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or poly(tetrafluoroethylene),
which is used for everything from linings for pots and pans to
gaskets that are inert to chemical reactions. Large amounts of fluorine are
also consumed each year to make the freons (such as CCl 2F2) used in
refrigerators.
Chlorine (Cl2) is a highly toxic gas with a pale yellow-green color. Chlorine is a
strong oxidizing agent, which is used commercially as a bleaching agent and
as a disinfectant. It is strong enough to oxidize the dyes that give wood pulp
its yellow or brown color, for example, thereby bleaching out this color, and
strong enough to destroy bacteria and thereby act as a germicide. Large
quantities of chlorine are used each year to make solvents such as carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4), chloroform (CHCl3), dichloroethylene (C2H2Cl2), and
trichloroethylene (C2HCl3).
Bromine (Br2) is a reddish-orange liquid with an unpleasant, choking odor.
The name of the element, in fact, comes from the Greek stem bromos,
"stench." Bromine is used to prepare flame retardants, fire-extinguishing
agents, sedatives, antiknock agents for gasoline, and insecticides.
Iodine is an intensely colored solid with an almost metallic luster. This solid is
relatively volatile, and it sublimes when heated to form a violet-colored gas.
Iodine has been used for many years as a disinfectant in "tincture of iodine."
Iodine compounds are used as catalysts, drugs, and dyes. Silver iodide (AgI)
plays an important role in the photographic process and in attempts to make
rain by seeding clouds. Iodide is also added to salt to protect against goiter,
an iodine deficiency disease characterized by a swelling of the thyroid gland.
Methods of Preparing the Halogens from their Halides
The halogens can be made by reacting a solution of the halide ion with any
substance that is a stronger oxidizing agent. Iodine, for example, can be
made by reacting the iodide ion with either bromine or chlorine.
2 I-(aq)
Br2(aq)
I2(aq)
2 Br-(aq)
2 Br-(aq)
Cl2(aq)
Br2(aq)
2 Cl-(aq)
+ MnO2(aq)
+ 4 H+(aq)
Cl2(aq) + Mn2+(aq)
+ 2 H2O(l)
2 Na(s)
Cl2(g)
Examples
CaF2, HCl, NaBr, AgI
F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
HClO, ClF
HClO2, ClF3
HClO3, BrF5, BrF6-, IF5
HClO4, BrF6+, IF7
HCl(g)
Cl-(aq)
Several of the hydrogen halides can be prepared directly from the elements.
Mixtures of H2 and Cl2, for example, react with explosive violence in the
presence of light to form HCl.
H2(g)
Cl2(g)
2 HCl(g)
+ H2SO4(aq)
+ H2SO4(aq)
2 HCl(aq)
2 HF(aq)
+ Na2SO4(aq)
+ CaSO4(aq)
These acids are purified by taking advantage of the ease with which HF and
HCl gas boil out of these solutions. The gas given off when one of these
solutions is heated is collected and then redissolved in water to give
relatively pure samples of the mineral acid.
The Interhalogen Compounds
Interhalogen
compounds
are
formed
by
reactions
between
different
Cl2(g)
2 BrCl(g)
Interhalogen compounds with the general formulas XY3, XY5, and even XY7
are formed when pairs of halogens react. Chlorine reacts with fluorine, for
example, to form chlorine trifluoride.
Cl2(g)
3 F2(g)
2 ClF3(g)
These compounds are easiest to form when Y is fluorine. Iodine is the only
halogen that forms an XY7 interhalogen compound, and it does so only with
fluorine.
ClF3 and BrF5 are extremely reactive compounds. ClF 3 is so reactive that
wood, asbestos, and even water spontaneously burn in its presence. These
compounds are excellent fluorinating agents, which tend to react with each
other to form positive ions such as ClF 2+ and BrF4+ and negative ions such as
IF2- and BrF6-.
[BrF4+][BrF6-](s)
2 BrF5(l)
+ 2 OH-(aq)
Cl-(aq)
+ OCl-(aq)
+ H2O(l)
When the solution is hot, this reaction gives a mixture of the chloride and
chlorate (ClO3-) ions.
3 Cl2(aq)
+ 6 OH-(aq)
5 Cl-(aq)
+ ClO3-(aq)
+ 3 H2O(l)
ClO-(aq)
2 ClO2- (aq)
The names of the oxyanions of the halogens use the endings -ite and -ate to
indicate low and high oxidation numbers and the prefixes hypo- and per- to
indicate the very lowest and very highest oxidation numbers, as shown in the
table below. Each of these ions can be converted into an oxyacid, which is
named by replacing the -ite ending with -ous and the -ate ending with -ic.
Oxidation
Oxyanions
Compoun Name
Oxyacids
Compoun
State
Name
of the Chlorine
+1
+3
+5
+7
ClOClO2ClO3ClO4-
hypochlorite
chlorite
chlorate
perchlorate
HClO
HOClO
HOClO2
HOClO3
hypochlorous acid
chlorous acid
chloric acid
perchloric acid