Solid Waste Engineering & Management

SOLID WASTE MANGEMENT

Human activities generate waste materials that are often discarded because they are
considered useless. These wastes are normally solid, and the word waste suggests that
the material is useless and unwanted. However, many of these waste materials can be
reused, and thus they can become a resource for industrial production or energy
generation, if managed properly.
Sources of Solid Wastes in a Community

Functional Elements of a Solid Waste Management System

Waste generation

Waste generation encompasses those activities in which materials are identified

As no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for
disposal. What is important in waste generation is to note that there is an
Identification step and that this step varies with each individual. Waste generation
is, at present, an activity that is not very controllable.
Waste handling and separation, storage, and processing at the source
Waste handling and separation involve the activities associated with managing
wastes until they are placed in storage containers for collection. Handling
also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the point of collection.
Separation of waste components is an important step in the handling
and storage of solid waste at the source. On-site storage is of primary importance
because of public health concerns and aesthetic considerations.
Collection
Collection includes both the gathering of solid wastes and recyclable materials
and the transport of these materials, after collection, to the location where
the collection vehicle is emptied, such as a materials-processing facility, a
transfer station, or a landfill.
Transfer and transport
The functional element of transfer and transport involves two steps: (1) the
transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport
equipment, and (2) the subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long
distances, to a processing or disposal site.The transfer usually takes place at a
transfer station. Although motor vehicle transport is most common, rail cars
and barges are also used to transport wastes.
Separation, processing, and transformation of solid waste
The means and facilities that are now used for the recovery of waste materials
that have been separated at the source include curbside collection and drop off
and buyback centers.The separation and processing of wastes that have
been separated at the source and the separation of commingled wastes usually
occurs at materials recovery facilities, transfer stations, combustion facilities,
and disposal sites.
Transformation processes are used to reduce the volume and weight of waste
requiring disposal and to recover conversion products and energy.The
organic fraction of MSW can be transformed by a variety of chemical and
biological processes.The most commonly used chemical transformation process
is combustion, used in conjunction with the recovery of energy.The most
commonly used biological transformation process is aerobic composting.
Disposal
Today, disposal by landfilling or landspreading is the ultimate fate of all solid
wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly

to a landfill site, residue from the combustion of solid waste, compost, or other
substances from various solid waste processing facilities. A modern sanitary landfill is
not a dump. It is a method of disposing of solid wastes on land or within the earths
mantel without creating public health hazards or nuisances
Types of Solid Wasteswith Physical, Chemical & Biological Properties
Types of Solid Wastes
Paper Category
Plastic Category
Glass Category
Metal Category
Yard Waste Category
Organic Category
Other Waste Category
Special Waste Category
Paper Category
Mixed Paper
Newspaper
High Grade Ledger Paper
Non Recyclable Paper
Plastic Category
Polyethylene tri-phthalate containers (PET no. 1)
High density polyethylene containers (HDPE no. 2)
Polyvinyl chloride containers (PVC no. 3)
Low density polyethylene (LDPE no. 4)
Poly propylene (PP no. 5)
Polystyrene (PS no. 6)
Other plastics (other no. 7)
Glass Category
Recyclable Glass
Non Recyclable Glass
Metal Category
Aluminum Cans
Ferrous Metals
Non Ferrous Metals
White Goods
Yard Waste Category
Yard Waste
Organic Category
Organic Compactable
Organic Non Compactable
Tires & Rubber
Wood Waste

Other Waste Category

Inert Slides (Inert Wastes)
Household Hazardous Wastes
Special Waste Category
Sewerage Sludge
Other Special Wastes
Physical Properties
Composition Of MSW
Moisture Content
Generation Of Solid Waste
Density Of Solid Waste
Particle Size Distribution
Field Capacity
Permeability Of Compacted Waste
Composition of MSW
By composition we mean components of solid waste by % wt.
Varies with location, season, economic conditions
Food waste, largest component in low income countries, being not trimmed &
absence of grinder.
Percentage of plastic waste and paper waste is increasing with the passage of
time.
Moisture Content
Expressed in two ways
Wet weight measurement (% wet weight of material)
Dry weight method (% dry weight of material)
Wet weight commonly used in SWM
Moisture content of samples analyzed in lab.
m = w d x 100
W
Where,
M = moisture content
W = initial wt of sample, (kg)
D = weight of sample drying at 105oc (kg)

For food & yard waste, various 15-40%,

Plastic & inorganic, 3%

Generation of Solid Waste

Expressed in per capita.
0.65 kg/c/day in 2002. (for RawalpindiCity)
Assumed to be continue for next ten years.
Total generation, 713 tons per day.
(For RawalpindiCity)

Physical Composition of Solid Waste of RawalpindiCity by Random

Sampling Techniques
Pandora
Chongi

Block-E

Block-E

ChungiNo.8

BnyChowk

6th Road

Collage S.S Rd
Road

Area

Poor
Community

Rich
Community

Rich
Community

Poor
Community

Poor
Community

Rich
Community

Middle Middle Middle

Income Income Income

58.9

60.5

58.3

53.3

55.7

57.8

56.4

59.4

55.5

57

6.2

5.6

6.2

5.5

8.3

5.7

5.5

6.6

6.6

3.6

5.3

3.3

3.9

5.3

5.3

3.9

2.8

2.7

3.3

4.2

4.4

4.4

4.8

4.7

6.8

3.9

4.2

6.0

2.2

2.2

6.3

4.2

1.6

1.6

1.6

2.8

77.8

74.4

73.4

78.3

75.1

74.2

74.3

71.8

74

14.1

13.8

14.7

16.9

13.2

12.7

12.2

14.3

14

8.1

11.6

11.7

4.8

11.7

13.1

13.5

13.9

12

22.2

25.6

26.6

21.7

24.9

25.8

25.7

28.2

26

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

Food
Waste
Plastic
Card/
Paper
Rags
Wood

Total
78
Organic
Metal
15.2
Other

6.8

Total In22
Organic
Grand
100
Total

V.N
Collage

Avgas

Sample
Loc

Density of SW
Specific wt, expressed in material per unit volume, lb/yd3
Data needed to assess total mass & volume of solid waste
Vary with location, season & length of time in storage
Particle Size Distribution
Important consideration in recovery (recycling & reuse) of material, especially
with mechanical means such as magnetic separators.
Relevant to incineration & biological transformation methods.
Largest dimension is up for sizing facilities like conveyor belts & grinders etc.

Shredders & separators are used to reduce to desirable sizes for treatment of
composting etc.

MSW Generation Rate for RawalpindiCity for the Years (2003-2013)

Year

Population

Generation Rate
Kg/Capita/Day

Daily (tons) Yearly (tons)

2003

11,34,212

0.65

737.24

2,28,544

2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012

11,75,044
12,17,346
12,61,170
13,06,572
13,53,609
14,02,339
14,52,823
15,05,125
15,59,309

0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65

763.77
791,27
819.76
849.27
879.84
911.52
944.33
978.33
1013.55

2,36,768
2,45,294
2,54,125
2,63,273
2,72,750
2,82,571
2,92,742
3,03,282
3,14,200

2013

16,13,884

0.65

1049.03

3,25,197

Field Capacity
Total amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample subject to
downward pull of gravity.
Water in excess of field capacity will be released as leachate
Field capacity varies with the degree of applied pressure & state of decomposition
of the waste.
Field capacity of un-compacted commingled wastes from residential &
commercial sources, 50-60%.
Permeability of Compacted Waste
Hydraulic conductivity governs the movement of liquids & gases in landfill.

Sludge in landfills tends to resist the movement of water down through then due
to low hydraulic conductivity by virtue of very high moisture content. Instead,
rainfall is converted to surface runoff & sludge material is transported to surface
streams.
Paper & packaging has no resistance to rain in filtration
Hydraulic conductivity of soil governs the transport rate of leachate within the
solid waste fill.

Chemical Composition of MSW

Chemical composition is important in evaluating alternative processing & recovery

options.
If solid wastes to be used as fuel, four most important properties to be known are:
Proximate analysis
Fusing point of ash
Ultimate analysis (major elements)
Energy content
Where organic fraction of MSW to be composted or to be used a feedstock for the
production of other biological conversion products, not only will information on the
major elements (ultimate analysis) that compose the waste be important, but also
information will be required on the trace elements in the waste.
Proximate Analysis
Proximate analysis for combustible components of MSW included following tests:
Moisture content by % wt (loss of moisture when heated to 1050c for 1 hr)
Volatile combustible matter (loss of wt on ignition at 9500c in a covered
crucible)
Fixed carbon (combustible residue left after volatile matter is removed)
Ash (wt of residue after combustion in an open crucible)
Fusion Point of Ash
Temperature at which ash resulting from the burning of waste will form a solid
(clinker) by fusion & agglomeration.
Typical fusion temp ranges from 2000-2200F (1100-1200 C)
Ultimate Analysis of SW Components
Determination of percent of C, H, O, N, S & Ash
Used to characterize the chemical composition of the organic matter in MSW
Use to define proper mix of waste materials to achieve suitable C/N ratios for
biological conversion processes
Energy Contents of SW Components
Can be determined by using a full scale boiler as a calorimeter
By using a lab bomb colorimeter.
By calculation, if elemental compose is known
Potentially critical element in incineration can be measured or calculated using
DuLong Formula:
Btu/lb = 145C +610(H -1/8 O) + 40S +10N

Btu per lb on a dry ash-free basis is btu/lb (dry ash-free) = btu/lb (as discarded)
Approximate btu values for indle waste material can be determined by using
modified dulong formula.
Btu/lb = 145c+610 (h2-1/8 o2)+40s+10n
Constituents are % by weight.

Biological Composition of MSW

Excluding plastic, rubber & leather components organic fraction of most MSW
can be categorized as follows:
Water soluble constituents-as sugars, starches, amino acid & various
organic acids
Hemi cellulose-a condensation product of 5 or 6-carbon sugars.
Cellulose a condensation product of 6-carbon sugar glucose
Fats, oils & waxes, which are esters of alcohols & long-chain fatty acids.
Lignin a polymeric material containing aromatic rings with methoxyle groups (OCH3), the exact chemical nature of which is still not known
Lignocelluloses-a combination of lignin & cellulose.
Proteins-composed of chains of amino acids.
Almost all organic fraction of MSW can be converted biologically to gases &
relatively inert organic & inorganic solids.
Production of orders & generation of flies are related to put risible nature of
organic material found in MSW.
Bio Degradability ofOrganic Waste
Biodegradation can be aerobic or anaerobic.
Volatile slides contents, determined by ignition at 5500C, are often used as a
measure of degradability of organic fraction of MSW.
Use of VS in describing the biodegradability of organic fraction is misleading as
some constituents are highly volatile but low in biodegradability.
Alternatively, lignin content of a waste can be used to estimate the biodegradable
fraction, as:
BF = 0.83 0.028 LC
BF = biodegradable fraction expressed on a VS basis
0.83 0.028 = Empirical Constant
LC = Lignin content of VS, expressed as a % by wt.
Production of Odor
Develop when SW stored for long periods of time on site
More significant in warm climates
Typically, results from the aerobic decomposition of the organic components
found in MSW.

Breeding of Flies
In warm climate, it is an important phenomenon.
Flies develop in less than two weeks.
Maggot (larval) once develop, difficult to remove, & can develop to flies.

Types of Solid Waste Collection System

The Detail Comparison of Haul Container Systemand StationaryContainer

System
Collection System
After the generation, the solid waste is picked up according to a collection
system.
In the last decade several systems are used for the collection of solid waste.
A variety of equipment used for the solid waste collection
Types of Collection systems
Collection systems may be classified w.r.t.
Mode of operation
The equipment used
Types of waste
Mode of operation
According to mode of operation, the collection system classified into two
categories viz ;
Haul Container System (HCS)
Stationary Container System (SCS)
Haul Container System (HCS)
Definition
These are collection systems in which the CONTAINERS used for the storage
of waste are:
Hauled to the disposal site
Emptied and
Returned to their original location or some other location.
Types of Haul Container System
There are three main types of Haul Container Systems:
Tilt-frame Container Systems
Trash-trailer.
Hoist-Truck
Stationary Container System (SCS)
These are collection systems in which the CONTAINERS used for the storage of
waste are:
Remain at the point of generation, except for
Occasional short trips to the collection vehicle for empty.
Types of Stationary Container System
There are two main types of Stationary Container Systems:
Systems in which Self loading compactors are used
Systems in which Manually loading vehicles are used

Typical Data on Vehicles Used for the Collection of Solid Waste

Labor Requirement
HAUL CONTAINER SYSTEM (HCS)
Single collector is used
For safety (in some cases) driver and helper are deployed
For hazardous waste driver and helper always be deployed

Stationary Container System (Mechanically Loaded)

Single collector is used
For container mounted on roller, driver and helper are brought into play.
In congested ,inaccessible locations driver and two helpers are used

Stationary Container System (Manually Loaded)

Number of collectors varies from 1 to 3.
Single collector for curve and alley service generally used.
Multi person crew is used for backyard carry service.

Comparison of HCS & SCS w.r.t. Merits & Demerits

HCS

SCS

Unsightly & unsanitary conditions: Unsightly

&
unsanitary
Less with use of large container.
conditions: More with use of
numerous smaller containers.
Utility of driver: Less as spend more time Utility of driver: is greater as to
in driving.
collect several containers
Time: Handling time reduced

Time: Accumulative handling time is

more but trip to disposal site time is
saved.

Suitability:Ideally suitable where SW rate Suitability: Suitable where SW

of generation is higher. Suitable for all types quantity is less and generation points
of wastes
are more. Suitable for all types of
wastes
except Heavy Industrial Waste & Bulk
Rubbish
Container size: Large

Container size: Small

Flexibility: Containers of many different Flexibility: The use of smaller

sizes & shapes are available for all types of containers offer greater flexibility in
SW
terms of shape, ease of loading &

special features available.

Utilization of containers: Use of large Utilization of containers: can be
containers often leads to low volume increased by using small, easier to
utilization, unless loading aids (platform, load, containers.
ramps etc.).

Data for Computing Equipment and Labor Requirement

Collection

Vehicles

Hauled container system

Hoist truck
Tilt-frame
Trash-trailer
Stationary container system
Compacter

Compacter

Loading
method

Time required
Time
to pickup
required to
loadedcontain
empty
Compaction
At-site time
er & to
contents of
ratio
h/ trip
deposit empty loaded
container
container
h /trip
h/container

Mechanical
Mechanical
Mechanical

_
_
2.0-4.0

Mechanical
Manual

2.0-2.5
2.0-2.5

0.067
0.4
0.4

0.053
0.127
0.133
0.05
_

SCS

Source Separation-multicompartment Wheeled Container

SCS

Source Separation-multicompartment Wheeled Container

0.1
0.1

SCS (Mechanically Loaded Truck)

HCS Tilt-frame Container Loading Mechanism

Solid Waste Systems in Pakistan

Masonry Bin

Open Body Truck

Hoist Container

Hoist Truck

Metal Container

Animal Cart

Transfer Stations

Alternative to direct haul

Justified when cost to transport waste from generation point to disposal site is
greater than cost to transport from generation point to transfer station plus haul
to the disposal site

Benefits
Large trailers replace many collection vehicles
Get collection vehicles back to work rapidly
Locate disposal site far from population areas
Opportunity to inspect waste
Opportunity to process waste
Use multiple disposal sites
Need

Presence of illegal dumps and litter

Remote disposal sites
Small capacity collection vehicles
Low density residential areas

Types
Direct discharge waste pushed into open trailers
Storage pit tip onto floor, into hoppers to compactor that pushes waste into
vehicle.

Transfer Station Tipping Floor

Compactor

Surge Pit

Open Top Transfer Trailers

Compactor System

Precompactor System

Baler

ermodal Container System

Int

Composting
Introduction
Composting is an anaerobic process in which the micro-organisms, in an oxygen
environment, decompose the organic food waste as a result minerals and humus are
obtained as a final product.
Key Inorganic Nutrients
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulphur
potassium
magnesium
calcium
sodium
Process Requirements
Key Inorganic Nutrients
Temperature
Moisture content
Oxygen
C/N ratio
Microbes
pH
Biochemical composition and texture
Temperature
Psychrophilic
15 o to 20o C
Mesophilic
25 o to 35o C
Thermophilic
50 o to 60o C
Moisture content
Compost should be kept moist, but not soggy
At the ideal moisture level, 50-60%
Oxygen
Optimum oxygen levels are 15 to 20 per cent At the ideal moisture
level, 50-60%
Composting inhibits at oxygen less than 10 per cent (by volume).
Turning and ventilating compost are meant to keep the oxygen content
at a sufficient level.
C/N Ratio:
Nitrogen is required for cell synthesis.
Carbon is used as energy source
Optimum C/N ratio is 30

Composting operates down to C/N Ratios of 20

Materials that are a good source of nitrogen are called "Greens
Materials that are high in carbon are called "Browns"

Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio of some Waste Material

Material
% nitrogen (dry)
C/N Ratio
Fish Scrap
6.5-10
Farm Yard Manure 2.15
14-1
Kitchen waste
Seaweed
Wheat Straw
Rotted Sawdust
Raw Sawdust
Food Waste
Total Refuse

2.0
1.92
0.32
0.25
0.11
2.0-3.0
0.5-1.4

25-1
19-1
128-1
200-1
510-1
15-1
30/80-1

Microbes:
Psychrophiles - the low temperature bacteria
Mesophiles - the medium temperature bacteria
Thermophiles - the high temperature bacteria

pH
optimum pH range is 6 to 8
Biochemical composition and texture:
composition of waste influence the process rate

Reducing the particle of the raw material will in crease the rate of
composting.

Composting systems
Traditional Wind-row.
Aerated static pile
In-Vessel Composting
Traditional Wind-row.
1~2 meter high.
Takes about 3 months

Aerated Static Pile:

1~2 meter high, 3~ 4 meters wide and about 20 meter long laid on floor of
ventilation pipe system
Covered with stabilized compost
Takes about 4~6 weeks.

In-Vessel composting

Environmental Benefits
Compost enriches soils
Compost helps cleanup contaminated soil
Compost helps prevent pollution
Using compost offers economic benefits
Problem with Composting
Heavy Metals
Mercury
Cadmium
Copper
Zinc

Worm Composting

Worm composting is using worms to recycle food scraps and other organic material into
a valuable soil amendment called vermicompost, or worm compost. Worms eat food
scraps, which become compost as they pass through the worm's body. Compost exits the
worm through its' tail end. This compost can then be used to grow plants. To
understand why vermicompost is good for plants, remember that the worms are eating
nutrient-rich fruit and vegetable scraps, and turning them into nutrient-rich compost.
Materials to be Used or Avoided in a Worm Composting Bin.
Worms have been hard at work breaking down organic materials and returning
nutrients to the soil. Though worms can eat any organic material, certain foods
are more palatable for composting purposes.
Raw fruits and vegetable scraps are recommended mostly for worm composting
at small scales. Stay away from meats, oils and dairy products, which are more

complex materials than fruits and vegetables. Thus, they take longer to break
down and can attract pests. Cooked foods are often oily or buttery, which can also
attract pests.
Setting up a Worm Bin
Setting up a worm bin is easy. All you need is a box, moist newspaper strips, and
worms. To figure out how to set up a worm bin, first consider what worms need
to live. If the bin provides what worms need, then it will be successful. Worms
need moisture, air, food, darkness, and warm (but not hot) temperatures.
Bedding made of newspaper strips or leaves, will hold moisture and contain air
spaces essential to worms.
Use red worms or red wigglers in the worm bin. The scientific name for the two
commonly used red worms is Eiseniafoetida and Lumbricusrubellus.
Harvesting
Harvesting means removing the finished compost from the bin.
In a favorable environment worms will work tirelessly to eat the "garbage" and
produce compost. As time progresses, bedding will reduce and compost will
increase in the bin. After 3-5 months, when bin is filled with compost (and very
little bedding), it is time to harvest the bin.
To prepare for harvesting, do not add new food to the bin for two weeks. Then
remove compost from the bin by using appropriate methods of harvesting.
Using Worm Compost
Compost can be used immediately after harvesting or it can be saved for the
gardening/farming season. The compost can be directly mixed with soil or garden
soil as a soil amendment, which helps make nutrients available to plants. Or, the
compost can be used as a top dressing fro the fields or plant pots.
Compost Tea can also be made with compost by Simply adding 1-2of compost
or in suitable proportions to water. Allow compost and water to "steep" for a day,
mixing occasionally. Then water plants/farms. The resulting "tea" helps make
nutrients already in the soil available to plants.

A Step By Step Photo Guide to Home worm Composting:

Home worm bin with lid,

bottom tray and air vent

Strip up the newspaper for

bedding and spread it.

Bedding in Bin.Add dry leaves and fluffs up the mixture

Add a handful of sand and soil.Add waters the mix

500 red wriggler worms areRaw veggies and fruit, coffee

placed on top.
grounds, tea bags and egg shells go in.
They crawl to the bottom.

Open a hole in the bedding in The fork marks the corner. Feed a d one
corner and deposit food.differentcorner every week.

Finished compost can be To harvest, put compost in piles. expected in 3-4

month
Under light. Worms move center

Remove worms from compost. Place worms in fresh bedding and start
again.

Design of Sanitary Landfill Site

Site Preparations
The following steps should be taken immediately for the detail design of the
proposed site and are essential to develop and start the actual treatment process.
Topographic survey of the site.
Detail leveling of the site.
Contour plan.
Cutting of the 150mm top soil of the whole area and saving it for earth cover over
the solid waste.
Preparing site for proper drainage of rain water by cutting of high level ground
and giving it a down slope (1:400) soil obtained from this cutting is used in
providing embankment for fencing of the area.
Construction of all weather roads of 5m width, to facilitate easy approach of
trucks to all points at site.
Providing infrastructure with all accessories, a watchman hut with attached
toilet, WeightBridge, wash trough (3 x 5 x 10m) and a vehicular as well as a
pedestrian entrance gate.
Proper fencing on the top of the embankment towards the exterior side.
Parameters Adopted for Design
All the calculations will be based on the population of the city and the same can
be projected for the land requirements till the end of the design period.
It is considered that 30% of the waste generated is land filled, 60% is composted,
while the remaining 10% is recycled.
Waste will be compacted in four layers, one below the ground level and three
above the ground level. Depth of each later will be 2m.
Excavated soil will be used as cover material.

Cover will be 0.15m for intermediate layers while final layer will be covered by
0.6m (2ft) of cover material.
Excavation for one year will be made in advance
A bond will be provided in each layer after one year.
Waste will be compacted to density of 1000 to 1300 Kg/m3.
Embankments will be provided at the periphery, high enough to enclose the site
with the fencing mounted on top.
One standard size of cell will be adopted considering the width of the compactor
and the tractor blade.

Problems

Problem
The Town of Waytogo, population 56,789, has decided to burn its as collected
MSW which amounts to about 6 lb/capita.day. Find how many barrels of oil they save
on a daily basis. Energy of as collected MSW is 4600 Btu/lb.
1bbl oil = 5.8x106BTU
Solution
Energy in the MSW = 4600 Btu/lb x 56,789 cap x 6 lb/capita.day
Energy in the MSW = 1.57 x 109 Btu
Oil Barrel saved = 1.57 x 109 Btu / 5.8x106BTU
Oil Barrel saved = 270 barrels/day
Problem (Home separation and curbside collection of recyclables )
A community is purchasing specialized vehicles for the curbside collection of
source-separated wastes. Three recycling containers are to be provided to each residence
and residents will be asked to separate newspapers and cardboard, plastics and glass,
and aluminum and tin c ans. the homeowner is to place the separate materials in the
appropriate containers and then move the recycling containers to curbside once per
week for collection by special recycling vehicles. Estimate the relative volumetric
capacity required for each material in recycling collection vehicles. Assume 80% of the
recyclable material will be separated and that newsprint represents 20% of the total
paper waste.
The number of homes that will participate in the separation program is estimated to be
60%. if the separated wastes are to b e collected from a subdivision of 1200 homes,
determine the number of trips that will be required if the size of the collection vehicle is
15 cubic yard. Assume 3.5 residents per home.
Components
Food Waste
Paper
Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Rubber
Leather
Yard Waste
Wood
Glass
Tin cans
Aluminum
Other metals
Dirt, Ash, etc
Total

Solution

Total solid waste

lbs
8.0
35.8
6.4
6.9
1.8
0.4
0.4
17.3
1.8
9.1
5.8
0.6
3.0
2.7
100.00

Specific weight
lbd/ft3
18.0
5.6
3.1
4.1
4.1
8.1
10.0
6.3
14.8
12.2
5.6
10.0
20.0
30.0

First of all rearrange the table to calculate the relevant volume of recycled material.
By the given statement that 80% recycled material will be recovered but in the case of
news prints the %age given is 20 % of that 80% recovered material. Thus we use 80% in
all other cases but we will take 20% of that 80% in the case of newsprints.
Now calculate the relative volume of the recycled materials:
Newspaper + cardboard = 1.02 + 1.65 = 2.67 ft3
Plastics + glass = 1.34 + 0.60 = 1.94 ft3
Aluminum + tin cans = 0.82 + 0.05 = 0.87 ft3
Now we will calculate the volume of required components in 15 yd3 vehicle.
Volume of newspapers + cardboard = (2.67/5.48) x 15
= 7.3 yd3
Volume of Plastics + glass = (1.94/5.48) x 15
= 5.3 yd3
Volume of Aluminum + tin cans = (0.87/5.48) x 15
= 2.4 yd3
Waste
Total solid
Specific weight materials
Volume
Components waste
lbs/ft3
separated
ft3
lbs
Lbs
18.0
Food Waste 8.0
35.8
5.6
=35.8x0.8x0.2 1.02
Paper
= 5.7
6.4
3.1
5.1
1.65
Cardboard
6.9
4.1
5.5
1.34
Plastics
1.8
4.1
Textiles
0.4
8.1
Rubber
0.4
10.0
Leather
6.3
Yard Waste 17.3
1.8
14.8
Wood
9.1
12.2
7.3
0.60
Glass
5.8
5.6
4.6
0.82
Tin cans
0.6
10.0
0.5
0.05
Aluminum
20.0
Other metals 3.0
30.0
Dirt, Ash, etc 2.7
100.00
5.48
Total

Numbers of trip required to collect separate waste

Assume that waste generation= 3.82 lbs/capita
Solid waste production per home= 3.5 persons x 7 day/week x 3.82 lbs/capita.day

= 93.6 lbs/week
Separated quantity of separated newspapers and cardboards
Quantity of newspapers in total production (home) = (5.7/100) x 93.6
= 5.3 lbs/week
Quantity of cardboard in total production (home) = (5.1/100) x 93.6
= 4.8 lbs/week
Weekly volume of separated newspapers and cardboard
Separated newspapers = (5.3 lbs/week)/ (5.6 lb/ft3)
= 0.946 ft3/week
Separated cardboards = (4.8 lbs/week)/ (3.1 lb/ft3)
= 1.54 ft3/week
Number of trips per week
= [{(0.946 + 1.54) ft3/week .home} x 1200 homes x 0.6]/ (27 x 7.3)
= 9.081
= say 9 trips/week