FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY OF MARA PULAU PINANG

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2
(EEE 240)
Short Report
Lab Report No.
Experiment No.
Title
FOURIER SERIES
Date Performed
Date Due (3 working days after experiment)
Date submitted
Working days late:_________ equates to __________ % reduction at 5% per day

Prepared by:
Name
MUHAMMAD FAHMI BIN AHMAD SHAFEE
MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN MOHD TAIB

UiTM No.
2013454434
2013876454

Group
EE112C2
EE112C1

Assessment:
Assessment
Results
Discussion/Questions
Conclusion
Total Marks
Final Marks after Penalty
Lecturers Name
Feedback Comment

Marks
/20
/10
/10
/40
/40

FARAH JASMIN BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN

(Signature & Stamp)

Report submission slip (Students copy)

Students
AHMAD SHAFEE
MOHD TAIB

: 1.

Experiment No. & Title

:Experiment

MUHAMMAD FAHMI BIN

MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN

2.

Date:

: FOURIER SERIES

OBJECTIVE
1. To identify the characteristics of the periodic function.
2. To investigate the properties of each characteristic

LIST OF APPARATUS
1. Personal Computer
2. Software: Matlab (Simulink)

RESULT

DISCUSSION

1.

How does a sine wave leads to square wave. State your answer.

Sinusoidal waves can be used as simple building blocks to describe and approximate any
periodic waveform including square waves. Fourier used it as an analytical tool in the study
of waves and heat flow. It is frequently used in signal processing and the statistical analysis
of time series.

2.

How does an exact square waveform can be obtained from a sine wave?

Sine waves can be mixed with DC signals, or with other sine waves to produce new
waveforms. A waveform like this can be thought of as consisting of a DC component with a
superimposed AC component. It is quite easy to separate these two components using a
capacitor.

More dramatic results are obtained by mixing a sine wave of a particular frequency with
exact multiples of the same frequency, in other words, by adding harmonics to the
fundamental frequency. The results above show what happens when a sine wave is mixed
with its 3rd harmonic (3 times the fundamental frequency) at reduced amplitude, and
subsequently with its 5th harmonic. As you can see, as more odd harmonics are added, the
waveform begins to look more and more like a square wave.

3.
Does an amplitude and frequency of each sine waveform similar to each other in order
to form a square waveform. Justify your answer.

It has been found that any repeating, non-sinusoidal waveform can be equated to a
combination of DC voltage, sine waves, and/or cosine waves (sine waves with a 90 degree
phase shift) at various amplitudes and frequencies. This is true no matter how strange or
convoluted the waveform in question may be. So long as it repeats itself regularly over time,
it is reducible to this series of sinusoidal waves. In particular, it has been found that square
waves are mathematically equivalent to the sum of a sine wave at that same frequency, plus
an infinite series of odd-multiple frequency sine waves at diminishing amplitude

4.
Sketch a waveform that can be formed from summation of both sine and cosine
waveform. State briefly the characteristic of its Fourier Series coefficient.

When the coefficients (known as Fourier coefficients) are computed as follows:

The infinite sum, is called the Fourier series representation of In engineering applications,
the Fourier series is generally presumed to converge everywhere except at discontinuities,
since the functions encountered in engineering are more well behaved than the ones that
mathematicians can provide as counter-examples to this presumption after the approximate
on and approximation improves as N . In particular, the Fourier series converges
absolutely and uniformly to s(x) whenever the derivative of s(x) (which may not exist
everywhere) is square integrable. If a function is square-integrable on the interval [x0,
x0+P], then the Fourier series converges to the function at almost every point. See
Convergence of Fourier series. It is possible to define Fourier coefficients for more general
functions or distributions, in such cases convergence in norm or weak convergence is usually
of interest.

CONCLUSION

In the end, we were able to identify the characteristic of the periodic function and investigate
the properties of each characteristic in this experiment Fourier series was used as a
mathematical tool to analysing a periodic function by decomposing the function into a sum of
much simpler sinusoidal component function, which differs from each other only in
amplitude, frequency, and phase. A computer programming of matlab was used to build
square wave, half rectifier wave, saw tooth waveform and others by applying the specific
equations. The mathematical equations give big effects to wave because each equation shows
different of wave. Aperiodic function f(t) can be represented by an infinite sum of sine and
cosine functions that are harmonically related. This function is usually taken to be periodic,
of period 2, which is to say that f(x+2), for all real number x. We will attempt to write such
a function as infinite sum, or series of simplex 2-periodic table functions. The best
interesting of properties of the Fourier transform which we seek to preserve so that Fourier
series can be produced on any compact group is that it carries convolutions to pint wise
products. In engineering applications, the Fourier series is generally presumed to converge
everywhere except at discontinuities, since the function encountered are better that the one
that mathematicians can provide at counter example to this presumption.