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Module 1
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EC 010 606 L04

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MEDICAL
MEDICA
AL E
ELECTRONICS
LEC
CTRONICS (Elective
(E
Elective - I)
(Syllabus)
(Sylllabus)
3 hours
hoours lecture
lectu
ure and 1 hour tutorial
tutori per week
References
es
1.
duction
n to
to Biomedical
Bio
omedical Equipment
Equipment Technology
Teechnolog
gy
Introduction
Joseph J Carr
JosephJCarr
2.
nd
dbook to
o Biomedical
Biomedica
al Instrumentation
Instrumenttation
n
A Handbook
R S Khandpurr

RSKhandpur
3.
ca
al Instrumentation
Instru
umentation Application
App
plicattion and
and
d Design
Medical
Joh
hn G Web
bster

JohnGWebster
4.
Principle
ciple of Biomedical
Biiomedical Instrumentation
Insttrumentation and
an
nd Measurement
Measurement
RichardAston
R
ichard Aston

5.
Introduction
duction to Biomedical
Biomeedical Engineering
Engineering
JJohnEnderle
oh
hn Enderle
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EC 010 606 L04

9HUVLRQ
MEDICAL
MEDICA
AL E
ELECTRONICS
LEC
CTRONICS (Elective
(E
Elective - I)
(Syllabus)
(Sylllabus)
3 hours
hoours lecture
lectu
tutori per week
References
6.
Biomedical
edical IInstrumentation
nstrumentation & Measurements
Measuremeents
LeslieCromwell
Leslie Crom
7.
Introduction
du
uction to
to Biomedical
Biomediccal Instrumentation
Instrumenttatiion
Mandeep
Singh,
Mandeep
pS
8.
Electronics
Biomedical
ro
onics in Medicine
Mediicine & Bio
omedical Instrumentation
Instrumentattion
n
Nandini
KJog
N
and
dini K
9.
Biomedical
Instrumentation
ediicall In
nstrumentatiion
Dr.M.Arumugam
Dr. M. Arumugam

10. Medical
Medicine
Ed)
cal Physiology
Physiolo
ogy Principles
Principles ffor
or Clinical
Clinicall M
ediciine ((4th
4th E
d)
Rhoades&Bell
Rhoades & Bell

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9HUVLRQ
MEDICAL
MEDICA
AL E
ELECTRONICS
LEC
CTRONICS (Elective
(E
Elective - I)
(Syllabus)
(Sylllabus)
3 hours
hoours lecture
lectu
tutori per week
References
11. Biomedical
edical In
Instrumentation
nstrum
mentation & Measurements
Measuremeents
R.Anandanatarajan
R. Anan
ndanatar
12. BiomedicalInstrumentationSystems
dica
al Instrumentatio
on Systems
S
hak
kti Chatterjee,Aubert
Ch
hatterjee, Au
ubert Miller,
Mille
er,
Shakti
edical In
nstrumentation
13. Biomedical
Instrumentation
Jithe
endra KumarJain&Neeraj
Kuma
ar Jain & Neerraj Jain

Jain
Jithendra
Bo
ook of Medical
Medical Phy
ysiology
14. Text Book
Physiology
AurtherCGuyton&JohnEHall
A
urther C Guyton & John
n E Hall

15. Wearable
Autonomous
Biomedical
Devices
and
Systems
Smart
Environment
rable and
an
nd A
utonomous B
iomeedical De
evices a
nd Syst
tems ffor
or Sm
mart E
nvironment :
Aim
A
im LayEkuakille,
La
ayEkuakille
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MEDICAL E
ELECTRONICS
LECTR
RONICS (Elective - I)
EC 010 606 L04
(Syllabus)
(Sylllabuss)
3 hourss lecture
lectture and 1 hour tutorial per week
Module
M
odule 1 ((12
12 hrs)
hrs))
Introductiontothephysiology
oduction
n to the physiology
y of:
of:
cardiac,
card
diac,
nervous&muscularand
nerrvous & musccular and
respiratorysystems.
resspirattory systtems.
TransducersandElectrodes:
nssduceers and Elecctrodes:
Differenttypesoftransducers&theirselection
Diffferrent types off tran
nsducers & their selecttion
forbiomedicalapplications.
for biomediical appliccations.
Electrodetheory,
Electrrode theory,
selectioncriteriaofelectrodes&
seelection criteria of elecctrodes &
differenttypesofelectrodes
differrent types of electrod
des
Ag
Ag
g AgClpH
Ag Clp
pH
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Biometrics
B
iomettriics
nch of
Scieence dealswith
deals with
oBranch
ofScience
oMeasurement
Mea
asurement
oP
Physiological Variablles P
Parameters.
oPhysiologicalVariablesParameters.
oE.g:
oE
E.g:
oThermistor
oT
Therm
mistor
oStrainGauge
oStrain
n Ga
auge
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SensesBodyTemperature
Sen
nsess Body Tempera
ature
SensesBloodPressure
Senses Blood Pressure
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Biomedical
Instrumentation
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Biomedical Instruments- parameters

o Range
ge Expectedoperatinglevel
Expectted operatting level
o Shouldhaveminimumtomaximumrange
Should have minimum to
o maximu
o Sensitivity

itivity
y measuresmallvariations
measure sm
mall varia
ations

o Shouldnotbetoohighortoolow.
Should not be too high or
o Linearity
arity Outputlinearwith
Output

llinear with respecttoinput
respecct to inputt
o Hysteresis
erresis (hystereintolag)
(hystereintto lag)
g)
o Shouldbeminimum
Should bee m
o FrequencyResponse:
uency
y Resp
ponse: sensitivityoverrangeof

ssensitivity over ran
nge of frequencies
frequencie
o Flat
Flat Response(equalresponsetoallranges)
Reesponsse (equ
ual reespon
nse to all
o Accuracy
Actualreading
uracy
Actual reading
Shouldbehigh
o Should
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Biomedical Instruments- parameters
o SignaltoNoiseRatio
oshould be very high

o
Stability:
o Isolation:
o Simplicity:
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ManinstrumentSystem
Human
an being:
o
Living Blacck Box

LivingBlackBox
o
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W
ith a vivid range of system
ms.
Withavividrangeof
systems.
Like
Like
o
E
lectriccall
Electrical
M
ecchanical
Mechanical
A
co
ousstical
Acoustical
T
hermal
Thermal
C
hemical
Chemical
O
ptical
Optical
H
ydrau
ulic
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
P
neumatic eetc..
tc..
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ManinstrumentSystem
o0HDVXULQJmust not
endanger WKHSHUVRQVlife
VXEMHFWWRSevere Pain /
Discomfort
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ManinstrumentSystem
(BasicobjectivesofaninstrumentationSystem)
oInformation Gathering
Diagnostics
Evaluation
Monitoring
Control
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ManinstrumentSystem
o 7KHSubject
7KHSubjecct
7KHHuman
7KKHH
Human bbeing
eing
o Stimulus
Stimullus
Flash
Fla
ash light,
light, tone,
to
one, shock HWF
HWWF
o 7KHTransducer
7KHT
Transducer
Probes/Receivers
Proobess/Receivers
P
o Signal
Sig
gnal Conditioning
Condiitioniing (TXLSPHQW
(TXLSPHQW
Combine
Combine PXOWLSOHtransducer
PXOOWLSOHttransducer outputs
ou
utputs
o Recording,
(TXLSPHQW
Recorrding, Data
Data Processing
Processsing Transmission
T
Tra
ansmission (TXL
LSPHQQW
Handling
D
Data
H
and
dling
o Control 'HY
'HYLFHV
YLFHV
Automatic C
A
Control
ontroll RIstimulus
RIsttimulus
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PhysiologicalSystemsoftheBody
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SourcesofBiomedicalSignals
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VariousBodySignals
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The Cardiovascular System

o hydraulicsystem

h
hydraulic syystem
o fourchamberedpump
ffourchambereed pu
ump
p
o flexibletubularstructures
flexib
blee tub
bula
ar struccturees ((bloodvessels).
bloo
od ves
Main functions:
oTransportation
Transsportation
pu
urifiication
opurification
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Structural Details:
oTwoparts
o
Two parts
oright&left
origh
oEachhastwochambers
oEa
acch h
has two chambers
o Atrium(Auricle)
Atrium (A
o Ventricle
Ve
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The Cardiovascular System

Heartwallthreelayers
Hea
art walll tthree layers
Pericardium (Ou
uter Layeer)
Pericardium
(OuterLayer)
outersurfacemoistfrictionfree

outerr surfacce moist ffriction freee
Myocardium
(MiddleLayer)
Myoccardium (M
Middle La
ayer)

Cardiacactivity

Card
diac activityy
Endocardium
En
ndocardium ((InnerLayer)
Inneer Layer)
Smoothliningblood
Smooth
h lining
g bllood flow
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Cardiovascular System
(The Heart)
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(The Heart)
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(The Heart)
ofourvalves
o
four valvees
I.
Tricu
uspid right atriioventricullar
Tricuspidrightatrioventricular
leftatrioventricular
II. Bicuspid/mitral
Bicusspid / mitral lef
ft atrioventriccul
semilunar
IIII.
III.. Pulmonary
Pu
ulmonary

semiilunar
IIV.
V. Aortic
Aortic
valves
oAll
va
alves unidirectional
uniidi
osynchronousoperation
o
ssynch
hro
onous o
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oBluecomponents(
o
Bluee componentts (
od
deoxygen
nateed pathways
p
pathway
odeoxygenated
o
Red componeents (
oRedcomponents(
))
ooxygen
nated pathwa
ays
ooxygenatedpathways
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(Working of the Heart)
odoublepump
double pum
mp
t sid
de
collects
orightsidecollects
odeoxygenatedbloodin
deeoxyg
genated blood
d in rrightatrium
ight atrium
oviasuperiorandinferiorvenacavae
o
via su
uperior and inferior veena cavaee
via
lungs
opump v
via rrightventricleinto
ight ventriccleinto
llungs
oleftsidecollects
sid
de
ccollects
ooxygenatedbloodfrom
lungs
leftatrium
oxyg
genatted blood frrom lun
ngs to
to left
atrium
m
oFrom
oFr
rom leftatriumthebloodmovesto
lleft atrium the blood moves to
o
pumps
o
lleftventricle
eft venttricle
pumps outtobody
o
out to bo
ody via aorta
ao
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(Working of the Heart)
oFrom rightatriumflowsthrough
ght atrium
fflows through
o tricu
tricuspidvalve
uspid vallve tto
o rightventricle
right ventriccle
mped out of pulmon
nary semilun
nar valve
va
alve

opumpedoutofpulmonarysemilunar
otravelsthroughpulmonary
aveels thro
ough pullmonary artery
arterry to
o lungs
llungs
eree
fflows back th
hrough
oFromthereflowsbackthrough
opulmonary
p
pulmona
ary vein
vein toleftatrium
to lleft atrium
m
rav
vels through mitralvalve
mitral valve to
lleft ventricle
othentravelsthrough
toleftventricle
ofromwherepumpedthroughaorticsemilunar
m where p
pumpeed through aorticc semilun
nar valveto
valve to
aorta
orta a
andto
nd to restofthebody
reest of the bod
dy
o a
odeoxygenatedbloodreturnsto
xygenatted blo
ood rreturnss to
oheartthrough
heart throu
ugh inferiorvenacava
inferior vena cava and
and ssuperiorvenacava
uperior vena cava
rightatrium
oenters right
atriu
um
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Pulmonarycirculation(to
ullmon
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n (to lungs)
lu ngs )

Systemiccirculation(fromlungs)
ystem
mic circula
atio
on (from lu
ungs )

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Cardiovascular Circulation
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Fig
gure 11.1 A model of the ca
ardiovascula
o
o

o
o
o

o
o
o
o
o

o
o
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ht left of
of heart
h
heart
oalignedinseries
gned in seeries
osystemiccirculation
o
systtemic circulation
n
opulmonarycirculation
op
pulmonary circulatio
on
ocirculationsoforgans
cu
ulation
ns of o
organs
err than lungs
p
parallel.
l
ootherthanlungsparallel.
oEachorganreceivesblood
gan recceives blood
d
ofrom
aorta
m ao
orta

oreturnsittovenacava
urns it to ven
na cava
oExceptionstoseries
ons to sseries arrangements
arra
angemeents
obetween
ween splanchnic
ssplancchnic portalcirculationof
p
portal circula
ation of liv
liver
ver

oglomerular
tubularcapillarynetworksofkidney
glomerula
ar
tub
bular capillary networks off k
kidney
osplanchnic
ic portalcirculation
portal circullation
o
gastrointestinaltract
gasstrointestiinal tractt
liver
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Structure of Heart
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Internal Structure of Heart
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Conduction System
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Conduction System
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Conduction System
oSANode:
opacemaker
locatedin
maker located
d in rrightatrium
ight atrium
m
enerator of norrmal sinusrhythm
sinus rhythm
ogeneratorofnormal
oAVNode:
oelectricallyconnectsatrialandventricularchambers
rically con
nnects atrial and ventricular ch
hambeers
oBachmannsBundle:
s Bundle:
oconnects
rightatrium
withtopofthe
ects topof
top
p off right
attrium with
top of the lleftatrium
eft atrium
oHisBundle:
otransmits
electricalimpulses
AVnode
mits el
lectrical impulsess from
from A
V node
othepointofapexoffascicularbranches
othe
e pointt of apex of ffasciicular brancches
oMusclefascicle:
icle
e:
le fibers transmitelectricalimpulsesfrom
ttransmit electrrical impulses from
oMusclefibers
AVNodeto
PurkinjeFibers
o AV
V Node to
o
P
urkinje Fib
bers
oPurkinjeFibers:
bers:
oMyocardial
fibersconduct
that
ardial fibers
co
onduct electrical
eelecttrical sstimulus
timu
ulus
tthatt
hearttocontractincoordinatedfashion
oenables heart
to contracct in co
oord
dina
ated fashion
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Electrical Activity of Heart
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G_Principle_fast.gif
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The Aortic Valve
(Video clip from the aortic valve

in a living, beating pig heart)
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The Respiratory System
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orespiratorysystem
piratory sysstem
ostructureinhumanbody
structuree in
h
human body

oallowsustobreathe.
oalllows uss to breathe.
oBringsoxygenintobody
oxxygen in
nto b
body
oremovescarbondioxideoutofbody
movees ca
arbon dioxiide out of body
y
5mainparts:

5 main pa
artss:
Nose
2.Mouth
3.Trachea(windpipe)
ea (win
ndpip
pe)
4.Lungs
5.Diaphragm
ragm
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Structural Details:
oNostrils
trils

oMouth
uth

oPharynx
aryynx
oLarynx
ynx

oTrachea
chea

oBronchus
ncchus

oLungs
gs

oDiaphragm
phragm
m
o
o
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Structural Details:
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The Respiration Stages
o
o
o
9
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Structural Details:
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Respiratory_system
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The Respiratory Tract
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http://en.wikipedia.org/
olungs
ungs made
m
made u
up
po
off 3 m
main
ain p
parts
arts
Bronchus(right&left)
passageofairwayin
passagee of airway
y in
rrespiratorytract
esp
pirattory trract
conductsairinto
lungs
co
onductts air into
lu
ungss
Bronchioles
passageways
ageeways whichairpassesthroughnose
which air passses throug
gh nose
to
th
theairsacsoflungs

he aiir sacs of llungs
Alveoli
exchangeoxygenwithredbloodcellswhen
ange oxyg
gen wiith red blood cellls when
SAandAVnodessend
SA an
nd AV nodes send
electricsignalstoventricles
electric signalls to ven
ntriicles
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Structural Details:
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Respiratory_system
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Alveoli & Capillary Network
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The Bell Jar Experiment
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ikipedia/commons/
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l_jar_lungs.png
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Working of Respiratory System

oWhen breathe
breathe in

travels down
n ttrach
hea intoourlungs
into our lun
ngs
oairtravelsdowntrachea
othrou
ugh l
left and right bronch
hi
othrough
leftandrightbronchi
oEachbronchussplitsto
smallerbronchioles
ncchus sp
pliits to sm
maller bronch
hioles

oleadsto
dss to alveoli
allveoli
lii oxygenrich
air ab
bsorbed into
blood
o Inalveoli
oxygenrichairabsorbedinto
blood
oIn bloodoxygeniscarriedtoheart
ood
doxygen is ca
arriied to h
heart then
tthen
hout our body
opumpedtotrillionsofcellsthroughoutourbody
mped to trrillions of ceells through
use oxyg
ygen to make energy
ocellsuseoxygentomakeenergy

oreleas(CO
as((CO2))
o removed
from b
bodyy as we exh
halee
removedfrombodyasweexhale
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Asthma and the Respiratory System

o Asthma
ma directlyaffects

directly affects
o respiratorysystem
resspiratory system
o bronchiolesofpersonwithasthma
brronchioles off p
person witth astthma
o inflamed
nflam
med
and
and fullofmucus
full of mucus
o lessairableto
less aiir a
able to
o enter
ntter
lungscausesbreathingdifficulties
lu
ungs causses breathing difficculltiess
o Duringasthmaattackmuscles
ing astthma atttack
k muscles
o surrounding
urround
ding bronchiolestighten
b
bronchioles tighten
n
o lets
ets lessairinto
less aiir intto lungs
lung
gs
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Terms Related to Respiratory System
Tidal
al volume ((TV)
TV)) vol
vol
o
off air
air inspired
inspired and
and expired
exp
pired
d
during
g
normal
norma l b
breathe
reathe
Inspiratory
pirato
ory rreserve
eserve volume ((IRV)
IRV)) add
additional
ditional vol
vol

inspired
insp
pired after
affter a normal
norm
mall inspiration
inspiiratiion
Expiratory
iratoryy reserve
reserve volu
volume
ume (ERV)
(ERV) add
additional
ditiiona
al vol
vol

expired
expired a
after
fteer a normal ex
expiration
xpiration
Residual
iduall volume
vollume (RV)
(RV))
air
air remaining
remainin
ng in
llungs
ungs
after all
alll po
possible
ossib
ble a
air
ir

forced
forced out
out
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Vital
al capacity ((VC)
VC
C)
VC
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Lung Volumes & Capacities
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The Nervous System

oControlcenter
obodyactivities
oResponds adapts
ochanges
oinside outside body
o (E.g.:pain,temperature,pregnancy)
5
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The Nervous System
6
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Central Nervous System

Neurons :
o microscopicnervecells
omakeup
obrain
ospinalcord,
onerves
7
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Anatomy of Neuron
neuroncontains
o Cellbodywithnucleus
o Dendrites:
o fibers receive
o fromotherneurons
o Axons:fibers send
o tootherneurons
8
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Anatomy of Neuron
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Anatomy of Neuron
oneurotransmitters
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topowerflashlight
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Major Divisions of Nervous System
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Brain :
o mass 100billionneurons
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Anatomy of Brain
Cerebrum :
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Responsiblefor:
o Thought
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Retrieval of Memory
o memory notasnapshotstored
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Anatomy of Brain
Cerebellum :
oatbase
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Anatomy of Brain
Brain Stem
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Spinall Cord :
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umn nervesfrombraintotailbone
n
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ailbone
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nssiblee for:
nducting impullses
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rrest of b
body
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Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves :
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Sensory nerves
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Motor nerves
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Bioelectric Potential

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oelectricalchargeacross
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Potentials in a Cell
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Resting Potential
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http://www.uic.edu/classe
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100/lectures/nervous.htm
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Action Potential
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Bioelectric Signals
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Electrode Theory
voltage dev at
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half cell potential
electrode potential
For metal solution interface
electrode potential
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Electrode Theory

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Electrode Theory
equivalentimpedance
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Electrode Theory
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Electrode Theory
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osmallestresolution20micrometre
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Module 1

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