SAT II PHYSICS

1.1ver

Vector and Forces

torque=force length of moment arm

the sum of the clockwise moments=the sum of the counterclockwise moments
Motion and Forces
distance covered
time required
displacement
average velocity=
time
distance covered=average speed time
S=v avt
average speed=

acceleration=
v f vi

change in velocity
time required for change

v
t
t
Motion with constant acceleration (starting from rest)
a

vav v f / 2
v f at (v f gt )
S
vf 2

1 2
1
at ( S gt 2 )
2
2
2
2as (v f 2 gs )

vav average speed

v f final velocity
a acceleration
t elapsed time
s distance covered
vav

vi v f
2

v f vi at
1
S vi t at 2
2
2
2
v f vi 2as
Ft change in momentum=mass change in velocity
momentum=mass velocity
Centripetal Force
ac

v2
r

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mv 2
r
2 r
v
T
4 2 r
a 2
T
Gravitational Fields
Fc

Gm1m2
r2
GM s
v
r
Work, Energy, Simple Machines
F

work force distance

gravitational potential energy=wh=mgh
1
kinetic energy= mv 2
2
energy produced=mc 2
force of friction during motion
normal
work against friction=friction distance object moves
1
elastic potential energy= kx 2
2
work
power
time
force distance
power
time
coefficient of sliding friction=

actual mechanical advantage(AMA)=

AMA=

resistance
actual effort

FR
FE

work output=resistance distance resistance moves

work output=FR R R
work input=effort distance effort moves
work input=FE S E
Under ideal conditions there is no useless work. Then
work output=work input

FR SE
F S IMA(ideal mechanical advantage)
E
R
For a machine
work output
efficirncy=
work input

efficiency=

AMA ideal effort

IMA actual effort

weight of object length of plane

IMA
ideal effort
height of plane
Fluid Mechanics

mass
volume
For solids and liquids:
density

density of substance
sp.gr. density of water

weight of substance
sp.gr.
weight of equal volume of water

mass of substance
sp.gr.
mass of equal volume of water

F
A
P hdg (h=height, d=density)
F hdgA
P

F A (diameter of large piston) 2

IMA
f a (diameter of small piston) 2
For a solid that sinks in water:
weight in air
sp.gr.
apparent loss of weight in water
For a liquid:
apparent loss in weight of solid in liquid
sp.gr.
apparent loss in weight of solid in water
Heat, Temperature, Thermal Expansion
change in length=oringinal length coeff. of expansion temp. change

p1V1 p2V2 V=volume, T=absolute temperature, P=pressure

p1V1 p2V2

T1
T2
Measurement of Heat
heat required for melting=mass H F
V1 T1

V2 T2

heat required for vaporization=mass H V

heat gianed(or lost)=mass sp.ht.temp.change
+mass melted heat of fusion
+mass vaporized heat of vaporization
Heat and Work; Heat Transfer

heat flow=change ininternal energy+work done by system

Q= U+W

Wave Motion and Sound

Periodic Motion
For a stretched spring:
F kx

m
T 2
k

For waves:
1

T
f

v f ( =wavelength)

the number of beats=the difference between the two frequence

Closed Pipes
=4l
a

Vibrating Air Columns Open Pipes

=2l
a

=2ls

Geometrical Optics: Reflection and Refraction

For a special mirror the focal length is equal to one-half of the radius of the spherical shell
f R/2
Law of Refraction
sin 1
n
(n index of refraction)
sin 2

speed of light in vacuum(or air)

speed of light in the substance
n2 sin 1

n1 sin 2

Images Formed by Lenses

1
1
1

object distance image distance focal length

1 1 1

p q f
size of image image distance

magnification(m)
size of object object distance
OBJECT DISTANCE
IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Convex Lens(or Concave Mirror)
greater than 2f
real, smaller, between f and 2f, inverted

2f
real, same size, 2f, inverted
between f and 2f
real, larger, greater than 2f, inverted
less than f
virtual. ;larger, q more than p, erect
Concave Lens(or Convex Mirror)
any distance

virtual smaller, erect, q less than p

focal length of the objective

focal length of the eyepiece
intensity of source
illmination
distance 2
telescopic magnification=

Physical Optics: Interference and Diffraction

x
d L
wavelength
d=distance between the two silts
L=distance between the barrier and the screen
x=distance between the central maximum and the first bright fringe

Static ElectricityElectric Circuits

kq1q2
d2
E F / q (E=electric field intensity,F=the force exerted on positive charge q)
work
potential difference=
charge
work
V
q
E V / d (E=electric field intensity,V=the difference of potential between the plates)
work
V
q
F

L length in meters

kL R=resistance in ohms
R

A A=cross-sectional area in meter 2

k=a constant for the material and is called resistivity; unit is ohm-meter
IT VT / RT
RT VT / IT
VT IT RT
series circuit

parallel circuit

series-parallel circuit

current

IT I1 I 2

IT I1 I 2

IT I 3 I1 I 2

resistanc
e

RT R 1 R2

1
1
1

RT R1 R2

RT R3

R1 R2
R1 R2

voltage

VT V1 V2

IR-drop

VT IT RT ;V1 I1 R1 ;V2 I 2 R2 , etc

symbols

I1 current through R1 ;V2 potential difference across R, etc.

VT V1 V2

VT V1 V3 V2 V3 ;V1 V2

VT emf Ir
H 0.24 I 2 Rt
H I 2 Rt
P VI ; P I 2 R; P V 2 / R
energy power time
Magnetism; Meters, Motors, Generators
F ILB ( L the length of wire in the magnetic field, B=the flux desity)
F qvB (v=velocity)
second emf number of turns on secondary

primary emf
number of turns on primary
power supplied by secondary=efficiency power supplied to primary
when the efficiency is 100%, Vs I s V p I p
Vs I s V p I p efficiency

2 / T 2 f
I I max sin t
V Vmax sin t
V I max R sin t
P I 2 R I 2 max R sin 2 t

1 2
I max
2
1 2
I rms
I max 0.0707 I max
2
1
Pavg I 2 rms R I 2 max R
2
Vrms 0.707Vmax
I2

Elements of Electronics
Capacitors and Capacitance
Q=CV

1 farad 106 microfarads

1
potential energy= CV 2
2
1
1
1 Q2
2
P.E. CV QV
2
2
2 C

Photons, Atoms, Nuclei

Ek hf W
Ek kinetic energy
h=Planck's constant=6.63 10-34 joule-second
W=work
f=frequency
Planck's constant
momentum of the photon=
wavelength
h
p

h
mv
E mc 2

Special Relativity

L L0 1 (v 2 / c 2 )
t
m

t0
1 (v 2 / c 2 )
m0
1 (v 2 / c 2 )