Ingls

B2

B2.2 Unit 2

Warm up video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=us0lQswwtZs

I WISH / IF ONLY

I wish o if only se usan para expresar un deseo o bien lamentarnos de algo que ha
ocurrido en el pasado y se traduce normalmente como ojal, aunque el uso de If only
es mucho ms enftico. Despus de I wish/ If only usamos los siguientes tiempos
verbales:

Simple Past > para expresar el deseo de que algo sea diferente a como es en
realidad (en espaol, pretrito imperfecto de subjuntivo). En el lenguaje ms
formal se suele usar las forma were con todas las formas personales detrs de
I wish/ If only.

I wish you were here! (Ojal estuvieras aqu)

I wish he were with us now! (Ojal estuviera con nosotras ahora)

Would + infinitivo > para expresar el deseo de que algo ocurra en el futuro o
para expresar una queja referida a una accin que nos gustara que cambiara
(en espaol, pretrito imperfecto de subjuntivo). Would no se usa para la
primera persona ni para hablar de algo que no depende de la voluntad del
sujeto.

I wish they would come! (Ojal vinieran)

I wish I would work less. > NO (Sera > I wish I worked less)
She wishes she would be taller > NO (Sera > She wishes she were
taller)

Past Perfect > para expresar el deseo de que algo hubiera ocurrido de forma
diferente o expresar arrepentimiento por haber hecho algo (en espaol,
pretrito pluscuamperfecto del subjuntivo).

I wish they had come! (Ojal hubieran venido)

Adems de las estructuras con el significado de ojal, existen otras construcciones

en las que tambin se usa wish:
-

Subject + wish + object + noun phrase

We wish you a merry Christmas.

Subject + wish + (object) + to- infinitivo

I wish to make a complaint.

Subject + for + noun phrase

We wish for peace and love.

Subject + object + adjective

The officers wish him alive.

Subject + not wish + object + on + somebody

I wouldnt wish it on my worst enemy.

Exercise9. Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense:

a) I wish he _________________ here now (to be).

b) If only you _________________ here yesterday (to be).
c) We wish you _________________ tomorrow (to come).
d) You will wish you _________________ earlier yesterday (to leave).
e) We wish you _________________ yesterday (to arrive).
f)

I wish that he _________________ us next year (to visit).

g) If only she _________________ at home now (to be).

h) You wish that he _________________ you last week (to help).
i)

He will always wish he _________________ rich (to be).

EMPHASIS

PASSIVE VOICE

La voz activa se emplea cuando el sujeto del verbo hace referencia a la persona o
cosa que realiza la accin significada por el verbo. Por el contrario, la voz pasiva se

emplea cuando el sujeto del verbo hace referencia a la persona o cosa que sufre,
que recibe, la accin significada por el verbo.

Slo pueden usarse en voz pasiva aquellos verbos que puedan llevar objeto.

The ball was struck by the boy.

Gold has been found by the explorers.

La voz pasiva en la forma del indicativo se forma con el verbo to be + participio

pasado del verbo principal. A continuacin mostramos un cuadro con los diferentes
tiempos verbales:

a. El presente simple de indicativo

Ejemplo de conjugacin con el verbo to show:
Simple Present Indicative of To Be Simple Present Indicative of Passive Voice
of To Show
I am

I am shown

you are

you are shown

he is

he is shown

b. Los dems tiempos del indicativo

El verbo To Be comparado con la voz pasiva del verbo To Show
Present Continuous

Present Continuous

I am being

I am being shown

you are being

you are being shown

he is being

he is being shown

Present Perfect

Present Perfect

I have been

I have been shown

you have been

you have been shown

he has been

he has been shown

Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous

I have been being

I have been being shown

you have been being

you have been being shown

he has been being

he has been being shown

Simple Past

Simple Past

I was

I was shown

you were

you were shown

he was

he was shown

Past Continuous

Past Continuous

I was being

I was being shown

you were being

you were being shown

he was being

he was being shown

Past Perfect

Past Perfect

I had been

I had been shown

you had been

you had been shown

he had been

he had been shown

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

I had been being

I had been being shown

you had been being

you had been being shown

he had been being

he had been being shown

Simple Future

Simple Future

I will (shall) be

I will (shall) be shown

you will be

you will be shown

he will be

he will be shown

Future Continuous

Future Continuous

I will (shall) be being

I will (shall) be being shown

you will be being

you will be being shown

he will be being

he will be being shown

Future Perfect

Future Perfect

I will (shall) have been

I will (shall) have been shown

you will have been

you will have been shown

he will have been

he will have been shown

Future Perfect Continuous

Future Perfect Continuous

I will (shall) have been being

I will (shall) have been being shown

you will have been being

you will have been being shown

he will have been being

he will have been being shown

Los tiempos Present Perfect Continuous, Past Continuous, Future Continuous y

Future Perfect Continuous de la voz pasiva se hacen muy largos e incmodos, por lo
que se usan muy poco.

Oraciones interrogativas y negativas:

-

Interrogativas:

(You were shown the sights) Were you shown the sights?
(She is being shown the sights) Is she being shown the sights?
(He will have been shown the sights) Will he have been shown the sights?
(We should be shown the sights) Should we be shown the sights?

Negativas:

You were not shown the sights.

She is not being shown the sights.
He will not have been shown the sights.
We should not be shown the sights.

a) Cambio de voz del verbo:

 Normalmente, cuando se pasa una frase de activa a pasiva, cambiando slo la voz
del verbo y dejando el resto de las palabras de la oracin tal como estn en la frase
activa, se produce un cambio en el significado.
Active Voice: He is driving to the airport.
Passive Voice: He is being driven to the airport.
[La persona a la que se refiere el sujeto de la primera frase se comporta activamente:
est ejerciendo la accin de conducir. La persona a la que se refiere el sujeto de la
segunda frase est actuando de forma pasiva: l o ella no conduce sino que alguien le
est llevando al aeropuerto].

b) Cambio de voz del verbo manteniendo el significado de la oracin:

Para mantener el significado de una oracin cuando se altera la voz del verbo, es
necesario alterar el orden de las palabras de la oracin.
- Cambio de activa a pasiva > Cuando un verbo que lleva objeto se cambia de activa a
pasiva, para mantener el significado de la frase, dicho objeto se ha de convertir en el
sujeto del verbo y el que en la frase activa es sujeto puede situarse despus del verbo
acompaado de la preposicin by pasando a ser agente.
The wind is rippling the water. [el verbo is rippling tiene como sujeto wind y
como objeto water. Cuando el verbo pasa a pasiva y se mantiene el significado
de la frase, lo que antes era objeto, water, se convierte en el sujeto del verbo y
lo que antes era sujeto, wind, se convierte en el agente (objeto de la
preposicin

by)].

The water is being rippled by the wind.

Active: The squirrel ate the nut.
Passive: The nut was eaten by the squirrel.
Active: The child will open the parcel.
Passive: The parcel will be opened by the child.
Cuando se cambia la voz del verbo en una frase manteniendo el significado de la
misma, es necesario asegurarse de que el verbo concuerde con el nuevo sujeto.

Active: The boys are mowing the lawn.

Passive: The lawn is being mowed by the boys.
[En la primera frase, el sujeto boys es plural; por tanto, debe usarse el auxiliar are;
en la segunda frase, el sujeto lawn es singular; por tanto, se emplea el auxiliar is].

- Cambio de pasiva a activa > Cuando un verbo pasa de pasiva a activa, para
mantener el significado de la frase, el que es el sujeto pasa a ser el objeto del verbo y,
si la frase incluye una proposicin introducida por la preposicin by, el que es objeto
de la preposicin pasa a ser el sujeto del verbo.

Passive: The clover is being eaten by the cow.

Active: The cow is eating the clover.
Passive: The wine was ordered by the dealer.
Active: The dealer ordered the wine.
Passive: The deer could have been killed by the poacher.
Active: The poacher could have killed the deer.

c) Cambio de voz de un verbo que lleva tanto objeto directo como indirecto:

Cuando un verbo en voz activa lleva tanto objeto directo como objeto indirecto,
cualquiera de ellos puede convertirse en el sujeto del verbo al pasarse la oracin a
pasiva, mantenindose el significado de la misma. El objeto que no pasa a ser sujeto
queda como objeto. Cuando un verbo en pasiva lleva objeto indirecto, ste va
normalmente precedido por una preposicin.

Active: The guide will show you the museum.

Passive: You will be shown the museum by the guide.
Passive: The museum will be shown to you by the guide.

[En la primera frase (Active) el verbo will show lleva el objeto directo museum, y el
objeto indirecto you. En las frases segunda y tercera el verbo will be shown est en

pasiva, y el significado se ha mantenido al alterar el orden de las palabras y usar la

preposicin by. En la segunda frase, el que era objeto indirecto, you, es ahora el sujeto
del verbo, y el que era el objeto directo, museum, se mantiene como objeto directo. En
la tercera frase, el que era objeto directo, museum, ha pasado a ser el sujeto del
verbo, y el que era objeto indirecto, you, ahora va precedido de la preposicin to].
Active: The policeman gave you a medal.
Passive: You were given a medal by the policeman.
Passive: A medal was given to you by the policeman.

La voz pasiva en la forma del subjuntivo se forma de la misma manera que el

indicativo. A continuacin mostramos un cuadro los siguientes tiempos verbales:
Simple Present

Simple Past

I am shown

I were shown

you are shown

you were shown

he is shown

he were shown

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

I am being shown

I were being shown

You are being shown

you were being shown

he is being shown

he were being shown

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

I have been shown

I had been shown

you have been shown

you had been shown

he have been shown

he had been shown

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

I have been being shown

I had been being shown

you have been being shown

you had been being shown

he have been being shown

he had been being shown

a) Presente simple del subjuntivo > se emplea normalmente en clusulas

subordinadas que empiezan con that en frases que contienen rdenes o solicitudes
formales.
I request that he be invited to speak.
We asked that our suggestions be considered.
They will insist that their colleague be admitted to the association.

b) Formas del pasado del subjuntivo > se emplea para expresar deseos y condiciones
falsas o improbables.
I wish he were allowed to come. (deseo)
It would have been better if they had been invited. (falsa condicin o premisa)
Exercise2. Change the following affirmative statements into questions. For
example:

You are required to prepare the documents for the meeting.

Are you required to prepare the documents for the meeting?

1. They should be informed.

2. She might have been invited to come.
3. You had been told not to say anything about that.
4. They will be used when needed.

5. It has been stored in an appropriate place.

6. They were being repaired.

Exercise3. Change the following affirmative statements into negative statements.

For example:

They would have been trained to do this job.

They would not have been trained to do this job.

1. We could have been observed from that building there.

2. It is being dealt with successfully.
3. They were being kept under observation.
4. You will be held responsible if something goes wrong.
5. They were expected to get here at ten o'clock.
6. He will be asked to collaborate.
7. It was sent to the correspondent department on time.

Exercise4. For each of the following sentences, first indicate the tense of the
underlined verb, and then change the verb from the Active Voice to the
corresponding tense in the Passive Voice. Take note of the resulting change in
the meaning of the sentence. For example:

They drive to work at seven o'clock every morning.

Simple Present: They are driven to work at seven o'clock every morning.
Did he notice?
Simple Past: Was he noticed?

She is not telling the truth.

Present Continuous: he is not being told the truth.

We have sent a message.

Present Perfect: We have been sent a message.

I will pay.
Simple Future: I will be paid.

1. Do they expect to have any guests for dinner? _________________

2. He is giving orders and instructions. __________________
3. They have moved to a different city. __________________
4. She will fly to Madrid next week. _________________
5. He has offered a discount in all his products. __________________
6. They have stopped to take a rest. __________________
7. Will you have given permission? _________________
8. We sent a quite long letter. __________________
9. We were teaching Spanish and French. __________________
10. I understand perfectly what you mean. ___________________

11. He is offering free advice for unemployed people. _________________

12. She will rush to the station. __________________

Exercise5. For each of the following sentences, first indicate the tense of the
underlined verb, and then change the verb from the Passive Voice to the
corresponding tense in the Active Voice. Take note of the resulting change in the
meaning of the sentence. For example:

We are paid on a monthly basis.

Simple Present: We pay on a monthly basis.

She is not assisted every day.

Simple Present: She does not assist every day.

Was he not being flown to LA?

Past Continuous: Was he not flying to LA?

It has been grown here for the past ten years.

Present Perfect: It has grown here for the past ten years.

Might they be called at five in the afternoon tomorrow?

Simple conjugation with might: Might they call at five in the afternoon tomorrow?

1. We can be heard easily from far away. _________________

2. She is being given spiritual guidance. __________________
3. Were they not flown over the mountains? ________________
4. I had been transferred to another department.
5. He is being convinced. __________________
6. We have been sent an anonymous gift. __________________
7. He is not being taught music properly. _________________
8. Should they have been driven to their destination? ______________
9. They will be watched constantly. __________________
10. We had been taken to the beach today. __________________
11. Has he been checked into the hotel? ______________
12. Could I have been told the news last week? __________________

Exercise6. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the
Active Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Passive Voice. Preserve the
meaning of the sentences by using the preposition by and making the necessary
changes in word order. For example:

The teenager drove the car.

The car was driven by the teenager.

The girl is riding the horse.

The horse is being ridden by the girl.

The student has cooked a delicious lunch.

A delicious lunch has been cooked by the student.

The president of the company will thank the members of all the departments.
The members of all the departments will be thanked by the president of the
company
company.

The children can understand the text.

The text can be understood by the children.

1. That woman founded this association.

2. This picture won the prize.
3. The girl is playing the piano.
4. The mailman has already delivered all the letters.
5. The pilot can fly the aeroplane.
6. The child bought the white t-shirt.
7. The cat chased the mouse.
8. The workers will paint the walls.
9. The stranger could have stolen the wallet.
10. The dealer has sold the jewels.
11. The dog splashed the water.
12. The man has watered the flowers.

Exercise7. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the
Passive Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Active Voice. Preserve the
meaning of the sentences by omitting the preposition by and making the
necessary changes in word order. For example:

Their new song was heard by everyone.

Everyone heard their new song.

The instructions were followed by the officials.

The officials followed the instructions.

The money is being counted by the cashier.

The cashier is counting the money.

The animals in the zoo have been fed by the tourists.

The tourists have fed the animals in the zoo.

The landscape will be photographed by the photographer.

The photographer will photograph the landscape.

1. The bill was paid by the boss.

2. The cake was made by the cook.
3. The wiring must be checked by the electrician.
4. The crow was being scolded by the squirrel.
5. The book was written by a specialist.
6. The house was decorated by a student.
7. The seeds were taken by the birds.
8. The beer has been drunk by the guests.
9. The mail is opened every day by the secretary.
10. The ingredients have been added and mixed by the cooks.
11. The bird was seen by the naturalists who were observing.
12. His work will be published by the magazine next month.

Exercise8. Complete the following sentences using the Simple Present

Subjunctive of the Passive Voice of the verbs shown in brackets. For example:

She ordered that the most important details _______ known. (to make)
She ordered that the most important details be made known.

He advises that the plane ________ at a high altitude. (to fly)

He advises that the plane be flown at a high altitude.

1. They demand that the change of plans _____________ at nine o'clock. (to report)
2. It is necessary that their accomplishments ____________. (to recognize)
4. It is crucial that we _____________ of any change. (to inform)
5. He asks that his papers and documents ____________ in order. (to put)
6. They requested that their qualifications ______________. (to accept)
7. We insist that he not _____________ his rights. (to deny)
8. It is important that the requirements _____________. (to meet)
9. She requests that the most experienced candidate ___________. (to choose)
10. It is recommended that care __________ in making the repairs. (to take)
11. He insists that smoking ______________. (to forbid)

VOCABULARY
Ooops! Dont put your foot in it! (No metas la pata!)

1.How do you say in English: Espero que vengas a mi fiesta?

I hope that you come to my party?
NOOOOOOOO
We say:
I hope you come to my party!!

*When talking about hope or something that will happen in the future, we need: subject
+hope + subject + verb in present simple

Eg.: She hopes they play well today.

I hope it doesnt rain on Saturday!

2.How do you say in English Cada individuo tiene que tomar su propia
decisin? Every individual has to make his own decision?
NOOOOO
We need to say:

Every individual has to make THEIR own decision!

3.How do you say in English Por fin han aparecido las llaves de mi coche!
Finally, my keys have appeared?
NOOOO
We say: Finally, my keys have turned up! or My keys have finally turned up, or
just Ive finally found my keys

INTENSIFIERS 1
We use words like very, really and extremely to make adjectives stronger:
Its a very interesting story
Everyone was very excited.
Its a really interesting story.
Everyone was extremely excited

We call these words intensifiers. Other intensifiers are:

amazingly

Exceptionally

incredibly

remarkably

Particularly

Unusually

We also use enough to say more about an adjective, but enough comes after its
adjective:
If you are seventeen you are old enough to drive a car.
I cant wear those shoes. Theyre not big enough.
Intensifiers with strong adjectives:
Strong adjectives are words like:
enormous, huge = very big
tiny = very small
brilliant = very clever
awful; terrible; disgusting; dreadful = very bad
certain = very sure
excellent; perfect; ideal; wonderful; splendid = very good
delicious = very tasty
We do not normally use very with these adjectives. We do not say something is "very
enormous" or someone is "very brilliant".
With strong adjectives, we normally use intensifiers like:
absolutely completely
really

Exercise 1:
Choose the correct intensifier:
1.absolutely / really
A:How was your exam?
B: Not good. It wasdifficult

A:Are you hungry?

utterly

exceptionally particularly quite

The film was absolutely awful.

He was an exceptionally brilliant child.
The food smelled really disgusting.

2.extremely / absolutely

totally

B.Hungry? I am starving!

3.totally/very
A:So, did you like the movie?
B:No, I thought it was.awful!

4.extremely / totally
A: Do you think well get a pay rise this year?
B:Well, if we do, it will be.small!

5.really/very
A:Did you have a good holiday?
B:Yes, thanks. It was ..fantastic.

6.absolutely, very
A: I dont like politics.
B: No? I find it .interesting.

INTENSIFIERS 2

Certain adjectives have their own 'special' intensifiers which are often used with them.
Here are some common ones:
blind drunk
o

bone dry

He was blind drunk and behaved really badly.

I must have a drink. I'm bone dry.

brand new
o

I've just bought a brand new car.

crystal clear
o

The sea near Rhodes is crystal clear.

That exam was dead easy. I've certainly passed.

He's won three lottery prizes this year. He's dead lucky.

I agree entirely. You are dead right.

I bought my car for a dirt cheap price from an old lady who had hardly
driven it.

dead easy

dead right

dirt cheap

fast asleep / sound asleep

o
o

I was in bed and fast asleep by nine.

I was sound asleep and I didn't hear anything.

These office walls are paper thin. You can hear everything said in the
next office.

paper thin

pitch black
o

There's no moon. It's pitch black out there.

razor sharp
o

Be careful with that knife- it's razor sharp.

It's impossible to dig this soil it's rock hard.

rock hard

stark naked

The hotel door slammed behind me and I was left standing stark naked
in the middle of the corridor.

stone deaf
o

He can't hear a thing. He's stone deaf.

wide awake
o

I was wide awake by six.

Who left the door wide open?

wide open

EXERCISE 2
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:

I was ..............awake by seven.

I cant see a thing. Its .............black in here.
Ive got a.................new computer.
There has been no rain for weeks. The ground is...........dry.
My new computer is.............easy in use.
I got my computer for a ........cheap price.
I was...........lucky to get such a bargain.
I was............asleep when you phoned.

NEWCOMER / COMEBACK / COMEDOWN / COME-ON

NEWCOMER
If youve never seen this word before, you might be able to work out its meaning from
the two words that it contains: newand come. As you might expect, it means
someone who has recently arrived in a place, for example: She is a newcomer to
the company. The place in question doesnt need to be physical or geographical
either; you can be a newcomer to a particular activity or situation: Im a newcomer to
politics

COMEBACK
If you know what the verb to come back means , then youll probably be able to work
out that this noun means a vuelta of some kind. Its most commonly used in the field
of entertainment or sport when someone returns to the activity that they used to be
successful at: He made a comeback to the team after being injured for two years
The other meaning of a comeback is when you make a quick and usually witty
(ingenioso) response to a critical remark.

COMEDOWN
Again, this word has two uses. First, it can be used when people have experienced a
loss of status or importance in their jobs or lives. For example: Playing for Oviedo was
a bit of a comedown for him after having played for Real Madrid.
The other meaning is to describe a feeling of disappointment or depression and in
particular after a drug ceases to produce an effect.

COME-ON
And finally, as we always like to show you the most curious uses of English, ...if
somebody gives you the come-on , youre lucky...or maybe not! IIt means that they
are insinundose

QUICK QUIZ:

1.Cmo se llamara una

vuelta a las tablas de un
esceario o a los plats
del cine/televisin?

2.Cmo llamamos a una

persona que acaba de
llegar a un sitio o a una
actividad?

a)come-on

a)a comedown
b)a comeback

3.Qu palabra significa

un bajnen ingls?

a)a newcomer
b)a comeback

b)comedown