UTP GP Course 2

21/01/2014

LIFE OF FIELD
Exploration
Block
Acquisition

Planning

Frontier
Exploration

Prospect
Evaluation

Drilling

Appraisal
Discovery

Volumes

Appraisal

Reserve &
Economic

Field Development
Reservoir
Static Model

Simulation

PVT
RFT
DST

Production
Forecast

Development
Plan

Secondary Recovery
EOR

FLOODING
INJECTION

SECONDARY
RECOVERY

PRODUCE
R&
INJECTOR

Infill
Drilling

SEISMIC
TECHNOLOGY VALUE
CHAIN

Petroleum
Elements
PetroleumSystem
System Processes

Gas
Cap
Oil

Entrapment

Water

Seal Rock
Reservoir
Rock

Migration
120 F

Generation

350 F
24803

Source: AAPG
Source:
AAPG

Malay Basin Geology

Malay basin is a prolific

Petroleum Tertiary basin that
has seen four
decades of
extensive E & P activity.
It is an extensional
deep
(12Km) mature, NW trending
basin. With dimension 500 X
200 sq km
Exploration is focused in
Miocene stratigraphic. Units
called Group E to K .
Youngest to oldest.

Courtesy PETRONAS

The Seismic Experiment

Interaction of Geology & Geophysics
Depth
Km

SEISMIC SOURCE

GEOLOGICAL
STRUCTURE

Courtesy GX Technology

Malay Basin Inversion Structures

Basement Controlled
Faulting results into
grabens & half grabens

COMPRESSIVE H.C. BEARING ANTICLINES

MODEL ING

AI(t)

RC(t)

W(t)

S(t)

*
Rc

2V2 1V1
2V2 1V1

INVERSION

AI : Acoustic impedance
coefficient

RC : Reflection

W : Wavelet

S : Seismic trace

BOW-TIE SEISMIIC RESPONSE IN TIME

IMAGED SYNCLINAL GEOLOGY IN
DEPTH

Seismic Imaging Simulates a section generated by

having Source and Receivers located on Reflector
Huygens Concept

Seismic Imaging a Focusing Process

Z = 0 at

t = 2T

Zero Focus

t
Z
Seismic Response

Depth model

Z
(1)
(2)
(3)
Z=z

Partial Focus

Partial Focus

Full imaged
Focus
Fully
Z =Z

& t=0

Back Propagate until Recorded Time is Up

Model & Travel Time in T-X Plot

T-X Plot

Z-X Model

-x

+x

Particle Motion

wave
direction

1. P-waves
Particle motion parallel to wave propagation

2. S-waves
Particle motion perpendicular to wave propagation
13

Elizabeth A. LaBarre, EnCana Oil & Gas (USA) Inc., and Thomas L. Davis and Robert D. Benson, Colorado School of Mines, Finding the sweet spot,
http://www.epmag.com/Exploration-Geology-Geophysics/Finding-sweet-spot_3669

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_wave_splitting

Elastic Properties of P & S

Waves
Hooke's Law
i) Compressional (P) wave
Particle
Motion

Stress = C * Strain
Elastic Constant
C = K (compressive stress)
C = m (shear Stress)

ii) Shear (S) wave

Particle Motion

FLUID
Brine
Oil
Gas

Volume
Change

K
2.4
1.0
0.02

Shape
Change
F

Vp = K 4/3m

1/2

K = incompressibility

m rigidity
density

Vs =

1/2

Seismic waves are a consequence of Hooke's law , that states

that Strain produced in rocks is proportional to the Stress applied

16

Retrograde elliptical particle motion

Particle motion is complex, may be elliptical

Surface waves are noise
Low velocity, less than S-waves
Ground roll in land surface seismic

17

Seismic Acquisition -Land

Seismic Acquisition-Marine
3D MARINE SEISMIC ACQUISITION

AIR GUN

STREAMER
ACOUSTIC
TRANSPONDER
FOR DETECTOR
POSITIONING

Vietnam 3D

825 meters

22

First 12 streamer hi-resolution hi- survey in Petronas Carigali shot by P.G.S in 2002

Wellhead

Rig
source
Deviated
borehole

Normal incidence (boat) source

 2 source, 6 streamer configuration

12 lines shot in 1 boat pass
Sea surface

Sea bed

25

Seismic Acquisition Video

Seismic Trace
(Soft)

Polarity (Hard)

High Frequency
10 60 Hz (Cycles/sec)
Amplitude (-)
(Reservoir)

Low Frequency
6 35 Hz

0 Phase
90 Phase
180 Phase
Wavelength
=v/
= 3000/30 = 100 m
Resolution = 25 m

Seismic Variables & Its Attributes

AMPLITUDE

Resolution
Thin beds/Tuning
Channel detection

FREQUENCY

Sand quality
Porosity
Fluid & Lithology
Bed Thickness

PHASE
Seismic well match
Discontinuity faults
Unconformity

All seismic attributes are linear combination of these three basic variable. While
interpreting seismic data use has to be made of all information derived from
these attributes

2 Layer Model
Elapsed Time, T = 0
Wave after 65 ms
Incident Wave

After 80 ms

Refracted
Wave

After 110 ms
Reflected Wave

Simulated Wave Propagation at

discrete times

29

Seismic Data Visualization

Powered by advanced supercomputer
power, rapid data loading, high-speed
networking and high-resolution
graphics.
Visualization Centers provide the
ability to display and manipulate
multiple 3D volumes data in a
collaborative, team environment
amongst geophysicists, geologist,
engineers and managers.

Seismic Data Processing and Imaging

Substantial
computing
power.
The
advanced
mathematical algorithms and
complex geophysical processes
applied to 3D seismic data
require enormous computing
resources.
Not to mention the massive
volumes of data involved.

Fault
Gas

Well
Path

Horizon

32

3D VIEW OF PLANNED
WELL TRAJECTORY

3D Seismic
Interpretation,
Visualization and Well
Planning

Fault Interpretation

3-D Volume Facies Interpretation

Seismic Well Correlation

Imaging Geology
DHI
IMAGING

UNCONFIRMITY

FAULT
SHALE

Faults

CHANNEL

Vertical seismic cross section

35

EAST BARAM DELTA

NW DEEP-WATER EAST BARAM DELTA
COUNTER REGIONAL
CHAMPION PADAS
FAULT SYSTEM

TOE THRUST

MEGA STRUCTURE

SOUTHERN INBOARD BELTSE

BRUNEI BAY

LABUAN

LABUAN
SYNCLINE

KM

SRU
STAGE IVD

IVD

STAGE IVF / G

2
DRU

STAGE IVC

DRU

4
ge
ed
elf
sh

Pli

oc
en
e

lta
De

20

40 KM

The Miocene Stage IVC to Stage IVD sediments is deposited largely in

deltaic to coastal depositional environments.

SYNCLINE
AN
IS
KIM

-PAI
SLEY

E
LIN
NC
SY

AN

ce
in
ov

SABAH
Legend
Reverse fault

Ba
r

am

(From Mazlan et al, 1999)

Pr

LA
BU

m
ra
Ba

lta
De

Jerudong F.

Interval
of
Study

Ap
pr
ox
im

ate

Li
ne

BRUNEI

Normal fault
Syncline

Area of Study

Anticline
Limit of Baram
Delta

Legend:
Sandy Formations
Shaly Formations
Base Stage IVF
Base Stage IVE
Base Stage IVD (Shallow Regional Unconformity)
Base Stage IVC
Base Stage IVB
Base Stage IVA (Deep Regional Unconformity)

Not all bright spots are DHI. For example: the following can cause a
bright spot
Hard shale on soft shale.
Brine sand.
Anisotropy.
DHIs are best studied in the AVO-Inversion domain. However, on the
stacked section the DHIs have recognizable patterns that an
experienced interpreter can detect.
Structural conformity
Seismic character: polarity and phase.
Low frequency response.
Phase and polarity change.
Fluid contact.
Flat spot.
Amplitude shut off.

Sabah Deepwater Turbidite Play

Structure Conformable Amplitudes

Deepwater Image From 3D High Resolution

GORGE
SHALE
DIAPIAR
SEDIMENT
TRANSPORT

FAN LOBE
POCKMARK

Deepwater Images
Brazil
West Nile

Delta

Courtesy Enterprise Oil/Shell

West

Africa

Line 3

Courtesy BG plc
Courtesy BP
500m

Amplitude Interpretation:
Direct hydrocarbon Indicators
1.) STRUCTURE
CONFORMABLE AMPLITUDE
Gas masking at crest

3. ) INSTANTANEOUS
FREQUENCY : DROP ( Gas
Play)
GAS
Red Low
Frequency

Gas-water contact

3D

2D

2.) FLAT SPOT OF FLUID

CONTACT

41

4.) AMPLITUDE SHUT OFF

& PHASE REVERSAL

Structural Conformable
Amplitudes PRESSURE PLOT

900
910
920
930
BU-1 B80
940
FORMATION PRESSURE
FORMATION
PROFILE
PRESSURE PROFILE
BU-3 B80
950
960
BU-4 B80
BUJANG (B80/100
BUJANG
D34/36/60)
(B80/100 D34/36/60)
970
BUD-1 B80
980
900
900
BU-3 B100
990
910
910
1000
BU-3 D10
920
920
1010
930
930
BU-4 D10
1020
BU-1 B80
BU-1 B80
940
940
BU-2 D34
1030
BU-3 B80
BU-3 B80
950
950
1040
BU-3 D34
960
960
BU-4 B80
BU-4 B80
1050
970
970
BU-4 D34
1060
BUD-1 B80
BUD-1 B80
980
980
BUD-1 D34
1070
BU-3 B100
BU-3 B100
990
990
1080
BU-4 D36
1000
1000
BU-3 D10
BU-3 D10
1090
1010
1010
BU-1 D60
1100
BU-4 D10
BU-4 D10
1020
1020
BU-2 D60
1110
BU-2
D34
BU-2 D34
1030
1030
1120
BU-4 D60
1040
1040
BU-3
D34
BU-3 D34
1130
1050
1050
Normal Water Line
1140
BU-4 D34
BU-4 D34
1060
1060
1150
BUD-1 D34
BUD-1 D34
1070
1070
1160
1080
1080
BU-4
D36
BU-4 D36
1170
1090
1090
1180
BU-1 D60
BU-1 D60
1100
1100
1190
BU-2 D60
BU-2 D60
1110
1110
1200
1120
1120
BU-4
D60
BU-4 D60
1210
1130
1130
Normal Water Line
Normal Water Line
1220
1140
1140
Gas Line
1230
1150
1150
1240
0.08 psi/ft
1160
1160
1250
1170
1170
1260
1180
1180
1270
1190
1190
1280
1200
1200
1290
1210
1210
1300
1220
1220
1310
Gas Line
Gas Line
1230
1230
1320
1240
1240
0.08 psi/ft
0.08 psi/ft
1330
1250
1250
1340
1260
1260
1350
1270
1270
1360
1280
1280
1370
1290
1290
1380
1300
1300
Normal Water Line
1390
1310
1310
0.433 psi/ft
1400
1320
1320
1410
1330
1330
1420
1340
1340
1430
1350
1350
1440
1360
1360
1450
1370
1370
1460
1380
1380
Normal Water Line
Normal Water Line
1470
1390
1390
0.433 psi/ft
0.433 psi/ft
1480
1400
1400
1490
1410
1410
1500
1420
1420
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040
1430
1430
1440
1440
Formation Pressure (psia)
1450
1450
1460
1460
1470
1470
1480
1480
1490
1490
1500
1500

Gas Gradient

Depth (m TVDss)

Gas Reservoir

Depth (m TVDss)

Depth (m TVDss)

FORMATION PRESSURE PROFILE

BUJANG (B80/100 D34/36/60)

Water
Gradient

Gas Water Contact

1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1600

1700 1620
1720 1640
1740 1660
1760 1680
1780 1700
1800 1720
1820 1740
1840 1760
1860 1780
1880 1800
1900 1820
1920 1840
1940 1860
1960 1880
1980 1900
2000 1920
2020 1940
2040 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

Formation Pressure (psia)Formation Pressure (psia)

Note that the gas-water contact as identified on the Interpreted

Seismic Depth map tallies with the Borehole Pressure
measurement

Carbonate Images from Luconia

40 % of Malaysian Gas Reserves comes
from
Miocene
Carbonates
from
Luconia provnce . Adjoining in
Indonesia they are from Natuna
province

Geophysical response of Carbonates is

complex as porosity is not so much a
function of compaction as is on
diagenesis., mineralogy & Pore Texture

Courtesy Shell

Time Lapse 4D Reservoir Survelance

45

EOR Application in Malay Basin

EOR CHALLENGES
1) Production comes from offshore fields
where EOR is challenging and expensive.

2) Well spacing is coarse at 1000ft to 3000ft.

3) Many wells are deviated

4) Facilities are ageing 20 years or older.

5) The reservoirs
compartmentalized.

are

complex,

and

6) Fields are mature and reservoirs depleted.

7) Oil is light with API around 45 degrees.

8)Reservoir temperatures are high

EM
Response

Source
Tow
Direction

> 300 m

Legend
EM Sources
(H.E.D)
EM Receivers

EM
Source

HC Resistors
Sea
bed

< 2000m
Guided
wave

HC
Resistor

Segama Predicted and Measured Pore Pressure

The onset
of
overpressur
e have been
accurately
predicted

Abnormal

Normal Pore Pressure

0.465 psi/ft

Abnormal Pore Pressure 0.433 gp > normal

Hole Size
36
26

17 1/2

12 1/4
7 3/4

Structural casing
Conductor string

Surface pipe

Pipe Size
30
20

13 3/8

Intermediate String

9 5/8

Production Liner

6 1/4

SINKING OF DRILLING RIG

DUE TO GAS HAZARD
1

Gas escape causes Seawater density to drop resulting in the Platform to sink

GEOHAZARD IMAGES
MALAYSIAN OFFSHORE

Gas bubbling in water

Magic of Seismic in detecting Gas bubbling in water

MALAYSIAN OFFSHORE HAZARD

(GAS BUBBLING NEAR PLATFORM)

TYPICAL JOB IN GEOSCIENCES

GENERALIST

SPECIALIST

Chief Geophysicist
Chief Geologist
Asset Manager
Interpretation Team leader
Exploration Manager
Manager Reservoir
Geosciences
Production Geologist

Acquisition Party Chief

Processing Manager
Q. I Specialist
Imaging Specialist
4D / 4C Specialist
Reservoir Modeller
Basin Modeller
Basin Regional Geologist
Sedimentology
Geochemist
Petrography
Biostratigrapher

56