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Instructor: Mustafa Kemal Uygurolu, Room No: EE 134, Office Tel: 630 1433
Lab Assistant:
Midterm 1 Exam
: % 30
Final Examination
: % 40
HW & Quizzes
: % 15
Lab Work
: % 15
Attendance Requirements: Students must attend all the lab sessions. Students are also expected to
attend the lectures.
Make-up Policy: Students missing an examination should provide a valid excuse within three days following the
examination they missed. No separate make-up exams are administered for midterm and final exams. Re-sit examination
are administered as make-up examinations, instead.
NG POLICY: Any student who has an overall failing grade, and who has failed to attend the lectures regularly (min 80%)
will be given the NG grade.
EENG224
Chapter 9
Sinusoids and Phasors
Chapter Objectives:
Understand the concepts of sinusoids and phasors.
Apply phasors to circuit elements.
Introduce the concepts of impedance and admittance.
Learn about impedance combinations.
Apply what is learnt to phase-shifters and AC
bridges.
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Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a waveform at any instant of time; denoted by the lowercase
letters (v1, v2).
Peak amplitude: The maximum value of the waveform as measured from its average (or mean) value,
denoted by the uppercase letters Vm.
Period (T): The time interval between successive repetitions of a periodic waveform.
Cycle: The portion of a waveform contained in one period of time.
Frequency: (Hertz) the number of cycles that occur in 1 s
1
T
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Sinusoids
The sinusoidal wave form can be derived from the length of the vertical projection of a radius vector
rotating in a uniform circular motion about a fixed point.
Vm sin
Vm cos
The velocity with which the radius vector rotates about the center, called the angular velocity, can be
determined from the following equation:
Since ( ) is typically provided in radians per second, the angle obtained using = t is usually in
radians.
The time required to complete one revolution is equal to the period (T) of the sinusoidal waveform. The
radians subtended in this time interval are 2.
2
T
or
2 f
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Sinusoids
The basic mathematical format for the sinusoidal waveform is:
Vmsin
Vm is the peak value of the waveform and is the unit of measure for the horizontal axis.
The equation = t states that the angle through which the rotating vector will pass is determined by
the angular velocity of the rotating vector and the length of time the vector rotates.
For a particular angular velocity (fixed ), the longer the radius vector is permitted to rotate (that is, the
greater the value of t ), the greater will be the number of degrees or radians through which the vector will
pass. The general format of a sine wave can also be as:
Vm sin( t )
EENG224
Sinusoids
A SINUSOID is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine function.
The sinusoidal current is referred to as AC. Circuits driven by AC sources are referred to as AC Circuits.
Sketch of Vmsin t.
T Period
(a) As a function of t.
(b) As a function of t .
2 f
and
1
T
Phase of Sinusoids
1
Hz
T
2 f
Phase of Sinusoids
The terms lead and lag are used to indicate the relationship between two
sinusoidal waveforms of the same frequency plotted on the same set of axes.
The cosine curve is said to lead the sine curve by 90 .
The sine curve is said to lag the cosine curve by 90 .
90 is referred to as the phase angle between the two waveforms.
When determining the phase measurement we first note that each sinusoidal
function has the same frequency, permitting the use of either waveform to determine
the period.
Since the full period represents a cycle of 360, the following ratio can be formed:
EENG224
Phase of Sinusoids
v2 LEADS v1 by
v(t ) Vm sin( t
phase .
v1 LAGS v2 by phase .
v1 and v2 are out of phase.
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The fundamental equation for transformer design is that the size of the transformer is
inversely proportional to frequency.
A 50 HZ transformer must be larger than a 60 Hz (17% larger) sinusoidal voltage having
phase .
Higher frequencies result in concerns about arcing, increased losses in the transformer core
due to eddy current and hysteresis losses, and skin effect phenomena.
Larger voltages (such as 220 V) raise safety issues beyond those of 120 V.
Higher voltages result in lower current for the same demand, permitting the use of smaller
conductors.
Motors and power supplies, found in common home appliances and throughout the
industrial community, can be smaller in size if supplied with a higher voltage.
EENG224
Trigonometric Identities
Sine and cosine form conversions.
sin( A B )
cos( A B )
sin( t
180 )
sin
cos( t 180 )
sin( t 90 )
cos( t 90 )
cos t
cos t
sin t
A cos t
Where
B sin
C= A 2
B2
and
cos( t 90 ) sin t
C cos( t
=tan -1
)
B
A
sin( t 180 )
sin t
EENG224
EENG224
EXERCISE
Voltage and current are out of phase by 40, and voltage lags. Using
current as the reference, sketch the phasor diagram and the
corresponding waveforms.
EENG224