Sustainable Urban Logistics in ITS

Intelligent Transport Systems
Sustainable Urban Logistics
WS 14/15

Sustainable urban logistics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Noche

MSc.Ing. Tarek Elhasia
Group 4
Ram Pradeep Suresh (3007910)
- ram.suresh@stud.uni-due.de
Page 1 of 20
WS 14/15
Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Intelligent Transport Systems ............................................................................................................ 6
1.2 Sustainable Urban Logistics .............................................................................................................. 7
2. Sustainable model for Multimodal Transport ................................................................................... 10
2.1 Duisburg Model .................................................................................................................................. 10
2.2 Inclusive cluster model ..................................................................................................................... 11
3. Implementation ..................................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Strategy and methodology ............................................................................................................... 12
3.2 Problems in Implementation ............................................................................................................ 16
4. The Greater Picture- Inclusive Cluster Model ................................................................................. 17
5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 18
References ................................................................................................................................................ 19
Anhang : Erklrung .................................................................................................................................. 20
Page 2 of 20
WS 14/15
List of Figures
Figure 1. Sustainability Triangle.08

Figure 2. Sustainability Timeline....09
Figure 3. Problems circling the urban mobility development.......................................................17
Page 3 of 20
WS 14/15
List of Tables
Table 1. Classification of countries11
Page 4 of 20
WS 14/15
Abstract
In the modern civilized world, there are many modes of transport satisfying people across the
globe. Now there is a need for intelligent transport systems which can be a part of sustainable in
the urban sector. This research work is about a model which can be a sustainable urban model
for the multimodal transport systems in Europe. A model which is adopted from the city of
Duisburg in Germany and expanded as a cluster model comprising of the surrounding cities of
Duisburg and further implementation comprises of the Whole Germany and then Europe. Such
a model should be energy efficient, passenger convenient, reducing traffic problems, urban
rural connectivity, robust design of network and logistics.
For implementing this cluster model in larger scale the financial and technical assistance is
immense. The stakeholders may vary as the cluster grows. Therefore the stakeholders will get
increased as the model progresses from Duisburg to Europe. In the European Union, the
countries are differentiated on the grounds of development based on GDP into three categories
as Leaders, Mediators and Followers. From the most developed countries to developing
countries in the Europe, the classification enables the leader countries to help and share the
knowledge of better integrated and efficient transport solution to the developing nations in the
continent.
The idea of cluster model is to expand a small efficient and effective model from a small city and
gradually expand it. By expanding, it will cover all the cities surrounded in a circular fashion. The
main objective in this model is to provide a sustainable urban model of intelligent transport
systems. This model needs a lot of time to be implemented in larger scale as it envelopes the
whole of Europe into it. The goal of this model is implementing it in the whole Europe.
Page 5 of 20
WS 14/15
1. Introduction
1.1 Intelligent Transport Systems
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) include telematics and all types of communications in
vehicles, between vehicles (e.g. car-to-car), and between vehicles and fixed locations (e.g. carto-infrastructure). However, ITS are not restricted to Road Transport - they also include the use
of information and communication technologies (ICT) for rail, water and air transport, including
navigation systems.
In general, the various types of ITS rely on radio services for communication and use
specialized technologies. ITS apply information and communication technologies to transport.
Computers, electronics, satellites and sensors are playing an increasingly important role in our
transport systems. The main innovation is the integration of existing technologies to create new
services. ITS as such are instruments that can be used for different purposes under different
conditions. ITS can be applied in every transport mode (road, rail, air, water) and services can
be used by both passenger and freight transport.
Traffic control has been an issue since humans put the first wheels on the first cart. The modern
world demands mobility. Cars represent the main method of mobility, but todays congested
highways and city streets dont move fast, and sometimes they dont move at all. Intelligent
traffic systems (ITS), sometimes called intelligent transportation systems, apply communications
and information technology to provide solutions to this congestion as well as other traffic control
issues. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) represent a major transition in transportation on
many dimensions. ITS is an international program intended to improve the effectiveness and
efficiency of surface transportation systems through advanced technologies in information
systems, communications, and sensors. ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) is a system which
is designed to promote advance technology, to ensure that the Electronic Toll Collection System
(ETC) is effective and to support safe driving. 1
The intelligent transport system (ITS) takes the first step towards meeting this challenge by
providing effective, reliable and meaningful knowledge to motorists in time. Problems like high
traffic congestion, low transportation efficiency, low safety and endangered environment can be
solved through innovative and sophisticated ways of handling latest techniques that have
1
http://www.seminarsonly.com/Civil_Engineering/Intelligent-Transport-System.php
Page 6 of 20

emerged
in
recent
years

in
integrating
information
technology,
WS 14/15
electronics
and
telecommunication with roads and traffic management. Intelligent transportation systems, or

ITS, encompass a broad range of wireless and wireline communications-based information,
control and electronics technologies.
When integrated into the transportation system infrastructure, and in vehicles themselves, these
technologies help monitor and manage traffic flow, reduce congestion, provide alternate routes
to travelers, enhance productivity, and save lives, time and money. Intelligent transportation
systems provide the tools for skilled transportation professionals to collect, analyze, and archive
data about the performance of the system during the hours of peak use. Having this data
enhances traffic operators' ability to respond to incidents, adverse weather or other capacity
constricting events.
Intelligent Transportation Systems improve safety, mobility, efficiency, productivity, and
environmental quality for humanity. These goals are accomplished on the vehicle side through
the application of electronics and communication technologies to advanced mechanical,
electrical, and hydraulic systems. Thus, in cars, Intelligent Transportation Systems help drivers
navigate, avoid traffic holdups and avoid collisions. On trains and buses, they let managers
optimize fleet operation and offer passengers automatic ticketing and real-time running
information. On the road network, Intelligent Transportation Systems co-ordinate traffic signals,
detect and manage incidents and display information, guidance and instructions to drivers.
Thus, The Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a new transportation system which is
comprised of an advanced information and telecommunications network for users, roads and
vehicles.
1.2 Sustainable Urban Logistics

Urban logistics is a wide studied subject. Indeed, since more than twenty years, several
researchers and practitioners deal daily with different issues concerning planning and
management of urban freight transport systems. Nowadays, two definitions of city/urban
logistics are retained. The first is that of Taniguchi2 who define city logistics as the process for
totally optimizing the logistics and transport activities by private companies in urban areas while
Concept and best practices of city logistics by Professor Eiichi Taniguchi, Kyoto University presented at
nd
International Transport forum, Leipzig on 2 May, 2012.
Page 7 of 20
WS 14/15
considering the traffic environment, the traffic congestion and energy consumption within the
framework of a market economy.
The phrase the triple bottom line3 was first coined in 1994 by John Elkington, the founder of a
British consultancy called Sustainability. His argument was that companies should be preparing
three different (and quite separate) bottom lines. One is the traditional measure of corporate
profitthe bottom line of the profit and loss account. The second is the bottom line of a
company's people accounta measure in some shape or form of how socially responsible an
organisation has been throughout its operations. The third is the bottom line of the company's
planet accounta measure of how environmentally responsible it has been. The triple bottom
line (TBL) thus consists of three Ps: profit, people and planet. (Munasinghe, 2007) It aims to
measure the financial, social and environmental performance of the corporation over a period of
time. Only a company that produces a TBL is taking account of the full cost involved in doing
business.In some senses the TBL is a particular manifestation of the balanced scorecard.
Behind it lies the same fundamental principle: what you measure is what you get, because what
you measure is what you are likely to pay attention to. Only when companies measure their
social and environmental impact will we have socially and environmentally responsible
organizations.
Figure 1 Sustainability Triangle4
3
4
http://www.economist.com/node/14301663
Source: Adapted from Munasinghe 1992a, from 1994a
Page 8 of 20
WS 14/15
The idea enjoyed some success in the turn-of-the-century zeitgeist of corporate social
responsibility, climate change and fair trade. After more than a decade in which cost-cutting had
been the number-one business priority, the hidden social and environmental costs of
transferring production and services to low-cost countries such as China, India and Brazil
became increasingly apparent to western consumers. These included such things as the
indiscriminate logging of the Amazon basin, the excessive use of hydrocarbons and the
exploitation of cheap labor.
Growing awareness of corporate malpractice in these areas forced several companies,
including Nike and Tesco, to re-examine their sourcing policies and to keep a closer eye on the
ethical standards of their suppliers in places as far apart as Mexico and Bangladesh, where
labour markets are unregulated and manufacturers are able to ride over social standards.
Figure 2 Sustainability Timeline

Source: https://tadhgsbesteffort.wordpress.com/2011/02/23/week-2-sustainable-development/
Page 9 of 20
WS 14/15
It also encouraged the growth of the Fair trade movement, which adds its brand to products that
have been produced and traded in an environmentally and socially fair way (of course, that
concept is open to interpretation). From beginnings, the movement has picked steam in the past
five years. Nevertheless, the Fairtrade movement is small, focused essentially on coffee, tea
and cotton, and accounting for less than 0.2% of all UK grocery sales in 2006.
One problem with the triple bottom line is that the three separate accounts cannot easily be
added up. It is difficult to measure the planet and people accounts in the same terms as
profitsthat is, in terms of cash. The full cost of an oil-tanker spillage, for example, is probably
immeasurable in monetary terms, as is the cost of displacing whole communities to clear
forests, or the cost of depriving children of their freedom to learn in order to make them work at
a young age.
2. Sustainable model for Multimodal Transport

2.1 Duisburg Model
The Duisburg model is taken as the benchmark small model for future expansion to the whole of
Europe. The model for Duisburg city is an integrated model comprising of the local tram system,
bus system and train network system. The idea is to expand the connecting points of various
transport systems together. Provision of congestion maps and travel time estimates, public
transport information, Individual Vehicle management, accident handling are the fields of
interests through which the model has to travel.
The model of Duisburg comprises of all regions within the city. Therefore it includes the central
railway station, Bus stations, tram stations and other small railway stations. All the modes of
transports are advanced and latest technology implemented in them. This enables to enhance
the road safety, clean environment, congestion reduction etc.
In this model the stakeholders are a combination of public-private partners like VRR, Deutsche
Bahn, Stadtwerke Duisburg etc. There needs to be a inspection of the progress of the model.
There are stages of the project are policy level, strategy level, implementation level and
measures level.
The policy level deals about the environmental norms and pacts, the local rules and regulations
of the area, transport and safety norms, freight transport rules and regulations, carbon emission
norms etc. to be followed. The strategy level deals about the planning of the new intelligent
transport service for the zone and the methods and ideas to be incorporated in that. The
Page 10 of 20
WS 14/15
implementation level deals about the methodology and way of implementing the proposed plan
for the selected zone and completing the project in the stipulated time frame. The measures
level deals about the follow up to the project like inspection, quality norms and servicing of the
systems to maintain the safety and efficiency of the ITS.
2.2 Inclusive cluster model

The model of Duisburg can be extended to the nearby cities like Dusseldorf, Essen, Bochum,
Dortmund, and Wuppertal. These cities together will form a cluster of cities enabling for the
expansion of the project model in this zone. Since the zone is now bigger, the funding should be
increased which means new stakeholders are into this project.
After implementing it to a larger zone the model is further extended to the whole of Germany.
Now it gets really big, with all the stakeholders at various levels such as policy level, strategy,
implementation etc. Bringing the whole country under a single umbrella of an ITS is a
challenging and much complicated job.
G1
G2
G3
Austria
Czech
Bulgaria
Belgium
Hungary
Croatia
Denmark
Poland
Cyprus
Finland
Greece
Estonia
France
Portugal
Latvia
Germany
Spain
Lithuania
United Kingdom
Malta
Italy
Romania
The Netherlands
Slovakia
Sweden
Slovenia
Table.1 Classification of Countries
Source: http://data.worldbank.org/region/EUU
Page 11 of 20
WS 14/15
The final objective of the model is to extend it further to the whole of Europe.
Here the
technology is with the leader countries. They should share it with the other mediator countries
and in turn to the developing follower countries.
3. Implementation
3.1 Strategy and methodology
First step of implementation is the policy level wherein all the paper works are discussed and
finalized by the leaders. Two recent European action plans include complementary actions on
the issue of ITS for urban areas5:
The ITS Action Plan(2008) forsees the set-up of a specific ITS collaboration platform to
promote ITS initiatives in the area of urban mobility.
The Action Plan on Urban Mobility (2009) forsees that the commission will offer
assistance on ITS applications for urban mobility , possibly in form of a guidance
document, to complement the ITS action plan.
The important issues in the countries are related to

Accessibility- The modes of transport should be accessible to all kinds of people in the society.
The concept of smart cities and dynamic cities are helpful in satisfying this issue.
Environment The transportation generates carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide which
creates problems to the environment and in turn to the people ultimately.
Public space management The problem of space management is a big headache for many
countries. As the human and vehicle population increases, traffic, road safety etc has become a
big problems in the modern society.
Quality of life The ultimate goal is to improve the quality of life in the urban areas in sequence
with the rural parts as well. Any plans proposed must have this in the mind before implementing
it.
Position on Urban ITS Platform, UITP EU Committee, March 2010
Page 12 of 20
WS 14/15
Sensing
To handle any road application, the first thing that we need is information from the road.
Sensors on roads can pro-vide such information. There are several existing modes of sensing:
static sensing6, where sensors are statically placed on the road, mobile sensing, where sensors
are placed in the moving vehicles and hybrid sensing, where both in-vehicle and on-road
infrastructure are needed.
Static sensing: techniques
Loops and magnetic sensors - Vehicle detection and counting using magnetic sensors
or loops under the road surface, has been explored in research [8, 9, 10] and deployed
systems.
Images and videos - Video surveillance to monitor traffic states and detect incidents and
hotspots is fairly common gives a comprehensive survey of the major computer vision
techniques used in traffic applications.
Acoustic sensors - Some recent research is being done to use acoustic sensors for
traffic state estimation, especially in developing regions, where traffic being chaotic is
noisy.
RF sensors - Wireless radios placed across the road have communication signals
affected by vehicular movement in between. There are commercial products [16] and
research efforts [4] using this for traffic monitoring.
Mobile sensing: techniques
GPS on public transport or fleet vehicles - Many public transport and fleet companies
have GPS installed in their vehicles for real time tracking. Several research projects
have tried to exploit these as a source of road in-formation was one of the early papers
to analyze GPS traces from buses to classify road segments as free-flow and congested
using threshold based classification. The Mo-bile Millennium Project at Berkeley used
GPS on a fleet of taxis and estimated travel times in London over 6 months is a recent
large scale study of GPS traces of a taxi fleet in Singapore, to know fare and travel
delays in real time. Another category of work using GPS on public trans-port has been to
predict bus arrival times.
Intelligent Transport systems for Indian cities by Rijurekha sen and Baskaran Raman, Department of computer
Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay.
Page 13 of 20
WS 14/15
GPS on Smartphone - With the recent proliferation of smartphones, smartphone GPS is

being studied for hotspot detection and travel time estimation, after handling noise in
GPS readings.
Hybrid sensing: techniques
Teledensity - Cell phone operators can give approximate vehicle densities in the
neighborhood of a given cell tower, based on subscribers seen at that tower. There are
commercial systems like and research efforts based on this.
Bluetooth - is a system where roadside Bluetooth detectors sense Bluetooth radios in

phones inside vehicles. Correlating the sensed Bluetooth addresses among different
detectors, gives travel times of the vehicles between the detectors.
RFID - Similar systems are being explored using RFID tags on vehicles and RFID
readers on road.
Classification of ITS
Advanced public transport system: (APTS)
APTS technologies are a collection of technologies that increase the efficiency and safety of
public transportation systems and offer users greater access to information on system
operations. The implementation of APTS technologies is transforming the way public
transportation systems operate, and changing the nature of the transportation services that can
be offered by public transportation systems. The goal is to provide public transportation
decision-makers more information to make effective decisions on systems and operations and
to increase travelers Convenience and rider ship. APTS technologies can be organized into
three broad categories that describe the technologies relevance to transit applications. Each
category is comprised of a variety of technology choices that are available to help transport
agencies and organizations meet travelers service needs while increasing safety and efficiency.
The three APTS technology categories are: fleet management system, travelers information
system and electronic payment system.
Page 14 of 20
WS 14/15
Advanced Traveler Information System: (ATIS)
Advanced travelers information systems (ATIS), a part of new technology applications in

transportation, provide accurate and timely information that help travelers to select routes, times
of travel and travel modes. They work even better with inclusion of geographic tourist guides
and yellow pages that enable travelers to select destinations based on proximity to other places.
Deliver data directly to travelers, empowering them to make better choices about alternate
routes or modes of transportation. When archived, this historical data provides transportation
planners with accurate travel pattern information, optimizing the transportation planning
process.
Advanced Traffic Management System: (ATMS)
This system can benefit the public with improved traffic and public safety, by monitoring the flow
of traffic and making appropriate decisions in a timely manner. Additional benefits include less
fuel consumption and reduced environmental impact. They employ a variety of relatively
inexpensive detectors, cameras, and communication systems to monitor traffic, optimize signal
timings on major arterials, and control the flow of traffic.
EU-Mandates :
The European standardization Organizations, ETSI, CEN, CENELEC, have been into several
mandates to standardize the specifications and guidelines for the ITS deployment across the
European community.7
M/453 Co-operative systems

Mandate in support of the development of technical standards and specifications in
order to ensure EU deployment and interoperability of cooperative systems (2009).
M/338 EETS
Mandate in support of the widespread introduction and interoperability of electronic road
toll systems in the EU (2003).
M/270 Standards for Road Transport Telematics (1998).
Reduce environmental and socio economical impacts of transport
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/standards_policy/mandates/database/
Page 15 of 20
WS 14/15
Re-conquer public spaM/211 Use of IC cards in automatics road toll collection systems
(1995).
M/210 Harmonised standards for automatic toll collection systems (1995).
M/018 Pan European interoperability of road Transport and Traffic Telematics (1993).
3.2 Problems in Implementation

The constraints and issues in implementing the project are present in all stages. The European
cities have to face a particularly complex challenge:
Ease the move of persons and goods
Meeting the increasing citizens demands for a reliable and easy to use travel information
Ensure accessibility of the towns and their economic development.
Re-conquer public space from private car use to eco-friendly modes and urban planning.
Reduce environmental and socio-economical impacts of transports ( noise, pollution,

loss of time in traffic jams, accidents).
Land
acquisition
problems
Technologic
al issues
Urban
Mobility
Environmen
tal demands
Fragmented
Institutional
background
Funding
constraints
Figure 3 Problems circling the urban mobility development
Page 16 of 20
WS 14/15
4. The Greater Picture- Inclusive Cluster Model

ITS and in particular Multimodal Information Services are a means of addressing these
objectives, since they help to optimize existing infrastructures, in terms of space and time, and
to build new services to enhance quality of life and to be combined with other modes of
transports.
Modal shift mainly deals with individuals routines and habits. In that perspective, the traveler
information is key and multimodal information is an incentive to the users to change their
mobility routines, and ensure them that is feasible and reliable. The increased modal shift
requires good quality pre-trip and on-trip multimodal traveler information to allow more efficient
pre-trip routing decisions and/or departure times and re-routing/diversion when needed, thus
increasing network efficiency.
Multi-modal travel information essentially aims to utilize existing transportation modes in the
most efficient way possible by informing travelers about the variety of travel choices available
and by combining them in the most efficient way. This is considered an important development
and factor for increasing the modal shift, especially if combined with the growth of highly
personalized highly information and transportation services accessible in real time through the
internet and smart phones.Reduction of road congestion is a major benefit, it allow for a
reduction for a reduction of public space allocated to road transport, for new public
transportation infrastructure, bike lanes, pedestrian and urban projects. Also, increased use of
public transportation and soft modes will show improvements in air quality as traffic congestion
is reduced. Improved air quality increases livability in cities and ensures a better standard of life
in densely populated areas.
This project while implementing will provide job opportunities to many thousands in Europe. It
helps the economy of the country. This enables increase in tourist flow In the Europe. This
increases the cash flow within the countries i.e., intercontinental socio-economic cooperation is
developed and a policy can be derived through this to reach higher levels of excellence in the
economical sector and social development sector.
This helps the follower countries which are developing countries in the European Union. The
technology and financial help from the developed countries can lead to prosperity of the whole
region. The bigger picture is the above development of the continent through this sustainable
development model in the field of transportation by ITS.
Page 17 of 20
WS 14/15
5. Conclusion
The concept of cluster model provides travel and information services between cars, trains,
buses and other modes of transport within the European cities. The recommendation is to foster
cooperation between urban mobility stakeholders like private and public, navigation systems
and services providers and car manufacturers, for setting up services that address user needs
and mobility policy objectives(modal shift). The continuity of cluster model at national and
European levels should be improves by provision of long distance data or information services
to the mobility providers.
Standardization is an important aspect in this project. There are lots of standards like ISO, ETSI,
CEN etc. To allow easy exchange of information and decrease cost for information services, the
use of existing standards for the cluster model is necessary. Also standardizing the new mobility
services like car pooling, car sharing, free bike services etc. To enhance better use of the
transport services, standardization of logistics structure is necessary and a robust, efficient and
effective architecture of multimodal dataset for cluster model is necessary.
There are many benefits attainted through this model implementation:
Reduction of road traffic and congestion
Reduction in carbon dioxide emissions
Better safe transport services
Effective use of space, which is limited in Europe
Faster and flexible inter connectivity between European cities
The main factor in understanding key issues is the absence of autonomous business models
that are not viable without public support, as the users often take information for granted and
are not ready to pay for it. The model will be of great help in building a more planned cities
which are eco-friendly and efficient usage of space that is available.
The multimodal information service through the sustainable cluster model is the future for the
European cities which can enhance the quality of life of the people and also preserve the
environment.
Page 18 of 20
WS 14/15
References
[1]
http://www.seminarsonly.com/Civil_Engineering/Intelligent-Transport-System.php
[2] Concept and best practices of city logistics by Professor Eiichi Taniguchi, Kyoto University
presented at International Transport forum, Leipzig on 2nd May, 2012.
http://2012.internationaltransportforum.org/sites/itforum2012/files/documents/en/WCTR_Side_E
vent_UrbanFreight_Taniguchi_20120502.pdf
[3]
http://www.economist.com/node/14301663
[4]
Position on Urban ITS Platform, UITP EU Committee, March 2010
http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/Position_Papers/UITP%20European%20Union%20Commit
tee%20Draft%20Position%20on%20Urban%20ITS%20Platform.pdf
[5]
Intelligent Transport systems for Indian cities by Rijurekha sen and Baskaran Raman,
Department of computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdr12/nsdr12-final2.pdf
[6]
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/standards_policy/mandates/database/
The Economist Guide to Management Ideas and Gurus, by Tim Hindle., Published by
Economist Books (5 April 2012).
Munasinghe, M., Sunkel, O. and de Miguel, C. (Eds.) 2001. The Sustainability of Long Term
Growth, Edward Elgar Publ., London, UK.
Action plan and legal framework for the deployment of intelligent transport systems (ITS) in
Europe, Publications Office of the European Union, 2011
Page 19 of 20
WS 14/15
Anhang : Erklrung
Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich diese Arbeit selbststndig verfasst habe, Zitate kenntlich
gemacht und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt wurden.
Suresh,Ram Pradeep_________________
3007910____________________
(Name, Vorname)
(Matrikel-Nr.)
Page 20 of 20

Sustainable Urban Logistics in ITS

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Sustainable Urban Logistics in ITS

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Intelligent Transport Systems