
the tool. You can also open the Toolbox window
from the
Standard toolbar, and navigate to the tool directly if you know
where it is located.
Tools execute in the background by default, meaning you can
continue working with ArcMap while the tool executes. At the
bottom of your ArcMap window, you will see a progress bar
displaying the name of the currently executing tool. When the
tool finishes executing, a pop-up notification will appear in the
Windows system tray. You may wish to turn off background
processing if you encounter errors when running tools.
Background processing can be turned off in the Geoprocessing
Options from the Geoprocessing menu in ArcMap.
10-4
Analysis through geoprocessing

ArcGIS allows you to solve spatial problems through the use of
geoprocessing tools. There are many tools available to you, at all
license levels of ArcGIS for Desktop. Several tools will be introduced
in this lesson that are especially useful for solving spatial problems.
These include:
Buffer
Clip
Intersect
Merge
Union
Spatial Join
Buffer
A buffer creates an area around a feature. Buffer polygons are one of
the most commonly used spatial analysis tools.
Create a buffer when you want to determine how much of

another layer exists within the buffer area.
The following map shows a five mile buffer distance around a store
location. With the buffer polygon, you can ask questions such as,
"How many competitor stores located within 5 miles of my store?"
Figure 10.2
Buffers can help you select
what is inside an area
around a feature.
10-5
LESSON 10
Clip
Clip cuts, or clips, features from one feature class with features from
another feature class. Most often, you will use polygons to clip
features in another feature class. The features you clip may be points,
lines, or polygons.
Use clip when you want to extract features, clipped to the

boundary of another feature.
The following map shows a five-mile buffer around a store location.
This buffer is used to clip customer locations and roads. After the clip,
two new feature classes are created; one for roads and one for
customer locations.
By applying the Clip tool, the roads are clipped to the polygon
boundary and saved to a new feature class. Similarly, only the
customer points located within the buffer are saved to a new feature
class.
10-6
The attributes of the original features are preserved in the output

feature class. However, where a road segment is clipped to the
polygon boundary, the updated length attribute will be calculated for
that feature.
Figure 10.3
Clip will cut and extract
features, allowing you to
work with only those
features that are within the
clipped area.
10-7
LESSON 10
Intersect
Intersect computes the geometric intersection of the input features
from multiple input feature classes.
Use Intersect when you want to know the area in common

among multiple feature classes. Intersect will combine the
attributes from all input feature classes.
In the following map, a buffer around a store is intersected with
county polygons. The output feature class contains the features from
the input data in the area common to both. The county polygons cut
the buffer polygon into two parts, which each part receiving the
attributes of both input feature classes. The output graphically is
similar to the Clip tool, with the difference being Intersect will also
combine the attributes from both layers.
Figure 10.4
Intersect can help you find
areas that overlap,
allowing you to query
attributes from all input
feature classes.
Attributes of both feature classes are written to the output. The

polygons will have the attributes associated with both the store buffer
polygon and the county polygons. Each census polygon will be
clipped to the extent of the store buffer polygon.
The following attribute table shows an example of the output
attributes.
Table 10.1
The buffer polygon is cut
by the counties, with each
new polygon receiving
attributes of both input
feature classes.
10-8
STORE
BUFFER_DIST
COUNTY
Travis
Williamson
Union
Union calculates the geometric union of multiple feature classes. All
input feature classes must be polygons.
Union is useful when your input datasets have different

attribute structures. The output feature class will have all
features from the input data, including attributes.
Union will create new polygons if the input feature classes contain
overlapping features. In the following map, the county polygons will
cut the cities where a city overlaps a county boundary.
Figure 10.5
Union combines multiple
feature classes into a
single output feature class,
including all input
attributes.
10-9
LESSON 10
The output feature class will contain attributes from all input feature
classes. After the Union, each city polygon will also contain the
attributes of the county polygon. Null, or empty, attribute values may
also result after the union. This is because some feature classes may
not have features present in those areas. In the following table, the
CITY attribute is empty where there is no city polygon present in the
input feature class.
Table 10.2
COUNTY
CITY
Travis
Austin
Williamson
Austin
Williamson
Georgetown
Travis
Williamson
10-10
Merge
Merge combines multiple input feature classes of the same data type
into a single, new output feature class.
Merge is most useful when your input feature classes have the
same attribute structure. The output feature class will the same
attribute structure as the input data, and contain the features
from both feature classes.
The following map shows West and East feature classes combined
into a new feature class using Merge. Both input feature classes have
the same attribute fields.
Figure 10.6
Merge combines data of
the same geometry type
into a new output feature
class.
After the merge, the new feature class has the same attribute
structure as the input feature classes.
Table 10.3
The attribute structure of
the merged feature class is
the same as the input
feature classes.
STATE
CAPITOL
POPULATION
Oregon
Salem
3,871,859
Kentucky
Frankfort
4,369,356
10-11
LESSON 10
Spatial join
A spatial join associates attributes from one feature to another based
on a spatial relationship.
Use a spatial join to join features based on their spatial

location rather than based on their attribute values.
The following maps show two stores, along with all customers that
have made purchases at these two stores. Using a spatial join, the
customers closest to each store can be determined.
Figure 10.7
A spatial join is used to
associate features based
on their spatial location.
10-12
After the spatial join, the attributes of the nearest store are joined to
each customer point feature in a new feature class.
Table 10.4
After the spatial join, the
original attributes are
preserved in the output
feature class. A new
attribute is added which
stores the distance from
each customer to the
closest store location.
STORE-ID
CITY
STATE
DISTANCE
Austin
Texas
3,871
Austin
Texas
1,582
Round Rock
Texas
475
Round Rock
Texas
8,683
10-13
LESSON 10
Using geoprocessing tools for analysis

Geoprocessing tools typically operate by processing input data and
creating new output data derived from the input. While these tools
process data differently, they are very similar in how you interact with
them. In this activity, you will look in detail at several geoprocessing
tools that can help you solve spatial problems.
Several scenarios are provided below. Use the geoprocessing tools
referenced previously in this lesson to help you determine which tool
would be best for each scenario. You may also search for, and open,
the tool in ArcMap, or check the ArcGIS Help Library for more
information.
Scenario 1
You are planning timber harvest areas. Many areas, such as those
around streams, are not available for harvesting. You have acquired
several feature classes, all with different attributes, which cover these
non-harvest areas. You wish to combine these areas, keeping all
features and attributes.
1. Which geoprocessing tool would you choose in this scenario?
Intersect
Union
Why?
Scenario 2
Noise surveys around a large airport will be conducted, up to 20 miles
from the center of the airport. You want to display a polygon that
represents this 20 mile radius and overlay it on a basemap so you can
accurately place noise-measuring equipment.
Buffer
Clip
Why?
10-14
Scenario 3
You have locations of customers that have purchased from your store.
Using polygons representing the city boundary, you want to create a
separate feature class containing only those customers that live in the
same city in which your store is located.
Clip
Spatial join
Why?
Scenario 4
An oil spill has occurred and you have a polygon representing the
containment area of the spill. You have obtained attributed polygons
of oyster harvesting areas, some of which are located within the oil
spill area. You want to find areas within the oil spill that are also
shared by the oyster harvesting areas, with your output having
attributes of both feature classes.
Clip
Intersect
Why?
Scenario 5
You have opened a new retail store and want to see how many of your
existing customers live closer to this store than your other stores.
Clip
Spatial join
Why?
Scenario 6
A coworker has provided polygons representing neighboring forested
areas in several feature classes. All of the feature classes have the
10-15
LESSON 10
same attribute structure. You wish to combine the feature classes into
a new output feature class, containing all of these forested areas.
Merge
Union
Why?
10-16
The spatial analysis workflow

GIS Analysis is the process of looking at geographic patterns and
relationships between features. When you perform analysis with your
GIS data, you derive results by processing your data, referred to as
geoprocessing. As you conduct your analysis, you examine and
interpret your results.
Many times the results may not be what you had expected, or other
questions may arise that require further investigation. Spatial analysis
is useful for evaluating, predicting, and interpreting relationships
among features in your data.
Figure 10.8
The workflow to conduct a
GIS analysis.
This workflow is very similar to the geographic approach with which

you are likely familiar. The workflow introduced here is more specific
to GIS analysis, as it deals with choosing methods and tools, and
refining results. The overall process, however, is similar.
Each section of the spatial analysis workflow is presented in the
following sections.
10-17
LESSON 10
Frame the question

In the first step of the workflow, you identify the spatial problem are
you trying to solve. A properly framed question will:
Identify a specific result.

Limit the scope of the analysis.
Define criteria for performing the analysis.
Explore and prepare data
This step of the workflow involves identifying and preparing the data
necessary to perform the GIS analysis. Review your data to make sure
it is best suited for the analysis you wish to perform. This may involve
data editing, modifying the coordinate system, and calculating
attribute values.
Choose methods and tools

Choosing the correct tools with which to perform your GIS analysis is
important to getting the results you expect. Many tools have subtle
differences, so careful consideration must be given when selecting
geoprocessing tools. Other tools and methods may also be used
during your analysis, such as identifying features, selecting by
attributes, joining tables, and symbolizing layers.
Perform the analysis

When you have prepared your data and identified the tools to use in
your GIS analysis, you will execute the tools to analyze your data.
Many geoprocessing tools will create additional feature classes. These
derived data sets will be used to help you identify the solution to your
spatial problem.
Examine and refine the results

After performing the analysis, examine your data and ask yourself the
following questions:
10-18
Does the output make sense?

Is this result what I expected?
Is further analysis necessary?
Should I adjust the geoprocessing parameters?
Share the results

Once your analysis is complete, you may share your results in several
ways:
Create a map and publish to ArcGIS Online.

Create your map as a PDF file.
Create a geoprocessing package so others may repeat your
process with their own data.
10-19
Exercise 10: Apply the analysis process
75 minutes
A small, local chain of stores in the Austin, Texas area needs to add a
new store to increase sales and attract new customers.
Use geoprocessing tools to create new data.

Solve a spatial problem using the analysis process.
Figure 10.9
ArcGIS can be used for
many types of analysis. In
this example, a siteselection analysis has
been done to determine
the best location for a new
store, based on
demographics and
proximity to major
highways. After the
proposed site has been
selected, a customer
allocation forecast can be
created to determine
which customers may be
attracted to the new
location.
10-21
LESSON 10
Step 1: Frame the question

As shown in the analysis workflow graphic, the first step of the analysis workflow is to frame the
question.
When framing the question, think of the spatial problem you are trying to solve.
In the scenario for your project, you work for a local chain of stores in the Austin, Texas area.
Considering the population growth in this area, the growth of competitor store locations, and
demand for your products, you have determined that a new store should be built. You will use
ArcGIS to help you determine the location best suited for your new store.
The site criteria you will use to locate your new store include the following:
10-22
Must be similar in demographic profile to the store with the highest sales revenue.
Must be at least five miles from one of your existing stores.
Must be at least two miles from a competitor store.
Must be within one mile of a major highway.
Given this criteria, the first step in the analysis process is to frame a question. A properly framed
question will:

Define criteria for the analysis.
1. From this scenario, what question will you use to focus your analysis?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Step 2: Explore and prepare data: Census

Now that you have framed your question, you will begin preparing your data for analysis. In this
step, you will explore the census data for the two counties that include most of your customers.
a
Open ArcMap with a new, blank map.
Add the Travis and Williamson feature classes into your map from your ..\ARC2\Analysis\
Census geodatabase.
These two feature classes represent polygon boundaries of the census block groups for Travis and
Williamson counties. Each block group polygon has a unique ID which allows you to link to
demographic information from the U.S. Census Bureau.
c
From the Census geodatabase, add the Demographics table to your map.
This is the demographic data that you will associate with each block group polygon.
d
Open the attribute table for the Travis layer.
Look at the values for the BLOCKGROUP attribute. Notice how this field is created by combining
the values for the STATE, TRACT, and BG_CODE attributes together. This allows each block
group polygon to be uniquely identified from all other block group polygons.
e
Close the table window.
10-23
LESSON 10
Step 3: Explore and prepare data: Combine block groups

In this step, you will combine both Travis and Williamson block groups into a single feature class.
a
Search for, and open, the Merge (Data Management) tool.
Complete the Merge tool as follows:
Merge both Travis and Williamson layers.

Specify the Output Dataset in your ..\ARC2\Analysis\Census geodatabase.
Name your new feature class Block_Groups.
Accept all other default values.
After the new Block_Groups layer is added to your map, remove the Travis and Williamson
layers.
Add a new short integer attribute to the Block_Groups, named STORE_ID.

Hint:
Open the attribute table.

Click the Options button
This will allow you to summarize the age and income of your customers by store number later in
your analysis.
e
Save your map document to your ..\ARC2\Analysis folder.

Remember to save your map document frequently as you work through this project.
Step 4: Explore and prepare data: Integrate demographic data

Now that you have merged the two block group layers, you will join the demographics data to the
census block polygons.
a
Join the Demographics table to the Block_Groups layer:

Hint:
Use the BLOCKGROUP attribute from the Block_Groups layer.

Use the BG_ID field from the Demographics table.
b
Open the Block-Groups table to confirm that the Demographics data has been joined
successfully.
10-24
Now that you have the demographic data associated with your Block_Groups polygons, you can
use this data to help you make spatial decisions about locating your new store.
Step 5: Explore and prepare data: Customer locations

In this step, you will create a new feature class containing only the customers living within the area
covered by the Block_Groups layer. These will be the customers on which you will create your
sales forecast for the proposed new store location.
a
Add the All_Customers feature class to your map from the ..\ARC2\Analysis\Site_Selection
geodatabase.
Use Select By Location to select only the customers that live within your Block_Groups layer,
which covers Travis and Williamson counties.
Hint: Complete the Select By Location dialog box with the following settings.
Selection Method: select features from

Target layer(s): All_Customers
Source layer: Block_Groups
Spatial selection method for target layer feature(s): intersect the source layer feature
You should see the customers selected only within the Block_Groups layer, as shown in the
following map.
To reduce time browsing to your Site_Selection geodatabase, you will set this as your default
database.
10-25
LESSON 10
Make your Site_Selection geodatabase the default geodatabase.
Export your selected points to a new feature class, using the following specifications:
Export only selected features.

Use the same coordinate system as the layer's source data.
Create the new feature class in your Site_Selection geodatabase.
On the Saving Data dialog box, when browsing for your output feature class, click the Go
To Default Geodatabase button
.
Name the new feature class Customers.
e
Remove the All_Customers layer.
Now, you will symbolize your customers according to the store in which they have made
purchases.
f
Symbolize the Customers layer using the following specifications:
Use the Categories renderer.

Symbolize using the STORE_ID field.
Use the Basic Random color ramp.
Add all values.
Uncheck <all other values>.
Hint:
Use the Symbology tab of the layer properties.

Turn off graphics view to view color ramp names.
You can see how the customers for each store are distributed.
Step 6: Explore and prepare data: Find total sales per store
In this step, you will find the total sales per store, based on the sales attribute in the Customers
layer.
a
First, you will add the stores so you can see them in relation to their customers.
b
Add the Stores feature class to your map from the Site_Selection geodatabase.
Enable the Maplex label engine.
10-26
Use the Label Manager to label the stores using the Store_ID attribute.
Hint:
Add the Labeling toolbar.

Make your text large enough to see the store_ID clearly on the map.
e
You want to calculate total sales by store. Each customer has a sales total and the store number
where the sales were made. You will summarize the Store attribute to calculate the total sales.
f
Summarize the STORE_ID attribute using the following specifications:
Calculate the sum from the SALES field.

Set your output table to Sales_Summary in your Site_Selection geodatabase.
g
Open the Sales_Summary table.

2. Which store has the highest total sales?
______________________________________________________________________________
Each customer has an associated STORE_ID value. The Count_STORE_ID column is the total
number of customers for each store.
Step 7: Explore and prepare data: Find demographic profile of a store

In this step, you will find the demographic profile of the store with the highest total sales. You will
use this profile later, when you look for potential sites in which to locate the new store.
Store number 2 has the highest total sales. You will explore the demographics for the block
groups which surround this store.
a
Zoom into the area of store number 2 so you can see the individual block group polygons.
Select the point feature for Store 2 on your map.

Hint:
Make Stores the only selectable layer.
10-27
LESSON 10
Use Select By Location to select the block group polygons that are five miles from store
number 2.
Hint: Complete the Select By Location dialog box with the following settings.

Target layer(s): Block_Groups
Source layer: Stores
Check the box next to the option, Use selected features
Spatial selection method for target layer feature(s): are within a distance of the
source layer feature
There should be 71 block groups selected.

e
Open the attribute table for Block_Groups.
You will now calculate the STORE_ID value for the selected records.
f
Calculate the STORE_ID field equal to 2 for all of your selected records.
Hint:
Open the Field Calculator.

Accept the warning about an edit session.
Because you have a table join, the Field Calculator lists each attribute prefixed with
the table name.
You should now see the store number, 2, in the STORE_ID field, for all of the selected records.
You will use this to summarize the age and income attributes.
g
Summarize the STORE_ID attribute using the following specifications:
For each of the Demographics.AGE and Demographics.INCOME attributes, expand the

list of summary statistics, and click the box next to Sum.
Set your output table to Store2_Summary in your Site_Selection geodatabase.
h
Open the Store2_Summary table.
The Count_STORE_ID lists the number of records from the Block_Groups table used to calculate
the statistics. 71 block groups are selected within five miles of the store.
The table contains one row, and lists the sum of each AGE and INCOME attribute from your
Block_Groups layer.
10-28
3. What AGE attribute has the largest number of people?

______________________________________________________________________________
4. What INCOME attribute has the largest number of people?
______________________________________________________________________________
You will use these age and income levels as a base profile when evaluating sites for your new
store.
Remember that you could also format the income attribute using a dollar sign ($) and thousands
separator, to make these values more meaningful.
i
Zoom to your Block_Groups layer.
Step 8: Explore and prepare data: Create exclusion zones

In this step, you will create exclusion zones around your two stores. Part of your criteria for siting
your new store concerns the proximity to existing stores. Your new store must be located more
than five miles from an existing store. These zones will also help you visualize the areas around
your existing stores which will be excluded from locating a new store.
a
Search for, and open, the Buffer (Analysis) tool.
Complete the Buffer tool according to the following parameters:
Input Features: Stores

Output Feature Class: Stores_Buffer in your Site_Selection geodatabase
Linear Unit: 5 miles
Accept the default values for the other parameters
10-29
LESSON 10
The Stores_Buffer polygons are created and should appear similar to the following map.
If necessary, change the color of the buffer polygons so you can see them clearly on top of the
Block_Groups layer.
Step 9: Explore and prepare data: Create proposed sites

Now that you have your exclusion zones, you will determine the most desirable location for your
new store. Research done by your coworkers has determined several possible sites based on
existing shopping mall criteria, including:
Store vacancy
Store size
Lease rates
You will now evaluate these locations in terms of proximity to your exclusion zones.
The proposed sites were created as a spreadsheet of addresses with geographic coordinates. You
will add this table to your map, and then display the table as point locations.
a
From your Analysis folder, expand the Proposed_Sites spreadsheet.
Add the Sites$ sheet to your map.
Open the Sites$ table.
10-30
The X and Y values correspond to longitude and latitude coordinates for each proposed store
location. The table also has a unique ID for each location, as well as the address of the shopping
area.
These values are in NAD83, geographic coordinates. Your map is in UTM coordinates with units of
meters.
d
Create a new events layer from the X and Y values in the Sites$ table using the following
specifications:
Specify the output coordinate system as NAD 1983.

Hint:
Right-click the Sites$ table and choose Display XY Data.

Use the Edit button to change the coordinate system of your events layer.
To find NAD 1983, expand to Geographic Coordinate Systems > North America.
Click OK to acknowledge the warning message about the Object-ID.
Export your events layer to a new feature class named Proposed_Sites using the following
parameters:
Make sure to use the coordinate system of the data frame when exporting.
g
Change the symbol so you can clearly see the Proposed_Sites points on your map.
Remove the following from your table of contents:
Sites$ table
Sites$ Events layer
i
10-31
LESSON 10
Step 10: Perform the analysis: Find suitable locations

a
You are now ready to perform the analysis, which is the next step of the workflow.
The first step in your analysis will be to locate the proposed locations that are:
More than five miles from an existing store.

More than two miles from a competitor store.
b
From the Selection menu, click Select By Location.
Use Select By Location to select features from Proposed_Sites that intersect the Stores_Buffer
layer.
Make sure the box next to the Apply a search distance option is unchecked.
You now have a selected set of proposed sites within five miles of each of your two stores.
c
Switch the selection to meet your criteria of only looking at proposed locations greater than
five miles from a store.
Hint: Right-click the Proposed_Sites layer and look at the Selection menu.
Isolate these features by creating a layer of only the selected Proposed_Sites points.
Hint: Right-click the Proposed_Sites layer and look at the Selection menu.
10-32
Rename your selection layer Proposed 5 Miles Selection.
Turn off the Proposed_Sites layer and change the symbol of the Proposed_Sites 5 Miles
Selection so you can clearly see the points on your map.
From these remaining points, you will select the locations that are more than two miles from the
competitor locations.
h
From your Site_Selection geodatabase, add the Competitors feature class to your map.
Symbolize the Competitors differently from the other point layers.
Use Select By Location to select the Proposed 5 Miles Selection features that are within two
miles of the Competitor features.
Switch the selection for the Proposed 5 Miles Selection layer.
You should have four remaining proposed sites, shown as black triangles in the following map.
Your selected points should match the location of the triangles in the following map.
Create another selection layer from your selected features.

Rename your layer Suitable Distance Selection.
10-33
LESSON 10
This layer now contains all of the proposed sites that meet your distance criteria from both
existing stores and competitor locations.
n
Clear the selected features.
Step 11: Perform the analysis: Locate sites close to highways

The next step of your analysis will be to further refine your proposed sites to only those that are
within one mile of a major highway.
a
From your Analysis folder, add the Major Highways layer file to your map.
Use Select By Location to select the features from the Suitable Distance Selection layer that
are within a distance of one mile from a Major Highway.
You should have two selected locations that are within one mile of a major highway.
c
Step 12: Perform the analysis: Find demographic profile of candidate

locations
Your final step of the analysis will be to determine which of the two possible sites has the
demographic profile most similar to store number 2, which is your top-performing store in terms
of total sales.
You will begin by buffering your two selected points from the Suitable Distance Selection layer.
a
Open the Buffer tool.
Complete the buffer tool with the following parameters:
Input Features: Suitable Distance Selection

Output Feature Class: Suitable_Distance_Buffer in your Site_Selection.gdb
Linear Unit: 5 Miles
Next, you will intersect your buffer polygons with the block groups.
10-34
Search for, and open, the Intersect (Analysis) tool.
Run the Intersect tool using the following parameters:
For Input features, add both the Suitable_Distance_Buffer and Block_Groups layers.
Set the Output Feature Class to Block_Groups_Intersect in your Site_Selection.gdb.
e
Open the Attribute table for the Block_Groups_Intersect layer.
Scroll to the Street field.
For each block group polygon, there is a street address from the associated proposed site buffer
polygon. You will now summarize your demographic data based on each address. This will allow
you to compare the demographic profile of each proposed site and choose the site that best
matches store number 2.
g
Summarize the Street field using the following specifications:
Calculate the sum for each AGE and INCOME attribute.

Name your new output table, Proposed_Sites_Summary, in your Site_Selection.gdb.
Recall from the demographic profile of store number 2, that most people were in the 20-39 age
group and the dominant income level was greater than $50,000.
5. Compare the attributes for both locations. Which proposed location has an age and income
profile closest to store number 2?
______________________________________________________________________________
h
Use the Identify tool to locate the site matching 8120 Research Blvd, Austin, TX 78757.
From the Suitable_Distance_Selection layer, select only the point matching your final
proposed site.
Hint:
Make Suitable_Distance_Selection the only selectable layer

k
10-35
LESSON 10
Step 13: Examine and refine the results: Forecast future results
In this step, you will add the new proposed point to your Stores layer. You will then associate each
store to the closest customers. This will allow you to simulate potential revenue distribution
among your chain of three stores.
a
Add your selected proposed location point to your Stores layer.

Hint:
Start editing.
Select the Site_Selection workspace.
Use Copy and Paste to add the new point to your Stores layer.
Save edits and stop editing.
Now, you will associate the customers, and their attributes, with the store closest to them.
b
Use a spatial join to join the Customers and Stores layers.

Hint:
Right-click the Customers layer, point to Joins and Relates, and choose Join.
From the drop-down menu at the top of the Join Data dialog box, choose the
option to Join data from another layer based on spatial location.
In the Join Data dialog box, for item 1: Choose the Stores layer.
Item 2: Click the bottom button next to the option, Each point will be given the
attribute of the points in the layer that is closest to it.
Item 3. Name your new output feature class Customer_Forecast in the
Site_Selection.gdb.
You may wish to turn off your Customers layer to better see your map.
Now, you have a new feature class, with each customer having an attribute value of the closest
store.
c
Symbolize the Customer_Forecast layer using the following specifications:
Use the Categories renderer.

Symbolize based on the Street attribute.
Add all values.
Zoom in to the three stores to better see the distribution of your customers.
Your simulated stores and customers are now displayed for a chain of three stores. From this
point, you could extend your analysis to calculate simulated revenue for each store.
10-36
10-37
LESSON 10
Lesson review
1. What is a spatial problem?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. If a geoprocessing tool you need is not located on the Geoprocessing menu in ArcMap,
how can you best locate and open the tool?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10-38

What are spatial problems? (page 10-2)
1. What makes this problem a spatial problem?
Spatial problems are problems where location is the primary focus. Typically, spatial
problems involve identifying a location, or set of features, that meet a set of criteria,
such as finding the best location for a new store. A spatial problem is one in which
locations, attributes, and spatial relationships must be analyzed to help you arrive at a
conclusion.
2. What might be some spatial problems you will have to solve with your own data?
Think about why you need to use ArcGIS in your work. Much of the work you do with
ArcGIS will be used to provide location information. These locations will be
determined by your solving a spatial problem.
Using geoprocessing tools for analysis (page 10-14)

Intersect
Union
Why?
Union is the best answer because the feature classes all have different attributes.
Buffer
Clip
Why?
Buffer is the best answer because you want to display the 20-mile area around the
airport as a new polygon.
10-39
LESSON 10
Clip
Spatial join
Why?
Clip is the best answer. You will clip your customer points using the city polygon. Only
the points within the polygon will be written to the new output feature class.
Clip
Intersect
Why?
Intersect is the best answer because you are interested in the areas in common
between the oil spill and oyster harvesting polygons.
Clip
Spatial join
Why?
A spatial join will allow you to determine the closest store for each customer point
location.
Merge
Union
Why?
Merge is the best choice because the attribute structure matches in the input feature
classes.
Exercise 10: Apply the analysis process (page 10-21)

1. From this scenario, what question will you use to focus your analysis?
Given the location of stores, competitors, highways, and a preferred demographic
profile, where is the most suitable location that will increase customers and sales
revenue?
10-40
2. Which store has the highest total sales?

Store number 2 has the highest total sales.
3. What AGE attribute has the largest number of people?
The 20-39 age group has the most people.
4. What INCOME attribute has the largest number of people?
INCOME_50_UP has the most people.
5. Compare the attributes for both locations. Which proposed location has an age and income
profile closest to store number 2?
8120 Research Blvd
10-41
LESSON 10
Exercise 10 solution: Apply the analysis process

Solution step 1: Frame the question
As shown in the analysis workflow graphic, the first step of the analysis workflow is to frame the
question.
When framing the question, think of the spatial problem you are trying to solve.
In the scenario for your project, you work for a local chain of stores in the Austin, Texas area.
Considering the population growth in this area, the growth of competitor store locations, and
demand for your products, you have determined that a new store should be built. You will use
ArcGIS to help you determine the location best suited for your new store.
The site criteria you will use to locate your new store include the following:
10-42
Must be similar in demographic profile to the store with the highest sales revenue.
Must be at least five miles from one of your existing stores.
Must be at least two miles from a competitor store.
Must be within one mile of a major highway.
Given this criteria, the first step in the analysis process is to frame a question. A properly framed
question will:

Define criteria for the analysis.
a
This is the question you will use to focus your analysis: Given the location of stores,
competitors, highways, and a preferred demographic profile, where is the most suitable
location that will increase customers and sales revenue?
Solution step 2: Explore and prepare data: Census

Now that you have framed your question, you will begin preparing your data for analysis. In this
step, you will explore the census data for the two counties that include most of your customers.
a
Open ArcMap with a new, blank map.
Open the Catalog window and browse to your ..\ARC2\Analysis\Census geodatabase.
Drag the Travis and Williamson feature classes to your map.
These two feature classes represent polygon boundaries of the census block groups for Travis and
Williamson counties. Each block group polygon has a unique ID which allows you to link to
demographic information from the U.S. Census Bureau.
d
From the Census geodatabase, add the Demographics table into your map.
This is the demographic data that you will associate with each block group polygon.
e
Open the attribute table for the Travis layer.
Look at the values for the BLOCKGROUP attribute. Notice how this field is created by combining
the values for the STATE, TRACT, and BG_CODE attributes together. This allows each block
group polygon to be uniquely identified from all other block group polygons.
f
Keep the Table window open.
Open the Demographics table.
10-43
LESSON 10
At the bottom of the Table window, drag the Travis tab into the window, on top of the right,
blue docking arrow.
Your Table window should now display both tables.

The BLOCKGROUP attribute values in the Travis table match the BG_ID attribute values in the
Demographics table.
Each BLOCKGROUP value in the Travis table has one match in the Demographics table. To link
these two tables together a the join is the best choice, because it will allow you to see both tables
joined together as one table. Relates always keep the table views separate.
i
Solution step 3: Explore and prepare data: Combine block groups

In this step, you will combine both Travis and Williamson block groups into a single feature class.
a
Open the Search tab and click the Tools link at the top of the window, as shown in the
following example.
In the search field, type Merge, then click the Search button
In the Search Results, click the Merge (Data Management) link.
The Merge geoprocessing tool opens.

d
At the bottom of the Merge tool window, click Show Help, and read through the description
of the Merge tool.
The Merge tool is similar to Union. However, in this case both Travis and Williamson layers have
the same attribute fields, so you can merge both sets of features into a new feature class. If you
use Union, your output will have the attribute fields from both Travis and Williamson in the output.
e
Select both Travis and Williamson layers in your table of contents.
Drag both layers onto the Input Datasets section of the Merge tool.
10-44
For Output Dataset, click the Browse button
and browse to your Census geodatabase.
Name your new feature class Block_Groups and click Save.
Leave the other options at their default settings and click OK.
The Merge tool will take a few moments to run. When it is complete, you should see your new
Block_Groups feature class added as a new layer to your map.
j
Right-click the Travis and Williamson layers and click Remove.
Next, you will add an attribute to the Block_Groups to hold the store number. This will allow you
to summarize the age and income by store number later in your analysis.
k
Open the Block_Groups attribute table.
In the table window, click the Table Options button
and choose Add Field.
For Name, type STORE_ID.
Confirm that Short Integer is specified as the Type, and click OK.

Remember to save your map document frequently as you work through this project.
Solution step 4: Explore and prepare data: Integrate demographic data

Now that you have merged the two block group layers, you will join the demographics data to the
census block polygons.
a
Right-click the Block_Groups layer, point to Joins and Relates, and choose Join.
10-45
LESSON 10
Complete your Join dialog box, as shown in the following example.
Click OK.
Open the Block_Groups attribute table.
You should now see the original attributes appear along with the new, joined attributes from the
Demographics table.
Now that you have the demographic data associated with your Block_Groups polygons, you can
use this data to help you make spatial decisions about locating your new store.
e
Solution step 5: Explore and prepare data: Customer locations

In this step, you will create a new feature class containing only the customers living within the area
covered by the Block_Groups layer. These will be the customers on which you will create your
sales forecast for the proposed new store location.
a
From your ..\ARC2\Analysis\Site_Selection geodatabase, add the All_Customers feature class

to your map.
10-46
You will use Select By Location to select only the customers who live within your Block_Groups
layer, which covers Travis and Williamson counties.
c
Complete the Select By Location dialog box with the following settings.

Target layer(s): All_Customers
Source layer: Block_Groups
Spatial selection method for target layer feature(s): intersect the source layer feature
Click OK.
You should see the customers selected only within the Block_Groups layer, as shown in the
following map.
To reduce time browsing to your Site_Selection geodatabase, you will set this as your default
database.
e
Open the Catalog window and browse to your ..\ARC2\Analysis folder.
Right-click the Site_Selection geodatabase and click Make Default Geodatabase.
Next, you will export your selected points to a new feature class.
g
Right-click the All_Customers layer, point to Data, and choose Export Data.
Click the Browse button.
10-47
LESSON 10
On the Saving Data dialog box, click the Go To Default Geodatabase button
For Name, type Customers, then click Save.
The Export Data dialog box should appear as shown in the following example.
Click OK, then click Yes when prompted to add the data to your map.
Right-click the All_Customers layer and click Remove.
Now, you will symbolize your customers according to the store in which they have made
purchases.
n
Open the properties for your Customers layer.
On the Symbology tab, click Categories.
For Value Field, choose STORE_ID.
Right-click the color ramp and uncheck Graphic View.
Confirm that the Basic Random color ramp is selected.
Uncheck <all other values>
Click OK.
Right-click the Customers layer and choose Zoom To Layer.
10-48
You can see how the customers for each store are distributed.
Solution step 6: Explore and prepare data: Find total sales per store
In this step, you will find the total sales per store, based on the sales attribute in the Customers
layer.
a
First, you will add the stores so you can see them in relation to their customers.
b
From the Site_Selection geodatabase, add the Stores feature class to your map.
If necessary, add the Labeling toolbar.
From the Labeling menu, choose Use Maplex Label Engine.
Open the Label Manager
Confirm that the Default label class for Stores is selected.
For Text String, choose Store_ID.
Change your text symbol to 18 point, bold.
Click the check box next to Stores, and Click OK to label your store points.
If necessary, change the color of your Block_Groups layer so you can see your store points and
labels clearly.
You want to calculate total sales by store. Each customer has a sales total and the store number
where the sales were made. You will summarize the Store attribute to calculate the total sales.
l
Right-click the STORE_ID column heading and choose Summarize.
10-49
LESSON 10
Complete the Summarize dialog box with the following parameters:
Item 1: STORE_ID
Item 2: Expand SALES, and check the box next to Sum
Item 3: Set your output table to Sales_Summary in your Site_Selection geodatabase.
n
Complete the Summarize dialog box as shown in the following example.
Click OK.
Click Yes to add the table to your map.
Open the Sales_Summary table.
Store number 2 has the highest total sales.

Each customer has an associated STORE_ID value. The Count_STORE_ID column is the total
number of customers for each store.
r
Solution step 7: Explore and prepare data: Find demographic profile of a

store
In this step, you will find the demographic profile of the store with the highest total sales. You will
use this profile later, when you look for potential sites in which to locate the new store.
10-50
Store number 2 has the highest total sales. You will explore the demographics for the block
groups which surround this store.
a
Zoom in to the area of store number 2 so you can see the individual block group polygons.
Now, you will select the block group polygons that are five miles from store number 2. You will
then summarize the age and income attributes to see the demographic profile of the store's
customers.
c
At the top of the table of contents, click the List By Selection button
Make Stores the only selectable layer.
Select the point feature for Store 2 on your map.
Select Block_Groups that are within a distance of 5 miles of the selected store.
10-51
LESSON 10
Your dialog box should appear as shown in the following example.
Make sure to check the box next to the Use selected features option.
Click OK.
Set your table of contents view back to List By Source
Open the attribute table for Block_Groups.
You will now calculate the STORE_ID value for the selected records.
m
If necessary, scroll to see your STORE_ID attribute.
This is the attribute field you added earlier in this exercise.

n
Right-click the STORE_ID field and choose Field Calculator.
Click Yes on the warning message.
10-52
Because you have a table join, the Field Calculator lists each attribute prefixed with the table
name.
p
In the large expression area under Block_Groups.STORE_ID =, type 2 and click OK.
You should now see the store number (2) in the STORE_ID field, for all of the selected records.
You will use this to summarize the age and income attributes.
q
Right-click the STORE_ID field and choose Summarize.
Complete the Summarize dialog box according to the following specifications:
Item 1: Block_Groups.STORE_ID field.

Item 2: For each of the Demographics.AGE and Demographics.INCOME attributes,
expand the list of summary statistics, and click the box next to Sum.
Item 3: Browse to your Site_Selection geodatabase and name your output
Store2_Summary.
s
Click Yes to add the table to your map.
Open the Store2_Summary table.
The Count_STORE_ID lists the number of records from the Block_Groups table used to calculate
the statistics. 71 block groups are selected within five miles of the store.
The table contains one row, and lists the sum of each AGE and INCOME attribute from your
Block_Groups layer.
The 20-39 age group and the INCOME_50_UP income group have the most people.
Your best store location has the 20-39 year-olds as the largest age group, and the dominant
income is over $50,000 per year. You will use this as a base profile when evaluating sites for your
new store.
u
Zoom to your Block_Groups layer.
10-53
LESSON 10
Solution step 8: Explore and prepare data: Create exclusion zones

In this step, you will create exclusion zones around your two stores. Part of your criteria for siting
your new store concerns the proximity to existing stores. Your new store must be located more
than five miles from an existing store. These zones will also help you visualize the areas around
your existing stores which will be excluded from locating a new store.
a
Open the Search tab, and search for the Buffer tool.
Open the Buffer (Analysis) tool.
Complete the Buffer tool according to the following parameters:
Input Features: Stores

Output Feature Class: Stores_Buffer in your Site_Selection geodatabase
Linear Unit: 5 miles
Your Buffer tool parameters should look like the following example.
Accept the default values for the other parameters and click OK.
10-54
The Stores_Buffer polygons are created and should appear similar to the following map.
If necessary, change the color of the buffer polygons so you can see them clearly on top of the
Block_Groups layer.
Solution step 9: Explore and prepare data: Create proposed sites

Now that you have your exclusion zones, you will determine the most desirable location for your
new store. Research done by your co-workers has determined several possible sites based on
existing shopping mall criteria, including:
Store vacancy
Store size
Lease rates
You will now evaluate these locations in terms of proximity to your exclusion zones.
The proposed sites were created as a spreadsheet of addresses with geographic coordinates. You
will add this table to your map, and then display the table as point locations.
a
Open the Catalog window and browse to your Analysis folder.
Expand the Proposed_Sites spreadsheet.
Add the Sites$ sheet to your map.

10-55
LESSON 10
Open the Sites$ table.
The X and Y values correspond to longitude and latitude coordinates for each proposed store
location. The table also has a unique ID for each location, as well as the address of the shopping
area.
e
Right-click the Sites$ table and choose Display XY Data.
Confirm that the X and Y fields are specified, as in the following example.
Under the Coordinate System of Input Coordinates section, click Edit.
These coordinates are in NAD83, geographic coordinates. Your map is in UTM coordinates, with
units of meters.
i
Scroll to the top of the list and expand the Geographic Coordinate Systems folder.
Expand North America.
Choose NAD 1983.
Click OK to close the Spatial Reference Properties.
Your coordinate system description in the Display XY Data dialog should look like the following
example.
Click OK to close the Display XY Data dialog box and display your points.
10-56
Click OK again to acknowledge the warning message.
A new Sites$ Events layer is added to your map.

o
Export your events layer to a new feature class named Proposed_Sites, using the following
parameters:
Make sure to use the coordinate system of the data frame when exporting.
p
Add the layer to your map when prompted.
Change the symbol so you can clearly see the Proposed_Sites points on your map.
Remove the following from your table of contents:
Sites$ table
Sites$ Events layer
s
Solution step 10: Perform the analysis: Find suitable locations

You are now ready to begin your analysis. The first step in your analysis will be to locate the
proposed locations that are:
More than five miles from an existing store.

More than two miles from a competitor's store
a
From the Selection menu, click Select By Location.
Complete the dialog box to select features from Proposed_Sites that intersect the
Stores_Buffer layer, and click OK.
10-57
LESSON 10
You now have a selected set of proposed sites within five miles of each of your two stores. You will
now switch the selection to meet your criteria of only looking at proposed locations that are more
than five miles from a store.
c
Right-click the Proposed_Sites layer, point to Selection, and choose Switch Selection.
Now, you will isolate these features by creating a layer of just the selected Proposed_Sites points.
d
Right-click Proposed_Sites, point to Selection, then choose Create Layer From Selected
Features.
A new layer named Proposed_Sites selection is added to the top of your table of contents.
e
Rename your selection layer Proposed 5 Miles Selection.
Turn off the Proposed_Sites layer and change the symbol of the Proposed_Sites 5 Miles
Selection so you can clearly see the points on your map.
10-58
From these remaining points, you will select the locations that are more than two miles from the
competitor locations.
h
From your Site_Selection geodatabase, add the Competitors feature class to your map.
Symbolize the Competitors differently from the other point layers.
Open Select By Location again.
This time, select the Proposed 5 Miles Selection features that are within two miles of the
Competitor features.
Switch the selection for the Proposed 5 Miles Selection layer.
10-59
LESSON 10
You should have four remaining proposed sites, shown as black triangles in the following map.
Your selected points should match the location of the triangles in the following map.
Create another selection layer from your selected features.
Rename your layer Suitable Distance Selection.
This layer now contains all of the proposed sites that meet your distance criteria from both
existing stores and competitor locations.
o
Solution step 11: Perform the analysis: Locate sites close to highways
The next step of your analysis will be to further refine your proposed sites to only those that are
within one mile of a major highway.
a
From your Analysis folder, add the Major Highways layer file to your map.
Use Select By Location to select the features from the Suitable Distance Selection layer that
are within a distance of one mile from a Major Highway.
10-60
You should have two selected locations that are within one mile of a major highway.
c
Solution step 12: Perform the analysis: Find demographic profile of

candidate locations
Your final step of the analysis will be to determine which of the two possible sites has the
demographic profile most similar to store number 2, which is your top-performing store in terms
of total sales.
You will begin by buffering your two selected points from the Suitable Distance Selection layer.
a
Open the Buffer tool.
10-61
LESSON 10
Complete the buffer tool with the following parameters:
Input Features: Suitable Distance Selection

Output Feature Class: Suitable_Distance_Buffer in your Site_Selection.gdb
Linear Unit: 5 Miles
Your Buffer tool should look like the following example.
Click OK to buffer your points.
Next, you will intersect your buffer polygons with the block groups.
d
Search for, and open, the Intersect (Analysis) tool.
For Input features, add both the Suitable_Distance_Buffer and Block_Groups layers.
Set the Output Feature Class to Block_Groups_Intersect in your Site_Selection.gdb.
Your Intersect tool should look like the following example.
Click OK to intersect the two layers.
10-62
Open the Attribute table for the Block_Groups_Intersect layer.
Scroll to the Street field.
For each block group polygon, there is a street address from the associated proposed site buffer
polygon. You will now summarize your demographic data based on each address. This will allow
you to compare the demographic profile of each proposed site and choose the site that best
matches store number 2.
j
Right-click the Street field and choose Summarize.
Expand each AGE and INCOME attribute, and click the box next to Sum.
Name your new output table Proposed_Sites_Summary in your Site_Selection.gdb.
Add the summary table to your map and open the table.
Recall from the demographic profile of store number 2, most people were in the 20-39 age group
and the dominant income level was greater than $50,000.
n
Compare the attributes for both locations. The proposed location that has an age and income
profile closest to store number 2 is 8120 Research Blvd.
Use the Identify tool to locate the site matching 8120 Research Blvd, Austin, TX 78757.
From the Suitable_Distance_Selection layer, select only the point matching your final
proposed site.
Solution step 13: Examine and refine results: Forecast future results
In this step, you will add the new proposed point to your Stores layer. You will then associate each
store to the closest customers. This will allow you to simulate potential revenue distribution
among your chain of three stores.
10-63
LESSON 10
First, you will add your selected proposed location point to your Stores layer.
a
If necessary, add the Editor toolbar.
From the Editor menu, choose Start Editing.
From the bottom of the Start Editing dialog box, click your Site_Selection geodatabase as the
workspace you wish to edit.
On the Standard toolbar, click Copy
Click Paste
Save your edits and stop editing.
, and choose Stores as the layer to paste your new feature.
Now, you will use a spatial join to associate the customers, and their attributes, with the store
closest to them.
g
Right-click the Customers layer, point to Joins and Relates, and choose Join.
From the drop-down menu at the top of the Join Data dialog box, choose the option: Join
data from another layer based on spatial location.
Complete the dialog box with the following parameters:
Item 1: Choose the Stores layer.

Item 2: Click the option, Each point will be given the attribute of the points in the layer
that is closest to it.
Item 3. Name your new output feature class Customer_Forecast in the
Site_Selection.gdb.
i
Click OK to execute the spatial join.
Now you have a new feature class, with each customer having an attribute value of the closest
store.
j
Open the properties for the Customer_Forecast layer.
On the Symbology tab, click Categories.
For Value Field, choose Street.
10-64
Click OK to view your forecasted customer allocation to each store.
Zoom into the three stores to better see the distribution of your customers.
Your simulated stores and customers are now displayed for a chain of three stores. From this
point, you could extend your analysis to calculate simulated revenue for each store.
q
10-65
11
Sharing geographic
information
Introduction
Key terms
geoprocessing package
layer package
map package
map service
model
ModelBuilder
You have used geoprocessing tools to analyze your data. What if you
want to repeat this workflow, perhaps many times, with different
parameters, and compare the results? How can you efficiently use
geoprocessing tools to create a workflow? How can you share the
data and information with others to allow them to recreate your
workflow?
Using each geoprocessing tool one by one can be very
time-consuming. In this lesson, you will create a model to link
geoprocessing tools together, creating a visual workflow which you
can share with others.
Topics covered
ModelBuilder
Geoprocessing packages
Learning objectives
Model a spatial analysis workflow.

Create and share an analysis model through a geoprocessing
package.
11-1
LESSON 11
Creating models with ArcGIS

With ArcGIS, you can link multiple geoprocessing tools together into
a visual workflow known as a model. ModelBuilder is used to create,
edit, and manage models. Models can be used to help you work
more efficiently in the following ways:

Automating routine tasks
An example model
The following model uses the Buffer tool to buffer streams and
goshawk nests. The output from each Buffer operation serves as input
to the Union tool. The Union tool combines both of these feature
classes to create a final output with areas not available for timber
harvesting.
In models, input data is shown in blue, tools are shown in yellow, and
output data is shown in green.
Figure 11.1
A model contains data
and tools, linked together
to form a visual workflow.
Models may be used to
solve spatial problems, or
automate repetitive GIS
tasks. Models can also
save time by running many
tools sequentially rather
than individually.
Where can you create a model?

Models are created in toolboxes. You can create toolboxes in any
folder or geodatabase. You can view and access them in the Catalog
11-2
window by navigating to the toolboxes parent folder or geodatabase.

You can also search for toolboxes using the Search window.
Toolboxes installed with ArcGIS are read-only, and not available for
you to create and edit models. You must create your own toolbox in
which to store your models. A toolbox may be created in either of
these places:
Folder
Geodatabase
How do you add tools and data to your model?
After creating your toolbox, right-click the toolbox to open the
ModelBuilder application and create a new model. You can use the
Search window to find tools and drag them into your model. You can
also drag tools into your model from the Toolbox window.
Data may be added to your model either from the Catalog window or
from layers in your map document. You can also double-click a tool in
you model, and use the tool's dialog box, to browse for data.
How do you link model tools together?

The power of ModelBuilder is creating a workflow from one model
tool to the next. Use the Connect tool
in ModelBuilder to make
the output of a tool server as the input to another tool.
How can you make your model look and run like other
geoprocessing tools?
To run your model from a tool dialog box, edit your model by setting
elements as model parameters. Each model parameter will appear on
the dialog box when you run the model as a tool. For example, you
may wish to allow the input layers and output feature class to be set
within the tool dialog box, as shown in the following example.
Figure 11.2
A model being run from a
dialog box
11-3
LESSON 11

ArcGIS provides many ways to share your geographic information,
including packages and services. Before you create a package or
service, you should think about the intended audience for your
content.
Table 11.1
ArcGIS provides several
ways to share GIS data
with multiple types of endusers. There are also other
specialized packages and
services available in
ArcGIS.
Package or Service
Audience
Geoprocessing package
ArcGIS user
Layer package
ArcGIS user
Map package
ArcGIS user
Map service
General public, ArcGIS user
In ArcGIS, a package is a compressed file containing GIS data and

related information. You can share a package like any other file; via
e-mail, memory sticks, or online. Packages may be shared between
colleagues in a work group, across departments in an organization, or
with any other ArcGIS users through ArcGIS.com. The recipient of
your package unpacks it, typically by dragging and dropping it onto
ArcMap, and immediately may start using the contents.
Services, such as a map service, make your maps available for viewing
online. You author the map using ArcMap, then publish the map as a
service to an online site, such as ArcGIS.com, using ArcGIS for Server.
Internet or intranet users can use the map service in web applications,
ArcGIS for Desktop, ArcGIS.com, and other client applications.
Several ways to share your geographic information are described in
each of the following sections.
Geoprocessing packages are created from geoprocessing results in
the Results window. All the data and tools used to create the result
are included in the package. You can add additional files to the
package, such as text documents, and compressed ZIP files. Anyone
wishing to use your package can immediately begin using its contents
in ArcMap.
11-4
Layer package
A layer package includes both the layer properties and the dataset
referenced by the layer. With a layer package, you can save and share
everything included in an ArcMap layer, including symbolization,
labeling, field properties, and source data.
Map package
A map package allows you to share complete map documents. A
map package contains a map document (.mxd), all the symbolized
layers, and the data referenced by the layer. All this data is packaged
into one compressed file. Map packages have other uses, such as the
ability to create an archive of a particular map that contains a
snapshot of the current state of the data used in the map.
Map service
A map service makes maps, features, and attribute data available
inside many types of client applications. One common use of a map
service is to show operational data layers on top of basemaps from
ArcGIS Online. The same map service may be used to support many
different end users. For example, a map service may be used in
ArcMap by one user, a web application by another user, ArcGIS
Online by another user, and a mobile application by still another user.
11-5
LESSON 11

ArcGIS Online allows you to share geographic information in many
ways. Before you share your maps and data, you need to evaluate the
audience with whom you will share your information.
Evaluate each of the following scenarios and determine which sharing
methods would be best.
1. You have completed your analysis and wish to share your results
online with the general public through a web map.
Which method of sharing would be best for this scenario?
Layer package
Map package
Map service
2. You have finished creating a map. A coworker in another office

needs the data and all symbolized layers.
Layer package
Map package
Map service
3. You have created a symbolized layer showing snow depths at

several mountain pass locations. Transportation officials need to
use this symbology and data in ArcGIS to evaluate avalanche
danger.
11-6
Layer package
Map package
Map service
4. You have completed the analysis of relocating a retail store and

forecasting customer sales using a model. You want to share these
results and methods with co-workers in other regions working on
similar scenarios.
Layer package
Map package
Map service
11-7
20 minutes
Exercise 11A: Build and run a model

Pirates often operate from small boats launched from the beach.
Many attacks occur outside of the territorial waters of countries in
which the pirates originate. In this exercise, you will identify fishing
vessels as victims of piracy that have been attacked up to 100
kilometers from the shoreline in the Indian Ocean since 2009.
Create a model.
Run a model as a tool.
Figure 11.3
Using a model, fishing
vessels within 100 km of
the shoreline that were
victims of piracy are
selected.
11-9
LESSON 11
Step 1: Create a new toolbox

Prior to building a new model, you will need to create a toolbox in which to store your model.
a
Start ArcMap and open Piracy.mxd located in your ..\ARC2\Sharing folder.
Zoom to the East Africa bookmark.
The map is zoomed to eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean area, where there are many incidents
of piracy. Each incident is symbolized by year.
c
Make the Piracy geodatabase the default geodatabase for this map document.
Hint: Right-click the geodatabase.
Right-click the Piracy geodatabase, point to New, and choose Toolbox.
If necessary, click the Toolbox text to make the text editable.
Change the name of the toolbox to Piracy_Analysis.
Remember, you are storing this toolbox in the geodatabase, so no spaces are allowed.
Step 2: Create a new model and add the Buffer tool

Now that you have created your toolbox, you can add a model to it.
a
Right-click the Piracy_Analysis toolbox, point to New, and choose Model.
The Model window appears. This is where you will build your model. The first tool you will add will
be the Buffer tool.
b
Open the Search window, and search for the Buffer (Analysis) tool.
From the Search results, click and drag the Buffer (Analysis) tool into your Model window.
11-10
In the Model window, click the Auto Layout button
, then click the Full Extent button
You will use these buttons every time you add elements to your model, so you can see your
model layout clearly. ModelBuilder will change the layout automatically as you add and connect
new elements to your model.
Your model now contains two elements, the Buffer tool and the output from the tool. However,
the model elements are currently not shown with color, indicating that your model is not ready to
run. Next, you will complete the parameters of the Buffer tool in your model.
e
In your Model window, double-click the Buffer element.
This dialog box is the same as if you had opened the Buffer tool from the Search window or the
Geoprocessing menu. However, the parameters you apply here will only apply to your model.
f
For Input features, click the drop-down arrow and add the Continents layer from the list.
1. What is another way you could have added the Continents data as Input Features?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
For Output Feature Class, confirm that the location is set to your Piracy geodatabase, and
name your output feature class Continents_Buffer.
For Linear Unit, enter a distance of 100 Kilometers.
Set the Dissolve Type to ALL.
11-11
LESSON 11
Confirm that your Buffer tool looks like the following example.
Click OK to set the Buffer parameters for your model.
The parameters for the Buffer tool are now complete. The Buffer tool, and its output, are now
shown with color. Tools are shown as yellow rectangles and output variables are shown as green
ellipses. These colors indicate you could now run your model. However, you will add more
functionality first.
l
Click the Save button
to save your model.
Step 3: Select by location

The next step will be to select the piracy locations that are within the 100 kilometer buffer.
a
Search for the Select Layer By Location (Data Management) tool.
You have previously used Select By Location from the Selection menu. This is a geoprocessing
tool that allows you to use this same functionality in models or scripts.
b
Drag the tool into your model.
Click Auto Layout
and Full Extent
buttons to see your model.
Next, you will connect this tool to your existing model elements.
11-12
In the Model window, click the Connect button
Click and drag a connection line from the green Continents_Buffer element to the Select Layer
By Location tool.
From the pop-up menu, choose Selecting Features.
This indicates that your Continents_Buffer will act as the Selecting Features parameter in the
Select Layer By Location tool.
g
In your model, double-click the Select Layer By Location tool.
Notice your Selecting Features parameter is set to the output from the Buffer tool.
h
For Input Feature Layer, select your Piracy layer.
Confirm that your Select Layer By Location tool looks like the following example, and click OK.
Click the Auto Layout
and Full Extent
buttons to see your model.
Your model should now look like the following example.
11-13
LESSON 11
Step 4: Select by attributes

In this step, you will refine your selection to only those piracy incidents that happened to fishing
vessels.
a
On your own:
Search for and add the Select Layer By Attribute (Data Management) tool to your model.
Connect the output from the Select Layer by Location (Piracy [2]) to the Select Layer By
Attribute tool.
From the pop-up menu, choose Layer Name or Table View.
b
In the model window, open the Select Layer By Attribute tool.
Click the Query Builder button
Build the following query:
"Year" >= 2009 AND "Victim" = 'FISHING VESSEL'

Click the Help button to find out more about building SQL expressions.
e
Click Verify.
You should see a message that your expression verified successfully.

f
Click OK to close the Query Builder.
Confirm that your Select Layer By Attribute tool looks like the following example, then click
OK.
On your own, display the model layout in the Model window.
11-14
As you add more model elements, they become more difficult to read within the
Model window. You have two ways you can display your model in more detail:
Increase the size of your Model window, then zoom to the extent of your
model.
Use the Zoom In
and Pan
tools in the Model window.
Step 5: Write the selected features to a new feature class

In this step, you will finish your model by creating a new feature class from the selected features.
a
On your own:
Add the Copy Features (Data Management) tool to your model.

Connect the output from the Select Layer by Attribute tool to the Copy Features tool.
From the pop-up menu, choose Input Features.
b
In the model window, open the Copy Features tool.
Change the Output Feature Class to Incidents in your Piracy geodatabase.
Confirm that your Copy Features tool looks like the following example, and click OK.
On your own, display the model layout in the Model window.
Save your model.
Step 6: Run the model

Now, you are ready to run your model. When you run your model, the tool currently processing
will be highlighted in red.
a
From the Model menu, click Validate Entire Model.
11-15
LESSON 11
Prior to running your model, click Validate Entire Model to verify all data elements
and parameter values are valid.
In the Model window, click the Run button
In the Model status window, make sure there are no red-colored error messages, and the final
message indicates the model succeeded.
c
Close the Model status window.
Your Model elements now have a gray shadow, indicating they have been run.
d
On the Model window, click the Save button,
Close the Model window.
Click Yes if prompted to save changes.
In the Catalog window, expand your Piracy_Analysis toolbox, and click your model name to
make the text editable.
Rename your model Piracy_Distance.
Step 7: Run the model as a tool

In this step, you will run your model as a tool. You will create model parameters that will appear
when you run the tool from the dialog box.
a
Right-click your Piracy_Distance model and click Open.
Notice that your model opens with a dialog box that looks like other geoprocessing tools.
However, because your model has no user-defined parameters, the dialog box appears empty.
b
Close the dialog box.
Right-click your Piracy_Distance model and click Edit.
11-16
From the Model menu, choose Delete Intermediate Data.
This will delete data that was created by your model in order to derive the final output. In this
case, your intermediate data consists of the Continents_Buffer feature class. A large model may
contain many intermediate feature classes.
Next, you will set three model parameters:
The Continents feature class

The Piracy point feature class
The final output from the model
e
In the model window, right-click the blue oval representing the Continents feature class, and
click Model Parameter.
Hint: Remember to use the zoom and pan tools if you need to increase the size of your
model elements.
A small letter P appears next to the oval to designate the Buffer input as a model parameter, as in
the following example.
On your own, make the Piracy feature class, which is an input to the Select Layer By Location
tool, a model parameter.
Make the final model output, Incidents, a model parameter.
Next, you will allow the buffer distance to be set from the tool's dialog box.
h
Right-click the Buffer tool, point to Make Variable > From Parameter, and click Distance [value
or field].
Click the Auto Layout button
You should see the Distance parameter added as a new, light blue, model element.
Make the Distance element a model parameter, just as you did for the feature classes.
11-17
LESSON 11
Save your model and close ModelBuilder.

In the Catalog window, open your model as a tool by double-clicking the model.
This time, you should see your model parameters appear as input fields on the tool's dialog box,
as shown in the following example.
Place your mouse over the red error circle to display a pop-up window.
2. What is the reason for this error?
______________________________________________________________________________
Click Cancel to close the Piracy_Distance tool.
From the Geoprocessing menu, open the Geoprocessing Options.
Click the check box next to the option to Overwrite the outputs of geoprocessing operations,
then click OK.
Reopen the Piracy_Distance tool.
Notice the red error has changed to a yellow warning, indicating the data already exists, as shown
in the following example.
You can still run the tool; however, in this case, your data will be overwritten with the new data.
11-18
Change your Incidents output feature class to Incidents_100km.
Click OK to run your model as a tool.
Close the status window when the tool is completed.
You have successfully run your model both from the model window and from the tool dialog box.
v
Minimize ArcMap.
You will use the results of your model tool in the next exercise, later in this lesson.
11-19
LESSON 11
Working with packages

A geoprocessing package allows you to share your geoprocessing
workflows, including all data, models, or scripts, used to create a
geoprocessing result.
The following workflow steps will allow you to share a model as a
geoprocessing package.
Figure 11.12
Steps to create a
geoprocessing workflow
from a model.
What appears in the Results window?

Each time you run a tool from the tool's dialog box, the
geoprocessing result will be added to the Results window. If you run a
tool from the ModelBuilder window, the result will not be added to
the geoprocessing results.
To make your model output appear as a geoprocessing result,

run the model from the tool dialog box. You should also
consider which model elements should appear as parameters
on the tool dialog box. Setting parameters ahead of time will
make your model more useful to those who download and use
your geoprocessing package.
11-20
How do I share my geoprocessing result?

Once you have run your model from its dialog box and have created a
geoprocessing result, open the Results window under the
Geoprocessing menu in ArcMap. Follow these steps to share your
geoprocessing result as a package:
Right-click the result you wish to package and choose Share As

Geoprocessing Package.
Complete the Geoprocessing Package setup and then click
Analyze. ArcGIS will make sure all necessary elements are
included before allowing you to publish your package.
If you wish to share your package online, login to your ArcGIS
Online account, using the Sharing section of the Geoprocessing
Package window.
Click the Share button to create your geoprocessing package.
Once your package is uploaded to ArcGIS Online, your package
may be located using the Search window in ArcMap. The
ArcGIS.com website may also be used to search for, and
download, your package.
11-21
20 minutes
Exercise 11B: Share geographic information

Now that you have run your model, you will share the results.
Create and share a geoprocessing package.
11-23
LESSON 11
Step 1: Author the geoprocessing package

In this step, you will create a geoprocessing package from the Piracy_Distance model you worked
with earlier in this lesson. To help others use your tool, you will use the Item Description to add a
description of each of the tool's parameters.
a
Restore ArcMap.
You will need to complete the previous exercise prior to beginning this exercise. If you did
not finish the previous exercise, you have two options:
Continue working on the previous exercise, then begin this exercise.

Open and run the model tool in your ..\ARC2\Sharing\Results folder.
If you wish to use the model from the Results folder, follow these steps:

Browse to your ..\ARC2\Sharing\Results\Piracy geodatabase.
Expand the Piracy_Analysis toolbox.
Double-click the Piracy_Distance model.
Click OK to run the tool with the default settings.
In the Catalog window, right-click your Piracy_Distance model and choose Item Description.
Scroll down to view the Syntax section of the Item Description.
As shown in the following example, there is no description for the model parameters. You should
document the tool's parameters before publishing your geoprocessing package.
In the Item Description window, click Edit.

There is a warning in the Item Description that tags are required. You will be adding tags
later in this exercise.
11-24
Scroll down to the Syntax section, as shown in the following example.
Expand Piracy.
Under Dialog Explanation, type Piracy feature class.
Update the Dialog Explanations for the Incidents and Distance__value_or_field parameters,
using simple descriptions.
Save your Item Description edits.
Close the Item Description window.
From the Geoprocessing menu, click Results.
In the Results window, expand the Current Session.
Expand your model.
The Results window allows you see geoprocessing messages, environments, and
input data for tools you have run previously. When you create a geoprocessing
package, you use the Results to publish your package. Running a model from the
model window will not add a new entry in the Results window. Models must be run
as tools to create a result.
Right-click the entry for your model in the Results window, point to Share As, and choose
Geoprocessing Package.
11-25
LESSON 11
Confirm that the Geoprocessing Package section is highlighted in blue on the left side of the
window.
Confirm that the option to Upload package to my ArcGIS Online account is selected.
Change the name of your published package to Piracy Distance Model, as shown in the
following example.
On the left side of the Geoprocessing Package window, click Item Description.
Complete the required fields, as shown in the following example.
Make sure to enter a tag indicating that this data is used for a training exercise. Because
this is being published to the live ArcGIS.com web site, this tag will help others know that
this is for training use only.
t
At the top of the Geoprocessing Package window, click Analyze.
The Analyze button will make sure you have met all the requirements for publishing your package.
Below your map window, you should see the Prepare dialog box indicating the number of errors,
warnings, and information messages concerning your geoprocessing package setup. You should
see zero indicated for all three of these categories, as shown in the following example.
11-26
Step 2: Share the geoprocessing package

You are now ready to share your geoprocessing package on ArcGIS.com.
a
On the left side of the Geoprocessing Package window, click Sharing.
Sharing to ArcGIS.com requires that you have an Esri Global Account, which is free
and does not expire. Logging in to the web site with your registered account allows
you to save, store, and share your content with ArcGIS Online.
If you already have an Esri Global Account that you have registered with ArcGIS Online:
Enter your user name and password.
Click Sign In.
If you already have an Esri Global Account, but you have not registered it with ArcGIS
Online:
Click Get New Account.
Click the button to Register your Esri Global Account.
If prompted, accept the Terms of Use agreement.
If you do not have an Esri Global Account:
Click Get New Account
Enter the necessary information, then click Review and Accept the Terms of Use.
In the pop-up window, review the Terms of Use, then click Accept.
Click Create My Account.
b
Once you have logged in, click the box next to Everyone (public), as shown in the following
example.
At the top of the Geoprocessing Package window, click Share.
ArcGIS for Desktop will take a few moments to package your tool and upload it to ArcGIS.com.
All resources, including models, scripts, data, layers, and files needed to re-execute the tools are
included in the package. This allows end-users who download your package to re-run the package
with the same results. They can then change the model or substitute their own data.
d
Confirm that the upload was successful in the status window.
11-27
LESSON 11
Click OK to close the status window.
Step 3: Use the geoprocessing package

In this step, you will use a geoprocessing package created by one of your classmates.
a
In ArcMap, open the Search window
At the top of the window, choose ArcGIS online from the drop-down menu.
Search for ArcGIS.com content based on the Piracy keyword.
Several matches may appear in the Search results.

d
Locate a package created by one of your classmates.

You may also locate and use your own package.
Click the package link in the Search results.
Your selected package will be downloaded from ArcGIS.com and opened in ArcMap.
Once a package has been added to ArcMap, the input and output datasets will be added to the
table of contents. The result that was packaged will be extracted to the Results window under the
Shared node. From the Results window, end-users of your package will be able to investigate and
understand your workflow.
f
In the Results window, right-click Piracy_Distance and look at the options on the context
menu.
From this menu, you can open the tool, or edit the model to further examine the workflow.
g
From the context menu, choose Edit.
You should now see the model included in the geoprocessing package. You could save the model
to another location and change the parameters to run the model with your own data.
h
Close the ModelBuilder window.
11-28
In the Results window, right-click Piracy_Distance and click Re Run.
The tool will re-run using the model and data downloaded in the geoprocessing package.
j
When you are done re-running the tool, close the status window and the Results window.
Step 4: Delete your geoprocessing package

To help ensure ArcGIS.com contains only relevant and useful items, you will delete your package.
If you wish to keep your package to use later at your office, you may leave your package
installed on ArcGIS.com. However, when you no longer wish to use your package, please
delete the contents from your online account.
a
From the File menu, click ArcGIS Online.
At the top of the ArcGIS Online window, click My Maps and Data.
Locate your geoprocessing package and click Details.
At the bottom of the ArcGIS Online window, click Delete Item.
Click Yes to confirm the delete.
Close the ArcGIS Online window.
Close ArcMap without saving changes.
11-29
LESSON 11
Lesson review
1. Describe a situation in which building a model would be useful.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is contained in a geoprocessing package?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the difference between a layer file and a layer package.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
11-30

Sharing geographic information (page 11-6)
1. You have completed your analysis and wish to share your results online with the general
public through a web map.
Layer package
Map package
Map service
Map service
2. You have finished creating a map. A coworker in another office needs the data and all
symbolized layers.
Layer package
Map package
Map service
Map package
3. You have created a symbolized layer showing snow depths at several mountain pass
locations. Transportation officials need to use this symbology and data in ArcGIS to
evaluate avalanche danger.
Layer package
Map package
Map service
Layer package
11-31
LESSON 11
4. You have completed the analysis of relocating a retail store and forecasting customer sales
using a model. You want to share these results and methods with co-workers in other
regions working on similar scenarios.
Layer package
Map package
Map service
Exercise 11A: Build and run a model (page 11-9)

1. What is another way you could have added the Continents data as Input Features?
You could have dragged the Continents layer into the Input Features field, or clicked
the Browse button, and located the source feature class for the layer. You could also
have dragged the source feature class from the Catalog window onto your tool.
2. What is the reason for this error?
Your output data already exists.
11-32
Esri data license agreement

IMPORTANT READ CAREFULLY BEFORE OPENING THE SEALED MEDIA PACKAGE
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. (ESRI), IS WILLING TO LICENSE THE
ENCLOSED ELECTRONIC VERSION OF THIS TRAINING COURSE TO YOU ONLY UPON THE
CONDITION THAT YOU ACCEPT ALL OF THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CONTAINED IN THIS
ESRI DATA LICENSE AGREEMENT. PLEASE READ THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY
BEFORE OPENING THE SEALED MEDIA PACKAGE. BY OPENING THE SEALED MEDIA
PACKAGE, YOU ARE INDICATING YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF THE ESRI DATA LICENSE
AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS AS STATED, THEN
ESRI IS UNWILLING TO LICENSE THE TRAINING COURSE TO YOU. IN SUCH EVENT, YOU
SHOULD RETURN THE MEDIA PACKAGE WITH THE SEAL UNBROKEN AND ALL OTHER
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Appendix A
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Appendix A
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A-4
Answers to lesson review questions
Answers to lesson review questions

Lesson 1: Author, share, and use maps (page 1-20)
1. Diagram the general workflow to create a web map.
2. What two types of layers are used to create a web map?

Operational layers and basemap layers
B-1
Appendix B
Lesson 2: Integrating data (page 2-24)

1. In the exercise, what types of data did you import into the geodatabase?
Oil and gas wells were from CAD data.
Oyster harvesting areas were from shapefile data.
Protected areas were from a shapefile downloaded from ArcGIS Online as a layer
package.
2. Describe three ways to get data into a geodatabase.
Export a layer from the ArcMap table of contents.
Right-click the geodatabase and choose Import.
Right-click a data source, such as a shapefile, and choose Export.
3. What are the components a feature class?
Feature classes are collections of common features, each having:
The same spatial representation, such as points, lines, or polygons.

A common set of attribute columns.
A common coordinate system.
Examples include a line feature class representing road centerlines, a point feature
class representing fire hydrants, and a polygon feature class representing city
boundaries.
B-2
Lesson 3: Managing map layers
Lesson 3: Managing map layers (page 3-33)

1. Describe the three ways to represent map scale.
A representative fraction can be used to display the ratio of the distance on the
map to the actual distance. 1:250,000 is an example of a representative fraction.
A verbal scale uses two different units to represent the distance on the map and
the actual distance. Units are chosen that the map user would typically use. "One
inch is equivalent to one mile" is an example of a verbal scale. This is typically
written as 1" = 1 mile.
A scale bar is a graphic method of displaying map scale. Distances are measured
on the map and compared to the scale bar to determine actual distance.
2. Large-scale maps show a smaller geographic area than small-scale maps.
a. True
3. Why should you group layers together?
Grouping layers allows you to control the properties, such as visibility, of all sub-layers
more efficiently by working only with the top-level group layer. Creating groups can
make your map easier to work with and understand by simplifying the table of
contents.
4. How can you control visibility of features within a layer?
A definition query is used to control which features are displayed within a layer. Only
the features that meet the query will be shown.
B-3
Appendix B
Lesson 4: Displaying data (page 4-35)

1. Why are measurement levels important to consider when symbolizing your data?
Measurement levels indicate the following characteristics about your data:
Whether your data shows categories or quantities

The type of symbology best suited to describe your data
What statistical or mathematical operations may be done to your data
2. When should you consider normalizing your data?
Normalization should be used when mapping raw values alone will not provide the
representation needed. For example, with normalization, you can create maps
showing the percent occurrence of an attribute. Normalization can also be used to
show the density of an attribute, such as persons per square mile. In both of these
scenarios, the normalized data may display the data in a way that more closely
matches the perception of the data by your audience.
3. Why should you check the histogram when using the Equal Interval or Manual classification
methods?
Both of these methods may result in categories with no values. When applied, your
map legend in the table of contents will show a symbol, but this symbol will not occur
on your map.
B-4
Lesson 5: Working with tabular data
Lesson 5: Working with tabular data (page 5-31)

1. Describe an example of when you would use a field alias.
A field alias can be used to display the attribute name with special characters, such as
spaces or reserved words.
2. Why would you summarize an attribute field?
When you summarize an attribute, you create a separate table with summary statistics
such as a sum or total count. A summary table can also be used to find all of the
unique values of an attribute. This is especially useful for tables with a large number of
records.
3. What is cardinality and why is it important?
Cardinality is the correspondence or between sets of data and defines how sets relate
to each other. For example, if one row in a table is related to three rows in another
table, the cardinality is one-to-many. Cardinality is important because this will
determine whether you should use a join or relate to create your table relationships.
4. Provide an example of how you could use joins or relates in your GIS projects.
Think about tables of data, such as spreadsheets or database tables, maintained by
other offices or coworkers which you may wish to use as attribute information for your
GIS data.
B-5
Appendix B
Lesson 6: Creating and editing data (page 6-26)

1. Why is snapping important?
Snapping allows you to create features that connect to, or touch, each other so your
edits are more accurate. This enables you to position a feature precisely in relation to
the locations of other features.
2. What is included in a feature template?
Feature templates define all the information required to create a feature:
The layer where a feature will be stored

Default attribute values
Default tool used to create the feature
B-6
Lesson 7: Labeling features
Lesson 7: Labeling features (page 7-27)

1. Describe a situation in which you would create label classes.
Think about the exercise, or the data you will use for your own GIS projects to answer
this question. Label classes are useful when you want to apply different labeling
properties to features in the same layer.
2. When would you use a label expression?
Label expressions are useful when you want to enable more advanced label displays
on your map. For example, you could use Python scripting to create a label expression
that displays two attributes on your map.
3. Describe the effect of applying a reference scale to your map.
A reference scale locks the size of your labels and symbols to a specific map scale. As
you zoom in, your labels and symbols get larger relative to your screen. Without a
reference scale, your labels and symbols stay the same size relative to your screen.
B-7
Appendix B
Lesson 8: Designing map layouts (page 8-31)

1. What is a map layout?
A map layout is the position of the maps and supporting map elements on the output
page. Together, the map and map elements communicate the message of your map to
your audience.
2. You want to create a page layout with three separate maps displayed: a large map with two
additional smaller maps. All maps are displayed at different scales. Describe the process to
add these three maps to your layout.
Because you want to have three maps on your output page, you will need to have
three data frames in your table of contents. Each data frame will have the symbolized
layers that represent one map on your layout. Data frames can be added from the
Insert menu in ArcMap. Once you add a data frame, it becomes active, allowing you to
add layers. These three data frames can be positioned independently on the layout
page, either by dragging with your mouse, or by using the Size and Position tab on
the data frame properties.
3. You have multiple data frames in your map document. When adding a scale bar, which data
frame will be used to calculate the scale?
The active data frame will be used to calculate the length of the scale bar.
4. True or false: All maps should have a north arrow and scale bar. Why or why not?
False. Only use these when the map supports measuring direction or distance. This is
determined by your coordinate system. Scale bars and north arrows should only be
shown when they are important to the use of the map.
B-8
Lesson 9: Evaluating data for analysis
Lesson 9: Evaluating data for analysis (page 9-25)

1. Field crews have used GPS to collect data in WGS84. The production geodatabase in your
office is not using WGS84, but another datum. What should you do?
You should apply a geographic transformation to correctly display the data from the
field crews.
2. Describe ways that ArcGIS tools can make discovery of errors easier.
Tools such as Summarize can create new tables showing unique values for your
attributes. These table make your data more manageable to work with and allow you
to quickly find values which may be errors.
3. If you do not know the coordinate system a feature class is using, how can you find out?
There are two ways in which you can identify the coordinate system of a feature class.
In the Catalog window, right-click the feature class and choose Properties.
In ArcMap, look at the layer properties and activate the Source tab.
B-9
Appendix B
Lesson 10: Solving spatial problems (page 10-38)

1. What is a spatial problem?
A spatial problem is one in which locations, attributes, and spatial relationships must
be analyzed to help you arrive at a conclusion.
2. If a geoprocessing tool you need is not located on the Geoprocessing menu in ArcMap,
how can you best locate and open the tool?
Use the Search window to search for the tool by name or keyword. You can also open
the Toolbox window and navigate to the tool directly if you know where it is located.
B-10
Lesson 11: Sharing geographic information
Lesson 11: Sharing geographic information (page 11-30)

1. Describe a situation in which building a model would be useful.
Any time you need to repeatedly run a series of geoprocessing tools, with the output
from one tool serving as the input to the next tool. Models can be created to help
solve analytical problems or to automate repetitive processes.
2. What is contained in a geoprocessing package?
A geoprocessing package allows you to share your geoprocessing workflows, and
contains all of the data, models, or scripts used to create a geoprocessing result.
3. Explain the difference between a layer file and a layer package.
A layer file is a file that stores all of the layer properties, including symbology,
labeling, and other non-visual properties, such as the data source. A layer package
contains all of this information plus the source data needed to display the layer in
ArcMap.
B-11

ARC2 1.1 Jun12 StudentWorkbook

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ArcGIS II: Essential Workflows

Copyright 2012 Esri

US Government Restricted/Limited Rights

Author, share, and use maps

Managing map layers

Working with tabular data

Creating and editing data

Designing map layouts

Evaluating data for analysis

Solving spatial problems

Perform the analysis: Find suitable locations ........................................................................... 10-32

Sharing geographic information

Working with features and attributes

Use ArcGIS to create and share maps and data.

Icons used in this workbook

Tips provide brief help for performing a task or clarifying concepts.

External resources provide optional, special-interest information

Best practices offer industry or professional guidelines, help set goals

Estimated times provide guidance on approximately how many

Warnings alert you to potential problems or to actions that should be

Author, share, and use maps

Author, share, and use maps

In this lesson, you will build on your basic GIS knowledge by

Follow a workflow for authoring and publishing a map.

Author > Share > Use

Author maps and create data.

Author, share, and use maps

Authoring GIS content

Author, share, and use maps

The Author > Share > Use workflow

A description of each step in the workflow is provided in the following

Symbolize layer(s) in ArcMap

Display service in ArcGIS.com

Add basemap to service

Author, share, and use maps

Publishing a web map

Author your layers in ArcMap.

Author, share, and use maps

Exercise 1: Create a web map using the

Visualize and analyze data.

Step 1: Open piracy map document

on the Windows taskbar.

Browse to your C:\Student\ARC2\Web_Maps folder.

Select Piracy.mxd and click Open.

On the Standard toolbar, click the Full Extent button

Your map document contains two layers:

Piracy incidents shown as orange points.

Step 2: Identify spatial patterns

On the Tools toolbar, use the Zoom In

tools to explore your

Author, share, and use maps

1. What areas of the world have the most occurrences of piracy?

Click the Full Extent button

to zoom back to the full extent of your Piracy data.

Step 3: Select features based on spatial location

The properties of shape, area, distance, and direction can be maintained by a

From the Selection menu, choose Select By Location.

Complete your dialog box according to the following specifications:

Selection method: select features from

Click OK to select the piracy locations within 50 kilometers of the coastline.

Author, share, and use maps

Step 4: Export selected points

Click the Browse button

On the Saving Data dialog box, click the Home button