Physical Properties of Ionic Liquids: Database and Evaluation

Suojiang Zhang,a Ning Sun, Xuezhong He, Xingmei Lu, and Xiangping Zhang
Group for Green Chemistry and Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
Received 22 March 2005; revised manuscript received 3 August 2005; accepted 19 September 2005; published online 10 October 2006

A comprehensive database on physical properties of ionic liquids ILs, which was

collected from 109 kinds of literature sources in the period from 1984 through 2004, has
been presented. There are 1680 pieces of data on the physical properties for 588 available
ILs, from which 276 kinds of cations and 55 kinds of anions were extracted. In terms of
the collected database, the structure-property relationship was evaluated. The correlation
of melting points of two most common systems, disubstituted imidazolium tetrafluoroborate and disubstituted imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, was carried out using a quantitative structure-property relationship method. 2006 American Institute of Physics.
DOI: 10.1063/1.2204959
Key words: ionic liquid; database; properties; melting point; QSPR.

CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

13.

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Classification of ILs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phase Transition Temperature: Melting Point
Tm, Glass Transition Point Tg,
Decomposition Point Td, Freezing Point T f ,
and Clearing Point Tc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Density , Viscosity , and Surface
Tension s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conductivity , Polarity ET30 , ENR, and
the Electrochemical Window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix: Explanation of Measuring Methods..
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1475
1476

14.

List of Figures
1.

1476

2.
3.
4.

1495
1498
1502
1515
1515
1515

5.
6.

7.

List of Tables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Cations and Anions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Melting point Tm and glass transition point
Tg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Freezing points T f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Decomposition point Td-w, water equilibrated..
Clearing point Tc-w, water equilibrated. . . . . .
Density w, water equilibrated. . . . . . . . . . .
Viscosity -w, water equilibrated. . . . . . . . . . .
Surface tension s-w, water equilibrated. . . . .
Conductivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Polarity ET30-w, water equilibrated. . . . . . . .
Electrochemical window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The QSPR models for melting points of ILs
from different references. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1477
1483
1494
1496
1498
1499
1503
1507
1508
1511
1512
1513

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic-mail:

sjzhang@home.ipe.ac.cn, gct@home.ipe.ac.cn
2006 American Institute of Physics.
0047-2689/2006/354/1475/43/$40.00

Correlation models of melting points for two

systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513
Compounds studied in test set with calculated
and experimental Tm K values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513

Melting point variation with carbon number in

alkyl chain for CnMIX.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Melting point variation with anions.. . . . . . . . . .
Melting points and freezing points of EMIX.. . .
Density variation of several systems with
number of carbon atoms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Viscosity variation of several systems with
number of carbon atoms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plot of experimental and calculated melting
points for disubstituted imidazolium
tetrafluoroborates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plot of experimental and calculated melting
points for disubstituted imidazolium
hexafluorophosphates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1514
1514
1514
1514
1514

1514

1515

1. Introduction
Although the first room temperature ionic liquids ILs
were first observed in the middle of the 19th Century,2 only
since the 1980s have room temperature ILs attracted a significant and growing interest. Now, ILs, as green solvents,
have been studied extensively56,82,42,126 thanks to their tempting properties such as negligible vapor pressure, large liquidus range, high thermal stability, high ionic conductivity,
large electrochemical window, and ability to solvate compounds of widely varying polarity.111,37,29,32 Utilizing ILs is
one of the goals of green chemistry because they create a
cleaner and more sustainable chemistry and are receiving
increasing interest as environmental friendly solvents for
many synthetic and catalytic processes.36,43,56,53. An intriguing characteristic is to fine tune the physical-chemical prop-

1475

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1476

ZHANG ET AL.

erties by suitable choice of cations and anions. Therefore,

ILs have been recognized as designer-solvents.29
To optimize the use of ILs and design the desirable ILs,
knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of ILs is
essentially important. From the industrial viewpoint, a fundamental understanding of the chemical and physical properties of ILs should be known before its industrial application. Physical properties such as melting point, density, and
viscosity, are related to the mechanical and engineering components associated with a process.63 For academic research,
physical and chemical properties are also indispensable to
validate the theoretical models or select proper ILs. For example, densities, viscosities, and surface tensions determine
important parameters including rates of liquid-liquid phase
separation, mass transfer, power requirements of mixing, and
pumping. Other physical properties, such as refractive index,
are related to certain chemical properties despite providing a
bulk property description.7
Most of the recent work with ILs has focused on the characterization and application of certain kinds of ILs, and provided a large amount of useful data as well as regulations.
However, there is not a comprehensive database publicly
available for researchers to consult. Although we can find
some data of ILs from some databases e.g., Beilstein127, the
data are limited and most of them are bromides with high
melting points over 100 C. There are also ionic liquid
databases developed by companies such as Merck,128 but
these are not complete and most of them are products of
company.
In this work, we establish a database of physical properties
of ILs from the open literature from 1980 through 2004.
Based on the database, the structure-property relationships of
ILs and the variations of properties with the change of cations and anions are studied. Models with good correlation of
melting points for two kinds of ILs are developed by using
the quantitative structure-property relationship QSPR
method.

2. The Classification of ILs

There are comparatively abundant data available for imidazolium salts from monosubstituted to pentasubstituted
compounds. The data on ammonium, pyridinium, isoquinolinium, sulfonium, phosphonium, pyrrolidinium, and other
complex compounds are also available. In Table 1, the cations and anions extracted from the reported ILs are tabulated
by a code. In property tables the cations and anions are represented by codes and abbreviations which are consistent
with the classification presented in Table 1.
The cations and anions are coded according to their types.
For cations, when the code contains no more than three digits
the first number is its type number. For example, 201
means the cation is disubstituted imidazolium and the number 01 reflects the least molecular weight in this type.
Since some ILs are retrieved later after a series of codes was
established, their codes do not exactly reflect their molecular weight. The type number is listed from 1 to 19. Thus,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

when the code of a cation comes to four digits the first two
digits describes its type. For example, for the cation coded
1109 the type number is 11 which means pyridinium.
There are also four-digit identification numbers when the
type number is 2 because of the variety of this type. Therefore, the code beginning with 2 means the cation is disubstituted imidazolium. For the anions, the code is similar except that we added 0 before each identification number of
anions to differentiate them from cations.

3. Phase Transition Temperature: Melting

Point Tm, Glass Transition Point Tg,
Decomposition Point Td, Freezing Point
Tf, and Clearing Point Tc
Data on melting point Tm and glass transition point Tg
are tabulated in Table 2, whereas the decomposition point
Td, the freezing point T f , and the clearing point Tc are
tabulated in Tables 35, respectively. Melting happens when
the molecules or ions fall out of their crystal structures, and
become disordered liquid. The glass transition is a transition
which happens from solid state to amorphous solid; but even
crystalline solids may have some amorphous portion. This is
why the same sample of ILs may have both a glass transition
temperature and a melting temperature. Freezing point has
the same meaning as melting point but an opposite process.
Some salts with long chains are low melting solids which
display enantiotropic mesomorphism with extensive thermotropic mesophase range37 with the lower limit, melting point
and upper limit, clearing point.
The phase transition temperature of ILs is governed by
van der Waals forces and electrostatic interaction
force,10,15,26 and the impact of the two forces play different
roles for different kinds of ILs. It has been pointed out that
the Tm of quaternary ammonium type ionic liquid is governed by the van der Waals force rather than the electrostatic
interaction force,18 i.e., for such kind of cations, the change
of phase transition temperature with the anions is not as great
as cations. The ionic liquids of imidazolium containing symmetric cations such as 1,3-dimethylimidazolium c201, 1,3diethylimidazolium c207, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium
c32, and 1,2-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium c33, show
higher melting points than those containing asymmetric
cations.97 The phenomena can be observed in Fig. 1. ILs with
symmetric cation c201 exhibit the highest melting points;
the melting points appear to fall steadily with increasing
alkyl chain length; when the carbon number n in the branch
of CnMIMX 1-alkyl-3-methylimdazolium, X = BF4 ,
PF6 , Cl comes to 49 there is a platform, then the melting
points increase with the carbon number. The variation of
melting points with anions was shown in Fig. 2. The radii of
the anions were calculated at B3LYP/6-31G level. The results are as follows: a0Cl = 2.70 ; a0Br = 3.12 ;
a0PF6 = 3.60 ; a0BF4 = 3.44 ; a0TfO , CF3SO3
= 3.79 ; and a0TFSI, CF3SO22N = 4.39 . The melting
temperatures are generally decreased with increasing anion
radius except for PF6. It is because the larger anion radius

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1477

TABLE 1. Cations and Anions

ID

Abbreviation

Name

Formula

M / g mol1

3-2-4-nitro-phenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
3-2-3-chlorophenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
3-2-4-chlorophenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
1-ethyloxy-3-4-nitrobenzyl imidazolium
1-methyloxy-3-2-4-chlorophenyl-2-oxoethylimidazolium
3-2-4-nitro-phenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
1-etheneoxy-3-2,4-dichlorobenzyl imidazolium
1-ethyloxy-3-2,4-dichlorobenzyl imidazolium
3-2-3,4-dichlorophenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
1-hydrocinnamyl-3-methyl imidazolium
1-nonyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-octyl-3-ethylimidazolium
1,3-di-1-butoxymethylimidazolium
1-Methyl-3-2-oxo-2-o-tolyl-ethyl-imidazolium
1-4-methoxynbutyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-2-2-methoxyethoxyethyl-3-methyl imidazolium
1,3-dibenzylimidazolium
1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-2-phenyl-2-oxyethyl-3-methyl imidazolium
1-3-cyano-propyl-3-2-cyano-ethylimidazolium
1-2-Furan-2-yl-2-oxo-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-hydroxy-3-2,4-dichlorobenzylimidazolium
1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-heptyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-hexyl-3-ethylimidazolium
1,3-dibutylimidazolium
1-4-methoxyphenyl-3-methylimidazolium
phenemyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-methyl-3-3-methyl-benzyl-imidazolium
1-methyl-3-2-methyl-benzyl-imidazolium
3-2-4-bromo-phenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methyl imidazolium
1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium
phenylethanoyl-3-propylimidazolium
heptoxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium
3-2-2-florophenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methyl imidazolium
1-1-propoxymethyl-3-1-butoxymethyl imidazolium
3-2-4-nitro-phenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
3-2-3-chlorophenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
3-2-4-chlorophenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
1-ethyloxy-3-4-nitrobenzyl imidazolium
1-methyloxy-3-2-4-chlorophenyl-2-oxoethylimidazolium
3-2-4-nitro-phenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
1-etheneoxy-3-2,4-dichlorobenzyl imidazolium
1-ethyloxy-3-2,4-dichlorobenzyl imidazolium
3-2-3,4-dichlorophenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
1-hydrocinnamyl-3-methyl imidazolium
1-nonyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-octyl-3-ethylimidazolium
1,3-di-1-butoxymethylimidazolium
1-Methyl-3-2-oxo-2-o-tolyl-ethyl-imidazolium
3-4-Cyano-benzoyl-1-methyl imidazolium
3-2-4-Methyloxyphenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methyl imidazolium
3-2-2-Methyloxyphenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
1-ethyloxy-3-2-4-chlorophenyl-2-oxoethylimidazolium
1-hydroxy-3-3,4,5-trimethyloxybenzylimidazolium
1-ethyl-3-2-4-bromo-phenyl-2-oxoethylimidazolium
1-methyl-3-2,6-S-dimethylocten-2-ylimidazolium
1-octyl-3-propylimidazolium

C12H14N3O2
C12H12ClN2O
C12H12ClN2O
C12H14N3O3
C12H12ClN2O2
C12H12N3O3
C12H11Cl2N2O
C12H13Cl2N2O
C12H11Cl2N2O
C13H17N2
C13H25N2
C13H25N2
C13H25N2O2
C13H15N2O
C9H17N2O
C9H17N2O2
C10H10N2
C10H19N2
C10H11N2O
C10H13N4
C10H11N2O2
C10H9Cl2N2O
C11H13N2
C11H13N2
C11H21N2
C11H21N2
C11H21N2
C11H13ON2
C12H15N2
C12H15N2
C12H15N2
C12H12BrN2O
C12H23N2
C12H15N2O
C12H23N2O
C12H12FN2O
C12H23N2O2
C12H14N3O2
C12H12ClN2O
C12H12ClN2O
C12H14N3O3
C12H12ClN2O2
C12H12N3O3
C12H11Cl2N2O
C12H13Cl2N2O
C12H11Cl2N2O
C13H17N2
C13H25N2
C13H25N2
C13H25N2O2
C13H15N2O
C13H12N3O
C13H15N2O2
C13H15N2O2
C13H14ClN2O2
C13H17N2O4
C13H14BrN2O
C14H25N2
C14H27N2

232.26
235.69
235.69
248.26
251.69
246.25
270.14
272.15
270.14
201.29
209.35
209.35
241.35
215.27
169.25
185.25
158.20
167.27
175.21
189.24
191.21
244.10
173.24
173.24
181.30
181.30
181.30
189.24
187.26
187.26
187.26
280.14
195.33
203.26
211.33
219.24
227.33
232.26
235.69
235.69
248.26
251.69
246.25
270.14
272.15
270.14
201.29
209.35
209.35
241.35
215.27
226.26
231.27
231.27
265.72
265.29
294.17
221.37
223.38

Cations
297
264
265
293
290
267
295
294
266
236
234
235
237
268
219
220
275
221
222
276
292
299
2100
282
224
225
226
228
230
286
287
291
229
232
231
263
233
297
264
265
293
290
267
295
294
266
236
234
235
237
268
290
269
270
298
2102
2103
240
238

NPEMI
CPOEMI
CPOEMI
EONiBeI
MOPOEI
NPOEMI
EtODBeI
EODBeI
PECl2MI
C9MI
C9MI
C 2C 8I
DBOMI
MOTEI
MOBMI
C5O2MI
DBI
C6MI
PEMI
CPCEI
FOEMI
HyDBeI
BenMI
BenHMI
C7MI
C2C6I
C4C4I
MPMI
C8pMI
M3BzMI
M2BzMI
PEBrMI
C8MI
C8OPI
C8OMI
PEo-FMI
PBOMI
NPEMI
CPOEMI
CPOEMI
EONiBeI
MOPOEI
NPOEMI
EtODBeI
EODBeI
PECl2MI
C9MI
C9MI
C 2C 8I
DBOMI
MOTEI
CBMI
MOPOMI
MOPOMI
EOPOEI
HyTMOBI
EBPOEI
MDI
C 3C 8I

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

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ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 1. Cations and AnionsContinued

ID

Abbreviation

239
271
296
278
272
241
273
274
242
288
245
243
244
279
280

C10MI
PEMe2MI
DMPEMI
MOPOEMI
PEMe2MI
NOMMI
PEOEtMI
POEMI
ABOMI
ABMI
HxBOMI
C11MI
DOMMI
PPOMI
MOOIPI

281

PEMe3MI

2107
248

-NOEMI
HpBOMI

246
247
277

C12MI
UOMMI
POCPOEI

250
249
2104
284
251
2101
252
2105
298

DOMMI
C13MI
BODCBI
BoBzyMI
C14MI
MOPOPI
NBOMI
PEODCBI
POPOEI

253
2106
256
255
254
257
258
259
260
261

C15MI
PDAOI
DBOMI
C16MI
DOMHI
UBOMI
UOMHI
C18MI
C20MI
PEOI-I

262
337
327
31
32
319
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
310

PEOII-I
DHBrI
DMClI
M2,4,5I
M1,2,3I
DMNiI
M1,2E3I
E1M3,5I
EDMI
E1,3M4I
DMPI
E1,2M3I
P1M2,3I
BDMI

Name
1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium
3-2-1,2-dimethyloxyphenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
3-1,1-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
3-2-3,5-dimethoxylphenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
3-2-3,4-Dimethyloxyphenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
1-1-nonoxymethyl-3methylimidazolium
3-2-3-ethoxylphenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
3-2-4-ethoxylphenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
1-1-amyloxymethyl-3-butoxymethyl imidazolium
1-amyl-3-benzylimidazolium
1-1-hexyloxymethyl-3-1-butoxymethyl imidazolium
1-undecyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-1-decyloxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium
3-2-3-propyloxylphenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methyl imidazolium
3-2-3-methyloxylphenyl-2-oxoethyl-1
isopropylimidazolium
3-2-2,4,6-trimethyloxyphenyl-2
oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
3-2--naphthyl-2-oxoethyl-1-methylimidazolium
1-1-heptyloxymethyl-3-1-butoxymethyl imidazoliumhyl
imidazolium
1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-1-undecyloxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-2,2-dimethylpropionyloxy-3-2-4-chlorophenyl-2oxoethylimidazolium
1-1-dodecyloxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-tridecyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-benzyloxy-3-2,4-dichlorobenzylimidazolium
1-4-Benzoyl-benzyl-3-methyl-imidazolium
1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazolium
3-2-3-methyloxylphenyl-2-oxoethyl-1-phenylimidazolium
1-1-nonyloxymethyl-3-1-butoxymethylimidazolium
1-2-phenylethyloxy-3-2,5-dichlorobenzylimidazolium
1-2,4-dichlorophenylmethyloxyl-3-2-4chlorophenyl-2-oxoethylimidazolium
1-pentadecyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-phenyloxy-3-2-4-Dimethylamino-phenyl-2-oxoethylimidazolium
1-1-decyloxymethyl-3-1-butoxy methylimidazolium
1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-1-decyloxymethyl-3-hexyl imidazolium
1-1-undecyloxymethyl-3-1-butoxy methylimidazolium
1-1-undecyloxymethyl-3-hexyl imidazolium
1-octadecyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-cosyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-2-2-2-2-2-2-2methacryloyloxyethoyethoxyethoxyethoxyethoxyethoxyethoxy3-ethylimidazolium
polymer of PEOimidazolium
1,3-dihydroxy-2-bromoimidazolium
1,3-dimethyl-5-chlorideimidazolium
2,4,5-trimethylimidazolium
1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium
1,3-dimethyl-nimtrimleimidazolium
1,2-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium
1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylimidazolium
1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium
1,3-dimethyl-4-methylimidazolium
1,2-methyl-3-propylimidazolium
1,2-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium
1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

Formula

M / g mol1

C14H27N2
C14H17N2O
C14H17N2O
C14H17N2O3
C14H17N2O
C14H27N2O
C14H17N2O2
C14H17N2O2
C14H27N2O2
C15H21N2
C15H29N2O2
C15H29N2
C15H29N2O
C15H19N2O2
C15H19N2O2

223.38
229.30
229.30
261.30
229.30
239.38
245.30
245.30
255.38
229.35
269.41
237.41
253.41
259.33
259.33

C15H19N2O2

259.33

C16H15N2O
C16H31N2O2

251.31
283.43

C16H31N2
C16H31N2O
C16H18ClN2O3

251.44
267.43
321.78

C17H33N2O
C17H33N2
C17H15Cl2N2O
C18H17N2O
C18H35N2
C18H17N2O2
C18H35N2O2
C18H17Cl2N2O
C18H14Cl3N2O

281.46
265.46
334.22
277.35
279.49
293.35
311.49
348.25
396.68

C19H37N2
C19H20N3O2
C19H37N2O2
C20H39N2
C20H39N2O
C20H39N2O2
C21H41N2O
C22H43N2
C24H47N2
C25H45O9N2

293.52
322.39
325.51
307.54
323.54
339.54
337.57
335.60
363.65
517.64

C3H4BrN2O2
C5H8ClN2
C6H11N2
C6H11N2
C 6H 8N 3S
C7H13N2
C7H13N2
C7H13N2
C8H15N2
C8H15N2
C8H15N2
C8H15N2
C9H17N2

179.98
131.58
111.17
111.17
154.22
125.19
125.19
125.19
139.22
139.22
139.22
139.22
153.25

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1479

TABLE 1. Cations and AnionsContinued

ID

Abbreviation

322
320
313
312
323
353
321
339

B3M1,5I
DMPhI
BzMPI
ODMI
DPBI
MPOEMOI
PClDMI
HyEPOEI

314
315
316
317
325
328

BzMBI
BzMBI
BzMAI
DDMI
HBeMI
DMPPOEMI

338

POCPOEI

332
335
348

DNBOMI
DBBOMI
PMOPOEI

352
344
351

BPOEMI
DBHOEI
BMPOEI

334

PCPOEI

329
330
336
333
326
324

DMNBAI
DCBEI
DDCBEI
DBBOEI
NBeMI
PvPEMI

318
346
341
350

PEStMI
PMCPOEI
BMDI
MOBPOEI

345
331

BUMI
BOTMOBI

342
343
42
43
41
53
52
51
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
71
72
81

BMTDI
BUAI
DHMBrI
DHPBrI
DEDPhI
DHBrDMI
DMBr3I
M 5I
C2IBr2
C3IBr2
C4IBr2
C6IBr2
C2ITf2
C3ITf2
C4ITf2
Bt14
Bt1 Bn
P11

Name

Formula

3-butyl-1,5-dimethylimidazolium
C9H17N2
1,3-dimethyl-2-phenylimidazolium
C11H13N2
1-benzyl-2-methyl-3-propyl
C13H19N2
1-octyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium
C13H25N2
1,3-dipropyl-2-isobutylimidazolium
C13H25N2
1-methyl-3-2-phenyl-2-oxoethyl-5methoxyimidazolium
C13H15N2O2
1,2-dimethyl-3-phenylethanoylp-Cl imidazolium
C13H14ClN2O
1-hydroxy-2-ethyl-3-2-4-chloro phenylC13H14ClN2O2
2-oxoethylimidazolium
1-benzyl-2-methyl-3-butylimidazolium
C14H21N2
1-benzyl-2-methyl-3-3-methyl propylimidazolium
C14H21N2
1-benzyl-2-methyl-3-amylimidazolium
C15H23N2
1-decyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium
C15H29N2
1-methyl-2-n-heptyl-3-benzyl imidazolium
C18H27N2
1-methyl-2-2,2-Dimethyl-1-methylene-propyl-3-2-phenyl-2-oxyethyl
C18H23N2O
imidazolium
1-2,2-dimethylpropionyloxy-2-ethyl-3-2-4-chlorophenyl-2C18H22ClN2O3
oxoethylimidazolium
1,3-di-4-nitrobenzyloxy-2-methyl imidazolium
C18H17N4O6
1,3-di-4-bromobenzyloxy-2-methyl imidazolium
C18H17Br2N2O2
1-phenyl-2-methyl-3-2-4-methoxy
C19H19N2O
phenyl-2-oxoethylimidazolium
1-benzyl-2-2-phenyl-2-oxoethyl-3-methylimidazolium
C19H19N2O
1,3-dibenzyl-4-2-hydroxyethyl imidazolium
C19H21N2O
1-benzyl-2-methyl-3-3-2-4-chloro phenylC19H18ClN2O
2-oxoethylimidazolium
1-phenyloxy-2-ethyl-3-2-4-chloro phenylC19H18ClN2O2
cf2-oxoethylimidazolium
1,2-dimethyl-3-2-4-Nitro-benzoic acid-benzylimidazolium
C19H18N3O4
1,3-di-2,6-dichlorobenzyloxy-2ethylimidazolium
C19H17Cl4N2O2
1,3-di-2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy-2ethylimidazolium
C19H17Cl4N2O2
1,3-di-4-bromobenzyloxy-2-ethyl imidazolium
C19H19Br2N2O2
1-methyl-2-n-nonyl-3-benzylimidazolium
C20H31N2
1-methyl-2-phenylvinyl-3-2-phenyl-2
C20H19N2O
oxyethylimidazolium
1-phenylethanoyl-2-styrene-3methylimidazolium
C20H20N2O
1-phenemyl-2-methyl-3-2-4-chlorophenyl-2-oxoethylimidazolium
C20H20N2O
1-benzyl-2-methyl-3-n-decylimidazolium
C21H33N2
1-4-methyloxy-benzyl-2-methyl3-2-4-methoxylphenyl-2C21H23N2O2
oxoethylimidazolium
1-benzyl-2-n-undecyl-3-methylimidazolium
C22H35N2
1-benzyloxy-2-ethyl-3-3,4,5-tri
C22H27N2O4
methyloxybenzylimidazolium
1-benzyl-2-methyl-3-n-tetradecyl imidazolium
C25H41N2
1-benzyl-2-n-undecyl-3-amylimidazolium
C26H43N2
1,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4-bromo imidazolium
C4H6BrN2O2
1,3-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4-bromo imidazolium
C9H8BrN2O2
1,3-diethyl-4,5-diphenylimidazolium
C19H21N2
1,3-dihydroxy-2-bromo-4,5dimethylimidazolium
C5H8BrN2O2
1,3-dimethyl-2,4,5-tri-bromo imidazolium
C5H6Br3N2
1,2,3,4,5--methylimidazolium
C8H15N2
a,-dimethyl bromide
C10H18N4Br2
a,-dipropyl bromide
C11H20N4Br2
a,-dibutyl bromide
C12H22N4Br2
a,-dihexyl bromide
C14H26N4Br2
a,-dimethylbistrifluoro methylsulfonylimides
C14H18F12S4O8N6
a,-diimpropyl bistrifluoro methylsulfonylimides
C15H20F12S4O8N6
a,-diimbutyl bistrifluoro methylsulfonylimides
C16H22F12S4O8N6
1-butyl-3-methylbenzotriazolium
C11H16N3
1-benzyl-3-methylbenzotriazolium
C14H14N3
N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium
C6H14N

M / g mol1
153.25
173.24
203.31
209.35
209.35
231.27
249.72
265.72
217.33
217.33
231.36
237.41
271.43
283.39
349.84
385.36
453.15
291.37
291.37
293.39
325.82
341.82
352.37
447.17
447.17
467.18
299.48
303.38
304.39
304.39
313.51
335.43
327.53
383.47
369.61
383.64
194.01
256.08
277.39
208.03
333.83
139.22
354.09
368.11
382.14
410.20
754.58
768.60
782.63
190.27
224.29
100.18

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1480

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 1. Cations and AnionsContinued

ID

Abbreviation

82
83
84
85
9
1001
1002
1003
1101
1109
1102
1103
1104
1105
1110
1111
1106
1112
1113
1107
1114
1115
1108
1116
1117
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1301
1302
1401
1402
1404
1403
1501
1503
1502
1504
1509
1508
1505
1506
1507
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1518
1519
1517
1520
1521

P12
P13
P14
P16
PP13
MP2
MP3
MP4
C4-py
M4B-py
C6-py
C8-py
C10-py
C12-py
C12Mpy
C12Mpy
C14-py
C14Mpy
C14Mpy
C16-py
C16Mpy
C16Mpy
C18-py
C18Mpy
C18Mpy
C4isoq
C6isoq
C8isoq
C10isoq
C12isoq
C14isoq
C16isoq
C18isoq
thia1
thia2
S111
S222
S2222
S444
N1111
N111C2H
N1112
N111C2O
N111C3
N111C3
TMPA
N1113
N1122
N112C2O
MONM2E
N1123
N1114
N1222
EOMNM2E
MOENM2E
TEA
BNM2E
EOENM2E
N1134
N6111

Name
N-methyl-N-ethyl-pyrrolidinium
N-methyl-N-propyl-pyrrolidinium
N-methyl-N-butyl-pyrrolidinium
N-methyl-N-hexyl-pyrrolidinium
N-methyl-N-propylpimperidinium
1-ethyl-2-methylpyrrolimnimu
1-propyl-2-methylpyrrolimnimum
1-butyl-2-methylpyrrolimnimum
n-butyl pyridinium
4-methyl-N-butylpyridinium
n-hexyl pyridinium
n-octyl pyridinium
n-decyl pyridinium
n-dodecyl pyridinium
1-dodecyl-3-methylpyridinium
1-dodecyl-4-methylpyridinium
n-tetradecyl pyridinium
1-tetradecyl-3-methylpyridinium
1-tetradecyl-4-methylpyridinium
n-hexadecyl pyridinium
1-hexadecyl-3-methylpyridinium
1-hexadecyl-4-methylpyridinium
n-octadecyl pyridinium
1-octadecyl-3-methylpyridinium
1-octadecyl-4-methylpyridinium
N-butyl-isoquinolinium
N-hexyl-isoquinolinium
N-octyl-isoquinolinium
N-decyl-isoquinolinium
N-dodecyl-isoquinolinium
N-tetradecyl-isoquinolinium
N-hexadecyl-isoquinolinium
N-octadecyl-isoquinolinium
4-ethyl-2-isopropyl-3-butyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazolium
4-ethyl-2-isopropyl-3-dodecyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazolium
tri-methylsulfonium
tri-ethylsulfonium
tetra-methylsulfonium
tri-butylsulfonium
tetrammoniumethylammonium
trimethyl-ethynyl ammonium
trimethylethylammonium
trimethyl-methoxymethylammonium
trimethyl-propargyl ammonium
trimethyl-allylammonium
trimethylpropylammonium
trimethyl-isopropylammonium
dimethyl-diethylammonium
dimethylethylmethoxymethyleneammonium
methoxymethylenedimethylethylammonium
dimethyl-ethyl-propylammonium
trimethyl-butylammonium
triethyl-methylammonium
ethoxymethylene-dimethyl-ethyl ammonium
methoxyethyl-dimethyl-ethylammonium
tetraethylammonium
dimethyl-ethyl-butylammonium
ethoxyethyl-dimethyl-ethylammonium
dimethyl-propyl-butylammonium
trimethyl-hexylammonium

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

Formula
C7H16N
C8H18N
C9H20N
C11H24N
C9H20N
C7H14N
C8H16N
C9H18N
C9H14N
C10H16N
C11H18N
C13H22N
C15H26N
C17H30N
C18H32N
C18H32N
C19H34N
C20H36N
C20H36N
C21H38N
C22H40N
C22H40N
C23H42N
C24H44N2
C24H44N2
C13H16N
C15H20N
C17H24N
C19H28N
C21H32N
C23H36N
C25H40N
C27H44N
C12H24NS
C20H40NS
C 3H 9S
C6H15S
C8H20S
C12H27S
C4H12N
C5H10N
C5H14N
C5H14NO
C6H12N
C6H14N
C6H16N
C6H16N
C6H16N
C6H16NO
C6H16NO
C7H18N
C7H18N
C7H18N
C7H18NO
C7H18NO
C8H20N
C8H20N
C8H20NO
C9H22N
C9H22N

M / g mol1
114.21
128.24
142.26
170.32
142.26
112.19
126.22
140.25
136.22
150.24
164.27
192.32
220.38
248.43
262.46
262.46
276.49
290.51
290.51
304.54
318.57
318.57
332.59
360.63
360.63
186.28
214.33
242.38
270.44
298.49
326.55
354.60
382.65
214.40
326.61
77.17
119.25
148.31
203.41
74.15
84.14
88.17
104.17
98.17
100.18
102.20
102.20
102.20
118.20
118.20
116.23
116.23
116.23
132.23
132.23
130.25
130.25
146.25
144.28
144.28

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1481

TABLE 1. Cations and AnionsContinued

ID

Abbreviation

Name

1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1701
1702

N1233
N2233
N7111
N8111
N2225
N3333
N6222
N7222
N8222
N7233
TBA
N6444
N7444
N8444
TPA
THA
N3888
ThpA
N5314
TOA
N6314
N1,123
TDA
C13guan
C15guan
C19guan
C23guan
C27guan
P1111
P2222

1703
1704
1800
1902
1901
1903
1904

P1,103
P6314
As1111
Com2
Com1
Com3
Com4

1905

Com5

1906

Com6

1907

Com7

1908

Com8

methyl-ethyl-dipropylammonium
diethyl-diisopropylammonium
trimethyl-heptylammonium
trimethyl-octylammonium
triethyl-2-methylbutylammonium
tetrapropylammonium
triethyl-hexylammonium
triethyl-heptylammonium
triethyl-octylammonium
diisopropylethylheptylammonium
tetrabutylammonium
tributyl-hexylammonium
tributyl-heptylammonium
tributyl-octyl ammonium
tetramyl ammonium
tetrahexyl ammonium
trioctyl-propyl ammonium
tetraheptyl ammonium
triyl-tetradecyl ammonium
tetraoctyl ammonium
trihexyl-tetradecyl ammonium
tridodecyl-methyl ammonium
tetradecyl ammonium
bisbutyl-methyl-amino-methylene dimethylammonium
bisbutyl-ethyl-amino-methylene dimethyl-ammonium
bisbis-butyl-amino-methylene dimethyl-ammonium
bisbis-hexyl-amino-methylene dimethyl-ammonium
bisbis-octyl-amino-methylene dimethyl-ammonium
tetrethylphosphonium
tetraethylphosphoniumimethylene-1,4,10,13tetrakisazacycloheptadecane
Tridecylmethylphosphonium
trihexyl-tetradecylphosphonium
tetra-methyl arsenic
1,1,6,6-tetramethyl-3-yn-1,6-diazecanediaminium
z-1,1,6,6-tetramethyl-3-en-1,6-diazecanediaminium
1,1,6,6-tetramethyl-1,6-diazecanediaminium
N-2-3-hydroxypropyldimethylammoniomethylbenzyl-3hydroxy-N,N-dimethylpropyl-1-aminium
1,4,1,4,9,12,9,12-tetradimethylene-6-en-1,4,9,12tetrakisazacyclohexadecane tetraminium
6,8-
1 , 3-phenylene-1,4,1,4,10,13,10,13-tetradimethylene1,4,10,13-tetrakisazacycloheptadecanetetraminium
6,8-
1 , 3-phenylene-1,4,1,4,10,13,10,13-tetradimethylene1,4,10,13-tetrakisazacyclohenicosanetetraminium
6,8-
1 , 3-phenylene-1,4,1,4,10,13,10,13-tetradimethylene1,4,10,13-tetrakisazacyclotricosanetetraminium

Zwitterionic-type ionic
liquids
215
ZT1
223
ZT2
311
ZT3

1-propylsulphonate-3-ethylimidazolium
1-trifluoroethylsulfinamidepropyl-3-ethylimidazolium
1-trifluoroethylsulfinamidepropyl-2,3-diethylimidazolium

Formula

M / g mol1

C9H22N
C10H24N
C10H24N
C11H26N
C11H26N
C12H28N
C12H28N
C13H30N
C14H32N
C15H34N
C16H36N
C18H40N
C19H42N
C20H44N
C20H44N
C24H52N
C27H58N
C28H60N
C29H62N
C32H68N
C32H68N
C37H78N
C40H84N
C13H30N3
C15H34N3
C19H42N3
C23H50N3
C27H58N3
C4H12P
C8H20P

144.28
158.31
158.31
172.33
172.33
186.36
186.36
200.39
214.41
228.44
242.47
270.52
284.55
298.58
298.58
354.68
396.76
410.79
424.82
466.90
466.90
537.03
579.11
228.40
256.46
312.56
368.67
424.78
91.11
147.22

C31H66P
C32H68P
C4H12As
C12H24N2
C12H26N2
C12H28N2
C18H34O2

469.84
483.87
135.06
196.34
198.35
200.37
282.47

C20H38N4

334.55

C24H36N4

380.58

C28H48N4

440.72

C30H52N4

468.77

C8H14N2O3S
C10H16F3N3O2S
C12H21F3N3O2S

218.28
299.32
328.38

Cl
ClO4
Br

35.45
99.45
79.90

Anions
011
014
012

Cl
ClO4
Br

chloride
perchloric acid
bromide

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1482

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 1. Cations and AnionsContinued

ID

Abbreviation

013
021
022
025
026
027
028
023
024
0211
0210
0212
0213
0214
0215
0216
0218
0217
0219

I
BF4
CB11
MeCB11
EtCB11
ProCB11
ButCB11
CB11Cl
CB11Br
BMLB
0210
BMB
BScB
BPh4
BPM
BPMF
BPSi
BPDMF
BPSiF

0221
0220
029
0222
038
034
039
037
035
036
031
032
033
042
041
044
043
047
048
046
045
052
051
063
061
062
07
082
081
085
083
086
084

BPSiM
BPF
BARF
BPSiMF
NO2
NCN2
NO3
MSI
TSAC
PFI
TFSI
TFSI
BETI
mesy
SO4
TfO
TfO
Tos
C 8S
NfO
NfO
PO4
PF6
AcO
TA
HB
Me
FHF2.3
AlCl4
AsF6
NbF6
SbF6
TaF6

Name
iodine
tetrafluoroborate
1-carbon icosahedral
methylcarbonicosahedral
ethylcarbonicosahedral
propylcarbonicosahedral
butylcarbonicosahedral
hexachloride-1-carbon icosahedral
hexabromide-1-carbon icosahedral
bis2-methyllactatoborate
bisoxalatoborate
bismalonatoborate
bissalicylatoborate
tetraphenylborate
tetrakis-4-methylphenylborate
tetrakis-4-trifluoromethylphenylborate
tetrakis-4-trimethylsilylphenylborate
tetrakis-3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenyl borate
tetrakis-4-dimethyl-3,3,3-trifluoro
propyl-silanephenylborate
tetrakis-4-dimeth-heptylsilanephenyl borate
tetrakis-4-perfluorohexylphenylborate
tetrakis-3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenyl borate
tetrakis-4-dimeth-perfluoroheptylsilane phenylborate
nitrite
dicyanoamides
nitrate
bismethylsulfonylimides
2,2,2-trifluoromethylsulfonylacetamide
perfluoroethylimide
bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimides
bistrifluoromethylsulfonyloxyl imides
bisperfluoroethanesulfonylimides
mesylate
sulfate
trifluoromethanesulfinates
trifluoromethanesulfonates
tosylate
octylsulfate
perfluorobutylsulfinate
perfluorobutylsulfonate
phosphate
hexafluorophosphate
acetate
trifluoroacetates
heptafluorobutanoates
tritrifluoromethylsulfonylmethyl
hydrofluoride anions H2F3 : H3F4 = 7:3
tetrachloroaluminate
hexafluoroarsenic
hexafluoroniobium
hexafluoroantimony
hexafluorotantalum

induces weaker electrostatic interaction with imidazolium

cation. However, ILs with anions of PF6 have strong hydrogen bonds for the sake of an F atom and their melting points
are comparatively higher. Methylation at C2 increases the
melting point; for example, the melting point of 1-ethyl-2J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

Formula

M / g mol1

I
BF4
CB11H12
C2B11H14
C3B11H16
C4B11H18
C5B11H20
CB11H6Cl6
CB11H6Br6
C4H12O6B
C 4O 8B
C 6H 4O 8B
C14H8O6B
C24H20B
C28H28B
C28H16F12B
C36H52Si4B
C32F24H12B
C44H56F12Si4B

126.90
86.80
143.03
157.05
171.08
185.11
199.13
349.70
616.40
166.95
186.85
214.90
283.02
319.23
375.34
591.23
607.96
863.22
936.06

C64H108Si4B
C48H16F52B
C72H39B2F48N2
C64H56F52Si4B
NO2
CN3
NO3
C2H6NO4S2
C3F6NO3S
C4F10N
C2F6NO4S2
C2F6NO6S2
C4F10NO4S2
CH3SO3
SO4
CF3SO2
CF3SO3
C7H7SO3
C8H17O4S
C4F9SO2
C4F9SO3
PO4
PF6
C 2H 3O 2
C 2F 3O 2
C 4F 7O 2
C 4F 9O 6S 3
H2.3F3.3
AlCl4
AsF6
NbF6
SbF6
TaF6

1000.71
1591.38
1865.66
1936.22
46.01
54.03
62.00
172.21
244.09
252.03
280.15
312.15
380.16
95.10
96.06
133.07
149.07
171.20
209.29
283.09
299.09
94.97
144.96
59.04
113.02
213.03
411.22
65.01
168.79
188.91
206.90
235.75
294.94

methyl imidazolium chloride is 454.15 K, which is much

higher than that of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
360.15 K, this implies that the effect of the van der Waals
interaction via a methyl group dominates over the electrostatic interaction via proton on C2.97

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1483

TABLE 2. Melting point Tm and glass transition point Tg

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

11

C1HI

011
012
014
021

Cl
Br
ClO4
BF4

031
033
039
043
051
011
012
014
021
031
033
039
043
051
011

TFSI
BETI
NO3
TfO
PF6
Cl
Br
ClO4
BF4
TFSI
BETI
NO3
TfO
PF6
Cl

012
021
031
043
047
061
011
012
014
021
031
033
039
043
051
011

Br
BF4
TFSI
TfO
Tos
TA
Cl
Br
ClO4
BF4
TFSI
BETI
NO3
TfO
PF6
Cl

012

Br

013
021

I
BF4

022
023
024
025
026
027

CB11
CB11Cl
CB11Br
MeCB11
EtCB11
ProCB11

028
031

ButCB11
TFSI

12

201

202

203

C2HI

C1MI

DMI

EMI

Tg K

Reference

213.15

97

189.15
200.15

97
97

269.15
216.15

97
97

192.15
186.15
184.15
187.15

97
97
97
97

211.15

Tm K

Reference

345.15
314.15
430.15
310.15
325.55
282.15
284.15
343.15
357.15
389.15
331.15
333.15
294.15

97
97
97
97
37
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97

343.15
281.15

97
97

398.15
398.15
382.65
376.55
295.15
312.15
372.6
325.15
454.15
449.15
337.15

71
3
91
37
18
18
102
18
97
97
97

295.15
288.15
357.15
392.15
388.15
362.15
360.15
357.15
352.15
338.05
352.15
288.15
279.15
284.15
285.3
287.75
286.15
395.15
387.15
412.15
332.15
337.15
318.15
318.15
322.15
258.15

97
97
97
97
97
52
71
3
52
91
52
12, 22, 45, and 69
71
52 and 39
24
96
118
48
48
48
48
48
48
98
48
39, 24, and 52

97

187.15

97

270.15
176.15
194.15

97
97
97

178
181.15
183.75
184

39
118
96
69

175.15

84

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1484

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 2. Melting point Tm and glass transition point TgContinued

ID

203

204

205

Cation

EMI

EMI

C2OMI

206
206
207

C2F3MI
C2F3MI
DEI

208

C3MI

ID

Anion

032
033

TFSI
BETI

034
035
036
037
038
039
041
043

dca
TSAC
PFI
MSI
NO2
NO3
SO4
TfO

044
045
046
051

TfO
NfO
NfO
PF6

061

TA

063

AcO

007
081
083
084
085

Me
AlCl4
NbF6
TaF6
AsF6

011
012
014
021
031
033
039
043
051
011
012
021
031
051
061
031
043
031
043
061
011
021

Cl
Br
ClO4
BF4
TFSI
BETI
NO3
TfO
PF6
Cl
Br
BF4
TFSI
PF6
TA
TFSI
TfO
TFSI
TfO
TA
Cl
BF4

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

Tg K

Reference

195.15
186
175.15

83
69
39

188

39

169.15 2

62

188.15

84

193

39

181

94

197.15
185.15
189.15

97
97
97

231.15
162.15

97
79

189.15
194.15
201.15
184.15

79
84
79
79

233.15

18

185.15

118

Tm K

Reference

270
261.15
252.15
257
270.15
269.15
270.15
272.15
272.15
252.15 2
275.75

18
50 and 95
83
69
95
73
71
39
52
62
95

223.15
328.15
311.15
343.15
263
264
264.15
301.15
301.15
332.15 1
335.15
331.15
332.8
259
259.15
259.15
228.15
312.15
280.15
272
275
326.15
326.15
451.15
417.15
280.15

119
12 and 73
71, 12, and 73
73
9
18 and 71
73
18
73
12 and 73
39 and 52
45 and 83
110
18
37
71
12 and 73
52
71
94
94
39
52
97
97
97

254.15
348.15
306.15

97
97
97

370.5

91

233 10
318.15
287
296.15

18
18
18
18

333.15
256.15

4
118

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1485

TABLE 2. Melting point Tm and glass transition point TgContinued

ID

Cation

209

i-C3MI

209

i-C3MI

285
210

VMI
C3OMI

289
211

VPI
C4MI

211

C4MI

211

211

C4MI

C4MI

ID

Anion

031

TFSI

051

PF6

013
031
051

I
TFSI
PF6

012
011
021
031
043
051
012
011

Br
Cl
BF4
TFSI
TfO
PF6
Br
Cl

011
013
021

Cl
I
BF4

021
029
0211
0212
0213
0214
0216
0217
0219
0220
0221
0222
031

BF4
BARF
BMLB
BMB
BScB
BPh4
BPMF
BPDMF
BPSiF
BPF
BPSI
BPSIF
TFSI

043

TFSI w
TfO

045
048
051
051

NfO
C8S
PF6
PF6

PF6w
061

TA

Tg K

Reference

259.25
186.15
183.15
199.15

37
118, 83, and 84
52
83

213.15
185.15
192.15

79
79
84

197.35

108

188.15
176.15
187.85
192
202.15

118
63 and 100
123
23
37

233.75
240.05
294.65

123
123
123

253.15
263.15
169.15
186.15
187.25
184.15
171.15
191.55

105
105
63
83
123
73
63
123

193.15
196.15
212
196.15
212 g

63
83
23
60
32

190.15
187.15
233.15 10

63
100
80

Tm K

Reference

313.15
313.15
294.15
387.15
289.15
375.15
375.15
372.65

12
52
83
52
52
12
52
91

233 1
300.15
247.15
428.15
314.15
338.15
341.95
201.15
190.65 0.5
191
192.15
198.15

18
18
79
91
63 and 100
71 and 4
108
63
98
27
63, 32, 98, 97, and 118
73

378.15 2

113

399.15
425.15
382.15
377.15
363.15

105
105
105
105
105

269.15
268.25
267.15

18 and 98
123
83

248.15
289.15
289.15
289.55
293
307.5 0.5

63
18
98 and 71
123
18
102

283.15
276.43
277.15
265.15
212.15
277.15

63
110
73
106
98 and 65
63 and 100

233.15 10

18
98

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1486

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 2. Melting point Tm and glass transition point TgContinued

ID

Cation

212
214
215
216

i-C4MI
C4OMI
ZT1
C5MI

216

Tg K

Reference

ID

Anion

062
031
012

HB
TFSI
Br

233.15 10
190.15

79

021

BF4

C5MI

031
051

TFSI
PF6

185.65 h
185.15 c
188.15
193.15
193.15

37
37
83
83
60

217

C4C2I

218
219

VBI
MOBMI

219

MOBMI

220
220

C5O2MI
C5O2MI

031
043
045
061
012
011
012
014
021
031
033
039
043
005
011
011
021
051

Tf2N
TfO
NfO
TA
Br
Cl
Br
ClO4
BF4
TFSI
BETI
NO3
TFO
PF6
Cl
Cl
BF4
PF6

283
221

ACyI
C6MI

221

C6MI

012
011
021
031
051

Br
Cl
BF4
TFSI
PF6

222
276
227
223
224

PEMI
CPCEI
MAI
ZT2
C7MI

012
012
012

PF6w
Br
Br
Br

021

BF4

031
051
011
012
031
043
051
043
011

TFSI
PF6
Cl
Br
TFSI
TfO
PF6
TfO
Cl

011
021

Cl
BF4

022
023
031

CB11
CB11Cl
TFSI

226
2100

C4C4I
BenMI

228
229

MPMI
C8MI

229

C8MI

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
79
120
79
120
79

198.15
190.75
189.15
195.15
193.15
198.15

63 and 100
37
83
63
83
63 and 100

217.15

186.15
210.85
224.45
194.65 h
192.65 c

189.15

Reference

233.151

18

423.15

98

264.15

83

233.15 10
275
294.15
233.15 10
356.15
444.15
396.15

18
18
18
18
91
97
97

325.15

97

361.65

91

212.15

32

322.15
423.95
436.15

91
91
91

280.15

83

328.15
399.15

4
91

300.15
403.15
318.15
191.15
285.41

103
83
103
65
108

193.15

65

343.15
340.15

48
48

18

187.15
243.15
242.15
230.15
216.15
219.15
242.15
225.15
249.15
188.15
188.6
187.15
206.3
204.15

212.15
192.75 h
191.25 c
188.15
189.15

Tm K

98
37
37
83
107

84 and 83

63 and 100
108
65
37
37

83

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1487

TABLE 2. Melting point Tm and glass transition point TgContinued

ID

Cation

230

C8MI

231
232
233
286
287
295
293
294
2103
234

C8OMI
C8OPI
PBOMI
M3BzMI
M2BzMI
EtODBeI
EONiBeI
EODBeI
EBPOEI
C9MI

235
236

C2C8I
C9MI

237
298
239

DBOMI
EOPOEI
C10MI

240
242
243
244
244
245
288
246

MDI
ABOMI
C11MI
DOMMI
DOMMI
HxBOMI
ABMI
C12MI

ID

Anion

Tg K

Reference

Tm K

Reference

051

PF6

65
73

PF6w
TFSI
TFSI
PF6
PF6
Br
PF6
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
BF4

63
83
63 and 100
83
83

203.15
198.15

031
031
051
051
012
051
012
012
012
012
012
012
021

191.15
202.15
198.15
189.15
214.15

310.15
376.15
310.65 0.5
422.15
321.15 1
388.15
388.15
390.15
393.15
407.15
471.15

83
83
70
116
70
114
91
91
91
91
91

031
051

TFSI
PF6

195.95 h
193.15 c
190.15
207.15

37
37
83
83

047
031
051
051
012
011
021

Tos
TFSI
PF6
PF6
Br
Cl
BF4

051

PF6

202.15

83

031
031
043
051
021
021
051
051
012
011

TFSI
TFSI
TfO
PF6
BF4
BF4
PF6
PF6
Br
Cl

190.15
217.15

83 and 84
83 and 84

287.15
321.15 1
343.15 2
321.15
325.15
330.15 1
403.15
311.17
268.95
195.65
305.15
307.15
244.15

83
83
102
83
83
70
91
108
37
73
83
73
83

300.15
311.15 2
294.55
329.5 1
319.5 1
323.15 1
389.65
369.78
270.35
369.78
317.65
267.85
306.45
312.15
299.55
307.15
323.15
333.15
289.85
289.75
312.85
312.05
334.151
325.51
330.151

103
70
37
70
70
70
91
109
78
108
78
78
78
65
37
124
65
31 and 124
78
78
78
78
70
70
70

021

Cl w
Br
Br w
BF4

051

PF6

031

TFSI
TFSI w
TfO
TfO w
BF4
PF6
PF6

012

043
247

UOMMI

248

HpBOMI

021
051
051

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1488

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 2. Melting point Tm and glass transition point TgContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

277
2104
249
251
251

POCPOEI
BODCBI
C13MI
C14MI
C14MI

012
012
021
011
011
012

251

C14MI

021

Br
Br
BF4
Cl
Cl w
Br
Br w
BF4

031
043
051
252
2105
253
2106
256

NBOMI
PEODCBI
C15MI
PDAOI
DBOMI

255

C16MI

051
012
021
012
021
051
011
012
012
021
031
043
051

254
257

DOMHI
UBOMI

258
259

UOMHI
C18MI

021
021
051
051
011
011
021
031
043

260

C20MI

261

PEOI-I

262

PEOII-I

275
292
263
264
265
266

DBI
FOEMI
PEo-FMI
CPOEMI
CPOEMI
PECl2MI

051
012
011
031
011
031
012
012
012
012
012
012

Tg K

Reference

TFSI
TFSI w
TfO
TfO w
PF6
PF6
Br
BF4
Br
BF4
PF6
Cl
Cl w
Br
Br w
BF4
TFSI
TFSI w
TfO
TfO w
PF6
BF4
BF4
PF6
PF6
Cl
Cl w
BF4
TFSI
TFSI w
TfO
TfO w
PF6
Br
Br w
Cl
TFSI
Cl
TFSI
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

199.15
201.15
211.15
209.15

Tm K

Reference

413.15
417.15
322.25
292.55
322.25
293.95
319.25
315.55
311.15
307.45
307.85
323.15
327.15
347.15
346.15
323.15 1
411.15
328.35
414.15
289.15 1
327.15 1
315.15
339.85
313.35
339.15
322.75
319.15
315.25
316.25
331.25
332.75
348.15
356.15
311.15 1
295.15 1
333.15 1
303.15 1
326.35
344.85
339.95
317.95
317.95
339.15
336.95
353.15
333.35
349.65

91
91
5
78
78
78
78
37
124
78
78
78
78
31
124
70
91
37
91
70
70
78
78
78
78
37
124
78
78
78
78
31 and 107
124
70
70
70
70
78
78
37
78
78
78
78
31
78
78

41
41
41
41
335.65
420.15
452.15
449.15
421.65
456.65

91
91
91
91
91
91

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1489

TABLE 2. Melting point Tm and glass transition point TgContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

290
267
297
268
269
270
2102
271
296
272
273
274
279
280
2101
298
299
337
327
31
32
33

MOPOEI
NPOEMI
NPEMI
MOTEI
MOPOMI
MOPOMI
HyTMOBI
PEMe2MI
DMPEMI
PEMe2MI
PEOEtMI
POEMI
PPOMI
MOOIPI
MOPOPI
POPOEI
HyDBeI
DHBrI
DMClI
M2,4,5I
M1,2,3I
M1,2E3I

012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
011
011
011
012
031

Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Cl
Cl
Cl
Br
TFSI

033
043
051
061
031
043
022
023
043
031
011
031

BETI
TfO
PF6
TA
TFSI
TfO
CB11
CB11Cl
TfO
TFSI
Cl
TFSI

033
051
031
043
022
023
012

BETI
PF6
TfSI
TfO
CB11
CB11Cl
Br

012
012
012
012
021
012
012
012
012
012
012

Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br

34

E1M3,5I

35
35
36

EDMI
EDMI
E1,3M4I

37

DMPI

38

E1,2M3I

310

BDMI

322
311
353
323
317
324
339
325
338
329
330
336
326

B3M1,5I
ZW3
MOEMOI
DPBI
DEMI
PvPEMI
HyEPOEI
HBeMI
POCPOEI
DMNBAI
DCBEI
DDCBEI
NBeMI

Tg K

Reference

192
191.15

39
52

250.15

98

Tm K

Reference

429.15
460.65
458.15
426.15
430.65
439.15
463.15
453.15
411.65
437.15
410.65
417.65
358.15
451.15
420.15
378.15
388.15
454.15
468.65
467.15
462.15
461.15
414.15
293
300.15
298.15
382.15
469.15
332.15
270
279
429.15
410.15
308.15
251
411.15
192.15
288.15
307.15
351.15
301.15
386.15
402.15
374.15
383.65

91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
52
4
52
52
18
52
52
18
52
18
18
18
48
48
18
18
52
39
52
52
39 and 52
18
18
48
48
91

469.15
435.65
357.65
458.15
472.15
459.65
457.15
496.65
429.15
449.15
467.15

91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1490

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 2. Melting point Tm and glass transition point TgContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

332
335
344
348
334
351
352
333
346
341
350
331
345
342
343
349
41
42
43
51

DNBOMI
DBBOMI
DBHOEI
PMOPOEI
PCPOEI
BMPOEI
BPOEMI
DBBOEI
PMCPOEI
BMDI
MOBPOEI
BOTMOBI
BUMI
BMTDI
BUAI
TPPOEMI
DEDPhI
DHMBrI
DHPBrI
M5I

53
61

DHBrDMI
C2Im2

62

C3Im2

63

C4Im2

64
71
71

C6Im2
Bt14
Bt14

012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
012
021
021
021
013
031
051
021
021
031
021
031
021
031
021
013
031
034
042
047
012

Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
I
TFSI
PF6
Br
Br
TFSI
Br
TFSI
Br
TFSI
Br
I
TFSI
NCN2
mesy
Tos
Br

P11

031
034
042
047
031

TFSI
NCN2
mesy
Tos
TFSI

P12

034
035
037
042
047
031

dca
TSAC
MSI
mesy
Tos
TFSI

P13

034
037
042
047
031

dca
MSI
mesy
Tos
TFSI

034

dca

72

81

82

83

Bt1
Bn

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

Tg K

Reference

213.15
208.15
235.15

116
114
114

246.15
239.15
261.15

114
114
114

171.15

38

167.15 2

86

183.15 2
182.15 2

38 and 44
122

Tm K

Reference

441.15
447.15
408.15
478.65
444.15
501.65
512.15
443.15
466.15
360.65
497.65
432.15
459.65
376.15
389.65
478.65
426.65
427.15
431.15
486.15
391.15
439.15
425.15
500.85
360.35
456.95
329.55
406.75
324.85
450.15
373.15
302.15

91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
52
52
52
91
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
114
114

330.15
393.15
446.15

114
114
114

342.15

114

365.15
416.15
405.15 1
378.15
388.15 2
287.15
215.15
473.15 2
440.15 2
359.15 1
382.15
263.15 2
209.15
313.15 2
393.15 2
285.15 1
279.15
238.15 2

114
114
38 and 44
95
62
95
119
86
86
38 and 44
122
62
119
86
86
38 and 44
122
62

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1491

TABLE 2. Melting point Tm and glass transition point TgContinued

ID

84

Cation

ID

Anion

037
042
047
0210
031

MSI
mesy
Tos
BOB
TFSI

034
037
042
047
034
037
042
047
031
031
013
031
013
031
021

dca
MSI
mesy
Tos
dca
MSI
mesy
Tos
TFSI
TFSI
I
TFSI
I
TFSI
BF4

thia2
S111

031
0210
051
051
051
051
051
051
051
051
051
051
051
051
033
033
033
033
033
033
033
033
033
013
021
031
051
051
031

TFSI
BOB
PF6
PF6
PF6
PF6
PF6
PF6
PF6
PF6
PF6
PF6
PF6
PF6
BETI w
BETI w
BETI w
PF6 w
BETI w
BETI w
BETI w
BETI w
BETI w
I
BF4
TFSI
PF6
PF6
TFSI

S222

035
021
031

TSAC
BF4
TFSI
TFSI
TSAC

P14

85

P16

9
1001
1002
1002
1003

PP13
MP2
MP3
MP3
MP4

1101

C4-py

1105
1106
1107
1108
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1201
1202
1203
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1301

1302
1401

1402

C12-py
C14-py
C16-py
C18-py
C12Mpy
C12Mpy
C14Mpy
C14Mpy
C16Mpy
C16Mpy
C18Mpy
C18Mpy
C4isoq
C6isoq
C8isoq
C8isoq
C10isoq
C12isoq
C14isoq
C16isoq
C18isoq
thia1

035

Tg K

Reference

201.15 2

86

235.35
186.15 2
185.15
167.15 2

123
38 and 44
122
62

205.15 2

86

173.15 2

62

201.15 2

122

209.15 2
206.45
202

122
96
69

252.65

123

187.95
189.15
193.75
218.15
195.35
197.75
206.45
211.35
213.85

72
72
72
101
72
72
72
72
72

205.15

115

Tm K

Reference

210.15
353.15 2
353.15 2

119
86
86

255.15 1
251.5
218.15
215.15
336.15 2
388.15 2
262.15 2
218.15
359.15 2
410.15 2
281.85
318.15 1
358.15 1
292.15 1
384.15 1
309.15 1
288.45
272
299

38 and 44
122
62
119
86
86
62
119
86
86
121
122
122
122
122
122
96
69
69

379.15
397.15
399.15
399.15
328.15
329.15
341.15
344.15
347.15
348.15
360.15
361.15
211.15
195.85
205.05
281.35
213.85
222.15
223.45
224.55
225.95
410.15
384.15

31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
72
72
72
101
72
72
72
72
72
115
115

439.15
315.15
317.65
317.65
305.15
490.15
238.15
237.65
305.15

115
115
95
49
95
95
98
95 and 49
95

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1492

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 2. Melting point Tm and glass transition point TgContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

1403
1404

S444
S2222

1501

N1111

031
031
035
031

TFSI
TFSI
TSAC
TFSI

1502

N1112

035
031

TSAC
TFSI

1504

N111C2O

1505

TMPA

035
031
021
031

TSAC
TFSI
BF4
TFSI

1506

N1113

1507
1508
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514

N1122
N111C3
N111C3
N111C3
N112C2H5O
MOMNM2E
N1123
N1114
N1222

1515
1516
1517
1518

EOMNM2E
MOENM2E
EOENM2E
TEA

1512
1513

N1123
N1114

035
031
035
031
031
035
031
021
0210
031
031
031
035
0210
0210
0210
021
051
031
031
031

TSAC
TFSI
TSAC
TFSI
TFSI
TSAC
TFSI
BF4
BOB
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TSAC
BOB
BOB
BOB
BF4
PF6
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI

035

TSAC

033
007
031
021
0210
031

BETI
Me
TFSI
BF4
BOB
TFSI

031
021
031

TFSI
BF4
TFSI

031
031
031
012
035

TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
Br
TSAC

1519

BNM2E

1520

N1134

1521

N6111

1522

N1233

1523
1524
1525
1526

N2233
N7111
N8111
N2225

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

Tg K

Reference

240.75
178.15 2
192.15 2

123
44
44

232.95
237.25
228.35

123
123
123

178.15 2
192.15 2

44
44

181.15 2

44

228.75
190.15 2

123
44

199.15 2

33 and 44

200.15 2
200.15 2

33 and 44
33 and 44

Tm K

Reference

265.65
391.15
292.15
406.15 1
403.15
409.5 1
337.15
382.15 1
378.15
263.15
277.65
319.15
295.15
290.15
292.15
283.15
402.15
302.15
269.15 1
314.15
270.25
318.15
257.15
323.95
259.15 1
280.15 1
402.15
293.15
319.85
321.45

49
95
95
33 and 44
95
76
95
44
95
95
50
6
51
50
95
95
95
95
44
95
95
95
6
123
44
44
95
95
123
123

345.15
343.15
377.15
259.15 1
280.15 1
378.15
382.15 1
383.15
296.15
293.15
356.15
319.15
265.15 1
431.15

52
52
52
44
44

288.15 1
378.15
300.15
399.15
413.15 1
413.15 1
421.15 1
278.15
373.15

44
33 and 44
95
111

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1493

TABLE 2. Melting point Tm and glass transition point TgContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

1527
1528
1528

N3333
N6222
N6222

031
031
034
037
047
042
031
031
031
031

TFSI
TFSI
dca
MSI
Tos
mesy
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI

007
031
034
037
047
031
043
031
043
031
021
031
012
031
012
031
012
031
011
031
051
011
021
011
021
031
051
011
021
051
031
031
035
011

Me
TFSI
dca
MSI
Tos
TFSI
TfO
TFSI
TfO
TFSI
BF4
TFSI
Br
TFSI
Br
TFSI
Br
TFSI
Cl
TFSI
PF6
Cl
BF4
Cl
BF4
TFSI
PF6
Cl
BF4
PF6
TFSI
TFSI
TSAC
Cl
Cl w
Br
Br w
NO3
TFSI
PF6

1529
1530
1531
1532

N7222
N8222
N7233
TBA

1533

N6444

1534

N7444

1535

N8444

1536
1537

TPA
THA

1538
1539
1540
1541
1543
1544
1602

N3888
THpA
N5314
TOA
N1,123
TDA
C15guan

1603

C19guan

1604

C23guan

1604
1605

C23guan
C27guan

1701
1702

P1111
P2222

1703

P1 , 103

012

1800

As1111

039
031
051

Tg K

Reference

192.15 2
191.15 2

33 and 44
62

194.15 2
199.15 2
191.15 2

33 and 44

233.15 2
206.15 2
218.15 2
210.15 2
216.15 2

33
33
33
33

195.15

The melting point is a fundamental physical property of

compounds, which has been found to have a wide use in
chemical identification.64 For ILs, melting points have an
especially significant meaning because ILs have a large li-

Reference

378.15 1
293.15 1

33 and 44
33 and 44

219.15
382.15 2
335.15 2

119
86
86

363.15
364.15
369.15 1
332.15
299.15 1
230.15
231.15
323.15 2

52
66
33 and 44
52
33 and 44
62
119
86

33 and 44
33 and 44
33 and 44

205.15 2

194.15
198.05
205.35
217.85
215.45
210.15
197.55
201.75
212.65
197.15
197.85
195.15

Tm K

86
and
and
and
and

44
44
44
44
298.35
360.15
266.35
347.15
284.35
336.15
304.35
348.15
303.95

66
6
66
111
66
111
66
111
66

423 1
391.15
292.15
372.05
280.75
368.35
269.35
332.85
413.5 2

76
95
95
80
80
80
80
80
76

117
117
117
117
117
117
117
117
117
117
117
117

117

quidus range determined by their low melting points as well

as high decomposition points, and the solubility of ILs in
water or organic solvents is strongly correlated with their
melting points.8 An estimate of the melting point and soluJ. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1494

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 3. Freezing points T f a

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

T f K

Reference

201
203

C1MI
EMI

021
011
012
013
021

BF4
Cl
Br
I
BF4

022
023
024
031

CB11
CB11Cl
CB11Br
TFSI

033
051
007
082
085

BETI
PF6
Me
FHF2.3
AsF6

346.75
306.15
303.15
312.15
215.15
222
210.15
222.65
392.15
382.15
372.15
181
223.15
261.15
278.15
239.15
183
258.15
240.15
133.15
192.15
308.15
257.15
276.05
248.45
270.65
310.15
280.55
290.45
364.85
302.45
403.15
308.15
420.65
445.35
318.25
486.55
337.65
364.85
441.15
376.15
365.15
255.15
248.15
466.15
428.15
399.15
316.15
143.15
247.15
291.15
390.15
396.15
381.15
389.15
261.25
251
224

37
52
52
52
118
69
52
96
48
48
48
69
and
and
and
52
35
39
52
52
52
52
123
123
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
52
52
52
52
52
52
48
48
52
39
52
and
48
52
52
52
96
69
69

208

C3MI

011

Cl

209
211

i-C3MI
C4MI

239
243
246

C10MI
C11MI
C12MI

005
031
043
021
021
021

PF6
TFSI
TfO
BF4
BF4
BF4

249

C13MI

021

BF4

251

C14MI

021

BF4

253

C15MI

021

BF4

255
255
259

C16MI
C16MI
C18MI

021
021
021

BF4
BF4
BF4

31
33

M2, 4, 5I
M1, 2E3I

33
35

M1, 2E3I
EDMI

37

DMPI

310
51

BDMI
M5I

1101

C4-py

011
011
012
031
033
051
022
023
011
031
033
051
022
013
031
051
021

Cl
Cl
Br
TFSI
BETI
PF6
CB11
CB11Cl
Cl
TFSI
BETI
PF6
CB11
I
TFSI
PF6
BF4

031

TFSI

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

39
39
39

I-SA
SA-C
SA-C
I-SA
SA-C
I-SA
SA-C
I-SA
I-SA
SA-C
I-SA
SA-C
I-SA

39

52
52
52

52

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1495

TABLE 3. Freezing points T f aContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

T f K

1114

C16Mpy

051

PF6

1115

C16Mpy

051

PF6

1117

C18Mpy

051

PF6

1518

TEA

1532

TBA

1703

P1 , 103

011
021
051
031
033
07
031
007
011

Cl
BF4
PF6
TFSI
BETI
Me
TFSI
Me
Cl
Cl H2O
Br
Br H2O
NO3

334.15
331.15
333.15
328.15
357.15
350.15
364.15 1
318.15
215.15
371.15
348.15
302.15
341.15
307.15
374.15
374.95
369.85
369.95
335.25
356.95

012
039

Reference
31
31
31
31
31
31
57
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
80
80
80
80
80
80

I-SA, from isotropic liquid to smectic A mesophase and SA-C, from smectic A mesophase to crystal.

bility of an ionic liquid would be most useful before synthesis, or available in sufficient purity for analytical measurements. Researchers have used the QSPR to predict the
melting points for different kinds of ILs.91,92,111,129 The results are listed in Table 6.130 Due to more available data on
bromide systems the research is focused on them. In our
work, we attempt to use QSPR models for correlating the
melting points of two kinds of A disubstituted imidazolium
tetrafluoroborates room temperature ionic liquids, and B
hexafluorophosphates. In our database, there are several entries of melting points for the same compounds. The values
which explicitly indicated impurities were discarded and the
most recent data entry was used. The same selection policy is
applied when we draw other figures. The three-dimensionaloptimized structures of cations were obtained using semiempirical quantum chemical method AM1 programs. Then,
the molecular descriptors were calculated using the CODESSA
program. The set of molecular descriptors is further treated
using the heuristic method to preselect descriptors and the set
of best multilinear correlations were found by the best multilinear regression method. Set A was correlated using a
three-parameter equation whereas for set B a six-parameter
equation was obtained see Table 7. The melting points of
the seven compounds in the test set, which are listed in Table
8, can be predicted by using the two models. Compound
Nos. 13 are imidazolium tetrafluoroborates, which are predicted by using the three-parameter model and Nos. 47 are
imidazolium hexafluorophosphates, which are predicted by
using the six-parameter model. The two correlations are expected to perform well due to the satisfactory results.
Theoretically, the freezing point occurs at the same temperature as the melting point. Some ILs display substantial

supercooling while being cooled from relatively high temperature. The effect of supercooling for emim X is shown
in Fig. 3.
Thermal decomposition is strongly dependent on the structure of ILs. With certain ions it is also dependent on the
sample pan composition.52 Different from organic solvents,
many kinds of ILs can be kept in the liquid state above
400 C with Td ranging from 600 to 700 K, which make
them have good dynamic properties and excellent catalytic
activity. Generally, the imidazolium cations tend to be thermally more stable than the tetra-alkyl ammonium cations.
High thermal stability is provided by certain kinds of anions
such as TFSIa31, CF3SO22N and BETIa33,
C2F5SO22N. The relative anion stabilities are PF6
BETI TFSI CF3SO3 BF4 MeCF3SO23C I ,
Br, Cl.

4. Density , Viscosity , and Surface

Tension s
Data on density, viscosity, and surface tension are tabulated in Tables 68, respectively. The densities of most of the
ILs are bigger than water except for pyrrolidinium dicyanodiamide and guanidinium with density ranging from
0.9 to 0.97 g / cm3. In Fig. 4 the density for the three series of
ILs decreases as the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl
group and sum carbon number for quaternary ammonium ILs
increases. It is interesting to note that the density of
1-methylimidazolium ionic liquids decreases linearly with
increasing temperature but at a rate less than that for molecular organic solvents.37
The trends are reversed for viscosity in Fig. 5. Compared
to the conventional organic solution, ILs are viscous liquids
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1496

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 4. Decomposition point Td-w, water equilibrated

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

Td K

Method

Reference

12

C2HI

203

EMI

021
031
033
043
011

BF4
TFSI
BETI
TfO
Cl

012
013

Br
I

021

BF4

582.15
686.15
675.15
643.15
558.15
554.15
584.15
576.15
583.15
720.15
685.15
664
723.15
728.15
726.15
713.15
690
696.15
735.15
713.15
648.15
754.15
423.15
723.15
703.15
689.15
703.15
555.15
554.15
708.15
725.15
726.15
708.15
713.15
569.15
705.15
682.15
705.15
656.15
527.15
538.15
676.15
633.15
708.15
680.15
458.15
446.15
548.15
518.15
523.15
448.15
498.15
443.15
463.15
712.15
675.15
667.15
614.15
622.15

TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
TGA

97
97
97
97
52
52
52
52
52
118
65
69
52
52
52
18
69
52
52
18
52
52
18
52
52
52
52
52
52
118
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
63 and 100
63 and 100
63 and 100
63
118
73
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
63
73
63
102
63

208

209
209

211

C3MI

i-C3MI
i-C3MI

C4MI

031

TFSI

033

BETI

043
051

TfO
PF6

061
07

TA
Me

085

AsF6

011

Cl

021
031

BF4
TFSI

051

PF6

013
031

I
TFSI

051

PF6

011
013
021

Cl
I
BF4

0214
0215
0216
0217
0218
0219
0220
0221
0222
031

BPh4
BPM
BPMF
BPDMF
BPSi
BPSiF
BPF
BPSI
BPSIF
TFSI

048
051

TFSI w
C8S
PF6

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

TGA
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
TGA
pan:Al
pan:Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
TGA
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1497

TABLE 4. Decomposition point Td-w, water equilibratedContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

221

C6MI

011
051

229

C8MI

011
021
051

PF6w
Cl
PF6
PF6w
Cl
BF4
PF6

C8MI
M2,4,5I
M1,2E3I

051
011
011

PF6w
Cl
Cl

DMPI

012
031
033
051
011

Br
TFSI
BETI
PF6
Cl

031

TFSI

051
013

PF6
I

031

TFSI

051

PF6

31
013
031
034
042
047
012
031
034
042
047
021
031
033
031
011
051

TFSI
I
TFSI
NCN2
mesy
Tos
Br
TFSI
NCN2
mesy
Tos
BF4
TFSI
PF6w
TFSI
Cl
PF6

033

BETI

07

Me

031

TFSI

07

Me

031
031

TFSI
TFSI

229
31
33

37

51

M5I

71

Bt14

72

Bt1 Bn

1101

C4-py

1203
1501
1518

C8isoq
N1111
TEA

1532

1701
1800

TBA

P1111
As1111

Td K

Method

Reference

663.15
633.15
526.15
690.15
663.15
516.15
633.15
649.15
689.15
663.15
647.15
526.15
560.15
563.15
595.15
729.15
693.15
773.15
559.15
557.15
735.15
735.15
672.15
576.15
606.15
743.15
739.15
674.15
760.15
729.15
438.15
588.15
458.15
473.15
498.15
443.15
553.15
428.15
453.15
478.15
615
677
638.15
653.15
537.15
661.15
672.15
696.15
670.15
684.15
670.15
676.15
661.15
676.15
671.15
693.15
633.15

TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA

73
63 and 100
63 and 100
63
63 and 100
63 and 100
37
63
73
73
63 and 100
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
114
114
114
114
114
114
114
114
114
114
69
69
101
76
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
58
58

TGA
TGA
TGA
TGA
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan: Al2O3
pan: Al2O3
pan: Al2O3
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan:Al
pan:Al
pan:Al
pan:Al
pan:Al
pan:Al
pan:Al
pan:Al
pan:Al
TGA
TGA

pan: Al2O3
pan: Al2O3
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3
pan:Al
pan: Al2O3

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1498

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 5. Clearing point Tc-w, water equilibrated

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

Tc K

Reference

246

C12MI

011

Cl
Cl w
Br
Br w
BF4
BF4
Cl
Cl w
Br
Br w
BF4
PF6
BF4
Cl
Cl w
Br
Br w
BF4
TfO
TfO w
PF6
Cl w
BF4
TfO
TfO w
PF6
Br w
PF6
PF6
PF6
Cl H2O
Br H2O
NO3

377.55
424.85
355.12
388.65
311.65
365.85
435.65
460.85
436.05
449.15
402.65
350.15
421.25
477.15
495.35
480.65
492.85
455.15
343.35
344.75
398.15
495.05
487.95
380.65
380.55
438.15
513.05
411.15
449.15
367.15
375.85
367.95
355.05

78
78
78
78
37
37
78
78
78
78
37
31
37
78
78
78
78
37
78
78
31 and 107
78
37
78
78
31
78
31
31
31
80
80
80

012

249
251

C13MI
C14MI

021
021
011
012

253
255

C15MI
C16MI

021
051
021
011
012
021
043

259

C18MI

260
1107
1108
1116
1703

C20MI
C16-py
C18-py
C18Mpy
P1 , 103

051
011
021
043
051
012
051
051
051
011
039

being 13 orders of magnitude higher.34 This high viscosity

will negatively affect the operating process. The viscosities
of ILs are governed essentially by van der Waals interactions
and H bonding. Alkyl chain lengthening or fluorination
makes the salt more viscous, due to an increase in van der
Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds.18 Alkyl chain ramification increases the viscosity due to reduced rotation freedom. For example, the viscosity of 1-isobutyl-3-methylimidazolium bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide 212-031,
83cp is more than three times of the viscosity of 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide 211031, 27cp. It is obvious that for certain cations, such as
emim+ c23, the ionic liquids with larger anions show
higher viscosities, from trifluoroacetates a061: 35cp to heptafluorobutanoates a062:105cp. Although such phenomena
or rules cannot be applied to all kinds of ILs, it has been
pointed out that for ILs with a cation of 1-ethyl-2methylimidazolium c24, the size of component ions has
little relation with the viscosity.22 Methylation at C2, but
not at C3, increases the viscosity as it does for the melting
point, for example, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 23-021,43cp compared to 1-ethyl-2-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate 24-021, 67cp. The empirical equaJ. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

tion is also applicable in ionic liquid systems to describe the

temperature dependence of the dynamic viscosity for unassociated liquid electrolytes18:

= Ae/RT .

Temperature and additive are also important factors to influence the viscosity of ILs. The viscosity will decrease obviously when the temperature is subtly improved3,17,21 or little
organic solvent17,21 is added to ILs.
Available data on the surface tension of ILs are very limited. In general these liquid/air surface tension values are
somewhat higher than conventional solvents e.g., hexane:
1.8 Pa cm, but not so high as water 7.3 Pa cm.63 Dzyuba
and Bartsch reported the influence of the 1-alkyl group on
the surface tension of CnMIMPF6 and CnMIMTFSI and
pointed surface tension decreases with the increase of the
carbon number, and a lower surface tension is found for
TFSI salt than the corresponding PF6 .83 See Figs. 6 and 7.

5. Conductivity , Polarity ET30 , ENR,

and the Electrochemical Window
Data on conductivity , polarity ET30, ENR, and ETN,
and the electrochemical window are tabulated in Tables

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1499

TABLE 6. Density w, water equilibrateda

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

g / cm3

t C

11
201

C1HI
C1MI
EMI

PF6
Cl
TFSI
Cl
BF4

1.03160.0061
1.13990.0074
1.559
1.13620.0243
1.28
1.24
1.240
1.279
1.283
1.067
1.431
2.151
1.036
1.05
1.52
1.519
1.51
1.518
1.523
1.065 %
1.46
1.343
1.383
1.98
1.285
1.45
1.302
1.13
1.67
2.17
1.33
1.572
1.48
1.656
1.452
1.33
1.25
1.10140.0265
1.24
1.475
1.473
1.26
1.496
1.509
1.4
1.08
1.10440.0218
1.1
1.44
1.12
1.19
1.21
1.26
1.17
1.17
1.544
1.429
1.429
1.43
1.436

25

203

051
011
031
011
021

022
023
024
025
026
031

203
203

EMI
EMI

205

C2OMI

206
207

C2F3MI
DEI

208

C3MI

210

211

211

C3OMI

C4MI

C4MI

034
035
037
043
052
061
062
081
082
083
084
021

CB11
CB11Cl
CB11Br
MeCB11
EtCB11
TFSI

021
031
031
051
011

dca
TSAC
MSI
TfO
PO4
TA
HB
AlCl4
FHF2.3
NbF6
TaF6
BF4
TFSI w
PF6
TFSI
TFSI
TfO
TA
Cl
BF4
TFSI
TFSI w
BF4
TFSI
TFSI w
PF6
Cl

013
021

I
BF4

021

BF4

029
031

BARF
TFSI

051
031
031
043
061
011
021
031

Method

DT
22
25
22
22
25
20

22
25
25
25
20
25
25

DT
DMR

GM
GM

AP
GM
GM

MS
25
22
22
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
20
21
22
22
DT
25
25
25
25
22
25
25
25

25
25
25
25
25

AP
PM

DMR
AP
AP
PM
AP
PM
GA
DT
GA
GA
DMR
PM

30
19
22
25
25

GA
AP

Reference
87
4
18
4
118
24
81
69
69
48
48
48
48
48
18 and 95
83
50
69
69
62
95
119
9
47
18
18
81
88
94
94
79
84
79
18
13
18
18
4
118
83
84
79
18
84
79
63 and 100
4
106
63 and 100
63 and 100
73
118
79
106
81
113
98
1
63 and 106
83

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1500

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 6. Density w, water equilibratedaContinued

ID

Cation

212
216

i-C4MI
C5MI

216
217

C5MI
C4C2I

217

C4C2I

220

C5O2MI

220
221

C5O2MI
C6MI

ID

Anion

g / cm3

t C

Method

Reference

TFSIw
TfO

045
051

NfO
PF6

1.39
1.2908
1.29
1.473
1.35
1.3669
1.363
1.368
1.3603 0.008
1.37
1.31
1.36
1.209
1.209
1.333
1.238
1.428
1.403
1.326
1.333
1.404
1.271
1.427
1.183
1.14
1.22
1.32
1.03
1.372
1.29
1.24
1.292
1.2928
1.3
1.307
1.24
1.344
1.262
1.274
1.2622
1.00820.0219
1.491
1.491
1.3
1.32
1
1.0104
1.08
1.341
1.32
1.22
1.2367
1.237
1.4
1.22450.0072
1.2
1.19
1.16
1.47
1.299

25
20
20
22
25

GA

043

25
25

AP

63
18
98
11
63 and 100
125
60
83
87
116
79
106
98
13
18
81
18
83
83
60
1
9
11
14
79
79
79
63 and 100
83
63
100
83
125
116
60
63 and 100
83
83
60
125
4
83
84
103
103
63 and 100
93
79
48
83
63
125
60 and 83
73
87
116
79
63 and 100
83
83

061

TA

062
081
031
031
051
051
031
043
045
061
011
021
051
011
031
051

HB
AlCl4
TFSI
TFSI
PF6
PF6
Tf2N
TfO
NfO
TA
Cl
BF4
PF6
Cl
TFSI
PF6

224

C7MI

031
051

225
226

C2C6I
C4C4I

051
011
031

228
229
229

229

230
234

MPMI
C8MI
C8MI

C8MI

C8MI
C9MI

PF6w
TFSI
PF6

043
043
011
011
021
023
031
051

PF6
Cl
TFSI
TFSIw
TfO
TfO
Cl
Cl
BF4
CB11Cl
TFSI
PF6

051

PF6

031
031

PF6w
TFSI
TFSI

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

GA

25

MS
PM

21
22
22
25
20
25
25

AP
AP

22
22
22
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25

PM
PM
PM
GA
AP
GA
GA
AP
MS

25
25
25
25

25
25
30
50
25
25
25

GA
AP
AP

DT
AP
AP

GA
AP
PM

25
25

AP
GA

25
25
25

AP
AP

25
25
25
25

MS
PM
GA
GA
AP

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1501

TABLE 6. Density w, water equilibratedaContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

g / cm3

t C

Method

051

PF6

1.212
1.202
1.2118
1.455
1.407
1.1182
1.04
1.271
1.271
1.495
1.47
1.334
1.072
1.432
1.367
1.45 95 %
0.925 %
1.415 %

25

AP

25
25

AP
AP

25
25
25
22
22
22

PM
AP
AP

235
236
236
238
239
239

C2C8I
C9MI
C9MI
C3C8I
C10MI
C10MI

051
031
051
051
021
031

33
34

M1,2E3I
E1M3,5I

35
36
310
83

EDMI
E1,3M4I
BDMI
P13

84

P14

031
031
043
022
031
023
031
034
031

PF6
TFSI
PF6
PF6
BF4
TFSI
TFSI w
TFSI
TFSI
TfO
CB11
TFSI
CB11Cl
TFSI
NCN2
TFSI

85
1002
1003
1101

P16
MP3
MP4
C4-py

034
037
034
031
031
021

NCN2
MSI
NCN2
TFSI
TFSI
BF4

1101

C4-py

021
031

BF4
TFSI

031

TFSI

051

PF6

1101

C4-py

051

PF6

1109

M4B-py

021

BF4

1201
1202
1203
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
401
1402
1403
1504
1505

C4isoq
C6isoq
C8isoq
C8isoq
C10isoq
C12isoq
C14isoq
C16isoq
C18isoq
S111
S222
S444
N111C2O
TMPA

1512
1513
1519

N1123
N1114
BNM2E

033
033
033
051
033
033
033
033
033
031
031
031
031
031
035
031
031
031

BETIw
BETIw
BETIw
PF6 w
BETIw
BETIw
BETIw
BETIw
BETIw
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TSAC
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI

0.955 %
1.28
0.925 %
1.465 %
1.435 %
1.224
1.22
1.208
1.216
1.212
1.453
1.449
1.444
1.44
1.436
1.21440.0072
1.21180.0072
1.20530.0072
1.19880.0072
1.19220.0072
1.18560.0072
1.1811
1.17194
1.23
1.2
1.17
1.19
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.05
1.05
1.58
1.46
1.29
1.51
1.44
1.38
1.41
1.41
1.37

22
20
25
20

WV
WV

25
MS
25
20
20
20
25
30
30
35
20
25
30
35
40
25
30
40
50
60
70
25
40

WV
WV
GM
GM
GM
GM
GM
GM
GM
GM
GM
GM

AP
AP

45
25
25
25
20,25
25
20
20
20

Reference
83
60
125
83
83
125
79
83
84
13
18
5
48
14
48
38, 122, and 44
62
38
44
62
119
62
122
122
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
87
87
87
87
87
87
90
90
72
72
72
101
72
72
72
72
72
49
49
49
50
51 and 50
95
44
44
44

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1502

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 6. Density w, water equilibratedaContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

g / cm3

t C

1520
1521
1524
1525
1528
1529
1530
1531
1533
1534
1535

N1134
N6111
N7111
N8111
N6222
N7222
N8222
N7233
N6444
N7444
N8444

1536
1537
1539
1541
1544
1602

TPA
THA
THpA
TOA
TDA
C15guan

1604

C23guan

1605
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908

C27guan
Com3
Com4
Com5
Com6
Com7
Com8

031
031
031
031
031
031
031
031
031
031
031
043
031
031
031
031
031
021
031
011
021
031
011
052
052
052
052
052
052

TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TfO
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
BF4
TFSI
Cl
BF4
TFSI
Cl
PO42
PO42
PO44
PO44
PO44
PO44

1.34
1.33
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.27
1.15
1.17
1.12
1.02
1.16
1.11
1.1
1.06
1.04
1.05
1.36
0.9
0.97
1.2
0.96
1.82
1.9
1.58
1.96
1.78
1.86

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25

Method

Reference

WV
WV
WV
WV
WV
WV
WV
WV
WV
WV
WV

33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33

PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM

44
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
66
66
66
66
66
117
117
117
117
117
117
47
47
47
47
47
47

44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44

The number in parenthesis is the standard deviation.

911, respectively. The electrochemical window is defined

by the reduction of the organic cation and the oxidation of
the anion. The polarity of ILs can be measured with solvatochromic dyes, Reichardts dye, and Nile Red.84 ET30 are
calculated from the absorbance maximum, max, of the CT
band of Reichardts dye 3074:
ET30/kcal mol1 = 28591/max nm.

For convenience, ET30 values are often normalized to give

a parameter ETN, where ETN = 0.0 for tetramethylsilane, and 1.0
for water. The ENR values based on Nile Red.68
A wide electrochemical window makes ILs a promising
electrolyte for electrochemical power applications.40 Most
ILs have a wide electrochemical window above 4 V. It has
been found for some ionic liquids the potential of anode limit
proportionally decreases with increasing highest occupied
molecular orbit energy calculated for the anion.20
Higher conductivity is generally associated with lower viscosity and the order of conductivity values from high to
low for the imide salts is concordant with the order of the Tg
data from low to high.33,122 Bonhhte et al.18 has derived the
relation between specific conductivity and anion, cation hydrodynamic radii as well as other physical parameters:
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

= yF2d/6NAFWara1 + crc1.

This includes the correction factor taking into account

the specific interactions between the mobile ions in the melt,
their viscosities , formula weight FW, densities d, and
the radii of their ions ra and rc. Furthemore, VogelTammann-Fulcher equation provides a good description of
molten salt electrolyte behavior change with temperature:

T =

T exp

B
,
T T0

where A, B, and T0 are the frequency factors related to the

activation energy, and ideal glass transition temperature,
respectively.44,97

6. Concluding Remarks
The data of physical chemical properties on ionic liquids
are essential for both theoretical research and industrial application. The establishment of the database will definitely
promote the research and development of ionic liquids. By
analyzing the available data in our database, we found that
there is a demonstrable lack of data of physical chemical
properties and some entries listed several data entries reported from different sources with great deviations. So, more

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1503

TABLE 7. Viscosity -w, water equilibrated

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

/ cp

11

C1HI

013
031
033
014
021
031
033
043
051
021
031

I
TFSI
BETI
ClO4
BF4
TFSI
BETI
TfO
PF6
BF4
TFSI

1800
81
218
112
41
54
133
58
550
67
44
100
186
100
154
91.4
100
43
37
66.5
37.7
43
34

12

C2HI

201

C1MI

202

DMI

033
021

BETI
BF4

203

EMI

031
021

TFSI
BF4

031

TFSI

203

033
034
035
037
043

BETI
NCN2
TSAC
MSI
TfO

EMI

061
062
063
082

TA
HB
AcO
FHF2.3

205

C2OMI

083
084
021

NbF6
TaF6
BF4

205

C2OMI

051

PF6

206
207

C2F3MI
DEI

208

C3MI

031
031
043
061
021
051

TFSI
TFSI
TfO
TA
BF4
PF6

203

EMI

32.1
28
61
215 %
24
787
42.7
15
35
105
162
4.9
4.8
49
51
90.9
70.9
157.6
148.8
82.7
279.5
248
35
53
43
103
312
450
371

t C

Method

25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
20
25
25
25
25
28
25
26 1
25
25
22
28
20
20
25

dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv

20
26 1
26 1
25
25
20
25
80
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25

pv
pv
pv

dv
dv
ov

dv
vc

vc
vc
pv
dv
dv
dv

vc
vc
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
ov

Reference
22
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
18
97
97
97
55
55
97
39
118
55
24
55
18
98
95
50 and 67
112
39
39
62
95
119
9
39
18
18
18
88
67
94
94
79
79
79
79
79
79
18
18
18
18
118
32
104
39

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1504

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 7. Viscosity -w, water equilibratedContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

210

C3OMI

021

BF4

031
043
051

TFSI
TfO
PF6

013
021

I
BF4

211

C4MI

031

211

212
217

C4MI

i-C4MI
C4C2I

TFSI

031
043

TFSIw
TfO

045
048

NfO
C8S

051

PF6

061
062
031
031
045

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

PF6w
TA
HB
TFSI
TFSI
NfO

/ cp
204
262.8
138
374.3
54
74
148.1
607.5
283.6
1110
219
180
219
185.9
233
233
65.2
91.4
104.9
154.0
52
54.5
69
57.6
27
90
90
373
874.5
207
152.3
450
312
393
308.3
312
172.8
615.0
285.83 6.08
207 11.12
152.67 0.82
116.33 5.5
94.32 0.29
73.35 0.64
58.02 1.42
45.93 0.72
40.4 0.89
34.6 0.17
28.53 0.81
397
73
182
83
48
323

t C
28
20
30
10
20
20
30
10
20
25
25
25
25
10
30
20
30
30
20
20
20
25
25
20
25
20
20
20
20
45
50
25
25
25
20
30
30
10
20
25
31
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
25
20
20
20
20
20

Method

dv
dv
vc
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
vc
vc
ov
dv

dv
vc
pv
vc
dv
dv
vc
vc
vc
vc

dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
vc
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv

Reference
39
79
79
79
18
18
79
79
79
63 and 100
63 and 100
118
73
79
98 and 28
106
79
55
79
55
18 and 98
73
63
112
63
18
98
18
102
102
102
63
73
116
79
32 and 98
79
79
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
59
63 and 100
18 and 98
18
18
18
18

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1505

TABLE 7. Viscosity -w, water equilibratedContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

/ cp

t C

Method

Reference

219

MOBMI

220

C5O2MI

031
033
011

TFSI
BETI
Cl

021

BF4

051

PF6

051
011
021

PF6
Cl
BF4

TFSI

051

PF6

25
25
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
30
10
25
25
20
28
80
20
80
25
25
20
28
80
45225
25
20
20
20
25
25
30
28
10

dv
dv
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc

031

252
552
613.4
283.7
1515.8
377
189.2
860.4
425.8
212.3
1034.9
716
314
314
177
22.6
87.3
10.5
560
585
690
363
37.6
PF6w
337
337
135
119.3
682
710
425.2
452.0
294.3
866
857.4
866.0
1922.4
506
416.6
223.1
846.3
152.8
88
37
51
36
60
34
88
51
635 %
80
455 %
855 %
855 %

20
20
10
25
20
30
10
20
20
20
20
20
26 1
100
20
20
25
25
25
25
25

vc

97
97
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
63 and 100
55
89
55
89
89
89
116
63
89
55
89
63 and 100
63 and 100
79
79
112
63
116
79
55
79
55
79
55
79
63 and 100
79
79
79
112
18
18
18
18
39
39
18
18
38 and 44
95
62
38 and 44
122

220
221

229

229

C5O2MI
C6MI

C8MI

011

Cl

C8MI

021
031
051

BF4
TFSI
PF6

239

C10MI

33
34

M1,2E3I
E1M3,5I

36
37

E1,3M4I
DMPI

38
42
81

E1,2M3I
E1,3M3,5I
P11

83
84

P13
P14

051
021

PF6w
BF4

031
031
031
043
031
031
051
031
043
031
035
034
031

TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TfO
TFSI
TFSI
PF6
TfSI
TfO
TFSI
TSAC
dca
TFSI

vc

vc
vc
dv
dv
pv
vc
vc
vc

vc
vc
dv
dv
dv
pv
dv
dv
dv
dv
pv
pv
dv
mv
vc
vc
vc
vc

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1506

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 7. Viscosity -w, water equilibratedContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

84

P14

85
9
1001

P16
PP13
MP2

1101
1102

C4-py
C6-py

034
037
034
031
031
031
031
021

NCN2
MSI
dca
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
BF4

1102

C6-py

031

TFSI

1103

C8-py

031

TFSI

1104

C10-py

031

TFSI

1107
1109

C16-py
M4C4-py

031
021

TFSI
BF4

1401
1402

S111
S222

1403
1404
1502
1504
1505

S444
S2222
N1112
N111C2O
TMPA

031
031
035
031
035
035
031
031

TFSI
TFSI
TSAC
TFSI
TSAC
TSAC
TFSI
TFSI

1505
1506
1508
1509
1512
1513
1514
1519
1520
1521

TMPA
N1113
N111C3
N111C3
N1123
N1114
N1222
BNM2E
N1134
N6111

035
035
035
035
031
031
035
031
031
031

TSAC
TSAC
TSAC
TSAC
TFSI
TFSI
TSAC
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI

1521
1524
1525

N6111
N7111
N8111

035
031
031

TSAC
TFSI
TFSI

1526
1528
1528
1529
1530
1531
1533
1534
1535

N2225
N6222
N6222
N7222
N8222
N7233
N6444
N7444
N8444

1536

TPA

035
031
031
031
031
031
031
031
031
043
031

TSAC
TSAC
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
TfO
TFSI

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

/ cp
70
5095 %
1680
455 %
117
575 %
585 %
9.9
240.9
15.7
53.8
5.9
134.4
13.5
160.1
15
29.4
80.85
50.22
44
30
80
75
50
51
50
72
72,69
45
108
42
65
835 %
1165 %
61
1105 %
1705 %
1535 %
132
119
1535 %
1815 %
156
151
80
1675 %
220
75.55 %
2025 %
3625 %
5955 %
6065 %
5745 %
20305 %
430

t C
25
25
20
25
25
25
25
80
20
80
20
80
20
80
20
80
80
40
50
45
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25

Method

Reference

vc

vc
vc

vc
vc
vc
vc
vc

98

vc
vc
51
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
pv
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc

33

33
33

33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33

50
62
119
62
121
122
122
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
90
90
49
and
95
49
95
95
50
and
95
95
95
48
95
44
44
95
44
44
and
95
95
and
and
95
95
95
and
112
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
66

49

50

44

44
44

44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1507

TABLE 7. Viscosity -w, water equilibratedContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

/ cp

t C

1537
1537
1541
1542

THA
THA
TOA
N6314

031
031
031
011

TFSI
TFSI
TFSI
Cl

1544

TDA

1604

C23gua

031
031
031

TFSI
TFSI
TFSI

1704

P6314

031

TFSI

435
453
500
24.69
1288
414.8
144
56.03
11.84
6.09
3.37
2.08
1.25
0.85
0.58
0.41
500
346
335
296
269
182
124
165
14.1

25
25
25
20
20
10
0
10
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
25
25
30
35
40
50
60
20
80

Method

Reference
66
66
66
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
66
117
117
117
117
117
117
88
88

vc
vc
vc
vc
vc
vc

TABLE 8. Surface tension s-w, water equilibrated

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

s Pa cm

at. %

Method

Reference

202
211

DMI
C4MI

021
013
021

BF4
I
BF4

031

TFSI
TFSIw
PF6

4.66
5.47
4.66
3.84
3.75
3.68
4.88
4.98
4.29
4.98
4.25
4.34
3.68
4.08
3.38
3.05
3.2
2.98
3.65
3.28
3.42
4.21
4.35
3.3
2.52
2.36

25
25
25
63
25
25
25
25
63
25
25
25
25
25
25
63
63
63
25
63
25
25
25
25
63
63

TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
CRM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
TM
CRM
CRM
CRM
TM
TM

63
63 and 100
63 and 100
65
63
63
63
100
65
63
63 and 100
63
63
85
63 and 100
65
65
65
63
65
63 and 100
83
83
83
65
65

051

221

C6MI

11
51

227
229

BenMI
C8MI

031
011

PF6w
Cl
PF6
PF6w
TFSI
Cl

012
021
051

Br
BF4
PF6

031
031
051
021
051

PF6w
TFSI
TFSI
PF6
BF4
PF6

230
236

C8pMI
C9MI

246

C12MIm

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1508

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 9. Conductivity

ID

Cation

201

C1MI

204

204

EMI

EMI

Anion

c S/m

t C

011

Cl

11.8741.017

25

031

TFSI

0.84

20

18

011

Cl

0.3433.709

25

021

BF4

1.16a

20

24

1.22b

20

24

ID

021
031

EMI

TFSI

1.3

22

25

1.31

25

24

1.38

25

24

1.4

25

118

1.58

25

40

1.3

26 1

32
24

1.44a

30

1.54b

30

24

1.63a

35

24

1.74b

35

24

1.8a

40

24

1.99b

40

24

2.29a

50

24

2.55b

50

24

2.6a

60

24

2.95b

60

24
24

3.05a

70

3.65b

70

24

3.65a

80

24

4.35b

80

24

4.05a

90

24

5.2b

90

24

4.55a

100

24

5.9b

100

24

0.86

22

25

0.84

26 1

39
18

0.88

20

0.108

25

24

0.92

25

50

0.921

25

95

033

BETI

0.34

26 1

39

035

TSAC

0.978

25

95

037

MSI

0.017

25

119

043

TfO

25

051

204

BF4

Reference

PF6

052

PO4

052

PO4

1.1

22

0.929

25

0.86

20

18

0.13

22

25

0.52

26 1

39

2.2

25

47

40

47

3.7

60

47

061

TA

0.96

20

18

062

HB

0.27

20

18

063

AcO

0.28

20

18

007

Me

0.13

22

25

082

FHF2.3

12

25

35

083

NbF6

0.85

25

94

084

TaF6

0.71

25

94

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1509

TABLE 9. ConductivityContinued
ID
206
207

208

210

211

Cation
C2F3MI
DEI

C3MI

C3OMI

C4MI

ID

Anion

c S/m

t C

Reference

031

TFSI

0.098

20

18

031

TFSI

0.85

20

18

043

TfO

0.75

20

18

061

TA

0.74

20

18

011

Cl

0.332
4.969

25

021

BF4

0.59

25

118

031

TFSI

0.252

25

16

031

TFSI

0.42

20

18

043

TfO

0.36

20

18

011

Cl

0.218
1.002

25

021

BF4

0.173

25

32 and 98

0.35

25

118

20

18 and 98

031

TFSI

0.39

043

TfO

0.37

20

18

20

98

045

NfO

0.045

20

18

051

PF6

0.1

25

32

0.146

25

32 and 98

061

TA

0.32

20

18

20

98

062

HB

0.1

20

18

212

i-C4MI

031

TFSI

0.26

20

18

217

C4C2I

031

TFSI

0.41

20

18

043

TfO

0.27

20

18

0.27

25

94

045

NfO

0.053

20

18

061

TA

0.25

20

18

226

C4C4I

011

Cl

0.2210.297

25

255

C16MIm

051

PF6

0.002

65

107

0.063

79

107

0.26

100

107

0.25

120

107
41

261

PEOI-I

031

TFSI

0.0551

30

262

PEOII-I

031

TFSI

0.012

30

41

33

M1,2E3I

031

TFSI

0.32

20

18

34

E1M3,5I

37

39

031

TFSI

0.66

20

18

043

TfO

0.64

20

18

E1,3M4I

031

TFSI

0.62

20

18

DMPI

021

BF4

0.522

22

99

031

TFSI

P1M2,3I

0.3

26 1

39

0.252

25

16
39

051

PF6

0.05

35

007

Me

0.046

25

081

AlCl4

0.71

031

TfSI

0.252

25

16

07

Me

0.046

25

16
30

16
16

313

BzMPI

031

TFSI

0.0059

20

314

BzMBI

031

TFSI

0.0027

20

30

315

BzMBI

031

TFSI

0.0037

20

30

316

BzMAI

031

TFSI

0.0029

20

30

83

P13

031

TFSI

0.14

25

38 and 44

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1510

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 9. ConductivityContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

84

P14

031

TFSI

037

c S/m

t C

Reference
38 and 44

0.22

25

0.29

25

50

MSI

0.007

25

119

PP13

031

TFSI

0.151

25

121

1401

S111

031

TFSI

0.82

45

49

1402

S222

031

TFSI

0.71

25

49

1403

S444

031

TFSI

0.14

25

49
50

1504

N111C2O

031

TFSI

0.47

25

1505

TMPA

031

TFSI

0.327

25

51

0.33

25

50 and 95

035

TSAC

0.434

25

95

1512

N1123

031

TFSI

0.125%

25

44

1513

N1114

031

TFSI

0.145%

25

44

1519

BNM2E

031

TFSI

0.125%

25

44

1520

N1134

031

TFSI

0.0825%

25

44

1521

N6111

031

TFSI

0.0435%

25

33 and 44

1524

N7111

031

TFSI

0.045%

25

33 and 44

1525

N8111

031

TFSI

0.0355%

25

33 and 44

1528

N6222

031

TFSI

0.0675%

25

33 and 44

1529

N7222

031

TFSI

0.0515%

25

33 and 44

1530

N8222

031

TFSI

0.0335%

25

33 and 44

1531

N7233

031

TFSI

0.0315%

25

33 and 44

1533

N6444

031

TFSI

0.0165%

25

33 and 44

037

MSI

0.005

25

119

1534

N7444

031

TFSI

0.0165%

25

33 and 44

1535

N8444

031

TFSI

0.0135%

25

33 and 44

043

TfO

0.00175%

25

33 and 44

1525

N8111

031

TFSI

0.0355%

25

33 and 44

1901

Com1

052

PO4

5.3

25

47

5.6

40

47

7.1

60

47

3.8

25

47

5.2

40

47

60

47

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

Com2

Com3

Com4

Com5

Com6

Com7

Com8

052

052

052

052

052

052

052

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

PO4

PO4

PO4

PO4

PO4

PO4

PO4

6.3

25

47

40

47

7.1

60

47

4.2

25

47

5.3

40

47

6.7

60

47

6.4

25

47

8.1

40

47

8.7

60

47

2.6

25

47

2.7

40

47

4.2

60

47

5.7

25

47

6.3

40

47

6.1

60

47

6.3

25

47

5.2

40

47

8.2

60

47

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1511

TABLE 10. Polarity ET30-w, water equilibrated

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

ET30 kcal/mol

203
205

EMI
C2OMI

031
031

208

C3MI

031

210
211

C3OMI
C4MI

031
021
0221
0222
031

TFSI
TFSI
TFSI w
TFSI
TFSI w
TFSI w
BF4
BPSiM
BPSiMF
TFSI

52.6
60.8
61.4
51.9
52
54.1
52.5

85
84
84
84
84
84
68

043
051

TfO
PF6

51.5
50
52.3
52.3
52.5
53.2
52.9
52.6
52.4
52.1
51.9
51.6
55.7
55.2
54.8
54.3
53.9
53.5
53.1
52.4
51.1
51.2

68
85
68
68
61
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
84
68
68

PF6w

227
229

BenMI
C8MI

239

C10MI

310
312

BDMI
ODMI

031
031
051
021
031
031
021
031

TFSI
Tf2N
PF6
BF4
TFSI w
TFSI
BF4
TFSI

51
48.6
48.3
47.7

t C

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

Reference

84
68
68
68

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1512

ZHANG ET AL.
TABLE 11. Electrochemical window

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

Elec. win
V

Cathode
limit V

Anode
limit V

204

EMI

011
021

Cl
BF4

5
4.3

3
2.1

031

TFSI

4.3

1.8

4.78
4.1
4.1
2.5
4.1
4.1

2.24
2
2
1.5
2.2
1.8

3.4

1.8

3.3
3.2
6.1
5.45
4.2
4.6
4
4.1
1.95
4.76

0.8
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.85
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.02
2.04
2.1
2.5
2.5
2
1.12
2.3
2.27
2.24
2.4
1.12
2.3
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.02
2.04
2.1
2.5
2.5
2
1.12
2.3
2.27
2.24
2.4
1.05
2

2
2.2
2.33
2.5
2.49
2.54
2.1
2.1
1
1.9
2.3
2.1
1.6
2.77
2.5
1.7
4.5
3.65
2.35
3
2.5
2.5
0.93
2.72
5.00
3.85
3.45
3
1
3.4
2.56
2.65
1.4
1
3.4
3
2.5
2.5
0.93
2.72
5.00
3.85
3.45
3
1
3.4
2.56
2.65
1.4
0.95
2.4

0.2 0.02

5.4 0.02

0.28

5.65

2.25
3
2
2.9
3.13

2
3
2
2.7
2.86

033
037
043

BETI
MSI
TfO

061
07
082

TA
Me
FHF2.3

211

C4MI

021

BF4

211

C4MI

021

BF4

031
051

BF4w
TFSI
PF6

211
229
239
240

C4MI
C8MI
C10MI
MDI

061
031
031
021

TA
TFSI
TFSI
BF4

061

TA

031
051

BF4w
TFSI
PF6

229
239
240

C8MI
C10MI
MDI

061
031
031
021

33
37

M1,2E3I
DMPI

031
031

37

DMPI

83
84

P13
P14

1501
1528

N1111
N6222

TA
TFSI
TFSI
BF4
BF4w
TFSI
TFSI

07
07

Me
Me

037
031
037
031
031

MSI
TFSI
MSI
TFSI
TFSI

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

6.35
5.95
5
4.15
5.7
4.83
4.89
3.8
4.15
5.7
4.6
4
4.1
1.95
4.76
6.35
5.95
5
4.15
5.7
4.83
4.89
3.8
2
4.4
5.2
5.2 0.04
4.55
5.37
5.37 0.04
4.9 0.04
2.97
4.25
6
4
5.6
5.99

t C

Method

P/G
P/G
CV
P/G
CV
CV
CV
CV
CV
CV
P/G
CV
P/G
CV

22 2
22 2

22 2

22 2
22 2

22 2
22 2

22 2

22 2
22 2
22
22
80
22
22
80
240

LV
LV
LV
LV
LV
CV
CV
CV
LV
LV
LV
LV
CV
LV
CV
CV
CV
CV
LV
LV
LV
CV
CV
CV
LV
LV
LV
LV
CV
LV
CV
CV
CV
CV
CV
LV
LV

CV
CV
CV
CV
CV

Reference
19
24
25
18
25
112
39
39
119
9
18
25
18
25
35
66
27
27
27
27
27
54
54
112
27
27
27
27
54
27
112
112
54
54
27
27
27
54
54
112
27
27
27
27
54
27
112
112
54
54
18
106
20
106
20
106
106
106
119
38
119
76
112

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

1513

TABLE 11. Electrochemical windowContinued

ID

Cation

ID

Anion

Elec. win
V

Cathode
limit V

Anode
limit V

1533
1701
1800

N6444
P1111
As1111

037
031
031

MSI
TFSI
TFSI

6
5
5.8
6

3
3
3.2
3.4

3
2
2.6
2.6

t C

Method

Reference

CV
CV
CV
CV

119
119
76
76

TABLE 12. The QSPR models for melting points of ILs from different referencesa
Structures

R2

Np

Reference

1-substituted 4-amino-1,2,4-triazolium bromide

1-substituted 4-amino-1,2,4-triazolium nitrate
Pyridinium Bromide
Imidazolium Bromide
Imidazolium Bromide
Imidazolium Bromide
Benzimidazolium Bromide
Tetraalkyl-ammonium Bromide
n-Hydroxyalkyl-trialkyl-ammonium Bromide
Disubstituted imidazolium tetrafluoroborate
Disubstituted imidazolium hexafluorophosphate

13
13
126
57
29
18
45
75
34
16
25

0.914
0.933
0.7883
0.7442
0.7517
0.9432
0.6899
0.775
0.716
0.9047
0.9207

31.9
41.5
73.24
29.67
13.93
77.53
16.91

3
3
6
5
5
3
5
5
5
3
6

40
40
28
51
51
51
51
100
100
This work
This work

37.99
34.85

n is the number of structures, R2 is the squared correlation coefficient, F is the F-criterion value, and N p is the
number of parameters.

TABLE 13. Correlation models of melting points for two systemsa

Np

2
Rcv

R2

0.9047

0.7763

37.99

0.9207

0.8423

34.85

0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

X + DX

t-test

1704 367.88
4.5854 0.79641
16.146 2.9269
2641.2 553.5
13936 1313.9
22.418 2.0345
819.81 74.561
8861.6 1227.5
11.4 3.2791
2410.8 598.43
299.01 181.43

4.632
5.7576
5.5163
4.7719
10.6072
11.0191
10.9952
7.2193
3.4765
4.0286
1.648

Name of the descriptor

Intercept
H-donors surface area
minimum electron-electron repulsion for a CC bond
image of the Onsager-Kirkwood solvation energy
Intercept
minimum electron-electron repulsion for a CC bond
maximum resonance energy for a CH bond
minimum partial charge for a H atom
relative negative charged surface area
maximum bond order of a N atom
maximum bonding contribution of a molecular orbit

2
N p is the number of parameters, R2 is the squared correlation coefficient, Rcv
is the cross validated squared correlation coefficient, and F is the F-criterion
value.

TABLE 14. Compounds studied in test set with calculated and experimental Tm K valuesa

ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

a
a
a
b
b
b
b

3-substituent

1-substituent

Cal.* K

Expt.** K

Deviation
K

CH3
CH3
CH2OC4H9
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3

C12H25
CH2OC12H25
CH2OC10H21
CH2OC7H15
CH2OC12H25
C16H33
C18H37

315.2459
330.6841
309.8277
272.7229
299.2789
339.0689
377.319

307.15
336.15
289.15
310.65
335.15
348.15
353.15

8.0959
5.4659
20.6777
37.9271
35.8711
9.0811
24.169

a, tetrafluoroborates and b, hexafluorophosphates.

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

1514

ZHANG ET AL.

FIG. 4. Density variation of several systems with number of carbon atoms.

FIG. 1. Melting point variation with carbon number in alkyl chain for
CnMIX.

FIG. 2. Melting point variation with anions.

FIG. 5. Viscosity variation of several systems with number of carbon atoms.

FIG. 3. Melting points and freezing points of EMIX.

FIG. 6. Plot of experimental and calculated melting points for disubstituted

imidazolium tetrafluoroborates.

J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDS

FIG. 7. Plot of experimental and calculated melting points for disubstituted

imidazolium hexafluorophosphates.

attention should be paid on the measurement of physical

chemical properties of ionic liquids. Further, with the rapid
growth of the number of ionic liquids it is necessary to develop prediction methods. The study of structure-property
relationship may provide both the direction for the design of
the potential ionic liquids and the reference to evaluate the
reported data. Our studies showed that the QSPR models
could give a reasonable prediction of unknown or unavailable compounds of the same class. See Tables 1214.

7. Acknowledgments
The financial support of National Scientific Funding of
China No. 20436050 and HI-Tech Research and Development Program of China 863 Project, No. 2004AA649030
are gratefully acknowledged.

8. Appendix: Explanation of Measuring

Methods
Melting point
DSC

Differential scanning calorimeter

Density
DT
GM
AP
MS
PM
GA
WV

Dilatometric tubes
Gravity meter
Anton-Paar density measurement system
Microsyringe
Picnometer
Gravimetric analysis
Weighing a measured volume

Molar volume
Cacu
Mcs
Ex

Calculate
Monte Carlo simulation
Experiment

Viscosity

1515

Dv
Ov
Pv
Mv

DV-III viscometer Brookfield

Oscillating type viscosity meter
Plate viscometer
Microviscosimeter

Surface tension
CRM
TM

Capillary rise method

Tensiometer

Conductivity
CM
CM-a
CM-b

Measured using conductivity cell

Conductivity bridge operated at 60 Hz
Conductivity bridge operated at 1 kHz

Electrochemical window
LV
CV
P/G

Linear sweep voltammetry

Cyclic voltammograms
Potentiostat/galvanostat

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