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Politics
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus
force of between 500 to 1,000 men in 14 districts throughout the city. He instituted the
first official police force, and now, without having to fight the foreigners, he was able to
establish a standing army for Rome, c. 170,000 well trained soldiers. He repaired, then
greatly advanced the technology of the roads throughout Italy.
He abolished private tax farming, and turned it into a civil service, bringing food to the
masses more cheaply, instituted the first official census, the flat-rate tax, with each
provinces citizens paying an established annual tax.
None of this mentions all the magnificent buildings he had constructed.
He brought all state finances under control, since the civil wars had caused the values of
most things to fluctuate violently. He donated 170 million sesterces (an enormous
amount) to establish a trust fund for the active a retired soldiers throughout the
empire. This made the soldiers love him more than anyone, and a coup impossible. But
then, even the citizens loved him. The senators. Almost everyone loved him. He proved
Machiavellis maxim that the best ruler is the one who rules by love, and slightly inferior
to him is the one who rules by fear. The worst ruler is the one whose people hate him,
and there have been plenty of the latter two.
He may have been the greatest benevolent dictator the world has ever seen.
Further Reading: Augustus: The Life of Romes First Emperor
bolt. Da Vincis design has changed very little. He invented the first successful hang
glider, based on the operations of birds wings, for which Bernoulli was not alive to come
up with a principle until 200 years later.
He invented the tank, made of thick oak and powered by four to six men turning iron
wheels via an iron crank shaft, while four other men inside loaded and fired cannon at
the enemy foot soldiers. There is no record of the tank being used in battle, but had it
been, it would have been impregnable against the arrows, axes, and swords of the day.
It could have been set on fire, but it would have terrified anyone who saw it long before
they worked up the nerve to approach it. It was the equivalent of the tripods in H. G.
Wellss The War of the Worlds.
He almost invented the helicopter. He just needed a sufficient engine to hold it in the
air, and the combustion engine was a long time coming. He invented the steam cannon,
which was almost as powerful, and much faster and cheaper to reload, than the
gunpowder cannon. He modernized hydraulic pumps, and invented the stabilized
artillery projectile. We know it as a rocket, which has stabilizing fins, as opposed to a
cannon ball or simple conical shaped projectile. He invented thousands of other things.
Further Reading: How to Think Like Leonardo da Vinci: Seven Steps to Genius Every Day
Sculpting
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni
Rhetoric
Marcus Tullius Cicero
denounce and vilify Lucius Catilina, a corrupt senator who tried to overthrow the Roman
Republic. Cicero actually succeeded in ousting Catilina from power, ultimately resulting
in Catilinas death in a rebellion. Cicero did this solely by means of his prose mastery.
Here is an excerpt, from his First Catlinarian Oration:
Just how long, O Catiline, do you intend to abuse our patience? How long is that
madness of yours still to mock us? When is there to be an end of this unbridled
audacity of yours, swaggering about as it does now? Do not the night guards set on the
Palatine Hill do not the watches posted throughout the citydoes not the alarm of
the people, and the union of all good men does not the precaution taken of
assembling the senate in this most defensible place do not the looks and
countenances of this venerable body here present, have any effect on you? Do you not
feel that your plans are detected? Do you not see that your conspiracy is already
stopped and made powerless by the knowledge which every one here possesses of it?
What is there that you did last night, what the night before where is it that you were
who was there that you summoned to meet you what design was there which
was adopted by you, with which you think that any one of us is unacquainted?
Further Reading: Cicero: The Life and Times of Romes Greatest Politician
Geometry
Archimedes
Archimedes is typically in the top four of historys mathematicians, but it was his
practical applications of geometry that will make his name last forever. He invented the
Armichedes Screw, which is still an efficient means of carrying water from a low place to
a high place quickly. Its simply an inclined plane inside a tube. One end of the tube is
set in the water, and the tube is leaned against something. Turn the tube and the water
rises on the inclined plane to the other end and out. He told his employer, the king of
Syracuse, Make me a screw long enough and Ill empty the ocean.
The king of Syracuse, which was a walled city on the shore of Sicily, employed him to
make the city safe from siege, and he did this by drawing up plans for various machines,
notably a huge ballista that could fire 1,000 arrows at once through small slits in the
walls. It could devastate an entire regiment approaching the walls. He designed larger
and larger catapults to hurl larger and larger stones farther. His most famous
inventions, all based on geometry, are his Claw and Heat Ray. The claw was a device
he envisioned to swing out from the top of a wall, into the side of a wooden ship
attacking the harbor. The claw would puncture the ship, then men would hoist it up by
means of a huge lever, and overturn the ship, or even upend it, and sink it in a matter of
minutes. He told his king, You give me a lever long enough and Ill move the earth.
The Heat Ray was simply a line of soldiers with highly polished shields angled to catch
the sunlight and direct it to an enemy ship in the harbor. One shields reflection of the
sunlight was insufficient to cause wood to burn, but 100 of them magnified the suns
heat 100 times into a small spot, and did indeed, cause the ships to reach their
flashpoints, bursting into flames where they floated.
He mastered the geometric mechanics of the simple machines. He roped up a system of
about 50 pulleys of various sizes, some as small as a hand, some as large as an SUV tire,
then tied one end of the rope to one of the kings galleys, a huge ship, and wrapped the
other end in his hands, and proceeded to pull the entire ship out of the harbor onto the
ground by himself. The pulleys lessened the weight.
He discovered hydraulics when he got into his bath one night and the water overflowed
the tub. He saw that the amount of water displaced equaled his weight and ran
screaming naked through the streets, Eureka! Eureka! which means, I have found it!
I have found it! This discovery enabled him to measure the volume and density of an
irregular object, such as the kings crown, by submerging it in water, and measuring the
amount displaced.
The story of his death goes that he was so engrossed in his geometrical experiments
and drawings that while the siege of Syracuse was going on, a Roman soldier shouted to
him to freeze in the street. He was carrying an armload of his gadgets and looked like a
looter. He ignored the soldier, and the soldier stabbed him to death. His last words are
said to have been, Dont disturb my diagrams. He had been drawing them in the dirt.
Marcellus, the Roman general, gave strict orders that he was to be spared, because he
respected himso much. He lamented during the siege, I have 10,000 men. They have
Archimedes.
Further Reading: Archimedes and the Door of Science
Modern Physics
Albert Einstein
rewriting the established physics of the last 300 years, he was actually predicting
specific events based solely on the equations he scribbled out on paper. His physics
stated that light itself bends when encountering gravity, and this was something the
scientific world could and intended to prove. An upcoming solar eclipse on November 7,
1919, would be the perfect chance. And Einstein was right. The light from a star bent
noticeably as it passed around the edge of the suns coronal disk during the eclipse.
This remains one of the very rare times when physics has predicted anything specific
and measurable, and more astoundingly, when that prediction was proven correct.
Einstein worked on everything in the realm of physics, including a Unified Field Theory,
which is a theory of everything. It would explain, most importantly, the interaction of the
four forces of the Universe at the moment of the Big Bang, and even before that
moment, thus before time itself was begun. Scientists still havent cracked the theory,
but Einstein is the man who has gotten us closer to the solution than anyone.
Further Reading: Einstein: His Life and Universe
Literature
William Shakespeare
each other.
And no matter how well you frame the plot in your next short story or novel, no matter
how bizarre, how unique, you make your characters, Shakespeare did it before you. He
might not have been the first to do anything, but he modernized drama more than any
other writer. And thats not to mention the philosophy inherent in his sonnets, which
are, besides the content, the premiere closed-form poetry canon in English. His works
are quoted, performed, and parodied more often than those of any other writer, and this
is especially impressive given that theyre 450 years old. His two most powerful
tragedies, Hamlet and King Lear, are more than just drama and poetry. Theyre in-depth,
psychological analyses of the minds of those suffering mental and emotional anguish,
and how they cope with it.
Further Reading: Shakespeare: The Biography
Philosophy
Aristotle
you have used a method Aristotle was the first to formalize. On the subject of ethics, he
argued quite reasonably that the human being should work to make itself happy, since
in so doing it would fulfill natures goal in creating it. And the highest form of happiness,
he argued, was to learn, since that is what humans do most naturally. In so learning,
humans will inevitably become the best that nature has intended of them, wise and
good.
He argued that the intent of any political system should be to provide the best possible
well-being for the public. In his opinion, there were 3 basic kinds of political systems: a
constitutional government, an aristocracy, and a kingdom or empire. Because of the
nature of humans to devolve in everything, these three forms would pervert into a
democracy, an oligarchy, and a tyranny, respectively. Thus, he argued, the constitutional
government is the best choice, and the one every political state should choose. Modern
democracies have progressed very little beyond Aristotles vision of what one should be.
Further Reading: Aristotle for Everybody
Mathematics
Sir Isaac Newton
is holding the moon up in the sky? Why isnt it falling to Earth right now? He used all
the mathematics of the day to address this problem, discovering the generalized
binomial theorem in the process. Then the mathematics no longer made any sense with
the material he was working with. So he effectively invented differential and integral
calculus to keep on the trail of the solution. In the end, he succeeded, and discovered
the law of universal gravitation, and the 3 universal laws of motion, also known as
Newtons Laws. All this at the age of 23. Modern mathematicians still regard it as
superhuman.
First Law: An object in motion will stay in motion, unless an outside force acts upon it.
Second Law: A body will accelerate with acceleration proportional to the force and
inversely proportional to the mass.
Third Law: Every action has a reaction equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
These 3 laws laid the groundwork for all physics until Einstein, whose relativity theories
allow for more fine-tuned, microscopic examinations. Newton also postulated a theory
of colors, stating that objects do not possess color of themselves, but are acted upon by
the colors innate in light, which can be separated and integrated with a prism. This is
how he came up with the idea for the reflecting telescope. Gottfried Leibniz also
discovered the differential and integral calculus about the same time, independently,
and gave it its name, whereas Newton called it the method of fluxions and fluents. It
can be said that Leibiz discovered infinitesimal calculus, but just to satisfy his curiosity
of what it could do; Newton invented it, for the express purpose of solving a problem he
was working on.
Newton distinctly advanced every single branch of mathematics in use today.
Further Reading: Isaac Newton
Music
Johann Sebastian Bach
His system was Baroque music, which began long before he was born. By the time he
reached his creative pinnacle, Baroque was going out of style because most of his
contemporaries considered it to have been exhausted.
Bach proved them wrong, even if they did not admit it. History has borne him out as the
perfecter of the Baroque style of music. He did not invent any new forms, whereas
Franz Joseph Haydn virtually invented the modern symphony. But Bach wrote absolute
masterpieces in every form of his day: fugue, sonata, cantata, concerto grosso, mass,
sinfonia (the precursor to the symphony), etc.
He was the first to devise a system for tuning any keyboard instrument, especially the
harpsichord, and its variants. His Well-Tempered Clavier is two books of 24 preludes
and fugues each, in all the major and minor scales, and he intended one of these to be
played before a performance, in order to tune the keyboard. By using music, the ear is
able to discern harmonics and thus a context of each tone, without which, the performer
may tighten a string until it pops.
No one before or since has been able to compose contrapuntal music (two or more
melodies harmonizing with one another) so frequently, so monumentally, with such
grandeur, complexity, richness, and technical brilliance as Bach composed. He could
improvise fugues for 2 hours at a stretch at the organ. He would sometime write them
down afterward from memory.
He understood contrapuntal music as intimately, as naturally, as Newton understood
mathematics, or Aristotle understood logic.
Further Reading: Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician
Theology
St Thomas Aquinas
Bonus
truth one for matters of faith, and another for matters of philosophy; St Thomas
combined the two completely without contradiction).
St Thomas most famous theological work is the Summa Theologica a five volume set
of questions and answers on all matters of faith. Based strongly on the principles of
Aristotle and formal logic, the summa is a water-tight exposition of everything you
could want to know about the world beyond this. Some of the subjects dealt with are
whether animals have souls, the manner in which the bodily resurrection of the dead
will take place, and a variety of topics relating to justice (whether lying is a sin, etc).
The impact St Thomas had on the world was far greater than any theologian before him.
He became known as the Angelic Doctor a far cry from the dumb ox and his
writings were all but canonized with virtually all Popes after his time requiring that St
Thomas writings be the foundation of seminary study for all priests this is still the
case today in all Catholic seminaries in obedience to Rome.
Further Reading: Saint Thomas Aquinas: The Dumb Ox
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