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Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures accurate chromosome segregation by delaying entry into anaphase until all sister
chromatids have become bi-oriented. A key component of the SAC
is the Mad2 protein, which can adopt either an inactive open
(O-Mad2) or active closed (C-Mad2) conformation. The conversion
of O-Mad2 into C-Mad2 at unattached kinetochores is thought to
be a key step in activating the SAC. The template model proposes
that this is achieved by the recruitment of soluble O-Mad2 to
C-Mad2 bound at kinetochores through its interaction with Mad1.
Whether Mad1 has additional roles in the SAC beyond recruitment
of C-Mad2 to kinetochores has not yet been addressed. Here, we
show that Mad1 is required for mitotic arrest even when C-Mad2
is artificially recruited to kinetochores, indicating that it has
indeed an additional function in promoting the checkpoint. The
C-terminal globular domain of Mad1 and conserved residues in
this region are required for this unexpected function of Mad1.
Keywords Mad1; Mad2; mitosis; SAC
Subject Categories Cell Cycle; Chromatin, Epigenetics, Genomics &
Functional Genomics
DOI 10.1002/embr.201338101 | Received 15 October 2013 | Revised 9 January
2014 | Accepted 9 January 2014 | Published online 28 January 2014
EMBO Reports (2014) 15, 282290
Introduction
The SAC ensures accurate chromosome segregation by delaying
anaphase entry by inhibiting Cdc20, the mitotic co-activator of the
anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), an E3 ubiquitin
ligase essential for targeting cyclin B1 and securin for degradation
[1]. Cdc20 is inhibited by the direct binding of Mad2 and the
BubR1-Bub3 checkpoint proteins forming the mitotic checkpoint
complex (MCC) [26]. Current models propose that the Mad2-Cdc20
complex represents the initial inhibitory complex formed that is
then converted into the MCC by binding of BubR1-Bub3. Following
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
*Corresponding author. Tel: +45 35325053; Fax: +45 35325001; E-mail: jakob.nilsson@cpr.ku.dk
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ment of Mad1 for Mad2 kinetochore targeting. To this end, we targeted Mad2 to kinetochores by fusing it to the C-terminus of the
outer kinetochore protein Ndc80 (referred to as KT-Mad2). The
KT-Mad2 fusion protein localized strongly to kinetochores, and
even at low levels, a strong mitotic arrest was observed with all
chromosomes aligned on the metaphase plate (Fig 1A and B). The
expression level of KT-Mad2 in the stable cell line was very low
compared to endogenous Mad2 (Supplementary Fig S1A). This
metaphase arrest persisted for hours until the metaphase plate collapsed likely due to cohesion fatigue [26,27]. When we expressed
soluble Mad2, C-Mad2 (Mad2 L13A), or O-Mad2 (Mad2 V193N),
only negligible effects on mitotic progression were observed and
similarly targeting Mad2 to chromosomes via fusion to H2B did
not arrest cells in mitosis (Fig 1B). Analysis of recombinant Mad2
L13A and Mad2 V193N on a Resource Q column confirmed that
they were largely in the closed or open confirmation, respectively,
similar to what has been reported (Supplementary Fig S1B) [21].
The failure of soluble Mad2 proteins to induce a metaphase arrest
was not due to low expression levels as they were expressed at
much higher levels than KT-Mad2 (Supplementary Fig S1C). These
results show that Mad2 needs to be specifically targeted to kinetochores to induce a mitotic arrest similar to what has been
described for Mad1 and Mps1 [28,29].
To investigate the conformational requirements of the kinetochore-targeted Mad2, we used the same approach to target
C-Mad2, O-Mad2, and Mad2 R133A that has a mutation in the
dimerization interface, hereby preventing Mad2 dimerization
[16,21]. While targeting of C-Mad2 to kinetochores produced a
strong metaphase arrest, cells expressing similar levels of targeted
O-Mad2 or Mad2 R133A did not arrest (Fig 1C). Purification of the
different Ndc80 fusions from stable cell lines arrested with nocodazole revealed that the tethered Mad2 molecules behaved as
expected in that only KT-Mad2 and KT-C-Mad2 bound to Mad1
(Fig 1D). These observations are in agreement with the template
model and provide further in vivo evidence for this model.
Mad1 is required for the KT-Mad2-induced mitotic arrest
Since the Ndc80 complex is essential for microtubule binding and
end-on attachment, we wanted to exclude that the observed arrest
upon kinetochore targeting of active Mad2 was due to a secondary
defect in kinetochoremicrotubule interactions. To exclude this,
we analyzed the metaphase-arrested cells by immunofluorescence
after cold treatment, as this will depolymerize non-kinetochore
microtubules. Cells transfected with the different Mad2 tethering
constructs all exhibited robust K-fibers and end-on attachment to
kinetochores, and in addition, measurement of the distance
between sister kinetochore pairs revealed that tension was applied
(Fig 2A and B). Measuring the time from nuclear envelope breakdown to alignment of all chromosomes at the metaphase plate
revealed no major difference between cells expressing Ndc80Venus and KT-Mad2 (Fig 2C). These results and the observation
that KT-O-Mad2 does not affect chromosome segregation argue
that the arrest observed in KT-Mad2 and KT-C-Mad2 is due to the
persistent presence of these proteins rather than subtle defects in
kinetochoremicrotubule interactions.
Given that KT-Mad2 and KT-C-Mad2 bind Mad1, we could now
test whether Mad1 was still required to obtain a strong metaphase
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Still images from a time-lapse movie of a stable HeLa cell line expressing the KT-Mad2 (Ndc80-Venus-Mad2) fusion protein or the KT-O-Mad2 protein, and a
histone marker. Time is in minutes and t = 0 at NEBD.
B, C NEBD-Anaphase times in stable HeLa cell lines expressing the indicated Mad2 constructs as measured by time-lapse microscopy. Each dot represents a single cell
and red dots are cells that were still arrested when the recording ended. The red line indicates the median.
D
The indicated Ndc80 fusion proteins were purified using GFP binder resin from nocodazole-arrested cells and analyzed for their ability to bind the indicated
proteins by Western blot.
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Cells were transfected with the indicated Ndc80 fusion proteins or treated with nocodazole and treated on ice prior to fixation and stained with the indicated
antibodies to monitor microtubulekinetochore interactions.
B The distance between kinetochore pairs on metaphase plates was determined by measuring the distance between the two CREST pairs from the images in (A). At
least 60 pairs were measured from at least 9 different cells for each condition, and a red line indicates the mean and standard deviation is indicated. Each dot
represents one kinetochore pair. A t-test was used to compare the different conditions *P 0.05, ***P 0.001, ****P 0.0001, ns: non-significant P > 0.05.
C The time from NEBD to the alignment of all chromosomes on the metaphase plate was measured from the time-lapse movies for the indicated cell lines. The median
is indicated by the red line and was 20 minutes for all conditions.
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Figure 3. Mad1 is required for a SAC arrest despite Mad2 persisting on kinetochores.
A
Still images from time-lapse movies of a stable HeLa cell line expressing KT-Mad2 where Mad1 has been depleted by RNAi. The protocol for depletion of Mad1 is
depicted above.
B NEBD-Anaphase times were measured from time-lapse movies for the indicated Ndc80 fusions either depleted of Mad1 or control-depleted. Each dot represents a
single cell and red dots represent cells that were still arrested when the recording ended. The median is indicated by a red line.
C Purification of the indicated Ndc80 fusions from stable HeLa cell lines treated with nocodazole using GFP binder. Cells were either depleted of Mad1 or treated with
a control oligo as indicated and probed for Ndc80 and Mad1.
D A stable HeLa cell line expressing KT-Mad2 was depleted of soluble Mad2 using two different oligos targeting the 3 UTR of Mad2 or depleted of BubR1 or Bub1
using RNAi. Mps1 was inhibited using reversine. For each condition, the NEBD-Anaphase time was measured from time-lapse movies and each dot represents a
single cell analyzed.
E The indicated Ndc80 fusions were transfected into HeLa cells and either control-depleted or depleted of Mad1 using RNAi. The cells were fixed and stained for
expression of the fusion protein (GFP) and closed Mad2 (C-Mad2).
F The level of C-Mad2 and GFP signal was quantified from deconvoluted images using 3 z-stacks 200 nm apart encompassing the bulk of kinetochore signal, and
then the C-Mad2 signal was normalized to GFP. Each dot represents a single kinetochore, and at least 47 kinetochores from at least seven different cells were
analyzed. The mean is indicated by a red line and standard deviation as well. A t-test was used to compare the different conditions ***P 0.001, ****P 0.0001,
ns: non-significant P > 0.05.
Previous work from the Hardwick laboratory has revealed a checkpoint-dependent complex between Mad1 and Bub1 in budding yeast
that depends on the conserved RLK motif of Mad1 (residues 617-619
in human Mad1) [32]. Using in vitro translated proteins, an interaction has also been reported for the human proteins [33]. In budding
yeast, the Mad1-Bub1 interaction is required for a functional SAC in
part due to the fact that the interaction is required for Mad1 kinetochore localization. Since we observe a dependency for Bub1 even
when the Mad1-Mad2 complex is tethered, it could be that the Mad1Bub1 interaction is required for a functional SAC in addition to playing a role in Mad1-Mad2 recruitment. However, analysis of endogenous and exogenous Mad1 by exhaustive mass spectrometry as well
as extensive yeast two-hybrid screens has failed to detect Bub1 as a
binding partner for Mad1. Potentially, this interaction in human cells
is very weak compared to budding yeast or the role of the Mad1 C-terminal domain observed here is unrelated to Bub1 binding. Defining
this function of Mad1 will be an important future goal.
Figure 4. The globular C-terminal domain of Mad1 is essential for a functional SAC.
A Schematic of the different Mad1 constructs with the Mad2-binding site and globular domain (CTD) indicated.
B Stable cell lines expressing the indicated FLAG-Venus-Mad1 constructs were purified from nocodazole-arrested cells, and their ability to bind Mad2 was determined
by Western blotting.
C The stable KT-Mad2 cell line was depleted for Mad1 and complemented with the indicated Mad1 constructs. NEBD-Anaphase times were determined for the
different Mad1 constructs expressing similar levels. The red line indicates the median, and each dot represents a single cell analyzed.
D Still images from time-lapse analysis of stable Venus-Mad1 cell lines transfected with TFP-tagged KT-Mad2.
E Still images from time-lapse movies of a cell expressing Ndc80-Venus-Mad1 (KT-Mad1) with time given in minutes and time at NEBD set to zero.
F NEBD-Anaphase times determined from time-lapse movies of cells expressing the indicated Ndc80 fusion proteins. Each dot represents a single cell analyzed and
red dots represent cells still arrested in mitosis when the recording ended. The red lines indicate the median.
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Acknowledgements
14.
Hauf for sharing unpublished results. Mia F. Nielsen and Tine K. Nielsen kindly
prepared recombinant Mad2 protein. This work was supported by grants to JN
We thank Stephen Taylor for providing the HeLa/FRT/TRex cell line and Silke
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function of Mad1:C-Mad2 in the spindle assembly checkpoint. EMBO J
Author contribution
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MSYL performed immunofluorescence analysis and helped with live cell analy-
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