Ecological impact of Industrialization and Urbanization

The ecological impact of Industrialization and Urbanization can be summarized as follows:

1. The growth of cities may cause biodiversity to decline by fragmenting or destroying
large areas of natural habitat on which many species depend.
2. The rising human population is driving the expansion of urban areas and increasing
the demand for natural resources such as timber and fossil fuels. This inevitably
leads to habitat destruction which has been called the largest factor contributing to
the current global extinction event.
3. The expansion of cities causes the fragmentation of large areas of natural habitat
through the construction of roads, houses and industry.
4. The expansion of the urban environment causes declines and local losses of native
species including plants and insects.
5. Human settlements have been shown to provide ideal conditions for invasive and
exotic species due to high levels of disturbance which tends to favour non-native
species at the expense of native species.
6. The import of exotic species into urban areas increases species richness at a faster
rate than native species are lost.
7. Urban areas contain a large number of widely different habitats at small scales such
as gardens, parks and wasteland. Each of these may provide very different habitats
and so support a wide variety of species, urban gardens in particular are highly
variable with no two containing quite the same combination of plants.
8. The importation of large amounts of water, fertilizers and food into urban areas
provides the nutrients required to significantly increase primary productivity. This in
turn supports larger numbers of individuals than would be able to survive otherwise.
9. Urban environments produce air pollution that harm the natural environment. Not
only are humans affected adversely by bad air quality, animals also suffer. Air
pollution can also curb vegetation growth and reduce crop yields.
10.In order to urbanize, natural land must be paved and turned into cities. This requires
that flora and fauna either lose their homes or are relocated. Urbanization is virtually
irreversible. Whole habitats are eliminated and permanent resources are depleted.

Ecological impact of Migration

The ecological impact of Migration can be summarized as follows:

1. The influence of the environment and environmental change is largely

unrepresented in standard theories of migration, whilst recent debates on

climate change and migration focus almost entirely on displacement and
perceive migration to be a problem.
2. Extreme environmental events, such as natural or industrial disasters, are

more likely to result in sudden, massive population displacement.

3. The environment drives migration through mechanisms characterised as the

availability and reliability of ecosystem services and exposure to hazard.

4. Individual migration decisions and flows are affected by these drivers

operating in combination, and the effect of the environment is therefore

highly dependent on economic, political, social and demographic context.
5. Environmental change has the potential to affect directly the hazardousness
of place.
6. Environmental change also affects migration indirectly, in particular through
economic drivers, by changing livelihoods for example, and political drivers,
through affecting conflicts over resources.
landslides are exacerbated by

7. Natural

human

activities,

such

as

deforestation, inappropriate cultivation means and industrial constructions,

surrounding areas are said to be at increased risk of natural disaster.
8. industrialization and urbanization, increase on the population and migration

arised and they have been considered as the reasons for environmental
problems. The immigrants became a big mass and started to consume
natural resources.
9. Migration causes concentration of population in a limited space which further

increases the stress on land by increasing number of squatter, settlements,

causing population.
10. It causes air and water pollution.

Ecological impact of mining

The ecological impact of mining can be summarized as follows:
1. Destruction of the habitat is the main component of biodiversity losses, but direct
poisoning caused by mine extracted material, and indirect poisoning through food
and water can also affects animals, vegetables and microorganisms.
2. Saltiness, aridity and scarcity of water caused by the waste of enormous amounts of
fresh water during the extraction process.
3. Heavy metals which are liberated and migrate into the ecosystem.
4. The dislocation of thousands of tons of ore causes for sedimentation in rivers and
susceptibility to water erosion.
5. Ecological passive after exploitation and the complete destruction of the original local
ecosystem.
6. Migration of highly toxic cyanide into the subsoil and surface waters as well as the
whole ecosystem.
7. Acid drainage, which especially in the case of sulphite winning is a major risk.
8. Pollution caused during mining.
9. Endemics

species

are

especially

sensitive,

since

they

need

really

specific

environmental conditions. Destruction or slight modification of their habitat put them

at the risk of extinction.
10. Habitats can be damaged as well by non-chemicals products, such as large rocks
from the mines that are discarded in the surrounding landscape with no concern for
impacts on natural habitat.

Ecological impact of Constructions of Dams

The environmental consequences of large dams are numerous and varied, and
includes direct impacts to the biological, chemical and physical properties of rivers
and riparian (or "stream-side") environments.
1. The dam wall itself blocks fish migrations, which in some cases and with

some species completely separate spawning habitats from rearing habitats.

2. The dam also traps sediments, which are critical for maintaining physical

processes and habitats downstream of the dam.

3. Another significant and obvious impact is the transformation upstream of the

dam from a free-flowing river ecosystem to an artificial slack-water reservoir

habitat.
4. Changes in temperature, chemical composition, dissolved oxygen levels and

the physical properties of a reservoir are often not suitable to the aquatic
plants and animals that evolved with a given river system.
5. The alteration of a river's flow and sediment transport downstream of a dam

often causes the greatest sustained environmental impacts.

6. Disrupted and altered water flows can be as severe as completely de-

watering river reaches and the life they contain.

7. A dam also holds back sediments that would naturally replenish downstream

ecosystems.
8. Riverbed deepening (or "incising") will also lower groundwater tables along a

river, lowering the water table accessible to plant roots (and to human
communities drawing water from wells) .
9. Altering the riverbed also reduces habitat for fish that spawn in river bottoms,
and for invertebrates.
10. Large dams have led to the extinction of many fish and other aquatic species,
the disappearance of birds in floodplains, huge losses of forest, wetland and
farmland, erosion of coastal deltas, and many other immitigable impacts.

Ecological impact of Dwelling Units

1. A dwelling unit is a single unit that provides complete and independent living facilities,
including permanent provisions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking and sanitation.
2. The continuous migration of people into the industrial and commercial cities more and
more space is requires for housing or dwelling units.
3. People from rural areas start living in sheds, roads, slums and many such places, which
leads to the occurrence of many health problems.
4. Lack of proper sanitation, overcrowding and water supply is also the result of many small
dwelling units.
5. Out of 3 billion people, nearly half of the worlds populations lives in cities of which one
third are slum dwellers.
6. Many public housing programs have been launched by governments to accommodate the
migrating populations.
7. The public housing scheme had been proven to a successful venture of the governments.
8. By providing housing facilities the government had provided proper sanitation facilities,
clean water supply which in turn reduces the health problem of the population.
9. Government of Indian had launched many housing scheme with an aim of providing
shelter to BPL and for the rehabilitation of slums.
10. Slum Rehabilitation Scheme, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Indira
Aawas Yojana, Basic minimum services are some of the housing scheme launched by
government of India

Ecological impact on Shifting Cultivation.

1. Shifting Cultivation also called JHUMMING

slash-and-burn agriculture, is when

farmers clear land by slashing vegetation and burning forests and woodlands to
create clear land for agricultural purposes.
2. The current practice of shifting cultivation in eastern and north eastern regions of
India is an extravagant and unscientific form of land use.
3. The evil effects of shifting cultivation are devastating and far-reaching in degrading
the environment and ecology of these regions.
4. The earlier 1520 year cycle of shifting cultivation on a particular land has reduced to
23 years now
5. This has resulted in large-scale deforestation, soil and nutrient loss, and invasion by
weeds and other species.
6. The indigenous biodiversity has been affected to a large extent.
7. Frequent shifting from one land to the other has affected the ecology of these
regions.
8. The area under natural forest has declined; the fragmentation of habitat, local
disappearance of native species and invasion by exotic weeds and other plants are
some of the other ecological consequences of shifting agriculture.
9. The slash and burn methods involves burning down of trees, which releases harmful
gases affect the health of people living in surrounding area.
10. This also kills many Flora and fauna in the process so it is a major cause of loss of
biodiversity.